Electricity - production: 86.3 billion kWh (1995)
Electricity - consumption per capita: 1,206 kWh (1995 est.)
Agriculture - products: tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets,
pulses, citrus; livestock
Exports:
total value : $22 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
commodities: textiles and apparel 40%, steel products 9%, foodstuffs
20% (1995)
partners: Germany 23%, Russia 6%, US 7%, Italy 7% (1995)
Imports:
total value: $42 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
commodities : machinery 23%, fuels 13%, raw materials 11%, foodstuffs
7% (1995)
partners: Germany 16%, US 10%, Italy 9%, France 6%, UK 5% (1995)
Debt - external: $75.8 billion (1996)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $195 million (1993)
note: aid for Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1
billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
Currency: Turkish lira (TL)
Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 110,119 (January 1997),
81,405 (1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993),
6,872.4 (1992)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Turkey:Communications
Telephones: 14.3 million (1995 est.)
Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems
domestic: trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wire
network
international : 12 satellite earth stations - Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), Eutelsat, and Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions); 3
submarine fiberoptic cables (1996)
Radio broadcast stations: national broadcast stations 36, regional
broadcast stations 108, local broadcast stations 1,058 (1996)
Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 15 national, 15 regional, 229 local
Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)
@Turkey:Transportation
Railways:
total: 10,386 km
standard gauge : 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,093 km electrified)
Highways:
total: 381,300 km
paved : 87,699 km (including 1,246 km of expressways)
unpaved: 293,601 km (1995 est.)
Waterways: about 1,200 km
Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural
gas 708 km
Ports and harbors: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit,
Mersin, Samsun, Trabzon
Merchant marine:
total: 515 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,986,328 GRT/10,157,071
DWT
ships by type: bulk 155, cargo 232, chemical tanker 24, combination
bulk 7, combination ore/oil 11, container 6, liquefied gas tanker 4,
livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 43, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 20, short-sea passenger 7, specialized
tanker 2
note: Turkey owns an additional 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
163,512 DWT operating under the registries of The Bahamas, Malta, and
Panama (1996 est.)
Airports: 104 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 94
over 3,047 m : 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 28 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total : 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 8 (1996 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval
Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 17,352,876 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: 10,553,157 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 649,336 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $4.3 billion (1996); note -
figures do not include about $7 billion for the government's
counterinsurgency effort
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 3.5% (1996)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: complex maritime, air and territorial
disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece; Hatay
question with Syria; dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and
Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey have
subsided
Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes;
major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as
well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas
of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
______________________________________________________________________
TURKMENISTAN
@Turkmenistan:Geography
Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and
Kazakstan
Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 60 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:
total : 488,100 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakstan 379 km,
Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline: 0 km
note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: subtropical desert
Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains
in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian
Sea in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sarygamysh Koli -110 m
highest point: Ayrybaba 3,139 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 63%
forests and woodland: 8%
other: 26% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 13,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater
with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging
of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution;
diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into
irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral
Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: landlocked
@Turkmenistan:People
Population: 4,229,249 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 39% (male 840,168; female 812,573)
15-64 years : 57% (male 1,182,706; female 1,217,484)
65 years and over: 4% (male 66,451; female 109,867) (July 1997 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.61% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: 26.61 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth : 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (1997 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 72.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.51 years
male: 57.88 years
female: 65.31 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.31 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun : Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen
Ethnic groups: Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazak 2%, other
5.1% (1995)
Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 97% (1989 est.)
@Turkmenistan:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: TX
Government type: republic
National capital: Ashgabat
Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal
Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty
(formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty
note : administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses)
Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct
presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
Saparmurat NIYAZOV; note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government; Deputy Chairmen of the Cabinet of Ministers
Mukhamed ABALAKOV (since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), Dadebaya
ANNAGELDIYEV (since NA), Orazgeldy AYDOGDYYEV (since NA), Hudaayguly
HALYKOV (since NA), Aleksandr DADONOV (since NA), Pirkuly ODEYEV
(since NA), Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA),
Batyr SARJAYEV (since NA), Ilaman SHYKHYYEV (since NA)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: NIYAZOV has been asked by various local groups, most recently on
26 October 1995 at the annual elders meeting, to be "president for
life," but he has declined, saying the status would require an
amendment to the constitution
elections : president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002; note -
extension of President NIYAZOV's term for an additional five years
overwhelmingly approved - 99.9% of total vote in favor - by national
referendum held 15 January 1994); deputy chairmen of the cabinet of
ministers are appointed by the president
election results: Saparmurad NIYAZOV elected president without
opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5%
Legislative branch: under the 1992 constitution, there are two
parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty
(more than 100 seats, some of which are popularly elected and some are
appointed; meets infrequently) and a unicameral Assembly or Majlis (50
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections : People's Council - no elections; Assembly - last held 11
December 1994 (next to be held NA 1999)
election results: Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - Democratic Party 45, other 5; note - all 50 preapproved by
President NIYAZOV
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
[Saparmurat NIYAZOV]; Party for Democratic Development [Durdymurat
HOJA-MUHAMEDOV, chairman]; Agzybirlik [Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV,
cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries
International organization participation: CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO,
ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat
(nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NACC, NAM, OIC,
OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
(observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Halil UGUR
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX : [1] (202) 588-0697
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael W. COTTER
embassy : 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45, 35-00-46, 35-00-42, Tie Line [8]
962-0000
FAX: [9] (9312) 51-13-05
Flag description: green field, including a vertical stripe on the
hoist side, with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five
white, black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in
producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white
crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of
the carpet guls
Economy
Economy - overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with
nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and
huge gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted
in cotton, making it the world's tenth largest producer. It also
possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas and
substantial oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had
experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states
because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and
gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's
refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting
debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries
contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the
budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. The economy
recovered slightly in 1996, but high inflation continued. Furthermore,
with an authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and a tribally
based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to
economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its
inefficient economy. In 1996, the government set in place a
stabilization program aimed at a unified and market-based exchange
rate, allocation of government credits by auction, and strict limits
on budget deficits. Privatization goals remain limited. Turkmenistan
is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and
Turkey to Europe, but these will take many years to realize.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $11.8 billion (1996 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)
GDP - real growth rate: 0.1% (1996 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,840 (1996 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture : 16%
industry: 48%
services: 36% (1996 est.)
Inflation rate - consumer price index: 600% (1996 est.)
Labor force:
total : 1.68 million (1995)
by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction
20%, other 37% (1992)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food
processing
Industrial production growth rate: 17.9% (1996 est.)
Electricity - capacity: 3.95 million kW (1994)
Electricity - production: 9.87 billion kWh (1994)
Electricity - consumption per capita: 1,855 kWh (1995 est.)
Agriculture - products: cotton, grain; livestock
Exports:
total value: $1.8 billion to states outside the FSU (1996 est.)
commodities: natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, electricity,
textiles, carpets
partners: FSU, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Argentina
Imports:
total value : $1.3 billion from states outside the FSU (1996 est.)
commodities: machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber,
consumer durables, textiles
partners: FSU, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Turkey
Debt - external: $400 million (of which $275 million to Russia) (1995
est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)
note: commitments, $1,830 million ($375 million drawn), 1992-95
Currency: 1 Tukmen manat (TMM) = 100 tenesi; Turkmenistan introduced
its national currency on 1 November 1993
Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - 4,070 (January 1997), 2,400 (January
1996)
note: government established a unified rate in mid-January 1996
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Turkmenistan:Communications
Telephones: NA
Telephone system: poorly developed
domestic: NA
international : linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS
republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow
international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to
Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches
international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth
stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: 1 state-owned radio broadcast station of NA
type
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 state-run
Televisions: NA
@Turkmenistan:Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,187 km
broad gauge: 2,187 km 1.520-m gauge (1996 est.)
Highways:
total: 23,000 km
paved: 18,300 km (note - these roads are said to be hard-surfaced,
meaning that some are paved and some are all-weather gravel surfaced
unpaved: 4,700 km (1990 est.)
Waterways: the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway
Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ports and harbors: Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk)
Merchant marine:
total: 1 oil tanker ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,896 GRT/3,389
DWT (1996 est.)
Airports: 64 (1994 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 22
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m : 8
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1994 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total : 42
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 35 (1994 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Republic Security Forces
(internal and border troops), National Guard
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 1,052,184 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: 856,380 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males : 42,948 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: 4.5 billion manats (1995); note
- conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 3% (1995)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet
determined among Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan
Illicit drugs: limited illicit cultivator of opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; limited government eradication program;
increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia to Russia and Western Europe; also a transshipment
point for acetic anhydride destined for Afghanistan
______________________________________________________________________
TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS
(dependent territory of the UK)
@Turks and Caicos Islands:Geography
Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean,
southeast of The Bahamas
Geographic coordinates: 21 45 N, 71 35 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total: 430 sq km
land: 430 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 389 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and
relatively dry
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Hills 49 m
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
Land use:
arable land : 2%
permanent crops: NA%
permanent pastures: NA%
forests and woodland: NA%
other: 98% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: frequent hurricanes
Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources,
private cisterns collect rainwater
Environment - international agreements:
party to : NA
signed, but not ratified: NA
Geography - note: 30 islands (eight inhabited)
@Turks and Caicos Islands:People
Population: 14,631 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years : NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 1.88% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: 12.3 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: 5.14 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: 11.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years : NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
total population: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.42 years
male: 73.49 years
female: 77.1 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.78 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun: none
adjective: none
Ethnic groups: black
Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day
Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)
Languages: English (official)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population : 98%
male: 99%
female: 98% (1970 est.)
@Turks and Caicos Islands:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands
Data code: TK
Dependency status: dependent territory of the UK
Government type: NA
National capital: Grand Turk
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, restored
and revised 5 March 1988
Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number
adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1953),
represented by Governor John KELLY (since NA September 1996)
head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January
1995)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and
five appointed by the governor from among the members of the
Legislative Council
elections: none; the queen is a hereditary monarch; governor appointed
by the queen; chief minister appointed by the governor
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (19 seats, of which
13 are popularly elected; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 31 January 1995 (next to be held by NA December
1998)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDM
8, PNP 4, independent (Norman SAUNDERS) 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP),
Washington MISICK; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Derek H.
TAYLOR; United Democratic Party (UDP), Wendal SWANN
International organization participation: Caricom (associate), CDB,
Interpol (subbureau)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (dependent territory of
the UK)
Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the
flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and
cactus
Economy
Economy - overview: The Turks and Caicos economy is based on tourism,
fishing, and offshore financial services. Most food for domestic
consumption is imported; there is some subsistence farming - mainly
corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - on the Caicos Islands. The tourism
sector expanded in 1995, posting a 10% increase in the first quarter
as compared to the same period in 1994. The US was the leading source
of tourists in 1995, accounting for upward of 70% of arrivals or about
60,000 visitors. Major sources of government revenue include fees from
offshore financial activities and customs receipts as the Islands rely
on imports for nearly all consumption and capital goods.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $84.5 million (1993 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 2% (1993 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $6,400 (1993 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture : NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate - consumer price index: NA%
Labor force:
total: 4,848 (1990 est.)
by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;
some subsistence agriculture
Unemployment rate: 12% (1992)
Budget:
revenues: $31.9 million
expenditures: $30.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995)
Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
Industrial production growth rate: NA%