GAZETTEER
OF THE
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
VOLUME I. PART I.
HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.
UNDER GOVERNMENT ORDERS.
BOMBAY:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1896.
Bombay Castle, 14th February 1902.
In further recognition of the distinguished labours of Sir James
McNabb Campbell, K.C.I.E., and of the services rendered by those
who have assisted him in his work, His Excellency the Governor in
Council is pleased to order that the following extract from Government
Resolution No. 2885, dated the 11th August 1884, be republished and
printed immediately after the title page of Volume I, Part I, of the
Gazetteer, and published in every issue:
"His Excellency the Governor in Council has from time to time
expressed his entire approval of the Volumes of the Gazetteer
already published, and now learns with much satisfaction that
the remaining Statistical Accounts have been completed in
the same elaborate manner. The task now brought to a close by
Mr. Campbell has been very arduous. It has been the subject of
his untiring industry for more than ten years, in the earlier
part of which period, however, he was occasionally employed on
additional duties, including the preparation of a large number
of articles for the Imperial Gazetteer. When the work was begun,
it was not anticipated that so much time would be required for
its completion, because it was not contemplated that it would
be carried out on so extensive a scale. Its magnitude may be
estimated by the fact that the Statistical Accounts, exclusive of
the general chapters yet to be reprinted, embrace twenty-seven
Volumes containing on an average 500 pages each. Mr. Campbell
could not have sustained the unflagging zeal displayed by him
for so long a period without an intense interest in the subjects
dealt with. The result is well worthy of the labour expended,
and is a proof of the rare fitness of Mr. Campbell on the ground
both of literary ability and of power of steady application
for the important duty assigned to him. The work is a record of
historical and statistical facts and of information regarding the
country and the people as complete perhaps as ever was produced
on behalf of any Government, and cannot fail to be of the utmost
utility in the future administration of the Presidency.
"2. The thanks of Government have already been conveyed to the
various contributors, and it is only necessary now to add that
they share, according to the importance of their contributions, in
the credit which attaches to the general excellence of the work."
The whole series of Volumes is now complete, and His Excellency in
Council congratulates Sir James Campbell and all associated with him
in this successful and memorable achievement.
H. O. QUIN,
Secretary to Government,
General Department.
The earliest record of an attempt to arrange for the preparation
of Statistical Accounts of the different districts of the Bombay
Presidency is in 1843. In 1843 Government called on the Revenue
Commissioner to obtain from all the Collectors as part of their next
Annual Report the fullest available information regarding their
districts. [1] The information was specially to include their own
and their Assistants' observations on the state of the cross and
other roads not under the superintendence of a separate department,
on the passes and ferries throughout the country, on the streets in
the principal towns, and on the extension and improvement of internal
communications. As from Collectors alone could any knowledge of the
state of the district be obtained, the Collectors were desired to
include in their Annual Reports observations on every point from which
a knowledge of the actual condition of the country could be gathered
with the exception of matters purely judicial which were to be supplied
by the Judicial Branch of the Administration. Government remarked that,
as Collectors and their Assistants during a large portion of the year
moved about the district in constant and intimate communication with
all classes they possessed advantages which no other public officers
enjoyed of acquiring a full knowledge of the condition of the country,
the causes of progress or retrogradation, the good measures which
require to be fostered and extended, the evil measures which call for
abandonment, the defects in existing institutions which require to
be remedied, and the nature of the remedies to be applied. Collectors
also, it was observed, have an opportunity of judging of the effect of
British rule on the condition and character of the people, on their
caste prejudices, and on their superstitious observances. They can
trace any alteration for the better or worse in dwellings, clothing
and diet, and can observe the use of improved implements of husbandry
or other crafts, the habits of locomotion, the state of education
particularly among the higher classes whose decaying means and energy
under our most levelling system compared with that of preceding
governments will attract their attention. Finally they can learn
how far existing village institutions are effectual to their end,
and may be made available for self-government and in the management
of local taxation for local purposes.
In obedience to these orders reports were received from the Collectors
of Ahmedábád Broach Kaira Thána and Khándesh. Some of the reports,
especially that of Mr. J. D. Inverarity, contained much interesting
information. These five northern reports were practically the only
result of the Circular Letter of 1843.
The question of preparing District Statistical Manuals was not again
raised till 1870. In October 1867 the Secretary of State desired the
Bombay Government to take steps for the compilation of a Gazetteer
of the Presidency on the model of the Gazetteer prepared during that
year for the Central Provinces. The Bombay Government requested the
two Revenue Commissioners and the Director of Public Instruction to
submit a scheme for carrying into effect the orders of the Secretary
of State. In reply the officers consulted remarked that the work to be
done for the Bombay Presidency would be of a multifarious character;
that the article on the commerce of Bombay would require special
qualifications in the writer; that again special qualifications would
be required for writing accounts of the sacred cities of Násik and
Pálitána, of the caves of Ajanta and Ellora, of the histories of Sindh
Gujarát and Ahmednagar, and of the Portuguese connection with Western
India. The Committee observed that a third form of special knowledge
would be required to write accounts of Pársis Khojás and other castes
and tribes; that in short the undertaking would be one of much wider
scope and greater difficulty than the preparation of the Gazetteer
of the Central Provinces. Much thought would be required before the
general plan could be laid down, and after the plan was fixed all sorts
of questions as to arrangement and treatment of particular parts would
be sure to arise. In the Committee's opinion local revenue officers
could not as a rule find time to devote to work of this description
without neglecting their ordinary duties; but they could correct and
amplify such information as a special officer could compile from the
published and unpublished records of Government.
In January 1868 the Bombay Government decided that the general
supervision and direction of the work should be placed in the hands of
a Committee consisting of the Revenue Commissioners, the Director of
Public Instruction, and the Commissioner of Customs, and that an Editor
should be appointed with a small copying establishment to act under
the directions of the Committee. The Editor was to give his entire
time to the work and was expected to finish it in about a year. He was
to collect and arrange in alphabetical order all recorded information
regarding the towns and other places of interest in each Collectorate,
and to send printed on half margin each draft when completed to the
local officers for verification, additions, and alterations. When the
drafts were returned and corrected by the Editor, they were to be laid
before the Committee. To enable the Editor to meet such expenses as a
fair remuneration for articles contributed by qualified persons, and
also to pay for the printing of the work with small accompanying maps,
an amount not exceeding Rs. 12,000 was sanctioned for the total expense
of the Gazetteer including the payment of the Editor. At the outset
it was decided to place a portion of the sum sanctioned not exceeding
Rs. 2000, at the disposal of the Commissioner in Sindh to secure
the preparation of articles referring to Sindh. The Committee were
requested to meet at Poona in June 1868 and to report to Government on
the best mode of preparing and editing the Gazetteer and supervising
its publication. The Collectors and Political Officers were in the
meanwhile requested to ascertain what records in their possession
were likely to be useful for the preparation of a Gazetteer and what
papers in the possession of others and likely to be useful for the
purpose were obtainable within their charge. Collectors and Political
Officers were requested to send their replies direct to the Director of
Public Instruction who would collect them on behalf of the Committee.
In August 1868 the Bombay Gazetteer Committee, composed of
Messrs. A. F. Bellasis Revenue Commissioner N. D. Chairman,
Mr. W. H. Havelock Revenue Commissioner S. D. and Sir Alexander Grant,
Director of Public Instruction, submitted a report recommending the
following arrangements:
(1) That Mr. W. H. Crowe, C.S., then Acting Professor in the
Dakhan College, be appointed Editor of the Gazetteer with a monthly
remuneration of Rs. 200 out of the Rs. 12,000 sanctioned for the
expense of the Gazetteer and that he should at the same time be
attached as an Assistant to the Collector of Poona;
(2) That Mr. Crowe be allowed an establishment not exceeding
Rs. 50 a month chargeable to the grant of Rs. 12,000, and such
contingent charges as may be passed by the Committee;
(3) That Professor Kero Luxman Chhatre be requested to assist
Mr. Crowe on various questions both local and mathematical,
and that on the completion of the work a suitable honorarium be
granted to Professor Kero;
(4) That agreeably to the suggestions of Major Prescott and
Colonel Francis, Mr. Light should be directed to compile for
the different districts all information in the possession of
the Survey Department in communication with the Editor of the
Gazetteer who was to work under the Committee's orders;
(5) That the above appointments be made at present for one year
only, at the end of which from the Committee's progress report,
it would be possible to state with approximate definiteness the
further time required for the completion of the Gazetteer.
These proposals were sanctioned on the 11th September 1868. Towards
the close of 1868 Mr. (now Sir) J. B. Peile took the place of Sir
A. Grant on the Committee and Colonel Francis was added to the list of
the members. Adhering as far as possible to the arrangement followed
in the Gazetteer of the Central Provinces, which had met with the
approval of the Secretary of State, Mr. Crowe drew out the following
list of subjects which was forwarded to all Collectors Sub-Collectors
and Survey Superintendents:
I.--General Description.
(a) Latitude and Longitude.
(b) Locality.
(c) Boundaries.
(d) Aspect.
(e) Water-supply.
(f) Rivers.
(g) Mountains.
(h) Area.
(i) Altitude.
II.--Climate, Seasons.
(a) Rainfall.
(b) Health.
(c) Prevailing Diseases.
III.--Geology.
(a) Soils.
(b) Minerals.
(c) Scientific Details.
IV.--History.
V.--Administration.
(a) Judicial.
(b) Revenue.
(c) Miscellaneous.
VI.--Revenue.
(a) Imperial.
(b) Local.
VII.--Population.
(a) Census.
(b) Description of Inhabitants.
(c) Castes.
VIII.--Sub-Divisions.
(a) Names of Tálukás.
(b) Names of Towns.
IX.--Production.
(a) Agriculture.
(b) Forest.
(c) Animals.
(d) Minerals.
(e) Manufactures.
X.--Trade and Commerce.
XI.--Communications.
(a) Roads.
(b) Railways.
(c) Telegraphs.
(d) Post.
XII.--Revenue System and Land Tenures.
XVI.--Education.
(a) Schools.
(b) Instruction.
XIV.--Language.
XV.--Architectural Remains and Antiquities.
XVI.--Principal Towns and Villages.
In 1869 the draft articles prepared by Mr. Crowe were submitted to
Mr. (now Sir) W. W. Hunter of the Bengal Civil Service who expressed
his satisfaction at the progress made. The Committee adopted certain
suggestions made by Sir W. Hunter for the arrangement of the work and
for obtaining fuller district figures from the Marine, Irrigation,
Cotton, and Survey Offices. In March 1870 a further extension of one
year was accorded. The Bombay Government directed that each Collector
should choose one of his Assistants to correspond with the Editor
and obtain for him all possible information from local records. All
Heads of Offices were also desired to exert themselves zealously in
aiding the prosecution of the work. In 1871 Mr. Crowe's draft article
on the Dhárwár District was sent to Mr. Hunter for opinion who in
addition to detailed criticism on various points made the following
general remarks:
"My own conception of the work is that, in return for a couple of days'
reading, the Account should give a new Collector a comprehensive,
and, at the same time, a distinct idea of the district which he has
been sent to administer. Mere reading can never supersede practical
experience in the district administration. But a succinct and well
conceived district account is capable of antedating the acquisition of
such personal experience by many months and of both facilitating and
systematising a Collector's personal enquiries. The Compiler does not
seem to have caught the points on which a Collector would naturally
consult the Account. In order that the Editor should understand
these points it is necessary that he should have had practical
acquaintance with district administration and that he should himself
have experienced the difficulties which beset an officer on his
taking charge of a district or sub-division. The individual points
will differ according to the character of the country. For example
in deltaic districts the important question is the control of rivers;
in dry districts it is the subject of water-supply. But in all cases
a District Account besides dealing with the local specialties should
furnish an historical narration of its revenue and expenditure since
it passed under the British rule, of the sums which we have taken
from it in taxes, and of the amount which we have returned to it
in the protection of property and person and the other charges of
civil government."
Sir William Hunter laid much stress on the necessity of stating the
authority on the strength of which any statement is made and of the
propriety of avoiding anything like libels on persons or classes. In
1871 Sir W. Hunter was appointed Director General of Statistics
to the Government of India. In this capacity he was to be a central
guiding authority whose duty it was to see that each of the Provincial
Gazetteers contained the materials requisite for the comparative
statistics of the Empire. As some of the Bombay District Accounts were
incomplete and as it was thought advisable to embody in the District
Accounts the results of the general Census of 1872, it was decided, in
October 1871, that pending the completion of the census the Gazetteer
work should be suspended and that when the results of the census were
compiled and classified a special officer should be appointed for a
period of six months to revise and complete the drafts. In October
1871, pending the compilation of the census returns, Mr. Crowe was
appointed Assistant Collector at Sholápur and the Gazetteer records
were left in a room in the Poona Collector's Office. In September 1872
the whole of the Gazetteer records, including thirty-one articles on
British Districts and Native States, were stolen by two youths who
had been serving in the Collector's Office as peons. These youths
finding the Gazetteer office room unoccupied stole the papers piece
by piece for the sake of the trifling amount they fetched as waste
paper. Search resulted in the recovery in an imperfect state of seven
of the thirty-one drafts. The youths were convicted and sentenced to
a year's imprisonment in the Poona Reformatory.
In 1873 Mr. Francis Chapman then Chief Secretary to Government took
the preparation of the Gazetteer under his personal control. And in
June 1873 Mr. James M. Campbell, C.S., was appointed Compiler. An
important change introduced by Mr. Chapman was to separate from
the preparation of the series of District Manuals certain general
subjects and to arrange for the preparation of accounts of those
general subjects by specially qualified contributors. The subjects
so set apart and allotted were:
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------+
| | General Contributors, 1873. |
|No.+---------------------------+-------------------------+
| | Subject. | Contributor. |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------+
| 1 | Ethnology | Dr. J. Wilson. |
| 2 | Meteorology | Mr. C. Chambers, F.R.S. |
| 3 | Geology | Mr. W. Blandford. |
| 4 | Botany | Dr. W. Gray. |
| 5 | Archæology | Dr. J. Burgess. |
| 6 | Manufactures and Industry | Mr. G. W. Terry. |
| 7 | Trade and Commerce | Mr. J. Gordon. |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------+
These arrangements resulted in the preparation of the following papers
each of which on receipt was printed in pamphlet form:
I. Ethnology; II. Meteorology; III. Geology; and IV. Botany.
Of these papers it has not been deemed advisable to reprint
Dr. J. Wilson's Paper on Castes as it was incomplete owing to
Dr. Wilson's death in 1875. Reprinting was also unnecessary in the case
of Mr. Blandford's Geology and of the late Mr. Chambers' Meteorology,
as the contents of these pamphlets have been embodied in works
specially devoted to the subject of those contributions. Dr. Burgess
never prepared his article on the Archæology of the Presidency,
but the materials supplied by the late Pandit Bhagvánlál Indraji
prevented the evil effect which this failure would otherwise have
caused. Dr. Bhagvánlál also ably supplied the deficiency caused
by Dr. G. Bühler's failure to contribute an article on the Early
History of Gujarát. The notices of the manufactures in the more
important industrial centres to some extent supply the blank caused
by the absence of Mr. Terry's contribution. Nothing came of the late
Mr. Gordon's Account of the Trade of the Presidency.
On the important subject of Botany besides Dr. W. Gray's original
contribution, a valuable paper On Useful Trees and Plants was prepared
by Dr. J. C. Lisboa, and a detailed account of Kaira field trees by
the late Mr. G. H. D. Wilson of the Bombay Civil Service. These three
papers together form a separate Botany Volume No. XXV.
The general contributions on History contained in Vol. I. Parts I. and
II. are among the most valuable portions of the Gazetteer. Besides the
shorter papers by Mr. L. R. Ashburner, C.S.I., on the Gujarát Mutinies
of 1857, by Mr. J. A. Baines, C.S.I., on the Maráthás in Gujarát,
by Mr. W. W. Loch, I.C.S., on the Musalmán and Marátha histories of
Khándesh and the Bombay Dakhan, and by the late Colonel E. W. West,
I.S.C., on the modern history of the Southern Marátha districts,
there are the Reverend A. K. Nairne's History of the Konkan which
is specially rich in the Portuguese period (A.D. 1500-1750), the
late Colonel J. W. Watson's Musalmáns of Gujarát with additions
by Khán Sáheb Fazl Lutfullah Farídi of Surat, and the important
original histories of the Early Dakhan by Professor Rámkrishna Gopál
Bhandárkar, C.I.E., Ph.D., and of the Southern Marátha districts by
Mr. J. F. Fleet, I.C.S., C.I.E., Ph.D. With these the early history
of Gujarát from materials supplied by the late Pandit Bhagvánlál
Indraji, Ph.D., is perhaps not unworthy to rank. The work of completing
Dr. Bhagvánlál's history was one of special difficulty. No satisfactory
result would have been obtained had it not been for the valuable
assistance received from Mr. A. M. T. Jackson, M.A., of the Indian
Civil Service.
The importance and the interest of the great subject of Population
have added several contributions to the Reverend Doctor J. Wilson's
original pamphlet of twenty-three pages. Most of these contributions
appear in different District Statistical Accounts especially Dr. John
Pollen's, I.C.S., accounts in Khándesh, Mr. Cumine's, I.C.S. in
Bijápur, Mr. K. Raghunáthji's in Thána and Poona, Assistant Surgeon
Shántárám Vináyak's in Sholápur, Mr. P. F. DeSouza's in Kánara, and the
late Ráo Bahádur Trimalrao's in Dhárwár. Except the valuable articles
contributed in the Statistical Account of Kachh by Major J. W. Wray,
Mr. Vináyakráo Náráyanand Ráo Sáheb Dalpatrám Pránjivan Khakhar, in
the Account of Káthiáwár by the late Colonel L. C. Barton, and in the
Account of Rewa Kántha by Ráo Bahádur Nandshankar Tuljáshankar the
early date at which the Gujarát Statistical Accounts were published
prevented the preparation of detailed articles on population. This
omission has now been supplied in a separate volume No. IX. The
chief contributions to this volume are Ráo Bahádur Bhimbhái
Kirpárám's Hindus, Khán Sáheb Fazl Lutfullah Farídi's Musalmáns,
and Messrs. Kharsetji N. Servai and Bamanji B. Patel's Pársis.
Besides to these general contributors the series of Statistical
Accounts owes much of their fullness and practical usefulness
to District Officers especially to the labours of the District
Compilers who in most cases were either Collectors or Assistant
Collectors. The most important contributors of this class were for
Ahmedábád Mr. F. S. P. Lely, C.S.; for Kaira Mr. G. F. Sheppard,
C.S.; for the Panch Maháls Mr. H. A. Acworth, C.S.; for Thána
Messrs. W. B. Mulock, C.S., E. J. Ebden, C.S., W. W. Loch, C.S.,
and A. Cumine, C.S.; for Kolába Mr. E. H. Moscardi, C.S.; for
Ratnágiri Mr. G. W. Vidal, C.S.; for Khándesh Mr. W. Ramsay, C.S.,
Dr. John Pollen, C.S., and Mr. A. Crawley-Boevey, C.S.; for Násik
Messrs. W. Ramsay, C.S., J. A. Baines, C.S., and H. R. Cooke, C.S.;
for Ahmednagar Mr. T. S. Hamilton, C.S.; for Poona Messrs. J. G. Moore,
C.S., John MacLeod Campbell, C.S., G. H. Johns, C.S., and A. Keyser,
C.S.; for Sátára Mr. J. W. P. Muir-Mackenzie, C.S.; for Sholápur
Mr. C. E. G. Crawford, C.S.; for Belgaum Mr. G. McCorkell, C.S.; for
Dhárwár Messrs. F. L. Charles, C.S., and J. F. Muir, C.S.; for Bijápur
Messrs. H. F. Silcock, C.S., A. Cumine, C.S., and M. H. Scott, C.S.;
and for Kánara Mr. J. Monteath, C.S., and Colonel W. Peyton. Of the
accounts of Native States, the interesting and complete Gazetteer
of Baroda is the work of Mr. F. A. H. Elliott, C.S. The chief
contributors to the other Statistical Accounts of Native States were
for Kachh Colonel L. C. Barton; for Káthiáwár Colonel J. W. Watson
and Colonel L. C. Barton; for Pálanpur Colonel J. W. Watson; for Mahi
Kántha Colonels E. W. West and P. H. LeGeyt; for Rewa Kántha Colonel
L. C. Barton and Ráo Báhádur Nandshankar Tuljáshankar; for Sávantvádi
Colonel J. F. Lester; for Jánjira Mr. G. Larcom; for Kolhápur Colonels
E. W. West and W. F. F. Waller and Ráo Bahádur Yeshvant M. Kelkar. The
names of numerous other contributors both in and out of Government
service who gave help in compiling information connected with their
districts have been shewn in the body of each District Statistical
Account. Of these the learned and most ungrudging assistance received
from Dr. J. Gerson DaCunha of Bombay requires special recognition.
The third main source of preparation was the Compiler's head-quarters
office. Through the interest which Mr. Francis Chapman took in the
Gazetteer the Compiler was able to secure the services as Assistant
of Ráo Báhádur Bhimbhái Kirpárám who was Head Accountant in the Kaira
Treasury when the Statistical Account of Kaira was under preparation
in 1874. Mr. Bhimbhái's minute knowledge of administrative detail,
his power of asking for information in the form least troublesome to
district establishments, and of checking the information received,
together with his talent for directing the work at head-quarters
formed one of the most important elements in the success of the
Gazetteer arrangements. Besides to the interest taken by Mr. Francis
Chapman the Gazetteer owed much to the advice and to the support of
Sir W. W. Hunter, who, in spite of the delay and expense which it
involved, secured the full record of the survey and other details in
which the Bombay revenue system is specially rich.
In addition to Ráo Bahádur Bhimbhái, the members of the Compiler's
office whose work entitles them almost to a place among contributors
are: Ráo Sáheb Krishnaráo Narsinh, who drafted many of the Land Revenue
and Survey Histories; the late Mr. Ganesh Bhikáji Gunjikar, B.A.,
who drafted many of the Political Histories; the late Mr. Vaikunthrám
Manmathrám Mehta, B.A., and Ráo Bahádur Itchárám Bhagvándás, B.A.,
who drafted many articles on Description, Production, Agriculture,
Capital, and Trade; Mr. K. Raghunáthji who prepared many of the
fullest caste accounts; Mr. Ratirám Durgárám, B.A., who drafted
many papers on places of interest; and Messrs. Yeshvant Nilkanth and
Mahádev G. Nádkarni who drafted many of the sections on Population,
Agriculture, Capital, and Trade.
Other officers of Government who have had an important share in the
satisfactory completion of the Gazetteer are: Mr. J. Kingsmill the
former and Mr. Frámroz Rustamji the present Superintendent of the
Government Central Press and Mr. T. E. Coleman the Head Examiner, whose
unfailing watchfulness has detected many a mistake. Mr. Waite the late
Superintendent of the Photozincographic Press and Mr. T. LeMesurier
the present Superintendent have supplied a set of most handy, clear,
and accurate maps.
A further means adopted for collecting information was the preparation
of papers on the different social, economic, and religious subjects
which had proved of interest in preparing the earliest District
Statistical Accounts. Between 1874 and 1880 forty-nine question papers
which are given as an Appendix to the General Index Volume were from
time to time printed and circulated. The answers received to these
papers added greatly to the fullness and to the local interest of
all the later Statistical Accounts.
The Statistical Accounts of the eighteen British districts and
eighty-two Native States of the Bombay Presidency, together with the
Materials towards a Statistical Account of the Town and Island of
Bombay extend over thirty-three Volumes and 17,800 pages. In addition
to these Statistical Accounts 475 articles were prepared in 1877-78
for the Imperial Gazetteer.
JAMES MACNABB CAMPBELL.
Bombay Customs House, }
29th May 1896. }
HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.
This Volume contains the Articles named below:
I.--Early History of Gujarát (B.C. 319-A.D. 1304).--From materials
prepared by the late Pandit Bhagvánlál Indraji, Ph.D., completed
with the help of A. M. T. Jackson, Esquire, M.A., of the Indian
Civil Service.
II.--History of Gujarát, Musalmán Period (A.D. 1297-1760).--Prepared
by the late Colonel J. W. Watson, Indian Staff Corps, former
Political Agent of Káthiáváda, with additions by Khán Sáheb
Fazlullah Lutfulláh Farídi of Surat.
III.--History of Gujarát, Marátha Period (A.D. 1760-1819).--By
J. A. Baines, Esquire, C.S.I., Late of Her Majesty's Bombay
Civil Service.
IV.--Disturbances in Gujarát (A.D. 1857-1859).--By L. R. Ashburner,
Esquire, C.S.I., Late of Her Majesty's Bombay Civil Service.
Appendices:
I.--The Death of Sultán Bahádur.
II.--The Hill Fort of Mándu.
III.--Bhinmál or Shrimál.
IV.--Java and Cambodia.
V.--Arab References.
VI.--Greek References.
JAMES M. CAMPBELL.
29th May 1896.
CONTENTS.
EARLY HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.
PAGE
Boundaries and Name 1-5
Ancient Divisions:
Ánartta; Suráshtra; Láta 6-7
Legends:
Ánartta the first Puránic king of Gujarát, and the Yádavas in
Dwárika 8-12
Mauryan and Greek Rule (B.C. 319-100):
The Mauryas (B.C. 319-197); The Greeks (B.C. 180-100) 13-19
The Kshatrapas (B.C. 70-A.D. 398):
The Name; Northern Kshatrapas; Western Kshatrapas; Nahapána
(A.D. 78-120); Ushavadáta (A.D. 100-120); Nahapána's Era;
Málava Era; Chashtana (A.D. 130); The Mevas or Medas; Jayadáman
(A.D. 140-143) 20-34
Rudradáman (A.D. 143-158); Sudarsana Lake; The Yaudheyas; Dámázada
or Dámájadasrí (A.D. 158-168); Jivadáman (A.D. 178); Rudrasimha
I. (A.D. 181-196); Rudrasena (A.D. 203-220); Prithivísena
(A.D. 222); Sanghadáman (A.D. 222-226); Dámasena (A.D. 226-236);
Dámájadasrí II. (A.D. 236) 35-45
Víradáman (A.D. 236-238); Yasadáman (A.D. 239); Vijayasena
(A.D. 238-249); Dámájadasrí (A.D. 250-255); Rudrasena
II. (A.D. 256-272); Visvasimha (A.D. 272-278); Bharttridáman
(A.D. 278-294); Visvasena (A.D. 294-300); Rudrasimha
(A.D. 308-311); Yasadáman (A.D. 320); Dámasiri (A.D. 320);
Rudrasena (A.D. 348-376); Simhasena; Skanda; Ísvaradatta
(A.D. 230-250); Kshatrapa Family Tree 46-54
The Traikútakas (A.D. 250-450):
Initial Date; Their Race 55-59
The Guptas (G. 90-149; A.D. 410-470):
Dynasty; The founder Gupta (A.D. 319-322 [?]); Ghatotkacha
(A.D. 322-349 [?]); Chandragupta I. (A.D. 349-369 [?]; Samudragupta
(A.D. 370-395); Chandragupta II. (A.D. 396-415); Kumáragupta
(A.D. 416-453); Skandagupta (A.D. 454-470) 60-70
Budhagupta (A.D. 485); Bhánugupta (A.D. 511); The Pushyamitras
(A.D. 455); White Huns (A.D. 450-520); Mihirakula (A.D. 512);
Yasodharman of Málwa (A.D. 533-34) 71-77
The Valabhis (A.D. 509-766):
Valeh Town (1893); Valabhi in A.D. 630; Valabhi Copperplates;
Valabhi Administration (A.D. 500-700); Territorial Divisions; Land
Assessment; Religion; Origin of the Valabhis; History 78-86
First Valabhi Grant (A.D. 526); Senápati Bhatárka (A.D. 509-520?);
the Maitrakas (A.D. 470-509); Senápati's Sons; Dhruvasena
I. (A.D. 526-535); Guhasena (A.D. 539-569); Dharasena
II. (A.D. 569-589); Síláditya I. (A.D. 594-609); Kharagraha
(A.D. 610-615); Dharasena III. (A.D. 615-620); Dhruvasena
II. (Báláditya) (A.D. 620-640); Dharasena IV. (A.D. 640-649);
Dhruvasena III. (A.D. 650-656); Kharagraha (A.D. 656-665);
Síláditya III. (A.D. 666-675); Síláditya IV. (A.D. 691); Síláditya
V. (A.D. 722); Síláditya VI. (A.D. 760); Síláditya VII. (A.D. 766);
Valabhi Family Tree; The fall of Valabhi (A.D. 750-770); The
importance of Valabhi 87-96
Valabhi and the Gehlots; The Válas of Káthiáváda; The Válas and
Káthis; Descent from Kanaksen (A.D. 150); Mewád and the Persians;
Válas 97-106
The Chálukyas (A.D. 634-740):
Jayasimhavarmman (A.D. 666-693); Sryásraya Síláditya (heir
apparent) (A.D. 669-691); Mangalarája (A.D. 698-731); Pulakesi
Janásraya (A.D. 738); Buddhavarmman (A.D. 713?); Nágavarddhana;
Chálukya Tree 107-112
The Gurjjaras (A.D. 580-808):
Copperplates; Gurjjara Tree; Dadda I. (c. 585-605 A.D.); Jayabhata
I. Vítarága (c. 605-620 A.D.); Dadda II. Prasántarága (c. 620-650
A.D.); Jayabhata II. (c. 650-675 A.D.); Dadda III. Báhusaháya
(c. 675-700 A.D.); Jayabhata III. (c. 704-734 A.D.) 113-118
The Ráshtrakútas (A.D. 743-974):
Origin; Name; Early Dynasty (A.D. 450-500); The
main Dynasty (A.D. 630-972); Ráshtrakúta Family Tree
(A.D. 630-972); Copperplates; Kakka II. (A.D. 747); Krishna
and Govinda II. (A.D. 765-795); Dhruva I. (A.D. 795); Govinda
III. (A.D. 800-808); Indra (A.D. 808-812); Karka I. (A.D. 812-821);
Dantivarmman (Heir Apparent); Govinda (A.D. 827-833); Dhruva
I. (A.D. 835-867); Akálavarsha (A.D. 867); Dhruva II. (A.D. 867);
Akálavarsha Krishna (A.D. 888); Main Line restored (A.D. 888-974);
Krishna Akálavarsha (A.D. 888-914); Indra Nityamvarsha (A.D. 914)
119-134
The Mihiras or Mers (A.D. 470-900):
History; The Chúdásamás (A.D. 900-940); The Jethvás; The Mers;
White Húnas; Jhálás 135-147
THE KINGDOM OF ANAHILAVÁDA (A.D. 720-1300).
The Chávadás (A.D. 720-956):
Pañchásar (A.D. 788); Jayasekhara (A.D. 696); Vanarája
(A.D. 720-780?); Founding of Anahilaváda (A.D. 746-765); Vanarája's
Installation; His Image; Vanarája's Successors (A.D. 780-961);
Yogarája (A.D. 806-841); Kshemarája (A.D. 841-880); Chámunda
(A.D. 880-908); Ghághada (A.D. 908-937); Chávadá Genealogy
149-155
The Chaulukyas or Solankis (A.D. 961-1242):
Authorities; The name Chaulukya; Múlarája (A.D. 961-996);
Chámunda (A.D. 997-1010); Durlabha (A.D. 1010-1022); Bhíma
I. (A.D. 1022-1064); Mahmúd's Invasion (A.D. 1024); Somanátha
(A.D. 1024) 156-169
Karna (A.D. 1064-1094); Siddharája Jayasingha (A.D. 1094-1143)
170-181
Kumárapála (A.D. 1143-1174); Ajayapála (A.D. 1174-1177); Múlarája
II. (A.D. 1177-1179); Bhíma II. (A.D. 1179-1242) 182-197
The Vághelás (A.D. 1219-1304):
Arnorája (A.D. 1170-1200); Lavanaprasáda (A.D. 1200-1233);
Víradhavala (A.D. 1233-1238); Vísaladeva (A.D. 1243-1261);
Arjunadeva (A.D. 1262-1274); Sárangadeva (A.D. 1275-1296);
Karnadeva (A.D. 1296-1304); Vághela Genealogy 198-206
MUSALMÁN PERIOD (A.D. 1297-1760).
Introduction:
Territorial Limits; Sorath; Káthiáváda; Under the Kings
(A.D. 1403-1573); Under the Mughals (A.D. 1573-1760); Condition
of Gujarát (A.D. 1297-1802) 207-228
Early Musalmán Governors (A.D. 1297-1403):
Alá-ud-dín Khilji Emperor (A.D. 1295-1315); Ulugh Khán
(A.D. 1297-1317); Ain-ul-Mulk Governor (A.D. 1318); Order
established (A.D. 1318); Muhammad Tughlak Emperor (A.D. 1325-1351);
Táj-ul-Mulk Governor (A.D. 1320); Suppression of insurrection
(A.D. 1347); Surrender of Girnár and Kachh (A.D. 1350);
Fírúz Tughlak Emperor (A.D. 1351-1388); Zafar Khán Governor
(A.D. 1371); Farhat-ul-Mulk Governor (A.D. 1376-1391); Muhammad
Tughlak II. Emperor (A.D. 1391-1393); Zafar Khán Governor
(A.D. 1391-1403) 229-233
Ahmedábád Kings (A.D. 1403-1573):
Muhammad I. (A.D. 1403-1404); Muzaffar (A.D. 1407-1419); Ahmed
I. (A.D. 1411-1441); Ahmedábád built (A.D. 1413); Defeat of the
Ídar Chief (A.D. 1414); Spread of Islám (A.D. 1414); Expedition
against Málwa (A.D. 1417); Chámpáner attacked (A.D. 1418); War
with Málwa (A.D. 1422); Defeat of the Ídar Chief (A.D. 1425);
Recovery of Máhim (A.D. 1429) and Báglán (A.D. 1431); Muhammad
II. (A.D. 1441-1452); Kutb-ud-dín (A.D. 1451-1459); War with
Málwa (A.D. 1451) Battle of Kapadvanj (A.D. 1454); War with Nágor
(A.D. 1454-1459); War with Chitor (A.D. 1455-1459) 234-242
Mahmúd I. Begada (A.D. 1459-1513); Defeat of a conspiracy
(A.D. 1459); Improvement of the soldiery (A.D. 1459-1461);
Help given to the king of the Dakhan (A.D. 1461); Expedition
against Junágadh (A.D. 1467); Capture of Girnár (A.D. 1472);
Disturbances in Chámpáner (A.D. 1472); Conquest of Kachh;
Jagat destroyed; Conspiracy (A.D. 1480); War against Chámpáner
(A.D. 1482-1484); Capture of Pávágad (A.D. 1484); The Khándesh
succession (A.D. 1508); Muzaffar II. (A.D. 1513-1526); Expedition
against Ídar (A.D. 1514); Disturbances in Málwa (A.D. 1517);
Capture of Mándu (A.D. 1518); War with Chitor (A.D. 1519);
Submission of the Rána of Chitor (A.D. 1521); Death of Muzaffar
II. (A.D. 1526) 243-252
Sikandar (A.D. 1526); Máhmúd II. (A.D. 1526); Bahádur
(A.D. 1527-1536); Portuguese intrigues (A.D. 1526); Khándesh
affairs (A.D. 1528); Turks at Diu (A.D. 1526-1530); Capture
of Mándu (A.D. 1530); Quarrel with Humáyún (A.D. 1532); Fall of
Chitor (A.D. 1535); Mughal conquest of Gujarát (A.D. 1535); The
Mughals driven out (A.D. 1536); The Portuguese at Diu (A.D. 1536);
Death of Bahádur (A.D. 1536); Muhammad II. Ásíri (A.D. 1536-1554);
His escape from control; Choosing of evil favourites; Quarrels
among the nobles; Disturbances (A.D. 1545); Death of Mahmúd
(A.D. 1554); Ahmed II. (A.D. 1554-1561); Ítimád Khán Regent;
Partition of the province; Dissensions; Sultánpur and Nandurbár
handed to Khándesh (A.D. 1560); Defeat and death of Sayad Mubárak;
Death of Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi; Daman district ceded to the Portuguese
(A.D. 1550); Assassination of Ahmed II. (A.D. 1560); Muzaffar
III. (A.D. 1561-1572), a minor; Ítimád Khán and the Fauládis;
The Mírzás (A.D. 1571); Defeat of Ítimád Khán; Death of Changíz
Khán; Ítimád Khán and the Emperor Akbar (A.D. 1572) 252-264
Mughal Viceroys (A.D. 1573-1758).
Emperor Akbar (A.D. 1573-1605):
Capture of Broach and Surat and advance to Ahmedábád (A.D. 1573);
Mirza Ázíz first Viceroy (A.D. 1573-1575); Insurrection
quelled by Akbar (A.D. 1573); Mírza Khán second Viceroy
(A.D. 1575-1577); Survey by Rája Todar Mal; Shaháb-ud-din third
Viceroy (A.D. 1577-1583); Expedition against Junágadh; Ítimád
Khán Gujaráti fourth Viceroy (A.D. 1583-1584); Ahmedábád captured
by Muzaffar (A.D. 1583); Mírza Abdur Rahím Khán (Khán Khánán)
fifth Viceroy (A.D. 1583-1587); Defeat of Muzaffar (A.D. 1584);
Ismáíl Kuli Khán sixth Viceroy (A.D. 1587); Mírza Ázíz Kokaltásh
seventh Viceroy (A.D. 1588-1592); Refuge sought by Muzaffar in
Káthiáváda; Muzaffar attacked by the imperial army; Muzaffar's
flight to Kachh and suicide (A.D. 1591-92); Sultán Murád Baksh
eighth Viceroy (A.D. 1592-1600); Mirza Ázíz Kokaltásh ninth Viceroy
(A.D. 1600-1606) 265-273
Jahángir Emperor (A.D. 1605-1627):
Kalíj Khán tenth Viceroy (A.D. 1606); Sayad Murtaza eleventh
Viceroy (A.D. 1606-1609); Mírza Ázíz Kokaltásh twelfth Viceroy
(A.D. 1609-1611); Sack of Surat by Malik Âmbar (A.D. 1609);
Abdulláh Khán Fírúz Jang thirteenth Viceroy (A.D. 1611-1616);
Mukarrab Khán fourteenth Viceroy (A.D. 1616); Elephant-hunting in
the Panch Maháls (A.D. 1616); Prince Sháh Jehán fifteenth Viceroy
(A.D. 1618-1622); Rebellion of Sháh Jehán (A.D. 1622-23); Sháhi
Bágh built at Ahmedábád; Sultán Dáwar Baksh sixteenth Viceroy
(A.D. 1622-1624); Saif Khán seventeenth Viceroy (A.D. 1624-1627)
273-277
Sháh Jehán Emperor (A.D. 1627-1658):
Sher Khán Túar eighteenth Viceroy (A.D. 1627-1632); Famine
(A.D. 1631-1632); Islám Khán nineteenth Viceroy (A.D. 1632);
Disorder (A.D. 1632); Bákar Khán twentieth Viceroy (A.D. 1632);
Sipáhdár Khán twenty-first Viceroy (A.D. 1633); Saif Khán
twenty-second Viceroy (A.D. 1633-1635); Ázam Khán twenty-third
Viceroy (A.D. 1635-1642); The Kolis punished; The Káthis
subdued; Revolt of the Jám of Navánagar (A.D. 1640); Ísa
Tarkhán twenty-fourth Viceroy (A.D. 1642-1644); Prince Muhammad
Aurangzíb twenty-fifth Viceroy (A.D. 1644-1646); Sháistah Khán
twenty-sixth Viceroy (A.D. 1646-1648); Prince Muhammad Dárá
Shikoh twenty-seventh Viceroy (A.D. 1648-1652); Sháistah Khán
twenty-eighth Viceroy (A.D. 1652-1654); Prince Murád Bakhsh
twenty-ninth Viceroy (A.D. 1654-1657); Murád Baksh proclaimed
emperor (A.D. 1657) Kásam Khán thirtieth Viceroy (A.D. 1657-1659);
Victory of Murád and Aurangzíb; Murád confined by Aurangzíb
(A.D. 1658) 277-282
Aurangzib Emperor (A.D. 1658-1707):
Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi thirty-first Viceroy (A.D. 1659); Rebellion
of Prince Dárá (A.D. 1659); Prince Dárá defeated (A.D. 1659);
Jasavantsingh thirty-second Viceroy (A.D. 1659-1662); Jasavantsingh
sent against Shiváji (A.D. 1662); Mahábat Khán thirty-third Viceroy
(A.D. 1662-1668); Capture of Navánagar-Islámnagar (A.D. 1664);
Surat plundered by Shiváji (A.D. 1664); Copper coinage introduced
(A.D. 1668); Khán Jehán thirty-fourth Viceroy (A.D. 1668-1671);
Sidi Yákút the Mughal Admiral (A.D. 1670); Mahárája
Jasavantsingh thirty-fifth Viceroy (A.D. 1671-1674); Muhammad
Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk thirty-sixth Viceroy (A.D. 1674-1683);
Increased power of the Bábi family; Revolt of Ídar (A.D. 1679);
Mukhtár Khán thirty-seventh Viceroy (A.D. 1683-1684); Famine
(A.D. 1684); Shujáât Khán (Kártalab Khán) thirty-eighth Viceroy
(A.D. 1684-1703); Mutiny quelled by Shujáât Khán (A.D. 1689);
Revolt of Matiás and Momnás (A.D. 1691); Disturbances in
Káthiáváda (A.D. 1692) and Márwár; Durgádás Ráthod reconciled to
the Emperor (A.D. 1697); Scarcity (A.D. 1698); Prince Muhammad
Aâzam thirty-ninth Viceroy (A.D. 1703-1705); Intrigue against and
escape of Durgádás Ráthod; Surat (A.D. 1700-1703); Ibráhím Khán
fortieth Viceroy (A.D. 1705); Maráthás enter Gujarát; Battle of
Ratanpúr and defeat of the Musalmáns (A.D. 1705); Battle of the
Bába Piárah Ford and second defeat of the Musalmáns (A.D. 1705);
Koli disturbances; Prince Muhammad Bídár Bakht forty-first Viceroy
(A.D. 1705-1706); Durgádás Ráthod again in rebellion; Ibráhím
Khán forty-second Viceroy (A.D. 1706) 283-295
Fifty Years of Disorder (A.D. 1707-1757):
The Marátha advance to Ahmedábád and levy of tribute (A.D. 1707);
Bahádur Sháh I. Emperor (A.D. 1707-1712); Gházi-ud-dín forty-third
Viceroy (A.D. 1708-1710); Jahándár Sháh Emperor (A.D. 1712-13);
Ásif-ud-daulah forty-fourth Viceroy (A.D. 1712-13); Farrukhsiyar
Emperor (A.D. 1713-1719); Shahámat Khán forty-fifth Viceroy
(A.D. 1713); Dáud Khán Panni forty-sixth Viceroy (A.D. 1714-15);
Religious riots in Ahmedábád (A.D. 1714); Further riots in
Ahmedábád (A.D. 1715); Mahárája Ajítsingh forty-seventh Viceroy
(A.D. 1715-1716); Disagreement between the Viceroy and Haidar Kúli
Khán (A.D. 1715); Khán Daurán Nasrat Jang Bahádur forty-eighth
Viceroy (A.D. 1716-1719); Famine (A.D. 1719); Muhammad Sháh
Emperor (A.D. 1721-1748); Mahárája Ajítsingh forty-ninth Viceroy
(A.D. 1719-1721); Piláji Gáikwár at Songad (A.D. 1719); Decay
of imperial power (A.D. 1720); Nizám-ul-Mulk Prime Minister
of the Empire (A.D. 1721); Haidar Kúli Khán fiftieth Viceroy
(A.D. 1721-1722); Disorder in Ahmedábád (A.D. 1721); His arrival
in Gujarát (A.D. 1722); Signs of independence shown by him
and his recall (A.D. 1722); Nizám-ul-Mulk fifty-first Viceroy
(A.D. 1722); Hámid Khán Deputy Viceroy; Momín Khán Governor
of Surat (A.D. 1722); Increase of Marátha power (A.D. 1723)
295-304
Sarbuland Khán fifty-second Viceroy (A.D. 1723-1730); Shujaât
Khán appointed Deputy; Nizám-ul-Mulk and Sarbuland Khán; Sarbuland
Khán's Deputy defeated (A.D. 1724); the Maráthás engaged as Allies;
Battle of Arás; Hámid Khán defeated by Rustam Áli (A.D. 1723);
Hámid Khán joined by Maráthás against Rustam Áli; Mubáriz-ul-Mulk
sent against the Maráthás (A.D. 1725); Retreat of Hámid Khán and
the Maráthás; Ahmedábád entered by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk (A.D. 1725);
Defeat of the Maráthás at Sojitra and Kapadvanj (A.D. 1725);
Marátha expedition against Vadnagar (A.D. 1725); Tribute paid to
the Maráthás (A.D. 1726); Alliance with the Peshwa (A.D. 1727);
Baroda and Dabhoi obtained by Piláji Gáikwár (A.D. 1727); Capture
of Chámpáner by the Maráthás (A.D. 1728); Grant of tribute to the
Peshwa (A.D. 1729); Disturbance raised by Mulla Muhammad Áli at
Surat (A.D. 1729); Petlád given in farm (A.D. 1729); Athva fort
(A.D. 1730); The Viceroy in Káthiáváda and Kachh (A.D. 1730);
Riots at Ahmedábád; Mahárája Abheysingh fifty-third Viceroy
(A.D. 1730-1733); The new Viceroy resisted by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk;
Battle of Adálaj; The Mahárája defeated by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk
(A.D. 1730); Retreat of Mubáriz-ul-Mulk; Government of Abheysingh;
Momín Khán, ruler of Cambay (A.D. 1730); The Peshwa and Viceroy
against Piláji Gáikwár (A.D. 1731); The withdrawal of the Peshwa;
His opponents defeated; Abdúlláh Beg appointed Nizám's Deputy
at Broach; The death of Piláji Gáikwár procured by the Viceroy
(A.D. 1732); Baroda taken; Famine (A.D. 1732); Affairs at Surat
(A.D. 1732); Teghbeg Khán Governor of Surat 305-313
Ratansingh Bhandári Deputy Viceroy (A.D. 1733-1737); Return of
the Maráthás; Contest for the government of Gogha; Disturbance
at Víramgám (A.D. 1734); Baroda recovered by the Maráthás
(A.D. 1734); Change of governor at Víramgám; Failure of Jawán
Mard Khán in an attempt on Ídar; Rivalry of Ratansingh Bhandári
and Sohráb Khán (A.D. 1735); Battle of Dholi; Defeat and death
of Sohráb Khán (A.D. 1735); Rivalry between Ratansingh Bhandári
and Momín Khán (A.D. 1735); Marátha affairs; Dámáji Gáikwár and
Kántáji (A.D. 1735); Battle of Ánand-Mogri; Defeat of Kántáji;
The Maráthás helping Bhávsingh to expel the Víramgám Kasbátis;
The country plundered by the Gáikwár and Peshwa; Momín Khán
fifty-fourth Viceroy (A.D. 1737); Siege of Ahmedábád; Mahárája
Abheysingh fifty-fifth Viceroy (A.D. 1737); The siege of Ahmedábád
continued by Momín Khán; Defence of the city by Ratansingh
Bhandári; Ahmedábád captured by Momín Khán (A.D. 1738); Momín Khán
fifty-sixth Viceroy (A.D. 1738-1743); Prosperity of Ahmedábád
(A.D. 1738); Tribute collected by the Viceroy (A.D. 1738);
Sher Khán Bábi Deputy Governor of Sorath (A.D. 1738); Tribute
collected by the Deputy Viceroy (A.D. 1739); Capture of Bassein
by the Maráthás (A.D. 1739); Tribute expedition (A.D. 1740);
The Viceroy at Cambay (A.D. 1741); Víramgám surrendered and Pátdi
received by Bhávsingh; Siege of Broach by the Maráthás (A.D. 1741);
Battle of Dholka; Defeat of the Maráthás (A.D. 1741); Contests
between the Musalmáns and Maráthás; Disturbance at Ahmedábád
(A.D. 1742); Collection of tribute in Káthiáváda by the Viceroy;
Death of Momín Khán (A.D. 1743) 314-326
Fidá-ud-dín acting as Viceroy (A.D. 1743); The Maráthás defeated
by Muftakhir Khán; Dámáji Gáikwár's return to Gujarát; Abdúl Ázíz
Khán of Junnar Viceroy (by a forged order); Mutiny of the troops;
Petlád captured by the Maráthás; Muftakhir Khán fifty-seventh
Viceroy (A.D. 1743-1744); Jawán Mard Khán appointed Deputy; The
Maráthás in Ahmedábád; Battle of Kim Kathodra; Defeat and death
of Abdúl Ázíz Khán (A.D. 1744); Fakhr-ud-daulah fifty-eighth
Viceroy (A.D. 1744-1748); Jawán Mard Khán Bábi Deputy Viceroy;
Khanderáv Gáikwár called to Sátára; Defeat and capture of the
Viceroy by Jawán Mard Khán Bábi; Rangoji disgraced by Khanderáv
Gáikwár; Rangoji and Jawán Mard Khán opposed by Punáji Vithal
and Fakhr-ud-daulah; Siege of Kapadvanj by Fakhr-ud-daulah
(A.D. 1746); The siege raised at the approach of Holkar; Momín
Khán II. governor of Cambay (A.D. 1748); Increased strength of
Fakhr-ud-daulah's party; Dissensions among the Maráthás; Surat
affairs (A.D. 1748); Escape of Mulla Fakhr-ud-din to Bombay;
Cession of Surat revenue to the Gáikwár (A.D. 1747); Famine
(A.D. 1747); Marátha dissensions; Fall of Borsad 326-332
Mahárája Vakhatsingh fifty-ninth Viceroy (A.D. 1748); Ahmed Sháh
Emperor (A.D. 1748-1754); Spread of disorder; Surat affairs
(A.D. 1750); Sayad Achchan unpopular; Safdar Muhammad brought
back by the Dutch; Retreat of Sayad Achchan; Jawán Mard Khán
and the Peshwa (A.D. 1750); The Peshwa and Gáikwár (A.D. 1751);
Broach independent (A.D. 1752); Pándurang Pandit repulsed at
Ahmedábád (A.D. 1752); Marátha invasion; Return of Jawán Mard
Khán; Gallant defence of Ahmedábád; Surrender of Jawán Mard
Khán; Ahmedábád taken by the Maráthás (A.D. 1753); Collection of
tribute; Mughal coinage discontinued; Failure of an attempt on
Cambay (A.D. 1753); The Kolis; Cambay attacked by the Maráthás
(A.D. 1754); Alamgír II. (A.D. 1754-1759); Contest with Momín
Khán renewed (A.D. 1754); Gogha taken by Momín Khán (A.D. 1755);
Ahmedábád recovered by Momín Khán (17th October 1756); Jawán
Mard Khán allying himself with the Maráthás; Ahmedábád invested
by the Maráthás (A.D. 1756); Momín Khán helped by Ráo of Ídar
(A.D. 1757); Successful sally under Shambhurám; Negotiations
for peace; Marátha arrangements in Ahmedábád; New coins; Momín
Khán at Cambay; Expedition from Kachh against Sindh (A.D. 1758);
Tribute levied by the Maráthás; Surat affairs (A.D. 1758); The
command of Surat taken by the English (A.D. 1759); Momín Khán's
visit to Poona (A.D. 1759); Sadáshiv Rámchandra Peshwa's Viceroy
(A.D. 1760); The Maráthás in Káthiáváda (A.D. 1759); Ápa Ganesh
Viceroy (A.D. 1761); Battle of Pánipat (A.D. 1761) 332-345
Appendix I.--Death of Sultán Bahádur (A.D. 1526-1536) 347-351
Appendix II.--The Hill Fort of Mándu; Description; History; The Málwa
Sultáns (A.D. 1400-1570); The Mughals (A.D. 1570-1720); The Maráthás
(A.D. 1720-1820); Notices (A.D. 1820-1895) 352-384.
MARÁTHA PERIOD (A.D. 1760-1819).
History; Siváji's first inroad (A.D. 1664); Siváji's second
attack (A.D. 1670); Sáler taken (A.D. 1672); The Narbada crossed
(A.D. 1675); Raids by Dábháde (A.D. 1699-1713); Dábháde
(A.D. 1716); Dábháde Senápati; the Peshwa's negotiations
(A.D. 1717); Dámáji Gáikwár (A.D. 1720); Marátha tribute
(A.D. 1723); Kántáji Kadam; Marátha dissensions (A.D. 1725);
The Peshwa (A.D. 1726); Cession of tribute (A.D. 1728); Coalition
against the Peshwa (A.D. 1730); Defeat of the allies (A.D. 1731);
Assassination of Piláji Gáikwár (A.D. 1732); Baroda secured by
the Gáikwár (A.D. 1734); The Marátha Deputy Governor (A.D. 1736);
Ahmedábád riots (A.D. 1738-1741); Siege of Broach (A.D. 1741);
Rangoji prisoner at Borsad (A.D. 1742); Quarrels regarding the
Viceroyalty between Dámáji and Rághoji Bhonsle (A.D. 1743-44);
Rangoji confined in Borsad (A.D. 1745); the Gáikwár in Surat
(A.D. 1747) 385-395
Haribá attacked by Rangoji; Death of Umábái (A.D. 1748); Dámáji
deputy in Gujarát; Dámáji against Peshwa; Dámáji Gáikwár arrested
(A.D. 1751); The Peshwa and Surat; Release of Dámáji (A.D. 1752);
Capture of Ahmedábád (A.D. 1753); Raghunáthráv at Cambay; The
Peshwa's deputy at Ahmedábád; Ahmedábád captured by the Nawáb of
Cambay; Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár at Ahmedábád; Surrender of
the Nawáb; Sayájiráv in Ahmedábád; Peshwa's agent Sadáshiv at
Surat; The Marátha demand of tribute from the Nawáb of Cambay;
The Nawáb at Poona; Lunáváda plundered by Khanderáv; Expedition
against Bálásinor; The estates of Jawán Mard Khán retaken
by Dámáji; The Peshwa and the English (A.D. 1761); One of the
Jádhav family Senápati; Ghorpade family again Senápati; Intrigues
of Rághoba (A.D. 1768); Death of Dámáji Gáikwár (A.D. 1768);
Disputed succession; Rághobá Peshwa (A.D. 1774); Rághoba in
Gujarát (A.D. 1775); Rághobá defeated; His arrival at Surat;
Treaty of Surat (A.D. 1775); Colonel Keating in Gujarát; Rághoba
accompanied by Colonel Keating; Rághoba in Cambay (A.D. 1775);
Govindráv Gáikwár's army; Advance of the combined forces; Defeat
of Fatesingh (A.D. 1775); Retreat of the ministerial general;
Colonel Keating at Dabhoi (A.D. 1775); Rághoba and the Gáikwárs;
Withdrawal of the British contingent; Negotiations at Poona;
Rághoba at Surat (A.D. 1776); Negotiations at Poona (A.D. 1777);
Fresh alliance with Rághoba (A.D. 1778) 396-407
The convention of Bhadgaon (A.D. 1779); Negotiation with the
Gáikwár; Escape of Rághoba from Sindia (A.D. 1779); League against
the English (A.D. 1780); Treaty with Fatesingh Gáikwár; Ahmedábád
taken by General Goddard (A.D. 1780); Operations against Sindia
and Holkar; Treaty of Sálbái (A.D. 1782); Death of Fatesingh
(A.D. 1789); Govindráv detained at Poona (A.D. 1793); Office of
Regent at Baroda taken by Govindráv; Ába Shelukar Deputy Governor
of Gujarát (A.D. 1796); Disputes between Ába and Govindráv Gáikwár;
Gujarát farmed to the Gáikwár (A.D. 1799); Ánandráv Gáikwár
(A.D. 1800); British aid to Govindráv's party; The British and
the Gáikwár (A.D. 1800); The Gáikwár's minister Rávji; Treaty
of Bassein (31st December 1802); Arabs disbanded; Malhárráv in
revolt (A.D. 1803); Contingent strengthened (A.D. 1803); Death of
Rávji (A.D. 1803); War with Sindia; The revenue collecting force;
Renewal of (Gujarát) farm (A.D. 1804); The British and the Gáikwár
(A.D. 1805); Káthiáváda tribute; State of Káthiáváda (A.D. 1807);
The revenue raid system 407-418
The Maráthás in Sorath; Securities; Bháts and Chárans (A.D. 1807);
British intervention; Financial and political settlements
(A.D. 1807); Peshwa's share in Káthiáváda; Later arrangements;
The Mahi Kántha; Supplementary treaty (A.D. 1808); Okhámandal
(A.D. 1809); Disturbances in Káthiáváda (A.D. 1811); The
Gáikwár's payment of the pecuniary loan to the British Government
(A.D. 1812); Discussions with Poona government about the old
claims on the Gáikwár's estate (A.D. 1813-14); Peshwa intrigue
in Baroda (A.D. 1814); Okhámandal ceded to the Gáikwár; British
aid at Junágadh; Treaty of Poona (A.D. 1817); Treaty with the
Gáikwár (A.D. 1817-18); Close of Marátha supremacy (A.D. 1819);
General Review 418-432
GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES (A.D. 1857-1859).
The Red Salt Scare (A.D. 1857); The passing of the Pariah dog;
Gold hoarding; Seditious native press; Maulvi Saráj-ud-din;
Apparent weakness of British rule; Administrative defects; The
Courts disliked; The Inám Commission; The army disloyal; Báiza Bái
of Gwálior; Pársi riot in Broach (June 1857); Mutiny at Mhow (July
1857); Mutiny at Ahmedábád (July 1857); Mr. Ashburner's force;
General Roberts; Rising at Amjera and in the Panch Maháls (July
1857); Mutinies at Abu and Erinpur (A.D. 1857); Disturbance at
Ahmedábád (14th September 1857); Rádhanpur disloyal; Arab outbreak
at Sunth; Disturbance in Lunáváda; Conspiracy at Dísa; Conspiracy
at Baroda; Want of combination; Marátha conspiracy; Gathering at
Partábpur and at Lodra; Partial disarming; Náikda revolt (October
1858); Tátia Topi (A.D. 1858); Tátia Topi's defeat at Chhota Udepur
(December 1858); Náikda disturbance (A.D. 1858); Wágher outbreak
(A.D. 1859); Expedition against Bet (A.D. 1859); Bet Fort taken;
Dwárka fort taken; Rising in Nagar Párkar 433-448
APPENDICES.
Bhinmál or Shrimál--Description, People, Objects of Interest,
History, Inscriptions 449-488
Java and Cambodia 489-504
Arab References 505-531
Greek References 532-547
Index 549-594
PART I.
EARLY HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.
CHAPTER I.
BOUNDARIES AND NAME.
The portion of the Bombay Presidency known as Gujarát fills the
north-east corner of the coast of Western India.
On the west is the Arabian Sea; on the north-west is the Gulf of
Cutch. To the north lie the Little Ran and the Mevád desert; to the
north-east Ábu and other outliers of the Árávali range. The east is
guarded and limited by rough forest land rugged in the north with side
spurs of the Vindhyas, more open towards the central natural highway
from Baroda to Ratlám, and southwards again rising and roughening
into the northern offshoots from the main range of the Sátpudás. The
southern limit is uncertain. History somewhat doubtfully places it at
the Tápti. Language carries Gujarát about a hundred miles further to
Balsár and Párdi where wild forest-covered hills from the north end
of the Sahyádri range stretch west almost to the sea.
The province includes two parts, Mainland Gujarát or Gurjjara-ráshtra
and Peninsular Gujarát, the Sauráshtra of ancient, the Káthiáváda of
modern history. To a total area of about 72,000 square miles Mainland
Gujarát with a length from north to south of about 280 miles and a
breadth from east to west varying from fifty to 150 miles contributes
45,000 square miles; and Peninsular Gujarát with a greatest length
from north to south of 155 miles and from east to west of 200 miles
contributes about 27,000 square miles. To a population of about
9,250,000 Mainland Gujarát contributes 6,900,000 and the Peninsula
about 2,350,000.
The richness of Mainland Gujarát the gift of the Sábarmati Mahi Narbada
and Tápti and the goodliness of much of Sauráshtra the Goodly Land
have from before the beginning of history continued to draw strangers
to Gujarát both as conquerors and as refugees.
By sea probably came some of the half-mythic Yádavas (B.C. 1500-500);
contingents of Yavanas (B.C. 300-A.D. 100) including Greeks Baktrians
Parthians and Skythians; the pursued Pársis and the pursuing Arabs
(A.D. 600-800); hordes of Sanganian pirates (A.D. 900-1200); Pársi and
Naváyat Musalmán refugees from Khulagu Khán's devastation of Persia
(A.D. 1250-1300); Portuguese and rival Turks (A.D. 1500-1600); Arab and
Persian Gulf pirates (A.D. 1600-1700); African Arab Persian and Makran
soldiers of fortune (A.D. 1500-1800); Armenian Dutch and French traders
(A.D. 1600-1750); and the British (A.D. 1750-1812). By land from
the north have come the Skythians and Huns (B.C. 200-A.D. 500), the
Gurjjaras (A.D. 400-600), the early Jádejás and Káthis (A.D. 750-900),
wave on wave of Afghan Turk Moghal and other northern Musalmáns
(A.D. 1000-1500), and the later Jádejás and Káthis (A.D. 1300-1500):
From the north-east the prehistoric Aryans till almost modern times
(A.D. 1100-1200) continued to send settlements of Northern Bráhmans;
and since the thirteenth century have come Turk Afghan and Moghal
Musalmáns: From the east have come the Mauryans (B.C. 300), the
half-Skythian Kshatrapas (B.C. 100-A.D. 300), the Guptas (A.D. 380),
the Gurjjars (A.D. 400-600), the Moghals (A.D. 1530), and the
Maráthás (A.D. 1750): And from the south the Sátakarnis (A.D. 100),
the Chálukyas and Ráshtrakútas (A.D. 650-950), occasional Musalmán
raiders (A.D. 1400-1600), the Portuguese (A.D. 1500), the Maráthás
(A.D. 1660-1760), and the British (A.D. 1780-1820).
[Gujars.] The name Gujarát is from the Prákrit Gujjara-ratta, the
Sanskrit of which is Gurjjara-ráshtra that is the country of the
Gujjaras or Gurjjaras. In Sanskrit books and inscriptions the name
of the province is written Gurjjara-mandala and Gurjjara-desa the
land of the Gurjjaras or Gúrjjaras. The Gurjjaras are a foreign
tribe who passing into India from the north-west gradually spread
as far south as Khándesh and Bombay Gujarát. The present Gujars of
the Panjáb and North-West Provinces preserve more of their foreign
traits than the Gujar settlers further to the south and east. Though
better-looking, the Panjáb Gujars in language dress and calling so
closely resemble their associates the Játs or Jats as to suggest
that the two tribes entered India about the same time. Their present
distribution shows that the Gujars spread further east and south
than the Játs. The earliest Gujar settlements seem to have been
in the Panjáb and North-West Provinces from the Indus to Mathurá
where they still differ greatly in dress and language from most
other inhabitants. From Mathurá the Gujars seem to have passed to
East Rájputána and from there by way of Kotah and Mandasor to Málwa,
where, though their original character is considerably altered, the
Gujars of Málwa still remember that their ancestors came from the Doab
between the Ganges and the Jamna. In Málwa they spread as far east
as Bhilsa and Saháranpur. From Málwa they passed south to Khándesh
and west probably by the Ratlam-Dohad route to the province of Gujarát.
Like the modern Ahirs of Káthiáváda the Gujars seem to have been a
tribe of cattle-rearers husbandmen and soldiers who accompanied some
conqueror and subsequently were pushed or spread forwards as occasion
arose or necessity compelled. In the absence of better authority the
order and locality of their settlements suggest that their introduction
into India took place during the rule of the Skythian or Kushán emperor
Kanerkes or Kanishka (A.D. 78-106) in whose time they seem to have
settled as far east as Mathurá to which the territory of Kanishka
is known to have extended. Subsequently along with the Guptas, who
rose to power about two hundred years later (A.D. 300), the Gujars
settled in East Rájputána, Málwa, and Gujarát, provinces all of which
were apparently subjugated by the Guptas. It seems probable that in
reward for their share in the Gupta conquests the leading Gujars
were allotted fiefs and territories which in the declining power
of their Gupta overlords they afterwards (A.D. 450-550) turned into
independent kingdoms.
The earliest definite reference to a kingdom of North Indian Gujars is
about A.D. 890 when the Kashmir king Sankaravarman sent an expedition
against the Gurjjara king Alakhána and defeated him. As the price of
peace Alakhána offered the country called Takkadesa. This Takkadesa
[2] appears to be the same as the Tsehkia of Hiuen Tsiang [3]
(A.D. 630-640) who puts it between the Biyás on the east and the
Indus on the west thus including nearly the whole Panjáb. The tract
surrendered by Alakhána was probably the small territory to the east of
the Chináb as the main possessions of Alakhána must have lain further
west between the Chináb and the Jehlam, where lie the town of Gujarát
and the country still called Gujar-desa the land of the Gujars. [4]
[Northern Gurjjara Kingdom.] As early as the sixth and seventh
centuries records prove the existence of two independent Gurjjara
kingdoms in Bombay Gujarát one in the north the other in the south of
the province. The Northern kingdom is mentioned by Hiuen Tsiang[Hiuen
Tsiang's Kiu-che-lo, A.D. 620.] in the seventh century under the name
Kiu-che-lo. He writes: 'Going north from the country of Valabhi 1800
li (300 miles) we come to the kingdom of Kiu-che-lo. This country is
about 5000 li in circuit, the capital, which is called Pi-lo-mo-lo,
is 30 li or so round. The produce of the soil and the manners of the
people resemble those of Sauráshtra. The king is of the Kshatriya
caste. He is just twenty years old.' [5] Hiuen Tsiang's Kiu-che-lo
is apparently Gurjjara, the capital of which Pi-lo-mo-lo is probably
Bhilmál or Bhinmál better known as Srimál. [6] Though Hiuen Tsiang
calls the king a Kshatriya he was probably a Gujar who like the later
Southern Gujars claimed to be of the Kshatriya race.
[Southern Gurjjara Kingdom, A.D. 589-735.] The Southern Gurjjara
kingdom in Gujarát, whose capital was at Nándipuri, perhaps the modern
Nándod the capital of the Rájpipla State, flourished from A.D. 589 to
A.D. 735. [7] The earlier inscriptions describe the Southern Gurjjaras
as of the Gurjjara Vansa. Later they ceased to call themselves
Gurjjaras and traced their genealogy to the Puránic king Karna.
From the fourth to the eighth century the extensive tract of Central
Gujarát between the North and South Gurjjara kingdoms was ruled by
the Valabhis. The following reasons seem to show that the Valabhi
dynasty were originally Gujars. Though it is usual for inscriptions
to give this information none of the many Valabhi copper-plates
makes any reference to the Valabhi lineage. Nor does any inscription
state to what family Senápati Bhatárka the founder of the dynasty
belonged. Hiuen Tsiang describes the Valabhi king as a Kshatriya
and as marrying with the kings of Málwa and Kanauj. The Valabhi
king described by Hiuen Tsiang is a late member of the dynasty
who ruled when the kingdom had been greatly extended and when the
old obscure tribal descent may have been forgotten and a Kshatriya
lineage invented instead. Intermarriage with Málwa and Kanauj can be
easily explained. Rájputs have never been slow to connect themselves
by marriage with powerful rulers.
The establishment of these three Gujar kingdoms implies that the
Gurjjara tribe from Northern and Central India settled in large
numbers in Gujarát. Several Gujar castes survive in Gujarát. Among
them are Gujar Vániás or traders, Gujar Sutárs or carpenters, Gujar
Sonis or goldsmiths, Gujar Kumbhárs or potters, and Gujar Saláts or
masons. All of these are Gujars who taking to different callings
have formed separate castes. The main Gujar underlayer are the
Lewás and Kadwás the two leading divisions of the important class
of Gujarát Kanbis. The word Kanbi is from the Sanskrit Kutumbin,
that is one possessing a family or a house. From ancient times the
title Kutumbin has been prefixed to the names of cultivators. [8] This
practice still obtains in parts of the North-West Provinces where the
peasant proprietors are addressed as Grihasthas or householders. As
cattle-breeding not cultivation was the original as it still is the
characteristic calling of many North Indian Gujars, those of the tribe
who settled to cultivation came to be specially known as Kutumbin
or householders. Similarly Deccan surnames show that many tribes of
wandering cattle-owners settled as householders and are now known as
Kunbis. [9] During the last twenty years the settlement as Kunbis in
Khándesh of tribes of wandering Wanjára herdsmen and grain-carriers
is an example of the change through which the Gujarát Kanbis and the
Deccan Kunbis passed in early historic times.
[Gujars.] Besides resembling them in appearance and in their skill
both as husbandmen and as cattle-breeders the division of Gujarát
Kanbis into Lewa and Kadwa seems to correspond with the division
of Málwa Gujars into Dáha and Karád, with the Lewa origin of the
East Khándesh Gujars, and with the Lawi tribe of Panjáb Gujars. The
fact that the head-quarters of the Lewa Kanbis of Gujarát is in the
central section of the province known as the Charotar and formerly
under Valabhi supports the view that the founder of Valabhi power was
the chief leader of the Gujar tribe. That nearly a fourth of the whole
Hindu population of Gujarát are Lewa and Kadwa Kanbis and that during
the sixth seventh and eighth centuries three Gujar chiefs divided
among them the sway of the entire province explain how the province
of Gujarát came to take its name from the tribe of Gujars. [10]