Chayim Walosin, 85, 87, 94
Chisda, 307
_Chukkim_, 124
_Code of the Law_, by Caro, 75, 92, 206, 211, 257
_Collectanea_, 144
_Commentary on the Pentateuch_, by Nachmanides, 107, 108, 123, 135
_Creeds and Opinions_, by Saadiah Gaon, 162
_Crown_, 239
_Cusari_, 162
_Date of the Redemption_, 105
David Rocca Martino, 230
David Messer Leon, 174
David b. Samuel d’Estella, 165, 166
David b. Yom‐Tob Bilia, 166.
_Defence of Adam_, 230
Delmedigo, 71, 131, 175
_Disputation_, by Nachmanides, 103
Dukes, L., 260
_Eighteen Benedictions_, 83
Eleazar, 229
Eleazar b. Jacob, 225
Eliezer, father of Baalshem, 5
Eliezer b. Hyrkanos, 189, 319
Eliezer b. Samuel Hallevi, 145
Eliezer b. Simeon, 223
Elijah Levita, 268
Elijah Wilna, 57, 73‐77, 81‐92, 96, 97
Elisha b. Abuyah, 33, 130, 292
Emden, Jacob, 10, 259
_Epikurus_, 157
_Erech Millin_, 66
Erter, Isaac, 51, 59, 288
Essenes, 64, 185
_Examination of the World_, 97
Eybeschütz, J., 10
Ezra, or Azriel, the mystic, 100
_Faithful City_, the, 75
Fichte, 51
Finn, 75
_Ford Jabbok_, 333
Frankists, 10
Frankl, Z., 65, 97
Fürst, J., 66
Gamaliel I., 234
Gamaliel II., 194, 212
_Gaon_, pl. _Gaonim_, 73, 76‐78, 97, 98, 206, 208, 209, 289, 312
_Garden of Mystical Contemplation_, 129
_Gate of Reward_, 115, 213
Geiger, A., 66
_Gemara_, 78
Gershon, brother‐in‐law of Baalshem, 8, 9
Ghetto, 326, 331‐333
Gnostics, 64
Goethe, 57, 73, 306, 328
_Gozer_, 290
Graetz, 65, 97, 99, 183
_Great Interpreters_, 186
Green, A. L., 255
_Guide of the Perplexed_, 49, 68, 97, 102, 130, 131, 179
_Guide of the Perplexed of the Time_, 60, 67
Hadasi, Judah, 160, 161
Hai Gaon, 77, 208, 209, 272
_Halachah_, pl. _Halachoth_, 64, 66, 183
_Halachic_, 57, 92, 110, 157, 193, 207
_Halachoth Gedoloth_, 111, 112
Hannaneel of Kairwan, 162
Hegel, 51, 54, 64, 65
Heine, 59, 124, 254
_High Belief_, 162
Hillel the Great, 185, 186, 188, 193, 237
Hillel, R., 177
_History of Jewish Tradition_, 65, 182
_Hithlahabuth_, 32
_Holle Kreisch_, 294, 295
Huna, 221, 225
Isaac Alfasi, 13, 100, 101, 111, 312
Isaac Aramah, 173
Isaac Loria, 76, 133
Isaac b. Ruben, 100
Ishmael, 188, 190, 224
Ishmael b. Elishah, 222, 299
Israel Baalshem (_see_ Baalshem, Israel)
Jacob of Corbeil, 322
Jacob Dubna, 91
Jacob the Levite, or Maharil, 143, 144
Jacob Sasportas, 101, 102
Jacob Tam, 210
Jannai, 226
Jedaiah of Bedres, 97, 131
_Jerusalem_, by Mendelssohn, 147
Johanan, 249, 287, 303, 318
Johanan b. Zaccai, 48, 188
Jonah Gerundi, 100, 101
Jonah, son of Nachmanides, 101
José, 218, 219
Joseph Albashir, 160
Joseph Albo, 171, 172
Joseph Caro, 75, 92, 206, 211, 322
Joseph Jabez, 131, 173, 179
Joshua b. Hananiah, 194, 299, 304, 308
Jost, M., 66
Judah Alcharisi, 262
Judah Hallevi, 13, 34, 152, 162, 208
Judah b. Ilai, 246
Judah Messer Leon, 333
Judah de Modena, 298
Judah the Patriarch, 63, 195
Judah the Pious, 306
Judah b. Tema, 299
Judah b. Yakar, 100
_Karab_, 124
_Kilayim_, 87
Kimchi, D., 145
_Korban_, 124
Krochmal, Nachman, 44, 46, 48‐68, 71, 72
Kuenen, 240
_Law of Man_, 113‐115
_Laws unto Moses on Mount Sinai_, 64
Lessing, 73
Letteris, M., 56, 57
Levi b. Gershom, 97, 101, 171
_Light of God_, 167
_Lilac of Mysteries_, 133
_Lilith_, 287, 288
Lipman of Mühlhausen, 167, 179
Liva of Prague, 78
Lowell, R., 116
Löw, L., 171, 285, 305
Lucas, Mrs. Henry, 135
Macaulay, 89
_Maggid_, 19
_Magnified_, 310
Maimonides, or Moses b. Maimon, 13, 48, 49, 68, 70, 78, 97, 100, 102, 103,
111, 126, 130, 133, 140, 161‐168, 170‐181, 210, 211, 249, 274,
280, 281, 312, 322
Maimonists, Anti‐Maimonists, 163‐165, 173, 210
Mar Samuel, 84
Mathia b. Chares, 339
_Measure of the Stature_, 208
_Mechilta_, 58, 81, 193
Meheram Schiff, 16
Meir, 130, 194, 226, 318
Meir b. Nathan of Trinquintaines, 100
Meir of Rothenburg, 210
_Memra_, 238
_Men of the Great Synagogue_, 64, 185
_Menachoth_, 86
Mendelssohn, Moses, 48, 58, 73, 147, 151, 176
_Metatron_, 238
_Midrash_, pl. _Midrashim_, 61, 64, 71, 81, 193, 195, 222, 262, 272, 273,
304
Milton, 114
_Minhag_, pl. _Minhagim_, 143, 192
_Minim_, 64
Minor Tractates, 81
_Mishnah_, 57, 64, 66, 76, 78, 82, 85, 87, 91, 157, 190, 193, 195, 271
Mistress of the Synagogue, 317
Moses Cordevora, 133
Moses Ibn Ezra, 262
Moses de Leon, 18, 133, 258, 262
Moses of Tachau, 131
_Mother Zion_, 321
Nachman, son of Nachmanides, 101
Nachmanides, or Moses b. Nachman, 99‐141, 213
Nahum of Gemzo, 215
_Nasi_, 84
Nathan, 194
_Nephesh Chayah_, 117
Neubauer, Dr. A., 263
_Night of Watching_, 288
Nissim of Gerona, 133
Nissim of Marseilles, 267
_Olam Habba_, 115
_Old Victory_, 304
Oral Law, 10
_Orchard_, the, 133
_Ordinance of the Law_, 293
Pablo Christiano, 103, 105, 106
_Pairs_, the, 185
_Paradise Lost_, 114
_Pardes_, 129
_Pashut_, 138
_Path of Belief_, 172
Perles, J., 99, 123, 294
Pharisees, 64, 185, 237, 241
Philo, 52, 64, 154, 238
_Pilpul Pilpulist_, 13, 78
Plato, 78
_Pugio Fidei_, 107
Raba, 311
_Rabbanan Saburai_, 206
Rabbah, 311
Rabbenu, 13
_Rabbenu Mosheh_, 103
Rabbinowicz, R. N. N., 261
Raimund Martini, 107
Rapoport, Solomon Leb, 50, 53, 56, 66
Reggio, Isaac, 270
_Roots_, the, 171
Ruskin, 328
Saadiah Gaon, 48, 162, 108, 272
_Sacred Letter_, 113
Sadducees, 64, 185, 237
Salman the Good, 145
_Sambatyon_, 95
_Sanctification‐cup_, 245
Sandalphon, 305
_Sandek_, 290
Sanhedrin, the, 188, 190, 191
Saul Berlin, 176, 180
_Sayings of the Fathers_, _Aboth_, 262, 299
Schelling, 51
Schiller, 73
_Schlummerlied_, 295
Schorr, O., 193
Schudt, 291, 298
_Sechorah_, 296
_Seder Nezikin_, 58
_Seder Olam_, 81, 92
_Seder Taharoth_, 58
_Segulah_, 122
_Sephardim_, 301
_Sepher_, 13
_Sephiroth_, Ten, 238
_Sermon in the Presence of the King_, by Nachmanides, 165
Shabbethai Tsebi, 134, 239
_Shalom Zachar_, 289
Shammai, 185, 188, 237
_Shechinah_, 120, 121, 228‐230
_Shema_, reading of the, 141, 288
Shemaiah, 186
Shemariah of Crete, 166
Sherira Gaon, 263
Shiphluth, 30
_Simchah_, 31
Simeon Duran, 101, 170, 171
Simeon b. Eleazar, 289
Simeon b. Gamaliel, 222
Simeon b. Gamaliel II., 193, 194
Simeon b. Yochai, 18, 223
Simlai, 112
_Siphra_, 58, 81, 91, 193, 262
_Siphré_, 58, 81, 91, 193, 262
Solomon b. Adereth, 70, 267
Solomon b. Gabirol, 210
Solomon of St. Goar, 143‐145
Solomon b. Isaac, Rashi, 13, 210
Solomon b. Isaac b. Zadok, 137
Solomon Ladier, 43
Solomon Portaleone, 323
Solomon, son of Nachmanides, 110
Solomon Syrillo, 262
Solomon Wilna, 75
_Son of the Law_, 307, 312
_Sopherim_, 64
Spencer, Herbert, 97
Steinschneider, M., 99, 172
_Taanith_, 58
_Talmid Chaber_, 52
_Talmid Chakam_, 7
Talmud (of Jerusalem or Babylon), 16, 19, 33, 49, 52, 57‐59, 64, 76, 78,
81, 82, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 96, 101, 104, 105, 111, 129, 131,
140, 151, 155, 158, 195, 196, 206, 207, 209, 210, 238, 252,
254‐256, 261, 262, 271, 272, 277
_Tanna_, pl. _Tannaim_, 17, 84, 187
_Tephillin_, 249
Thackeray, 282
Thirteen Articles of the Creed, 148, 163, 164, 170, 176, 179
_Thirteen Rules_ (of Interpretation), 195
Tobijah, the Priest, 175
_Tosephta_, 81, 82, 92, 262, 271
Toy, Prof., 233‐239, 251
_Tractate Berachoth_, 221, 271
_Tractate Evidences_, 192
_Tractate Joys_, 194
_Tractate Sanhedrin_, 156, 157, 159
_Tractate Sopherim_, 301, 312, 321
_Tree of Life_, the, 133
Troki, Solomon, 161
_Variae Lectiones_ (of the Talmud), 261
Viterbo, Abraham Chayim, 175, 176
_Vorsugerin_, 324
_Wars of the Lord_, 101
_Watchman_, the, 59
Weiss, T. H., 65, 97, 99, 182, 183, 185‐187, 191‐197, 206, 207, 209‐212
Wellhausen, 243
_Wisdom of Solomon_, 127, 154
_Woilkennivdicke_, 324
_Yediah_, 119
_Yeshibah_, pl. _Yeshiboth_, 94‐96, 293
Yom‐Tob Heller, 196
_Zaddik_, pl. _Zaddikim_ (Zaddikism), 36‐44, 53, 298
Zadoc, 245
_Zebachim_, 86
Zedner, 254‐256
_Zehub_, 137‐139
Zerahiah Hallevi of Gerona (or Gerondi), 100, 101, 111
_Zion‐Elegy_, 208
_Zobeoth_, 314
_Zohar_, 18, 19, 71, 91, 133, 258
Zunz, Leopold, 44, 52, 56, 60, 65, 73, 97, 183, 279, 305
FOOTNOTES
1 SUBJOINED IS A LIST OF SELECTED AUTHORITIES ON THE SUBJECT OF THE
CHASSIDIM.—_Historical and Bibliographical Works_: Graetz (xi.
including the polemical literature quoted in the Appendix), Jost,
Peter Beer, M. Bodek (סדר הרורות הנרש, Lemberg, 1865), A. Walden (שמ
תגרוליב הנדש, Warschau, 1864), Finn (קרוה נאמנה, Wilna, 1860), D.
Kahana (אצן אוסל in the periodical השחר, iv.), Zederbaum (כחר כדונה,
Odessa, 1868). _Essays and Satires_: T. Erter (הצפה, Wien, 1858), S.
Szantó (_Jahrbuch für Israeliten_, p. 108‐178, 1867), A. Gottlober
(in his periodical הברקר אור, iii.), L. Löw (Ben Chananjah, ii.),
Rudermann (השחר, vi.), Rapoport (נחלת יחודה, Lemberg, 1873, p. 10),
Fröhlich (המדרין, Warschau, 1876, p. 63 _seq._), S. Maimon
(_Autobiographie_, Berlin, 1792). Compare also the Hebrew novels by
P. Smolensky, L. Gordon, M. Brandstätter, A. Gottlober and B.
Horowitz (German). _Occasional references_ to the liturgy or the
system of the Chassidim in the “Responses” of R. Ezechiel Landau,
Moses Sopher, E. Flekeles and T. Steinhart, and in the works of
Israel Samostsch, Salomon Chelma and Chayim Walosin. Compare also
Zunz (_Gottesdienstliche Vorträge_, p. 477) and L. Löw (_Mannheimer
Album_, Wien, 1874), Senior Sachs (התחיה, i. 61) and B. L. Zeitlin
(הות קשה, Paris, 1846). The best book on the whole subject is E.
Zweifel’s work שלום צל ישראל (Zitomyr 1868, three parts), which I
strongly recommend to students. The books written by the Chassidim
would amount to more than 200. They are catalogued by Bodek and
Walden. I shall only draw the attention of the student to the works
of Beer, Salomon Ladier, and Mendel Witipsker on one side, who
developed the theory of the Immanence, and those of Nachman Braslaw
and Melech Liezensker, who, on the other hand, carried the theory of
Zaddikism to its utmost consequences. The student will find a fair
collection of sayings and sentences arranged according to
theological subjects in the books ררך המידים and לשן חכמים (Anon.,
Lemberg, 1876).
2 חסידים, “pious ones” (Ps. xxxvii. 28, lxx. 2, etc.). The reader is
probably acquainted with the term from the Maccabean history (1
Macc. ii. 42, vii. 13), in which the strict party, opposed to all
Hellenistic influence, are called “Assideans” [R.V. “Hasidaeans”],
Gr. Ἁσιδαῖοι.
3 בעל שם, “The Master of the Name,” a term usually applied to
exorcists, who cast out devils and performed other miracles through
adjuration by the name of God (or angels). The unbelieving Rabbis
maintained indeed that in his exorcisms Baalshem employed “impure
names” (of devils), whilst the Chassidim, on the other hand,
declared that their Master never used “names” at all, his miracles
being performed by the divine in Baalshem to which all nature owes
obedience. Occasionally the Chassidim call him בעל שם תוב (The Man
of Good Name), in allusion to Eccles. vii. 1, shortened by some into
_Besht_.
4 בית המדרש—“House of Research” or of “study” (of the Law), but in
which also divine service is held thrice a day.
5 תלמיד הכם—“Disciple of the Wise,” the usual title of a scholar or
student.
6 A Jewish sect, so called after their founder Jacob Leibovicz Frank,
who was himself one of the apostles of the pseudo‐Messiah Shabbethai
Tsebi of Smyrna in Turkey. Among his other doctrines he taught also
a sort of Trinity, consisting of the Holy Ancient One, the Holy King
or the Messiah, and a feminine person in the Godhead, in which he,
like his master, represented the Second Person. The sect ultimately
abolished the Law, and, after many controversies with the Rabbinic
Jews, went over to Catholicism, the dominant religion in Poland, by
which they were soon absorbed. Eybeschütz, chief Rabbi of Prague and
Hamburg, was suspected by Emden to be a secret adherent of
Shabbethai Tsebi, which was tantamount to apostasy from Judaism.
Eybeschütz protested. The litigants excommunicated each other, and
the Rabbis divided into two camps, taking sides either with Emden or
with his antagonist.
7 The works of Maimonides or Moses b. Maimon (1135‐1204) are too many
to be enumerated here. The most important are the _Guide of the
Perplexed_ (מורה נבוכום) and his _Compendium of the Law_ (משנה
הורה). Judah Hallevi or Abul Hassan flourished in the first half of
the twelfth century. He is well known as a poet by his _Divan_ and
as a deep religious thinker by his _Cusari_. The former contains
also many songs of a secular nature. Isaac Alfasi (died 1103) is
best known by his Compendium of the Talmud, which was so greatly
admired by his contemporaries that they declared it could never have
been composed “without the aid of the Holy Spirit.” R. Solomon b.
Isaac, also called by his initials Rashi (1040‐1105), is well known
by his commentaries on the Bible and the Talmud.
8 רבי רבינו.
9 ספר, _Sepher_.
10 The Hebrew word is פלפול, meaning subtle discussion and sharp
distinction. The word is closely related to פלפל or פלפלא, which
means “pepper” or “seasoning.”
11 מחרם שיף = R. Meir Shiff, whose _novellæ_ on the Talmud are of a
very subtle kind, and were very popular with the students of this
work.
12 המוראים—תנאים, “The Repeaters,” and “The Interpreters.” The sayings
and statements of the former are embodied in the Mishnah, a work
compiled by R. Judah the Saint about 220 A.C., and covering a period
of about 250 years (30 B.C.‐220 A.C.). The latter occupied
themselves mainly with the interpretation of the Mishnah, and their
discussions and controversies are incorporated in the Talmud of
Jerusalem and that of Babylon, and extend over the period from
220‐500 A.C. The Talmud of Jerusalem is mostly the product of the
schools of Palestine. The Talmud of Babylon is a growth of that
country. The authorities of this latter Talmud being far away from
the place where the first great Rabbis lived and laboured, their
traditions are naturally not so historically reliable as those of
the Talmud of Jerusalem. The authorities of Palestine were also
simpler in their method of interpretation. These again are followed
by the Babylonian schools of new interpreters (of the Talmud).
13 שדין יהודאין, an expression that goes back as far as to the _Zohar_.
14 זוהר, “Brightness.” Cf. Dan. xii. 3,—the authors of “The Brightness”
pretending to be the _Maskilim_ or “Wise Ones” mentioned in this
verse.
15 שפלות.
16 שמחה.
17 התלהבות.
18 צדיק, pl. צדיקים.
19 R. Johanan b. Zaccai was a contemporary of the Apostles, and died
about 110 A.D. He belonged to the peace party in opposition to the
Zealots, and obtained permission from the Roman government to
establish the school of Jamnia, which, after the destruction of the
Temple, became the centre of Jewish religious life. See also p. 188.
20 R. Saadiah Gaon was born in Egypt in 892, and died as the head of
the school of Sura in Babylon in 942. He is known by his
translations of and commentaries on the Bible, and many other works,
especially his philosophical treatise _Creeds and Opinions_. He was
also a great controversialist. Most of his polemical writings are
directed against the Caraites (קראים) or “Scripturalists,” a Jewish
sect founded by Anan in the eighth century. They protested against
the Oral Law, and denied Tradition. On the title “Gaon,” see note 1
to Elijah Wilna.
21 מורה נבוכים, _Moreh Nebuchim_, generally considered to be the
greatest philosophical work by any Jewish thinker.
22 R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, who spent some time in London, died about 1161.
He is best known by his commentaries on the Bible. He was the first
writer who doubted the unity of the book of Isaiah.
23 תלמיד חבר.
24 עיר מלאת הכמים וסופרים, meaning “sages” and “scribes,” but used by
later writers in the sense given in the text.
25 בכורים, dealing with the laws relating to the firstfruits which were
brought to the temple (Ex. xxiii. 19). The processions formed by the
pilgrims are very vividly described after the said tractate by
Delitzsch in his _Iris_, p. 190 _sq._ (English ed.). See also by the
same author, _Jüdisches Handwerkerleben zur Zeit Jesu_, p. 66 _seq._
26 תענית, “Fast,” or תעניות, “Fasts.”
27 סדר נזיקין, “Order of Damages,” treating of the civil law of the
Jews, the procedure of courts of justice, and kindred subjects. This
Order also includes the tractate אבות, _Aboth_ or “Sayings of the
Fathers,” which is very important for the study of Rabbinic doctrine
and ethics.
28 סדר תהרות, “Order of Purities,” dealing with the laws regarding
Levitical purity.
29 ספרא (or הורת כהנים), ספרי, מכילתא. These three works form the
oldest Rabbinic commentary on Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and
Deuteronomy. The authorities cited in these commentaries all belong
to the period of the Tannaim. See above, note 12 to the Chassidim.
Constituting as they do, to a certain extent, one of the sources
used by the _Gemara_, they are naturally indispensable for a
scientific study of the Talmud.
30 הצפה, “_Hatsophe_,” a spirited satire against the orthodox and
especially against the then prevailing belief in the transmigration
of souls taught by the mystical schools. The book is written in the
purest biblical Hebrew.
31 מורה נבוכי הזמן.
32 מדרש, pl. מדרשים (_Midrashim_), “Research,” “Researches,” a name
usually applied to the homiletical part of the Rabbinic literature.
The most important collection of this kind is the _Midrash Rabbah_
to the Pentateuch. The usual way of quoting it is _Genesis Rabbah_,
_Exodus Rabbah_, and so on.
33 See above, note 12 to the Chassidim. [Transcriber’s Note: Footnote
on the Tannaim and Amoraim.]
34 מינים, “Heretics,” applied to the first Christians, and more so to
certain Gnostic sects.
35 הלכה למשה מפיני, see below, p. 186 and _note_. [Transcriber’s Note:
The footnote on “laws given to Moses on Sinai.”]
36 הגדה or אגדה—הלכה, “rule,” “method,”—“narrative.” The former deals
with the legal side of the Scriptures, and is thus more of a
juristic nature; the latter represents a collection of homilies
having mostly as their text the historical and exhortatory parts of
the Bible, and is thus more of an edifying character. The
theological side of Judaism, as well as its ideal aspirations and
Messianic hopes, find their expression in the Agadah. The two words
are also used as adjectives, as _Halachic_ (legalistic, juristic,
and obligatory) and _Agadic_ (poetic, edifying, and hyperbolic).
37 ערך מלין, a sort of encyclopædia to the Talmud, of which only the
first letter appeared.
38 Menahem Azariah de Rossi, an Italian Jew who flourished in the first
half of the sixteenth century. His great work, מאור עינים, _Meor
Enayim_, “Light of the Eyes,” is the first attempt made by a Jew to
submit the statements of the Talmud to a critical examination, and
to question the value of tradition in its historical records.
39 פרקי דריי אליעזר.
40 Italian Jews of the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The one,
Elijah Delmedigo, wrote an Examination of Religion, whilst his
grandson, Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, wrote various pamphlets of a
deeply sceptical character. See Geiger’s Introduction to his _Melo
Chofnayim_ (Berlin, 1840).
41 גאון, “The Great One.” The authorities of the Babylonian schools
after the sixth century were also called the Gaonim (גאונים),
“[their] Eminences.” The title was also given afterwards to great
Rabbis distinguished for their learning.
42 R. Joseph Caro (1488‐1575) lived in Safed. The title of his code is
שלחן ערוך, _Prepared Table_. This is a code of the Oral Law compiled
from the Rabbinic literature.
43 קדיה נאמנה, containing an account of the Jewish worthies of that
city.
44 עלית אלירו.
45 A famous mystic of the sixteenth century, from Safed, who was the
more admired the less his pupils understood him.
46 Hai was the last of the authorities called Gaon. With his death
(1038) the schools of Babylon fell into decay and soon disappeared.
47 חגיגה, treating of the voluntary offerings brought by the pilgrims
to Jerusalem.
48 גמרה, “Perfection or Supplementary Explanations.” By this is
understood the interpretation given to the Mishnah by the schools in
Palestine and Babylon. See above, note 12 to the Chassidim.
[Transcriber’s Note: Footnote on the Tannaim and Amoraim.]
49 See Dean Church’s _St. Anselm_, from which this story is taken.
50 תוספתה, “Addition” (to the Mishnah), but also containing only the
sayings and discussions of the period of the Tannaim.
51 סדר עולם, “Order of the World,” dealing with the Chronology of the
Bible, and dating from about the end of the second century.
52 These “Minor Tractates” include, among others, treatises on
proselytes, on the laws concerning funerals, the writing of the Law,
and the like. Others are more of an edifying nature, treating of
good manners, conduct, etc.
53 פבלת נלות.
54 שמונה עשרה, “Eighteen.” They are recited thrice a day, and form the
original germ of the prayers, from which a very rich liturgy
developed in the course of time.
55 The titles of the old authorities from 70 B.C. to 500 A.C. See
above, note 12 to the Chassidim. [Transcriber’s Note: Footnote on
the Tannaim and Amoraim.]
56 אב בית דין, נשיא, “Prince,” or “Patriarch,” religious head, of the
Jews (not political), and “Father (or president) of the Court of
Justice.”
57 מנחות, זבחים, “Sacrifices,” “Offerings.” They treat of the laws
relating to sacrifices and meal‐offerings.
58 בלאים, the laws relating to diverse seeds and garments of diverse
sorts. Cf. Deut. xxii. 9‐11.
59 מגיד, “Teller,” a sort of travelling preacher.
60 לולב, “palm branch.” Cf. Lev. xxiii. 40.
61 ישיבה, “High School,” or “Academy,” in which the Rabbinic literature
is studied.
62 ישיבה עץ חיים.
63 סמבטיון, a mythical river which is supposed to stop its course on
Sabbath.
64 בחורים, sing. בחור, “Young man,” by which term the Jews usually
understand the _alumni_ of their Talmudical schools.
65 Levi b. Gershom (1286‐1344) is generally regarded as the greatest
successor of Maimonides. Besides his rationalistic commentaries on
the Bible, he wrote various treatises on metaphysics, mathematics,
astronomy, medicine, etc.
66 בחינת עולם.