--Severe storms in South Germany._The Annual Register 1914 A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1914

17. At Reading, an express train from Worcester collided with an

excursion train from Bristol at a point where two lines converged;

the driver of the express was killed; the two firemen and a lady were

injured.

--The German Emperor opened the Hohenzollern Canal from Berlin to the

Oder, thus connecting the capital by water with Stettin.

18. At Carrbridge, on the Highland Railway, a culvert, blocked by a

sudden cloudburst which had carried away a stone bridge above it,

collapsed under an express train; seven persons killed, eight or nine

injured.

--At Glasgow, Kingston Dock was burnt, the creosoted piles igniting

while being bored with a red-hot iron; four schooners destroyed;

damage, 250,000_l._

--The Ascot Gold Cup race resulted as follows: Mr. Fairie's Aleppo,

5 years, 9 st. 4 lb., 1; Mr. J. Ryan's Willibrook, 3 years, 7 st.

7 lb., 2; Mr. T. Martin's Junior, 5 years, 9 st. 4 lb., 3. Won by

three-quarters of a length; time, 4 min. 25-2/5 sec.

19. Announcement that the Government had refused to give up Somerset

House for the University of London.

--At Hillcrest Mines, near Crow's Nest Pass, Alberta, upwards of 190

miners were killed by an explosion.

--On the Nice-Coni line, in construction, the Mont-Grazzien tunnel

collapsed; about thirty men were buried, of whom several were killed

and injured.

--Severe storms in London; also in Southern Essex, where lightning

killed two persons.

--At Prestwick, the open Golf Championship was won by H. Vardon with

306; J. H. Taylor was second with 309.

20. At Fischamend, near Vienna, the Körting dirigible was run into at

a great height by a biplane; all on both vessels, numbering nine, were

killed.

--Announcement that a thunderstorm and earthquake had devastated the

islands north of Papua; great loss of life.

--The air race from London to Manchester and back was won by W. L.

Brock, an American; distance, 322 miles; time, 4 hrs, 42 min. 26 sec.

20-21. Rioting at Andover, Hants, due to public sympathy with two women

imprisoned for assault.

--At Eisleben, Saxony, the centenary was celebrated of Friedrich König,

the first to use steam power in printing.

22. King's Birthday Honours. An Earldom was conferred on Viscount

Kitchener of Khartoum, who continued to use his existing title:

Baronies of the United Kingdom on Sir H. Cozens-Hardy, Master of the

Rolls; Sir Edgar Vincent, Chairman of the Dominions Royal Commission;

Major-General J. F. Brocklehurst, C.V.O.; and Sir Leonard Lyell, Bart.,

sometime Liberal M.P. for Orkney and Shetland: Privy Councillorships

on Lord St. Davids, the Prime Minister of Australia (Hon. Joseph

Cook); Mr. H. J. Tennant, Parliamentary Under-Secretary for War; Mr.

Ellis J. Griffith, Assistant Home Secretary; and Mr. W. J. Starkie,

Chairman of the Irish Board of Intermediate Education. The eight

new Baronets included the Lord Mayor of London, Sir T. Bowater; Sir

Joseph Beecham, the operatic impresario; and Sir J. W. Benn, L.C.C.

Among the twenty-six new Knights were Dr. J. G. Frazer, the eminent

anthropologist; Dr. W. H. St. John Hope, a noted archæologist; Dr. S.

J. Sharkey, a prominent surgeon; and Dr. Henschel, a conspicuous singer

and musician. Earl Beauchamp received the Order of the Garter, and Lord

Kinnaird that of the Thistle.

On the occasion of the King's Birthday, the following Colonelcies

were conferred on Royal ladies: 18th (Queen Mary's Own) Hussars, on

the Queen; 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars and Alexandra

Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regt.), on Queen Alexandra; 7th

(Princess Royal's) Dragoon Guards, on the Princess Royal; Argyll and

Sutherland Highlanders, on Princess Louise.

22. German manufacturers visiting England entertained at Guildhall;

Herr Dernburg, sometime German Colonial Minister, was among the

speakers.

--At Oxford, the Rev. Charles F. Burney, D.Litt., Fellow of St. John's,

was appointed Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture,

_vice_ the Rev. Canon Cooke, appointed Professor of Hebrew.

23. Postal strike in Paris.

--The Red Star liner _Gothland_, Montreal to Rotterdam, with

eighty-four passengers, ran on the Gunner Rocks near Wolf Rock

lighthouse; no lives lost.

24. Encænia at Oxford University. Honorary degrees were conferred

on the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, Viscount Bryce, Prof. Ludwig Mitteis of

Leipzig, and Dr. Richard Strauss, the eminent composer.

--Alexandra Day. Throughout London and the suburbs artificial roses

were sold by ladies in aid of charities patronised by Queen Alexandra.

The sum available for distribution among them was 22,000_l._, or

6,000_l._ more than in 1913.

--Sexcentenary celebration of the foundation of Exeter College, Oxford.

25. Midnight ball at the Savoy Hotel, London, in aid of the National

Institute for the Blind.

26. The King, with the Queen, opened the King George Dock at Hull, and

announced that the Mayor of that town would in future bear the title of

Lord Mayor.

--Great fire at Salem, Mass.; 10,000 persons homeless; estimated damage

to property $10,000,000.

--Earthquake in Sumatra, followed on June 28 by a cloudburst; many

natives killed.

--At Christie's, at the sale of the Grenfell collection, a portrait of

a man with a red cap, attributed to Titian, realised 13,000 guineas;

a landscape with cattle, by Gainsborough, 8,200 guineas; portrait

of Miss Constable, by Romney, 7,200 guineas; Lady Betty Foster, by

Lawrence, 5,600 guineas.

27. Outside Cannon Street Station, London, a train to Hastings collided

with a train from Plumstead; one passenger killed, twenty injured.

--At Paris, Jack Johnson, the negro pugilist, was defeated by Frank

Moran (U.S.) in a boxing match.

28. Murder of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria and the Duchess

of Hohenberg, his wife, at Sarajevo. (See For. Hist., Chap. II.)

--The Grand Prix de Paris resulted as follows: Baron M. de Rothschild's

Sardanapale, 1; Baron E. de Rothschild's La Farina, 2; Mr. H. B.

Duryea's Durbar, 3. Won by a neck; time, 3 min. 11-3/5 sec.

--The Anchor liner _California_, New York to Glasgow, ran ashore in fog

near Tory Island, on the north coast of Ireland; no lives lost. The

ship was refloated in August.

29. At Hertford, a pageant began in commemoration of the millenary of

the town.

30. Mr. R. E. Prothero (U.) returned unopposed to Parliament for Oxford

University, _vice_ Sir William Anson, deceased.

--At Freeport, Long Island, U.S., Mrs. Louise Bailey, wife of a New

York manufacturer, was shot by an unseen person while consulting a

medical man, Dr. Carman; his wife was arrested on suspicion. [On her

trial at the end of October the jury disagreed, and she was released on

bail.]

JULY.

1. At Victoria, B.C., Jack King, a Chinese servant, was convicted of

the manslaughter in April of his mistress, Mrs. Millard; sentence,

penal servitude for life.

--The freedom of Hertford was conferred on the Rt. Hon. A. Balfour, the

ex-Premier, who had represented it from 1874 to 1885.

--After some days of warm weather, the temperature in London reached

90°; local thunderstorms followed, doing considerable damage,

especially in the Midlands.

--In the House of Lords, Lord Saye and Sele made a statement defending

himself from the severe comments of Mr. Justice Darling in the

"Canteen Case" (see _ante_, May 27) on a letter written by him,

twelve years earlier, as the representative of a firm of brewers, and

used by Colonel Whitaker's counsel in the case. Lord Saye and Sele's

explanation was accepted by the Marquess of Crewe, the leader of the

House, as satisfactory.

2. Death of Mr. Joseph Chamberlain. (See Eng, Hist., Chap. IV. and

Obituary.)

--Announcement that Mr. James O'Connor, K.C., had been appointed

Solicitor-General for Ireland, in succession to Mr. Jonathan Pim, K.C.,

appointed Attorney-General on the promotion of Serjeant Moriarty to the

Bench.

3. In the early morning, Sir Denis Anson, Bart., dived for fun into the

Thames at Battersea off a launch returning from a midnight excursion,

and was drowned; verdict (July 9) "Accidental death."

--At Christie's, Corot's "Le Rond des Nymphes" realised 6,600 guineas;

Troyon's "Un Sous-Bois avec des Vaches," 5,800 guineas; Troyon's

"Boeuf's à Labeur," 5,500 guineas; Millet's "La Gardienne du Troupeau,"

5,600 guineas. These were from the collection of Mr. Archibald Coats,

deceased.

The Civil List pensions granted during the year (to March 31) were:--

Mr. Arthur Henry Bullen.--In recognition of his services to the

study of Elizabethan literature, 150_l._

Mr. Alexander James Montgomerie Bel_l._--In recognition of his

valuable contribution to Geology and Palæontology, 60_l._

Mrs. Phoebe Anna Traquair.--In consideration of the services to

Science of her husband, the late Dr. R. H, Traquair, M.D., LL.D.,

F.R.S., and of her own artistic work, 50_l._

Miss Edith Hipkins and Mr. John Hipkins, jointly and to the

survivor.--In recognition of the service to music rendered by their

father, the late Mr. A. J. Hipkins, F.S.A., and of their inadequate

means of support, 50_l._

Mrs. Jessie Gray.--In recognition of the valuable contributions to

the Science of Anthropology made by her husband, the late Mr. John

Gray, and in consideration of the circumstances in which she has

been left by his death, 50_l._

Mrs. Annie Wallace.--In consideration of the eminent services to

Science of her husband, the late Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M.,

LL.D., F.R.S., and of her inadequate means of support, 120_l._

Mrs. Henrietta Corfield.--In recognition of the public services

rendered by her son, the late Mr. R. C. Corfield, as Commandant of

the Somaliland Camel Corps, and in consideration of her reduced

circumstances, 60_l._

Mrs. Lilian Alcock.--In recognition of the valuable contributions

to the study of Physiology made by her husband, the late

Professor N. H. Alcock, M.D., D.Sc., and in consideration of the

circumstances in which she has been placed by his premature death,

50_l._

Mr. Haldane MacFal_l._--In consideration of the merits of his

writings, 50_l._

Mrs. Selina Mary Ward.--In recognition of the eminent services of

her husband, the late Professor Marshall Ward, F.R.S., to Botanical

Science, 40_l._

Mr. Walter Shaw Sparrow.--In recognition of the merits of his

writings on art and architecture, 120_l._

Dr. Oliver Heaviside, F.R.S.--In recognition of the importance

of his researches in the theory of high-speed Telegraphy and

long-distance Telephony, in addition to his existing pension,

100_l._

Mrs. Mary E. Bacon.--In consideration of the merits as a painter of

her late husband, Mr. J. H. F. Bacon, A.R.A., and of her inadequate

means of support, 80_l._

Miss Kate Babb Hearder.--In consideration of the contributions to

Electrical Science and Telegraphy of her late father, Dr. Jonathan

Nash Hearder, F.C.S., and of her straitened circumstances, 70_l._

Mr. Henry Arthur Nesbitt.--In consideration of his services in the

improvement of the teaching of English and Arithmetic, and of his

reduced circumstances, 50_l._

Mrs. Katherine W. Grant.--In recognition of the merits of her

writings in the Gaelic tongue, 40_l._

Miss Ethel Mary Willoughby.--In consideration of the services of

her late father, Dr. Edward Francis Willoughby, M.D., in connexion

with questions of Public Health, and of her inadequate means of

support, 30_l._

Miss Constance Anthony.--In consideration of the merits as a

painter of her late father, Mr. Mark Anthony, and of her straitened

circumstances, 30_l._

4. Close of Henley Regatta. The Grand Challenge Cup was won by Harvard,

beating the Union Club, Boston, U.S.; the Stewards' Challenge Cup

by the Leander Club, against the Mayence Ruderverein; the Ladies'

Challenge Plate by Pembroke College, Cambridge; the Wyiold Challenge

Cup by the London Rowing Club; the Thames Challenge Cup by Caius

College, Cambridge; the Visitors' Challenge Cup by Lady Margaret Boat

Club, Cambridge; the Diamond Challenge Sculls by Giuseppe Sinigaglia

(Lario Club, Como, Italy); the Silver Goblets by Trinity Hall,

Cambridge. The Thames, London, and Leander Rowing Clubs' eights, and

that of Jesus College, Cambridge, were beaten by foreign crews in heats

for the Grand Challenge Cup.

4. In New York, a tenement house was blown up and three men and a

woman, all foreign Anarchists, killed, probably by the premature

explosion of a bomb.

--The Report on emigration from the United Kingdom for 1913 showed

that the loss by migration, exclusive of aliens, was 241,997, or about

71,000 less than in 1912. The proportion going to the oversea Dominions

was 715 per 1,000 emigrants, against 760 per 1,000 in 1912.

5. At Bornim, near Potsdam, five men were killed and two seriously

injured while amusing themselves by obtaining electric shocks from a

broken power wire.

6. Funeral of Mr. J. Chamberlain at Birmingham.

--Near Beaumont-sur-Oise, two tramps were arrested with bombs, said

by them to be designed for the Tsar on his next visit to France, but

believed to be intended for the French President.

--At the Central Criminal Court, after eight days' trial, Mr. T. W.

H. Crosland, an author, was acquitted of conspiring with Lord Alfred

Douglas and others to make a false charge against Mr. Robert Ross.

--At Saumur, the airman Legagneux was killed by a fall into the Loire

while flying.

7. A statue of Captain James Cook, the navigator, in the Mall, London,

was unveiled by Prince Arthur of Connaught.

--A statue of Victor Hugo, who had lived for many years in Guernsey,

was unveiled in Candie Park, Guernsey, with great ceremony; the British

and French Governments were represented.

--Announcement that Sir Joseph Beecham had bought the Covent Garden

Estate from Mr. Mallaby-Deeley, M.P.

8. At Lord's Cricket Ground, Oxford beat Cambridge in the

Inter-University Match by 194 runs.

9. At Quebec, the Dufferin Terrace was partly destroyed by fire.

--The Representative Church Council (the Houses of Convocation and of

Laymen of the Provinces of Canterbury and York) decided to give women

votes in the election of Church Councils, and to admit them to seats on

parochial Church Councils.

11. At Quebec, the Court of Inquiry into the loss of the _Empress of

Ireland_ found that the collision was due solely to the _Storstad_

porting her helm during the fog. The captain of the _Empress of

Ireland_ was exonerated from blame, and Mr. Tufteness, the mate of the

_Storstad_, blamed for altering her course. The conduct of the crews of

both vessels was commended.

--At Lord's Cricket Ground, Eton beat Harrow by four wickets.

--At Kennington Oval Cricket Ground, the Players beat the Gentlemen by

241 runs.

11. At the first "international" athletic contest between England,

Scotland, and Ireland, held at Glasgow, England won six events out of

eleven, Scotland three, Ireland two.

--The air race from London to Paris (Hendon to Buc) and back was won by

W. L. Brock; his time outward was 3 hrs. 33 min. 24 sec., homeward 3

hrs. 39 min. 42 sec.; only two of six starters completed both journeys.

12. Celebration at Disentis, Switzerland, of the thirteen hundredth

anniversary of the foundation of the Benedictine Abbey by St.

Sigisbert, an Irish monk, A.D. 614.

14. At Newport, Mon., Prince Arthur of Connaught opened a new lock at

the Alexandra Docks.

--Mr. Austen Chamberlain returned unopposed for West Birmingham, vice

Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, deceased.

16. At Gravesend Parish Church, two windows in memory of Pocahontus,

the famous Indian princess who saved the life of the explorer John

Smith, were dedicated by the Bishop of Rochester and unveiled by the

American Ambassador.

--At Olympia, Kensington, Georges Carpentier (France) defeated

"Gunboat" Smith (America) in the fight for the White Heavy Weight

Championship of the world in the sixth round, on a foul.

--At Christie's, a pair of Chinese vases of the Koang-Ho period

realised 3,800 guineas.

18. Home Rule Conference arranged. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

18-20. Naval display at Portsmouth. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

20. At Fort Grange military air station, near Gosport, Lieut. L. C.

Hordern, Lancashire Fusiliers, was fatally, and Sergeant Campbell

seriously, injured in an aeroplane accident.

--At the Pont d'Empalot near Toulouse, an express from Bayonne ran into

a stationary train; seven persons killed, over thirty injured.

21. The Shah of Persia crowned at Teheran.

22. Mr. George Smith, M.A. Oxon, Headmaster of Merchiston Castle

Grammar School, Edinburgh, appointed Headmaster of Dulwich College,

vice Mr. A. H. Gilkes, M.A. Oxon, resigned.

24. Failure of the Home Rule Conference.

--Tercentenary celebrated of the publication by John Napier of

Merchistoun of his discovery of logarithms.

25. Close of the National Rifle Meeting at Bisley. (See next page.)

--Attempt to murder the Khedive of Egypt in Constantinople. (See For.

Hist., Chap. VII., 2.)

26. Gun-running by Irish Volunteers at Howth; the Scottish Borderers

subsequently fired on the crowd. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

27. Announcement that Sir Jeremiah Colman had purchased Reigate Hill,

Surrey, for the use of the public.

28. Austria-Hungary formally declared war on Servia. (See Eng. Hist.,

Chap. IV., and For. Hist., Chaps. II. and III.)

+----------------------+------------ --+--------+---------------------- ----+

+----------------------+---------------+--------+---------------------- ----+

|Humphry Challenge Cup |900, 1000, 1100| 1080 |Oxford 906|

| (M.R.) | | |Cambridge 822|

| | | | |

|Halford Memorial | 1000, 1100 | 180 |Capt. D. Campbell, |

| | | | |

|Astor County | 200, 500 | 420 |Lewisham 380|

| | | | |

|Wimbledon Cup (M.R.) | 1100 | 90 |Mr. R. W. Barnett, |

| | | | U.R.A. 87|

| | | | |

|Ashburton Challenge | 200, 500 | 560 |Sedbergh 496|

| | | | |

|Spencer Cup (S.R.) | 500 | 35 |Cadet O. Baker, |

| | | | |

|Elcho Challenge |900, 1000, 1100| 2160 |Scotland 1912|

| | | | |

|Kolapore Imperial | 300, 500, 600 | 840 |Australia 776|

| | | | |

|United Service | 200, 300, 500 | 1200 |Army 952|

| | | | |

|Chancellor's | 200, 500, 600 | 840 |Cambridge 751|

| (S.R.) | | | |

| | | | |

|China Challenge Cup | 600 | 500 |County of London 455|

| (S.R.) | | |City of Glasgow 447|

| | | | |

|Houses of Parliament | 500, 600 | 560 |Commons 416|

| (S.R.) | | | |

| | | | |

|Mackinnon Challenge | 900, 1000 | 1800 |Australia 1531|

| | | | |

|National Territorial | 200, 500, 600 | 2100 |England 1932|

|(S.R.) | | | |

| | | | |

|Waldegrave (M.R.) | 900, 1000 | 120 |Mr. B. W. Barnett, |

| | | | U.R.A. 116|

| | | | |

|Albert (M.R.) |900, 1000, 1100| 270 |Major T. Ranken, 8 |

| | | | |

|Wimbledon Cup (S.R.) | 600 | 50 |Tpr. C. P. B. King, Camb. |

| | | | |

|Prince of Wales | 300, 600 | 85 |Col.-Sergt. G. Higgins, |

| (S.R.) | | | 4 Royal Scots Fusiliers 84|

| | | | |

|Alexandra (S.R.) | 200, 600 | 70 |D. L. McAlister, |

| | | | |

|Duke of Cambridge | 900 | 50 |Pte. E. A. Lowry, Canada 50|

| (S.R.) | | |S. Sgt. A. McKenzie, |

| | | | S.R. 50|

| | | | H.A.C. 50|

| | | | |

|(S.R.), | certain | | 16 Lon. 164 |

|Do., N. R. A. Silver | 1914. | -- |Sgt. C. Medland, |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|King's (S.R.), 1st | 200, 500, 600 | 105 |J. M. Jamieson, |

| | | | |

|Do., 2nd stage, | 300, 600 | 205 |Pte. A. G. Fulton, |

| Silver Medal | | | 16 Lon. 195|

| | | | |

|Do., 3rd stage, Gold | 900, 1000 | 355 |Sgt. J. L. Dewar, |

| | | | |

|St George's Challenge | 600, 900 | 175 |Pte. G. M. Corrie, |

| Vase (S.R.), Dragon | | | 7 H.L.I. 114|

| | | | |

|Do., Silver Cross | 600, 900 | 150 |Cpl. H. A. Ommuudsen, |

| | | | H.A.C. 112|

| | | | |

|Do., Bronze Cross | 600, 900 | 150 |Sgt. F. Wood, |

| | | | |

|Grand Aggregate | -- | 330 |Dr. F. H. Kelly, N. |

| (S.R.) | | | Lond. R.C. 313|

| | | | |

|Territorial Aggregate | -- | -- |D. L. McAlister, |

| (S.R.) | | | Australia 282|

+----------------------+---------------+--------+---------------------------+

28. At Paris, after seven days' trial, Mme. Caillaux was acquitted of

murdering M. Gaston Calmette. (See _ante_, Chron., March 16.)

30. Belgrade taken by the Austrians. Partial mobilisation by Russia.

(See For. Hist., Chaps. II. and III.)

--A painting of "An Interior with Figures," by P. de Hoock, realised

8,200 guineas at a London auction sale.

--Lieut. Gran (Norway) flew from Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen, to

Stavanger, 400 miles, in 4 hrs. 10 min.

31. The London Stock Exchange was closed by order of the Committee, and

the Bank rate raised to 8 per cent. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

AUGUST.

1. The _Endurance_, with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic expedition,

left the Thames on her voyage to the South Polar regions.

--The Bank rate was advanced to 10 per cent.

--The National Penny Bank suspended payment.

--Mobilisation ordered of the German and French armies.

--Germany declared war on Russia and France.

2. Russian troops crossed the East Prussian frontier; German invasion

of Luxemburg and France.

--Prayers offered for the nation in churches and chapels throughout the

United Kingdom.

--The Admiralty called out the Naval Reserves. Patriotic demonstration

before Buckingham Palace.

--Partial Moratorium decreed in the United Kingdom by Royal

Proclamation.

3. Announcement of the abandonment of Cowes Regatta by special desire

of the King.

--German ultimatum to Belgium.

--Royal Proclamations issued authorising the Admiralty to requisition

British ships, prohibiting the use of wireless by British merchant

vessels, and forbidding the export of numerous articles described as

warlike stores.

--The German Embassy left Paris, the French Embassy Berlin.

--Sir E. Grey's statement in the House of Commons. (See Eng. Hist.,

Chap. IV.)

4. Order in Council declaring it expedient that the Government should

take control of the railways of the United Kingdom.

--British ultimatum to Germany. British Army mobilisation ordered by

Proclamation.

--Resignation of British Ministers. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--German invasion of Belgium.

5. Earl Kitchener of Khartoum appointed Secretary for War.

--The German mine-layer _Königin Luise_, a converted liner, sunk by

H.M.S. _Amphion_ and the Third Torpedo Flotilla.

5. French troops entered Belgium.

6. Vote of Credit for 100,000,000_l._ and vote of 500,000 men for the

Army passed by the House of Commons, after a statement by the Prime

Minister.

--Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia.

--H.M.S. _Amphion_ struck a mine in the North Sea and sank; a paymaster

and 150 men were lost.

--Bank rate reduced to 6 per cent.

--The Prince of Wales and the Queen appealed for subscriptions for a

National Relief Fund.

7. Reopening of British Banks after the extended Bank Holiday.

--Issue of Government notes for 10_s._ and 1_l._

--Montenegro declared herself at war with Austria-Hungary.

8. Bank rate reduced to 5 per cent.

--British Expeditionary Force landing in France.

9. H.M.S. _Birmingham_ sank the German submarine U 15 in the North Sea.

10. State of war between France and Austria-Hungary.

--Lord Islington appointed Under-Secretary for the Colonies, _vice_

Lord Emmot, appointed First Commissioner of Works; and Dr. Christopher

Addison, M.P., appointed Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of

Education, _vice_ Mr. C. M. Trevelyan resigned.

--Completion of the purchase of the Crystal Palace.

12. Declaration of war by Great Britain on Austria-Hungary.

Proclamation under Defence of the Realm Act, establishing a kind of

martial law in Great Britain.

--Announcement that Turkey had purchased the German warships _Goeben_

and _Breslau_.

14. The Austrian Lloyd liner _Baron Gautsch_ struck a mine off Lussin,

Dalmatia, and sank; 150 persons drowned.

15. The Panama Canal formally opened.

--Proclamation by Grand Duke Nicolas of Russia to Poles. (See For.

Hist., Chap. III.)

16. Japanese ultimatum to Germany.

--Arrival at Avonmouth of General Huerta, ex-President of Mexico. Entry

of the Carranzist General Obregon into Mexico City.

17. The Belgian Court and Government removed from Brussels to Antwerp.

--French Fleet cleared Adriatic up to Cattaro.

18. Germans entered Tirlemont.

19. French reverse in Lorraine.

--Russians defeat Germans at Stallupönen, East Prussia.

20. Death of Pope Pius X. (See Obit.)

--Belgian Army retired to Antwerp.

--At the bye-election for Wicklow (W.) Mr. J. T. Donovan (N.) was

returned unopposed, _vice_ Mr. E. P. O'Kelly (N.)

20. At Sydney, N.S.W., the President of the British Association,

Professor Bateson, delivered the Presidential Address. (See _post_,

Science.)

21. German occupation of Brussels.

--Day of Intercession for the War.

22. Funeral of Pope Pius X.

23. War began between Japan and Germany.

23-26. Four days' battle in France. (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

24. Fall of Namur.

25. Parliament reassembled. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

26. Destruction of Louvain.

--The American steamer _Admiral Sampson_ sank after collision with the

British steamer _Princess Victoria_; ten persons drowned.

--The German light cruiser _Magdeburg_ went ashore at the entrance of

the Gulf of Finland, and was blown up. A Russian attack had resulted in

some loss of life.

27. First British wounded arrived at Folkestone.

--Further Parliamentary Papers published containing additional details

of breach with Germany.

28. It was announced in Parliament that Indian troops were on their way

from India.

--British Naval victory in the Bight of Heligoland. (See Eng. Hist.,

Chap. V.)

29. Apia in Samoa surrendered to a British Expeditionary Force.

31. Arrival of the Queen of the Belgians and her children at Dover.

--Russian defeat in East Prussia.

SEPTEMBER.

1. The King received the Belgian Mission to the United States. (See

For. Hist., Chap. VIII.)

--Announcement that, by order of the Tsar, St. Petersburg would be

known for the future as Petrograd.

--It was reported at Petrograd that Lieut. Sedoff, leader of the

Suvorin Polar Expedition, had died and been buried in Kronprinz Rudolf

Land.

--At Llandaff, the Bishop's palace was burnt down; many of the

valuables, pictures, and books were saved.

3. The French Government left Paris for Bordeaux. (See For. Hist.,

Chap. I.)

--The election of the Pope resulted, at the third ballot, in favour of

Cardinal Della Chiesa, who took the title of Benedict XV.

--The steam drifter _Linsdell_, and shortly afterwards H.M.S. _Speedy_,

struck mines off the east coast and sank; eight lives lost.

5. H.M.S. _Pathfinder_ was sunk by a mine (or, more probably, a

submarine) off the east coast; 259 killed, 16 wounded. The Wilson

liner _Runo_, from Hull for Archangel, met a similar fate; about

twenty-five lives lost.

5. A collision occurred outside Cannon Street between two outgoing

trains; eight persons were injured.

7. Announcement that the German cruiser _Nürnberg_ had cut the cable

between Fanning Island and British Columbia.

9. The armed merchant cruiser _Oceanic_, late White Star Line, wrecked

off the north coast of Scotland; no lives lost.

--At Doncaster, the St. Leger resulted as follows: Mr. J. B. Joel's

Black Jester, 1; Sir J. Thursby's Kennymore, 2; Sir J. Thursby's

Cressingham, 3; time, 3 min. 23.8 sec.

10. A troop train was derailed at the Hex River Pass, South Africa;

eight persons were killed, eighty-six injured--one fatally.

--Russian advance checked at Allenstein, East Prussia.

11. Pope Benedict XV. issued an appeal for peace.

--Minimum height of recruits raised by War Office to 5 ft. 6 ins. and

chest measurement to 35-1/2 inches.

12. The Annual Report of the Development Commission showed that grants

had been recommended during the year by that body of 767,387_l._, of

which 472,793_l._ was intended for the development of agriculture and

rural industries. Special grants had been made for veterinary research

work for the improvement of live stock. The Commission repeated its

warning that it would be obliged to cut down or abandon several of its

most beneficial schemes unless Parliament aided it after 1915.

--The _Spreewald_, an armed German merchant cruiser, with two German

colliers, was captured in the North Atlantic by H.M.S. _Berwick_. (The

capture was announced Sept. 23.)

13. The King received Cardinal Mercier at Buckingham Palace. In the

afternoon His Eminence, standing on Cardinal Bourne's balcony, blessed

10,000 Irishmen passing beneath in procession.

--The German cruiser _Hela_ was sunk in the North Sea by the British

submarine E 9.

14. At Lebanon, Missouri, a train broke through a bridge and fell into

the river; over thirty-five persons were reported drowned.

--The German merchant cruiser _Cap Trafalgar_ was sunk off the east

coast of South America by the British armed cruiser _Carmania_ (a

converted Cunard liner).

--The Australian submarine AE 1 was lost by some unknown accident while

returning from patrol work; thirty-five officers and men were lost.

15. The Stock Exchange issued a list of trustee securities with minimum

prices, below which its members were forbidden to deal in them.

17. H.M.S. _Fisgard II._, formerly the _Invincible_, flagship at the

battle of Alexandria in 1882, now fitted up as a floating repair shop,

sank in a gale off Portland Bill while being towed; twenty-one of her

crew were drowned.

18. Prorogation of Parliament. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

18. Near Astoria, Oregon, the United States merchant steamer _Francis

H. Leggett_ foundered in a gale; seventy lives were lost.

--A South African force occupied Lüderitzbucht, German West Africa.

19. The Pacific Mail steamer _Ortega_, 8,000 tons, Capt. D. R. Kinneir,

bound from Valparaiso to Liverpool, escaped from a German cruiser into

the Straits of Magellan, through Nelson Strait, a dangerous and quite

unsurveyed passage--a daring feat of seamanship.

20. At Zanzibar, H.M.S. _Pegasus_, while at anchor, was surprised by

the German cruiser _Königsberg_, and disabled; thirty-four of her crew

were killed and sixty-one wounded; the _Königsberg_ escaped.

--German bombardment of Rheims Cathedral. (See For. Hist., Chap. I.)

22. Two Parliamentary seats were filled, by arrangement, without

opposition. At Hartlepool Sir Walter Runciman (L.) was returned, _vice_

Sir Stephen Furness (L.), deceased; at Bolton Mr. A. H. Gill (Lab.),

deceased, was succeeded by Mr. A. H. Tootil (Lab.).

--At 6 _A.M._, H.M.S. cruiser _Aboukir_ was torpedoed by a German

submarine in the North Sea and sank; H.M.S. cruisers _Cressy_ and (two

hours later) _Hogue_ suffered the same fate while standing by to save

life. The total loss was sixty-two officers and 1,397 men; the saved

numbered 917.

--British air raid on Düsseldorf; Flight-Lieut. C. H. Collet dropped

three bombs on the Zeppelin sheds, approaching within 400 feet; an

attack on the sheds at Cologne was frustrated by fog; all five aviators

returned safely. (See Eng. Hist. Chap. V.)

--Madras shelled by the German cruiser _Emden_; little damage.

24. An attempt was made to wreck the up Folkestone boat express train

at Hither Green; no harm was done.

--First Indian troops landed at Marseilles.

26. At Cambridge, the Rev. Edmund Courtenay Pearce, M.A., Fellow and

Dean of Corpus Christi College, was elected Master of the College,

_vice_ Colonel R. T. Caldwell, LL.D., deceased.

27. First bombs dropped on Paris by a German aeroplane; an elderly

gentleman was killed and a little girl badly wounded.

--The Albanian Senate proclaimed Prince Burhan-ed-Din, a son of Abdul

Hamid, ruler of the Principality.

28. Announcement of the surrender of Duala (Cameroons) to an

Anglo-French force.

29. Announcement that four British ships had been sunk by the German

cruiser _Emden_ in the Indian Ocean, and a fifth, the collier _Buresk_,

captured.

OCTOBER.

1. Announcement that the Rev. Canon George Wilfrid Blenkin, Vicar of

Hitchin and sometime Fellow and Chaplain of Trinity College, Cambridge,

was appointed Dean of St. Albans, vice the Very Rev. Walter J.

Lawrance, D.D., deceased.

--In the King's Bench Division, a compulsory winding-up order was made

for the National Penny Bank. The Government enabled the Bank of England

to render assistance, whereby depositors were paid 5_s._ in the pound

at once. The management of the Bank was officially declared (Nov. 5) to

have been unsatisfactory.

1. Announcement that seven German merchant steamers and a gunboat had

been captured by H.M.S. _Cumberland_ off the Cameroons.

2. The Admiralty announced that a minefield for defensive purposes had

been laid in the North Sea.

--On the Highland Railway, the mail train caught fire; the guard was

injured and sixty mailbags destroyed.

--On the arrival of the steamship _Komagata Maru_ from Vancouver at

Budge Budge, near Calcutta, with British Indians who had been refused

admittance to British Columbia, some of the emigrants attempted to

walk to Calcutta instead of proceeding direct by train to the Punjaub.

Eventually they fired on the police, killing one and wounding others,

and were fired upon by troops; sixteen rioters and two spectators were

killed. (See For. and Col. Hist., Chap. V.)

5. Exactly two months from its commencement, the National Relief Fund

reached 3,000,000_l._

6. Off Schiermonnikoog, H.M.S. Submarine E 5 sunk the German destroyer

S 179; most of the crew of the latter were reported saved.

--President Poincaré visited Sir John French's headquarters and

exchanged congratulatory telegrams with the King.

7-8. The bombardment of Antwerp began at midnight.

9. Fall of Antwerp. (See For. Hist., Chap. IV.)

--Announcement that three British naval airmen had destroyed a Zeppelin

at Düsseldorf.

10. Death of the King of Roumania. (See For. Hist., Chap. III.)

11. Two German aeroplanes flew over Paris soon after midday, dropping

twenty bombs, of which one struck Notre Dame; three persons killed,

fourteen injured.

--The Russian cruiser _Pallada_ was sunk, with all her crew, in the

Baltic by a German destroyer; two German destroyers sunk by the

Russians.

11-12. Bombardment of Arras.

12. Warning by the Mayor of Gravesend regarding hostile aircraft.

13. The Prime Minister received a deputation of women protesting

against a possible revival of the Contagious Diseases Acts, in view of

the evils that had arisen in the neighbourhood of certain camps.

--Announcement of Maritz's rebellion in South Africa.

14. The first Canadian troops arrived at Plymouth.

--Fire at the Monfalcone Shipbuilding Works, near Trieste; a large

cruiser building for the Austro-Hungarian Government was destroyed.

15. Announcement that H.M. cruiser _Yarmouth_ had sunk the German

liner _Markomannia_ near Sumatra, and captured the Greek steamer

_Pontoporos_. Both had been coaling the _Emden_--the latter

compulsorily.

15. Near Bucharest, two English M.P.'s, Mr. Noel Buxton and Mr. C. R.

Buxton, were shot at and wounded by a Young Turk while proceeding to

King Carol's funeral; they recovered.

--H.M.S. _Hawke_ was sunk by a submarine, and H.M.S. _Theseus_

attacked, in the northern waters of the North Sea. The number saved was

seventy, leaving 524 killed and missing.

16. On the Didcot-Newbury line, in the evening, at a level crossing,

a goods train struck a motor-car containing ladies returning from a

concert at Churn Camp; one lady killed, two injured.

17. Four German destroyers, with all their crews but thirty-one, were

sunk in the North Sea by H.M.S. _Undaunted_ and four destroyers, the

_Lance_, _Lennox_, _Legion_, and _Loyal_; one British officer and

seventy-four men wounded.

--Severe earthquake in Greece and Asia Minor; thirty-three miles of

railway in Asia Minor damaged, and 3,000 peasants reported killed.

--The Japanese cruiser _Takahichio_ was sunk by a mine in Kiao-chao

Bay; about 254 persons believed lost.

--In Camberwell and Deptford a number of shops, belonging, or believed

to belong, to Germans, were wrecked by a mob.

18. H.M.S. submarine E 3 reported sunk on the North Sea coast.

19. Announcement that a "Distinguished Service Medal" had been

instituted for non commissioned officers and privates in the Royal

Marines, and for petty officers, men and boys in the Royal Navy.

--At Marquise, near Boulogne, a train with Belgian refugees was partly

telescoped by a following goods train; thirty-one killed, eighty-one

wounded.

--Attempted rising in Portugal. (See For. Hist., Chap. IV.)

20. Announcement that the Tsar had decided to prohibit for ever the

Government sale of alcohol in Russia.

--In Montreal, a block of nine houses, with three shops, was blown

up, probably by Austrians; four killed, including three of the

perpetrators. The occupants were chiefly Russians.

21. Trafalgar Day. The tributes at the Nelson column included mementoes

of the _Aboukir_ and _Hawke_. Crowds of people visited the square.

--Extensive arrests of Germans and Austrians in London and many English

towns.

22. Announcement that German and Austrian merchant ships must leave the

Suez Canal.

23. Announcement that Dr. Arthur Berriedale Keith, D.Litt. Edin.,

D.C.L. Oxon, had been appointed Regius Professor of Sanskrit and

Comparative Philology in Edinburgh University, _vice_ Dr. Julius

Eggeling, resigned.

24. H.M.S. _Badger_ rammed (and was believed to have sunk) a German

submarine off the Dutch coast.

--President Poincaré and Earl Kitchener were unanimously elected Lord

Rector of Glasgow University and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University

respectively.

26. The French liner _Amiral Ganteaume_, with 2,500 refugees on board,

bound from Calais to Havre, was torpedoed twelve miles off Cape

Grisnez by a German submarine, and sank; four engine-room hands were

killed. The cross-Channel steamer _Queen_ (S.E. & C.R.) took off the

passengers, but about twenty were killed, chiefly in trying to jump

aboard her in a panic.

--Importation of sugar into the United Kingdom prohibited.

--An Anglo-French force entered Edea, Cameroons.

27. News of the risings headed by General Beyers in the Western

Transvaal and by General De Wet in the Orange Free State.

--The steamer _Manchester Commerce_ struck a mine near Tory Island, off

the north-west coast of Ireland, and foundered; thirty of the crew were

saved; the captain and thirteen were lost. The Admiralty consequently

warned shipping to pass by Skerryvore and the Hebrides.

--Closing by order of several entrances to the Thames.

--Announcement that Mrs. Carman had been released on bail after a

disagreement of the jury in her trial for murder. (See _ante_, June 30.)

28. Completion of the piercing of Moutier-Granges tunnel, on the line

between Delle and Berne, Switzerland, saving thirteen miles on the

route from Paris to Milan via, the Lötschberg.

--Announcement that the Germans had invaded Angola.

--At Sarajevo, sentence was pronounced on the persons convicted of

conspiring to murder the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and the Duchess of

Hohenberg. (See Chron. June 28, and For. Hist., Chap. III.) Four were

sentenced to be hanged, three, including the actual murderer, who was

too young for the death penalty, to twenty years' penal servitude, and

seven others to shorter terms.

--At Penang, the German cruiser _Emden_ sank the Russian cruiser

_Zhemchug_ and a French destroyer; eighty-six lives lost; three

officers and 112 men injured.

29. Resignation of Prince Louis of Battenberg. (See Eng. Hist., Chap.

V.)

--Bombardment by Turkish warships of Black Sea ports. Turkey thus

entered into the war.

30. The British hospital ship _Rohilla_ (late a P. & O. liner)

proceeding from Leith to the Continent to fetch Belgian wounded, went

ashore just south of Whitby, having probably struck a mine; after great

difficulties, the last set of survivors were rescued on November 1,

after thirty-six hours' exposure to heavy seas. About seventy-five

lives were lost; the saved numbered 146.

--Lord Fisher of Kilverstone appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty,

_vice_ Prince Louis of Battenberg, resigned.

--The German cruiser _Königsberg_ bombarded by H.M.S. _Chatham_ in the

Rufigi River, East Africa, and her exit prevented by sinking colliers.

30. The _Morning Post_ published the letter written by the German

Emperor to the late Lord Tweedmouth when First Lord of the Admiralty,

assuring him that the German Navy was not intended to challenge British

Naval Supremacy. (See A.R., 1908, Pt. I., p. 58.)

31. Gallant charge of the London Scottish near Ypres.

--The cruiser _Hermes_, seaplane carrier, was sunk at 10.30 A.M. in the

Straits of Dover while returning from Dunkirk; twenty-two killed, seven

wounded.

NOVEMBER.

1. Sea-fight off the Chilean coast; H.M.S. _Good Hope_ and _Monmouth_

sunk. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--The German Emperor reported to have had a narrow escape from bombs

dropped by a British airman at Thielt.

--Foreign Office statement of repeated provocations offered by the

Porte to the Powers of the Triple Entente, culminating in attacks on

Russia and project of invasion of Egypt. (See For. Hist., Chap. III.)

2. British reverse in German East Africa. (See For. and Col. Hist.,

Chap. VII.)

--Municipal elections throughout England and Wales. By arrangement,

contests were avoided almost everywhere.

--Admiralty announcement of restriction of navigation in the North Sea

and on the North of Scotland and of Ireland, owing to indiscriminate

scattering of German mines.

--Bombardment of the Dardanelles forts by an Anglo-French Squadron.

--Bombardment of Akabah by H.M.S. _Minerva_.

3. United States elections; large Republican gains.

4. The German cruiser _Yorck_ struck a mine (or was sunk by a British

submarine) off Jahde Bay and sank; about half the crew drowned.

5. British declaration of war with Turkey; Cyprus annexed to Great

Britain by Order in Council.

--Military execution in the Tower of Karl Lody, convicted of espionage

by court-martial, November 2.

--The Earl of Annesley and Flight-Lieutenant C. Beevor, R.N., shot down

near Ostend while crossing in an aeroplane from Eastchurch to France.

6. At Edinburgh, William Drummond Dick, recently a coal importer at

Berlin, sentenced to five years' penal servitude for attempting to sell

coal to Germany.

7. Surrender of Tsingtau. (See For. Hist., Chap. VI.)

--Admiralty announcement of the occupation of Fao, at the mouth of the

Shatt-el-Arab. (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

9. Ministers at the Guildhall. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--The Lord Mayor's Show included contingents from the Canadian,

Newfoundland, and New Zealand troops, and also from the Honourable

Artillery Company, the London Scottish, and other London Territorial

Regiments, and the Officers' Training Corps of the City of London

School.

9. M. Rodin presented to the British nation twenty of his statues,

recently exhibited in London, as a token of admiration for its heroes.

--Announcement that the German cruiser _Emden_ was sunk by H.M.A.S.

_Sydney_ of the Australian Navy, on November 9, while attempting to

destroy the wireless station at the Cocos or Keeling Islands, and that

the German cruiser _Königsberg_ had been discovered on October 30 (see

that date).

11. Opening of Parliament. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--H.M.S. _Niger_ torpedoed in the Downs, two miles off Deal; all the

officers and crew saved; four men injured.

14. Death of Earl Roberts at St. Omer. (See _post_, Obituary.)

--The Royal Society medals were awarded as follows: Royal Medal to

Prof. Ernest W. Brown, F.R.S., for astronomical investigations, chiefly

in the lunar theory, and to Prof. William J. Sollas, F.R.S., for

palæontological researches; the Copley Medal to Sir Joseph Thomson, for

discoveries in physical science; the Romford Medal to Lord Rayleigh,

for his numerous researches in optics; the Davy Medal to Prof. William

Jackson Pope, for researches on stereo-chemistry; the Darwin Medal to

Prof. E. B. Poulton, for researches in heredity; and the Hughes Medal

to Prof. John S. Townsend, F.R.S., for his researches on the electric

behaviour of gases.

16. Official announcement of nine awards of the Victoria Cross--the

first in the War.

17. Announcement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the new war

taxation and war loan. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--The Prince of Wales appointed A.D.C. to F.M. Sir John French.

--At Amiens, fifteen bombs were dropped by German aeroplanes; a

gasholder exploded; one man killed, one injured.

--German bombardment of Libau; Russian bombardment of Trebizond.

--Turkish defeat on the Shatt-el-Arab, (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

18. The Russian Black Sea battleship division engaged the _Goeben_ off

Sebastopol; she retired seriously damaged.

19. Riot among German prisoners in camp near Douglas, Isle of Man; five

killed, one fatally injured. The jury at the inquest exonerated the

authorities, in view of the riotous conduct of the prisoners.

--Funeral of Earl Roberts in St. Paul's.

--Announcement that the Rev. John Pentland Mahaffy, D.C.L., had been

appointed Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, _vice_ Dr. Traill,

deceased.

--Announcement that Dr. Walter Ramsden, Senior Demonstrator of

Physiology at Oxford University, was elected Johnston Professor of

Bio-Chemistry at Liverpool University, _vice_ Dr. Benjamin Moore,

resigned.

20. Turkish bombardment of Tuapse.

21. British raid on the Zeppelin airship factory at Friedrichshafen.

(See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--Basra occupied by British. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

23. The German submarine U 18 was rammed and sunk by a British patrol

vessel off the north coast of Scotland; she subsequently rose,

surrendered, and foundered; one man killed.

--The German destroyer S 124 was sunk by collision with the British

steamer _Anglo-Dane_ off Falsterbro.

--The Cunard freight steamer _Malachite_, from Havre to Liverpool, was

shelled four miles off Havre by a submarine and sunk; the crew landed

in their own boats.

--The U.S. troops evacuated Vera Cruz.

24. First Indian soldier recommended for the V.C.--Havildar Gangna

Singh, a Dogra, 57th Wilde's Rifles.

26. H.M.S. battleship _Bulwark_ blew up at Sheerness at 7.35 A.M.;

about 750 lives were lost.

--The British merchant steamer _Primo_ was sunk off Cape Antifer by a

German submarine; crew saved.

27. Announcement that Dr. C. S. Loch had resigned the secretaryship of

the Charity Organisation Society, which he had held since 1875.

--Earthquake in Western Greece and the Ionian Islands; at Leucadia,

twenty-three persons reported killed, fifty injured; great damage also

at Corfu.

--At the Central Criminal Court, in the trial of Lord Alfred Douglas

for libelling Mr. Robert Ross, the jury disagreed; a _nolle prosequi_

was entered December 10.

29. December 4. The King visited the front in France. (See Eng. Hist.,

Chap. V.)

30. At the bye-election for Londonderry City, due to the death of Mr.

D. C. Hogg (L.), Sir James Dougherty (L.) was returned unopposed. His

opponent, Mr. J. P. Goode, a "Federal Imperialist," was disqualified on

the informality of his nomination papers.

DECEMBER.

2. At the Cleckheaton Chemical Works, Heckmondwike, seven lives were

lost by a lyddite explosion.

3. Riot among interned Belgian soldiers near Zeist, Holland; the guard

fired, killing seven and wounding twenty-two.

3-8. Great Austrian defeat in Serbia.

4. Mr. James Cosgrove (N.) returned unopposed as M.P. for Galway (E.),

_vice_ Mr. John Roche, deceased.

5. War precautions in the English Channel.

--At Riardo, between Rome and Naples, a passenger train for Naples

was partly telescoped by a following goods train; eleven persons were

killed or mortally injured, about fifty less seriously injured.

5. The German mercantile cruiser _Prince Eitel Friedrich_ sank the

British steamer _Charcas_ about seventy miles south of Valparaiso; the

crew were landed.

--French air raid announced on the Zeppelin sheds at

Freiburg-im-Breisgau.

5-6. Heavy gale; serious floods in Wales.

7. Defeat and death of General Beyers in South Africa. (See For. and

Col. Hist., Chap. VII.)

--The Rev. L. R. Phelps elected Provost of Oriel College, Oxford,

_vice_ Dr. L. Shadwell, resigned.

--Severe storm on the United States coast from Maine to North Carolina;

many wrecks.

8. Off Barrow, the oil-tank steamer _Vedra_ stranded and exploded;

thirty-four persons were lost, two saved.

--In the King's Bench Division, an action by Sir John Brunner and

Sir Alfred Mond against Mr. R. T. Palmer, a Leicester manufacturer,

who, being excited by the war, had written addressing them as "German

swine," was settled by an apology and payment of costs.

--British naval victory off the Falkland Islands. (See For. Hist.,

Chap. V.)

9. At the Parliamentary bye-election for King's County (Tullamore), due

to the death of Mr. E. Haviland Burke (N.), Mr. E. J. Graham (I.N.) was

returned by 1,667 votes, Mr. P. F. Adams (N.) receiving 1,588.

--At the Durham Assizes, before Mr. Justice Shearman, Nicolaus Emil

Hermann Adolf Ahlers, recently German Consul at Sunderland and a

naturalised Englishman, was convicted of high treason and sentenced to

death, he having incited and assisted German reservists in England to

join the German forces after the declaration of war. (The conviction

was quashed on December 18 by the High Court.)

--The Edison Works at West Orange, New Jersey, burnt down; estimated

damage $5,000,000.

10. Lieut.-Gen. Sir James Wolfe Murray appointed Chief of the Imperial

General Staff, _vice_ Lieut.-Gen. Sir Charles Douglas, deceased.

11, 12. Suspension of the London tramway service owing to an accident

at a generating station.

12. On board the s.s. _Batavier V._, at Tilbury, for Rotterdam, a box

which broke during shipment contained a young German lieutenant, Otto

Koehn, who was attempting escape to Germany and had been interned at

Dorchester.

--Announcement that Russia had declined the Christmas truce suggested

by the Pope.

13. In the Dardanelles the British submarine B 11, Lieut.-Com.

Holbrook, torpedoed and sank the Turkish battleship _Messudiyeh_.

14. Serbian army re-entered Belgrade.

16. German bombardment of Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby. (See Eng.

Hist., Chap. V.)

17. Egypt was proclaimed a British Protectorate, and Lieut.-Col. Sir

Arthur Henry MacMahon, G.C.V.O., appointed British Commissioner.

--During a performance in the 86th Street Theatre, New York, five lions

escaped; one was eventually killed in the street, the rest recaptured;

the police had fired on them, wounding three persons.

--The Austro-Hungarian naval cadet training ship _Beethoven_ was

reported to have struck a mine near Trieste and sunk, with the loss of

all on board.

18. The Khedive Abbas II. of Egypt deposed; Prince Hussein Kamel Pasha,

a son of the ex-Khedive Ismail, appointed Sultan of Egypt.

--Meeting of the Kings of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, at Malmö.

19. The Donaldson (cargo) liner _Tritonia_, from Partington (Manchester

Ship Canal) for St. John, N.B., struck a mine off the North of Ireland;

the crew escaped.

20. Herbertshire Castle, Denny, Stirlingshire, was burnt down in the

early morning; two young girl visitors and a lady secretary lost their

lives.

21. The United States Supreme Court decided that Harry Thaw must be

extradited from New Hampshire to New York (A.R., 1913, Chron., Aug. 17.)

24. A German aeroplane dropped a bomb on Dover, missing the Castle;

little damage.

24, 25. A German aeroplane dropped bombs on Nancy; two persons killed,

about twelve injured.

25. British air and sea raid on Cuxhaven,

--German aeroplane over Sheerness; the airman was shot at, and probably

killed.

27. A British destroyer wrecked near St. Andrews; all hands saved.

28. Sudden storm in southern England; at Clapham a house was blown

down, killing one person and injuring others.

29. At Edinburgh, Kate Hume, aged seventeen, of Dumfries, was convicted

of forging and altering two letters purporting to relate German

outrages on her sister; she was released on probation.

30. German aeroplane raid on Dunkirk; four aeroplanes dropped

seventeen bombs intended for military buildings, but they fell in the

market-place and streets; fifteen killed, thirty-two wounded, including

many women.

--The Prussian casualty lists, numbering 112, gave the total of killed,

wounded and missing as 771,073. The eighty-three Saxon, eighty-five

Würtemberg, 130 Bavarian, and thirteen naval casualty lists increased

this total by over 500,000. Some estimates, however, put the total

German losses much higher.

RETROSPECT

LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND ART IN 1914.

LITERATURE.

There is an undoubted temptation in reviewing the Literature of 1914 to

consider it from two obvious points of view: that published, or already

in the Press, before the declaration of war with Germany, and that

issued afterwards. But, although the outbreak of war caused a momentary

pause in the operations of many publishers, it did not affect the flow

of volumes already announced, though it has doubtless seriously reduced

future commitments.

In dealing with the first half of the year, our attention is drawn

to a more than usually numerous list of important works of mental

and artistic culture. The students of History, too, relax nothing of

their strenuous ardour, and writers upon Theological questions abound.

It will be obvious therefore that in the present brief survey only a

certain portion of all the multitudinous literary activities of the

year can be noticed.

To begin with an appealing human interest,--many books of Biography

have been issued, showing how unabated is the world's concern in the

life-stories of great men and women. Much critical attention has been

given to the celebration of the Roger Bacon sept-centenary on June 10

at Oxford, and the contributory papers of British and Foreign _savants_

are accordingly printed by Mr. Milford. The =Life and Works= of the

"Admirable Doctor" as given by Mr. J. D. Bridges, is also edited

by Mr. H. Gordon Jones (Williams & Norgate). In connexion with the

notice of the famous Schoolman it is interesting to note that another

distinguished Oxonian, Mr. Allen, the well-known editor of the "Letters

of Erasmus," has published his Lectures on that great antagonist

of the later Schoolmen, under the title of =The Age of Erasmus=

(Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford). This is conveniently

supplemented by Father Hartmann Grisar's Luther (Kegan Paul), and

by a study of Calvin, by H. Y. Reyburn, B.D. (Hodder & Stoughton).

Here too might be mentioned the work of another distinguished Roman

ecclesiastic--the Rev. Horace Mann, D.D., whose =Lives of the Popes=

has arrived at its tenth volume, carrying their history up to 1198

(Kegan Paul). Other famous Ecclesiastics dealt with in sympathetic vein

are =Saint Augustin=, by Louis Bertrand (Constable), translated by

Vincent O'Sullivan; and two authors deal with the famous "Clement of

Alexandria"--first the Rev. R. B. Tollinton, B.D., Rector of Tendring

(Williams & Norgate); also Dr. John Patrick, in The Croall Lectures

for 1899-1900 (Blackwood). Messrs. Lee Warner continue the edition of

Vasari's =Lives= which is edited and translated by Mr. Gaston du C. de

Vere, now in its seventh volume, and a Study of =Boccaccio= by M. H.

Hauvette, one of the leading writers on that great medieval master, is

published by M. M. Armand Colin (Paris).

Turning to a later period, we get the late Paul Janet's important

work on =Fénelon=, translated and edited by Victor Leuliette (Sir

Isaac Pitman), and the joint-lives of John and Sarah, Duke and

Duchess of Marlborough (1660-1744), by S. J. Reid (Murray). Suitably

following this, comes =The Life of Charles, Third Earl Stanhope=,

begun by his great-great-granddaughter, Miss Ghita Stanhope, and

continued by Mr. G. P. Gooch (Longmans). Coming to studies and lives

of eminent statesmen of modern times, we have =The House of Cecil=,

by G. Ravenscroft Dennis (Constable), a Life of =Sir John Lubbock=

(Lord Avebury), by H. G. Hutchinson (Murray), a few brief monographs

on Mr. Joseph Chamberlain,--one of these contributed by Lord Milner

and others,--and, above all, we have the brilliant continuation, by

Mr. Buckle, of the late Mr. Monypenny's =Life of Benjamin D'Israeli=

(Murray). Mr. Henry James's =Notes of a Son and Brother= (Macmillan)

has naturally attracted attention, and there have been two books on

Tolstoy, one, which is authoritative, by his son, Count Ilya Tolstoy,

translated by J. Calderon (Chapman & Hall). Mr. Francis Gribble has

attempted the Life of the aged Austrian Emperor (Nash), and to balance

the interest we are drawn to a sketch of another great Ruler, the Tsar

Nicholas II., translated from the Russian, and issued by Mr. Hugh

Rees. We are never weary of books on the great French Masters, so

that a study of two of them,--Balzac and Flaubert, by another eminent

Frenchman, M. Emile Faguet (Constable), is welcome. Two authors have

also been attracted to the writings of Paul Verlaine: Mr. Stefan Zweig,

translated by O. F. Theis (Boston, Luce & Co.; Dublin and London,

Maunsell), and a small monograph is offered by Mr. Wilfred Thorley

(Constable). In Italian Literature we notice the continuation of the

=Crispi Memoirs= (published in their translated form, by Messrs. Hodder

& Stoughton), and a volume on =Cavour and the Making of Modern Italy=

(Putnam), 1816-61, by Pietro Orsi. Coming nearer home we welcome the

=Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford=, by himself (Methuen),

which, as might be expected, are excellent reading, and we also note

various unauthoritative monographs and sketches of prominent modern

Generals and Statesmen, such as brief Lives of Lord Kitchener, Sir

John French, President Poincaré, General Joffre, and several of Lord

Roberts. Perhaps the greatest Biographical sensation of the year

has been provided by Mrs. Parnell's =Life of= her husband, =Charles

Stewart Parnell= (Cassell). Among studies of celebrated women there are

notices of the Brontës, of Lady Hester Stanhope, and a valuable work

on =The Life and Times of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt=, by A. E. P. B.

Weigall, Inspector-General of Antiquities for the Government of Egypt

(Blackwood). Colonel Haggard's =Remarkable Women of France=, is also a

fascinating volume (Stanley Paul).

The realm of Philosophy in the publications of the year is, as usual,

largely dominated by distinguished foreigners. Every writer is haunted

by recollections of Bergson, who, it must be confessed, has won a large

and serious audience in this country. Dr. G. R. Dodson writes on

=Bergson and the Modern Spirit= (Lindsay Press); Mr. Bertrand Russell

and Mr. H. Wildon Carr publish their discussion of =The Philosophy

of Bergson= (Cambridge, Bowes & Bowes); Miss Stebbing, however, in

her =Pragmatism and French Voluntarism= takes up the Professor's

gage (Cambridge University Press) and questions his conclusions. We

welcome a volume from yet another distinguished Frenchman, Professor

Boutroux's =Natural Law in Science and Philosophy=, in the authorised

translation by F. Rothwell (Nutt). Then there are translations

of famous German philosophers, =Kant=, by Lord Redesdale (Lane),

Essays on =Nietzsche= by that distinguished scholar and critic,

Georges Brandes (Heinemann), and Mr. Meyrick Booth's translation of

=Eucken's Essays= (Fisher Unwin). From Italy we are delighted to have

Professor Aliotta's work, =The Idealistic Reaction against Science=,

as translated for us by Agnes McCaskill (Macmillan), and =The Greek

Problems= of Professor Bernardino Varisco, translated by R. C. Lodge

(Allen). Professor Burnet of St. Andrews likewise turns to the study

of the Ancients, in his =Greek Philosophy=, from Thales to Plato in

this first issue (Macmillan), as also does Mr. Carritt in his =Theory

of Beauty= (Methuen). From the Cambridge University Press we have Mr.

C. D. Broad's =Perception, Physics and Reality=. Sir Bampfylde Fuller

publishes his =Life and Human Nature= with Mr. Murray, and Messrs.

Longmans issue an important work by Dr. Coffey, Professor of Logic and

Metaphysics at Maynooth College, entitled =Ontology, or the Theory of

Being=. The fourth and last volume of his =History of European Thought

in the Nineteenth Century= is offered by Mr. Merz (Blackwood).

The students of Psychology have no doubt been excited by Sir Oliver

Lodge's grave and _ex cathedra_ assertion of proofs of Life after

(so-called) Death. Other minds seem to move in the same direction, and

Dr. Mooney debates the subject of Re-incarnation from the medically

scientific point of view that many, who would be sceptical of other

attitudes, could accept. =How You Live Again= is the book's title

(Manchester, The Pons Press). =The Proceedings= of the Society for

Psychological Research are published by Mr. MacLehose of Glasgow.

In Sociology we get so much that is useful that it is quite impossible

to follow the list of publications. Among those which, however, call

for notice is the work of a distinguished French contemporary, =La

Formation de l'Anglais Moderne=, by Paul Decamps (Armand Colin).

Another brilliant foreign writer, Signor Guglielmo Ferrero, offers us

a comparative study of =Ancient Rome and Modern America= (Putnam).

=Social Work in London= (1869-1912), being a History of the Charity

Organisation Society, is edited by Dr. Helen Bosanquet (Murray).

=Jewish Life in Modern Times= is also worth mention (Methuen).

The reference to Jewish life carries us very naturally to the East and,

to Bible Literature. Mr. Claude Montefiore's =Judaism and St. Paul=

(Max Goschen) seems to offer a link between the Old Testament and the

New, and is a most valuable--if not absolutely convincing--contribution

to the Pauline problem. =New Testament Criticism: its History

and Results=, by J. A. M'Clymont, D.D. (The Baird Lectures for

1910-11) (Hodder and Stoughton), is but one of a host of Theological

publications of importance. On the same subject we also get =The New

Testament in the Twentieth Century=, by the Rev. Maurice Jones, B.D.

(Macmillan). The Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures has now

published its third volume of =New Testament= text. This sustains the

high level of Scholarship which we have come to expect from its learned

editor, the Rev. Cuthbert Lattey, S.J. It is published by Messrs.

Longmans.

Among the notable Theological volumes of the year it is only possible

to notice one here and there, and among these must be included one or

two issues of Texts, such as =The Epistles of St. Paul from the Codex

Laudianus=, by E. S. Buchanan (Sacred Latin Texts) (Heath, Cranton &

Ouseley). The history of this valuable MS., which dates from the ninth

century, is briefly that it was stolen from Wurzburg when it was sacked

by the Swedes in 1631, and was purchased by Archbishop Laud, who gave

it into the keeping of the Bodleian Library. =Irenæus of Lugdunum=

is presented to us by F. P. Montgomery Hitchcock, with Foreword by

Professor Swete (Cambridge University Press). =The Religious Philosophy

of Plotinus and Some Modern Philosophies of Religion=, by the Dean

of St. Paul's (The Lindsay Press), is a book few thoughtful readers

will care to miss, also not a few will like to read the late Father

Benson's impressions of =Lourdes= (Lond., Herder). Dr. Skinner,

Principal of Westminster College, Cambridge, publishes a learned work

on the controversy concerning =The Divine Name in Genesis= (Hodder and

Stoughton), and Dr. H. J. Wicks traces =The Doctrine of God=, in the

Jewish Apocryphal and Apocalyptic Literature during the two centuries

before Christ and the first century A.D. (Hunter & Longhurst); Dr.

Oesterley, Warden of the Society of the Apocrypha, London Diocese,

also edits =The Books of the Apocrypha= (R. Scott). One of the things

not to be overlooked is the printing of a Lecture on =The Spiritual

Message of Dante=, delivered in Harvard University (1904), by Dr. Boyd

Carpenter (Williams & Norgate). =The Canticles of the Christian Church,

Eastern and Western, in Early Medieval Times=, by J. Mearns (Cambridge

University Press), is attractive to those who care for literary

antiquities and survivals. Much of the year's output has again been

devoted to the discussion of Mysticism, but exigencies of space will

not permit individual reference to books or writers.

Archæological research has been actively pursued during the year,

and the various Surveys of India, Ceylon, and Nubia have published

monographs, also =The Egyptian Exploration Fund= has launched its new

venture--=The Journal of Egyptian Archæology=,--and continues the issue

(Part X.) of =The Oxyrhynchus Papyri=. The particular rolls now edited

under the learned supervision of Dr. Grenfell and Dr. Hunt are among

the most famous of their discoveries--including, as they do, parts

of an extra-Canonical Gospel, and fragments of the two famous Lyric

Poets, Sappho and Alcæus. This discovery, needless to add perhaps, has

provided one of the literary sensations of the year, and goes far to

justify the importance of the work of research in that cradle and tomb

of almost all Antiquity--Egypt.

The British Museum has done admirable work in cataloguing its

collection of =Egyptian Scarabs=, as also in dealing with accounts

of the =Egyptian and Assyrian Sculptures= in its possession (British

Museum). These last are profusely illustrated, and are edited by Dr.

Wallis Budge. The Palestine Exploration Fund issues its Annual for

1912-13. Coming nearer home, we are glad to welcome =The Bronze Age

in Ireland=, by Mr. George Coffey, Keeper of the Irish Antiquities in

the National Museum, and Mr. E. C. R. Armstrong's =Irish Seal-Matrices

and Seals=--both works issued by Messrs. Hodges & Figgis, of Dublin.

Professor Haverfield writes on =Roman Britain in 1913= (Brit. Acad.

Supp. Paper) (Milford).

Anthropology, likewise, has made great strides throughout the year.

Much attention has been given to aboriginal tribes and their customs,

both in Northern and Central Africa, in Nigeria, also in =Northern

Australia=, where Mr. Baldwin Spencer (Special Commissioner for

Aboriginals in the Northern Territory) continues the investigations he

formerly pursued with his friend, the late Mr. Gillen, to whose memory

the work is dedicated (Macmillan).

As was mentioned last year, the output of Oriental literature grows

apace. Much of this is due to the awakening of China, India and the

East generally. The part the Chinese are taking in this renaissance

of Oriental culture is indicated by the first issue of a Chinese

Review (monthly), owned, edited and printed (in London) entirely by

Chinamen. Interest, too, in Oriental literature has been fostered

largely in English University circles, and under the enlightened and

scholarly direction of the British Museum. Oxford, Cambridge and London

vie with one another to produce scholarly editions of Eastern Texts

or Dissertations on the ancient Religions of India, Assyria, Egypt.

Mohammedanism too is not overlooked, or the Literature of Modern

Persia. For particular details of the principal Oriental Literature

dealt with, the publications of the British Museum, as well as of the

before-mentioned Universities, are the surest guide.

Classics are yet, happily for us, under the fine inspiration of

Professor Gilbert Murray, who though resting from the arduous labours

of previous years, revises the proofs of Mr. R. T. Elliot's edition

of =The Acharnians of Aristophanes= (Oxford, Clarendon Press; London,

Milford), and, in collaboration with Miss Jane Harrison, affords his

sympathetic approval to Mr. A. K. Thomson's =Studies in the Odyssey=

(Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford). Dr. A. S. Way continues his

rendering of =Sophocles in English Verse= (Macmillan), and Mr. F. M.

Cornford, in his =Origin of Attic Comedy= (Arnold), associates himself

with Professor Gilbert Murray in ascribing the beginnings of Greek

Comedy to the Ritual Drama. =Zeus; A Study in Ancient Religion=, by Mr.

A. B. Cook, Vol. I., comes from the Cambridge University Press, and

we welcome the theory of Miss Gladys M. N. Davis, Classical Scholar,

late Royal University of Ireland, in her learned volume, =The Asiatic

Dionysos=, that the origin of the Dionysos Cult was Asiatic rather

than Egyptian (Bell). Coming to Roman Classics, the =Loeb Classical

Library= (Heinemann) continues its translations, and Sir Robert Allison

translates for us five of the =Plays of Plautus= (Humphreys).

In the department of English Prose Literature an especially fine

harvest is to be gathered for 1914, though it is only possible in this

brief notice to glean a sheaf or two from among the best-known writers.

ex-President Roosevelt gives us =History as Literature=, and other

essays (Murray); Mr. H. G. Wells tells us how =An Englishman Looks at

the World= (Cassell); Mr. Wilfred Ward writes of =Men and Matters=

(Longmans); Mr. A. C. Benson gives us =Where No Fear Was=, a book about

Fear (Smith Elder). Then we have Mrs. Meynell's =Essays= (Burns &

Oates), Mr. George Moore's =Hail and Farewell= (Heinemann), also =The

Towers of the Mirrors= and other Essays upon the Spirit of Places, by

Vernon Lee (Lane). Messrs. Dent publish Mr. Austin Dobson's =Eighteenth

Century Studies=, and M. Maeterlinck's fine appreciation of so-called

Supernatural phenomena in =The Unknown Guest= is rendered into English

for us by Mr. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (Methuen).

Much literary work of the year is devoted to the study of the great

authors, =The Sonnets of Shakespeare=, by the Countess de Chambrun

(Putnam), for example, or the =Lectures on Dryden= of the late Dr.

Verrall, published by Mary de G. Verrall through the Cambridge

University Press, which is likewise responsible for the issue of an

interesting volume compiled with much industry by Mr. G. Waterhouse;

=The Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Seventeenth

Century=. =The Cambridge History of English Literature=, edited by

Sir A. W. Ward and Mr. A. R. Waller, proceeds to its eleventh volume,

treating of the Period of the French Revolution. We welcome the

publication of Messrs. Batsford's Series of =Fellowship Books= edited

by Mary Stratton, some of them being written by such distinguished

modern men of Letters as Dr. W. L. Courtney--who contributes =The

Meaning of Life=, and by Sir A. Quiller-Couch, who is responsible for

the volume on =Poetry=. Lord Haldane publishes his collected addresses,

=The Conduct of Life=, with Mr. Murray. =The Life and Genesis of

Arlosto= is dealt with very ably by Dr. J. Shield Nicholson, Professor

of Political Economy in Edinburgh University (Macmillan); and =Italian

Gardens of the Renaissance=, by Julia Cartwright (Smith Elder), should

not be missed.

At home Social and Political questions have been, for the time

being, shelved. But before the war began, the drift of political

interest--apart from Ireland--has tended chiefly towards the great Land

Question. Thus we get =The Ownership, Tenure and Taxation of Land=,

by the Rt. Hon. Thomas P. Whittaker, P.C., M.P., also Mr. Lennard's

=Economic Notes on English Agricultural Wages=, both issued by Messrs.

Macmillan, and to the serious student the unfinished but instructive

and valuable Essays of the late Professor Seebohm--=Customary Acres and

their Historical Importance= (Longmans)--will appeal. At the present

moment, too, in view of rising prices and diminishing supplies, the

publication by the Manager of the Dalmeny Experimental Farms, on the

secret of successful Farming, or =Greater Profits from Land=, should

merit attention (Edinburgh, The Edina Pub. Co.). Nor should the

interesting Canadian experiences of Miss Binnie Clark, in =Wheat and

Women= (Heinemann), be missed, especially in a day when the scarcity

of male labour for the land is universally a disquieting factor in the

economical situation. We welcome the edition of his father's Speeches

given to us by Mr. Austen Chamberlain (Constable).

In Music the attention of writers seems to be more and more

concentrated upon the study of technique, and its analysis. Dr. Coward,

the famous Director of the Sheffield Choir, publishes =Choral Technique

and Interpretation= (Novello); and Mr. Cecil Forsyth gives us a volume

on =Orchestration=, contributed to the Musician's Library of Messrs.

Macmillan, Stainer & Bell. Mr. W. Wallace also discourses of =The

Musical Faculty=: its origins and processes (Macmillan). Two works

are published upon =The Music of Hindostan=,--this first by A. H. Fox

Strangeway (Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford), and =Indian

Music= by the Begum Fyzee-Rahamin, with a preface by F. Gilbert Webb

(Will. Marchant, the Goupil Gallery).

Of the making of History books there seems no end! Apart from

the editing and calendaring of the sources of British History as

discoverable from the Rolls cared for in the Public Record Office,--of

which a complete list is furnished by Messrs. Wyman,--there are endless

enterprises and discursions into all periods of History, Ancient and

Modern. In connexion with the mention of original sources, reference

should be made to =The Report of the Historical Manuscripts Commission=

(Wyman) which publishes its seventh volume. The issue of the Great

Roll of the Pipe, 31 Hen. II. 1184-1185, under the auspices of the

Pipe Roll Society (St. Catherine's Press), is highly important, and we

welcome a revised edition of =Magna Charta=, by Mr. W. Sharp McKechnie

(Glasgow, MacLehose). =The Reign of Henry V.= is treated by Dr. James

Hamilton Wylie, in a first volume (1413-15) issued from the Cambridge

University Press. Professor Pollard gives us =The Reign of Henry VII.

from Contemporary Sources=, as far as Vol. III. (Longmans). Two or

three volumes on the Elizabethan Period call for mention: =A History of

England= from the defeat of the Armada to the death of Elizabeth, Vol.

I., by E. P. Cheyney, Professor of European History in the University

of Pennsylvania (Longmans), and =Elizabeth and Mary Stuart=, by F. A.

Mumby (Constable). =New Light on Drake= is offered by the researches

of the Hakluyt Society, and we welcome particularly a treatise on =The

English Catholic Refugees on the Continent=, 1558-1795, by the Rev.

Peter Guilday, being a Thesis offered for a Doctor's degree to the

University of Louvain (Longmans).

A study of =Irish Priests in the Penal Times= (1660-1760) is attractive

reading (Waterford, Harvey), and also we are glad to follow Mr. G. V.

Jourdan's =Movement towards Catholic Reform= in the early sixteenth

century (Murray). =The Scottish War of Independence=, by Evan MacLeod

Barron, is an admirable critical study of the subject (Nisbet). =The

Legislative Union of England and Scotland=, by P. Hume Brown (being the

Ford Lectures in Edinburgh University), Fraser Professor of Ancient

Scottish History and Palæography in Edinburgh University, cannot be

passed over (Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford), and the fourth

volume of Dr. Keating's =History of Ireland=, compiled and arranged

by the Rev. Patrick S. Dinneen (Irish Texts Society: Nutt) has a warm

welcome. This valuable edition of the famous seventeenth century MS.

has been in progress during the last fourteen years, and its interest

for modern readers is incalculable.

There are the usual number of books on Napoleon, whose campaigns and

personality are without doubt especially interesting in the light of

present events. Two writers deal with the campaigns of 1814--Mr. F.

Loraine Petre, in =Napoleon at Bay= (Lane), and a French writer, Mr.

H. Houssaye, whose book is translated by Brevet-Major R. S. McClintock

(Hugh Rees). In this connexion, too, Mr. W. Alison Phillips' book,

=The Confederation of Europe=: A Study in the European Alliance of

1813-23, is strangely apposite (Longmans). Messrs. Longmans are also

responsible for the issue of two other important works of History, =The

Passing of the Great Reform Bill=, by Mr. J. K. M. Butler, and for

the latest volume of Sir George Trevelyan's =History of the American

Revolution=. The volume is styled =George the Third and Charles Fox=.

Another continuation of an important work issued by this firm is

Vol. III., of Mr. Hill's =History of Diplomacy in the International

Development of Europe=, in which the author deals with "The Diplomacy

of the Age of Absolutism." This also has an appealing interest for us

to-day.

Professor Oman's =History of the Peninsular War= proceeds to its

fourth volume, 1811-12 (Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford).

The year has also produced one or two valuable studies of Greater

Britain, chiefly continuations of previous undertakings, such as the

sixth volume of Mr. Wyatt Tilby's =The English People Overseas=--South

Africa, 1486-1913 (Constable), and Sir Charles Lucas's =Historical

Geography of the British Colonies, Vol. III.=, revised by Dr. A. B.

Keith (Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford). Mr. Milford also

publishes =The Oxford Survey of the British Empire=, an invaluable work

in six volumes, edited by Mr. A. J. Herbertson and Mr. J. R. Haworth.

Several Historical studies of Ancient and Medieval London are issued,

and to bring the subject to date we have Sir Laurence Gomme's important

work (Williams and Norgate). With regard to Ancient History the year

is somewhat a barren one, but we gladly welcome Mr. T. Lloyd's =The

Making of the Roman People= (Longmans), and the first volume of Messrs.

Hutchinson's =History of the Nations=, edited by Mr. G. W. Hutchinson,

and supported by such eminent authorities in their various departments

as Professor Flinders Petrie, Sir Richard Temple and Dr. Mahaffy.

The subject of History naturally leads to the more particular

consideration of literature which deals with the countries prominently

involved in the present European conflict,--France, Russia and Germany.

In addition to the studies of Napoleon already referred to, there is

a considerable output of books dealing with the intricacies of the

international situation, and with the echoes of 1870, as for example

Mr. Vizetelly's =My Days of Adventure=,--treating of "The Fall of

France, 1870-71" (Chatto & Windus), also the =Correspondance du Duc

D'Aumale et de Cuvillier-Fleury= (1865-71), of which the fourth volume

is issued by MM. Plon-Nourrit. Another interesting and important

work bearing upon the situation is M. Reynaud's =Histoire Génerale

de l'Influence Française en Allemagne= (Hachette), tracing the

workings of French civilisation in Germany,--and the debt owed by this

last-mentioned country to France.

Associated with the same subject must be mentioned =French Civilisation

in the Nineteenth Century= (Fisher Unwin) by A. L. Guerard. It is

delightful to greet =Les Comedies-Ballets de Molière=, edited by M.

Péllisson (Hachette),--being the Ballets written for the Court of Louis

XIV.,--also a =Life of Saint-Säens=, by J. Bonnerot (Durand), before

turning to the literature concerning the political and philosophical

outlook of Germany.

It may be remembered by occasional readers how much space in our

columns the increasing flow of volumes on Germany has in the few last

years occupied. This year, as might be expected, the mass of books

is greater than ever, and some of the most informing ones come from

that country itself. Every one is acquainted, at least by name, with

the writings of Treitschke, whose =Life and Works= are now translated

into English for the first time, and published by Messrs. Jerrold, and

Allen & Unwin. The great Professor's =Political Thought= is further

dealt with by H. W. C. Davis (Constable), who gives also extracts from

the writer's now world-famous views upon England. Mr. Douglas Sladen

also contributes a translation of =The Confessions of Frederick the

Great, King of Prussia, and the Life of Frederick the Great=, by the

same notable author (Hutchinson). Two interesting books on German

social and political life are given us by Mr. W. H. Dawson,--=Municipal

Life and Government in Germany= (Longmans), and =The Evolution of

Modern Germany= (Fisher Unwin), this last portraying the change in

German thought since the days of Goethe, Kant and Schiller. One of

the most amazing books of the time is Professor Morgan's translation

of =The German War-Book= (Murray), a work which takes precedence

of all other German military publications, being directly issued

for the instruction of the German officer by the authority of the

German General Staff. Professor Morgan's fine, critical Introduction

and discussion of its Machiavellian principles is of great value.

Among other important German publications we must take note of

Prince Bülow's =Imperial Germany=, as translated by Marie A. Lewenz

(Cassell). Other books, not by German authors, are also pressed upon

us. Lord Roberts--whose opinion will be hailed and venerated by all

right-thinking Britons--advised all who wished to understand the

"present crisis" to read =Germany and England=, by Professor Cramb, and

having an Introduction by the Hon. Joseph Choate (Murray). _The Times_

likewise assures us that if any one wishes to understand the equity

of our cause in the present war, he should read =Pan-Germanism=, by

Dr. Roland G. Usher (Professor of History, Washington University, St.

Louis) (Constable).

Russia likewise has had her share of attention, and the =Life of

Catherine the Great= has again been studied, this time by Mr. E. A.

Brayley Hodgetts (Methuen), also Mr. Maurice Baring has been moved to

make us better acquainted with =The Mainsprings of Russia= (Nelson) in

a popular handbook, as he has also contributed =An Outline of Russian

Literature= to "The Home University Library" (Williams & Norgate). =An

Economic History of Russia= is attempted by J. Mavor, Ph.D,; Professor

of Political Economy in Toronto University (Dent); also Mr. N. O.

Winter gives us =The Russian Empire of To-day and Yesterday= (Simpkin

Marshall), and Madame N. Jarintzoff offers us papers on Russia as

=The Country of Extremes= (Sidgwick & Jackson). Sir Claude Macdonald

lends the authority of a Preface to =With the Russians in Mongolia=,

by H. G. C. Perry Ayscough, and Captain Otter-Barry (Lane). A highly

satisfactory tribute to the accessibility of the Russia of to-day lies

in the first issue in England of Baedeker's Guide-book to =Russia.

With Teheran, Port Arthur and Peking= (London, Fisher Unwin). Fridtjof

Nansen likewise issues his impressions of a journey =Through Siberia:

the Land of the Future=, translated by A. C. Chater (Heinemann).

Having thus briefly outlined the books which deal with the aims and

characteristics of the countries now at war, it is necessary to glance

at the mass of pamphlets to which the present situation has given

rise. Naturally first among these come the inquiries and statements as

to _How the War Began._ A Monograph on this subject is offered us by

Mr. J. M. Kennedy, with an Introduction by Dr. W. L. Courtney (Hodder

& Stoughton); then we have =Why Britain Fights=, by Dr. J. Madley

(MacLehose); =Why Britain is at War=, by Sir Edward Cook (Macmillan);

and, by no means least important, we welcome =Why We are at War=: Great

Britain's case, by Members of the Oxford Faculty of Modern History

(Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford). Mr. Austin Harrison also

has an opinion to offer on =The Kaiser's War=, introduced by a Foreword

from his distinguished relative, Mr. Frederic Harrison (Allen & Unwin),

nor can we omit from the innumerable list of Pamphlets to be read Dr.

W. L. Courtney's =Armageddon and After= (Chapman & Hall). Mr. Sinclair

Kennedy's =The Pan Angles=, with its advocacy of the federation of

the seven English-speaking nations (Longmans), seems a suitable reply

to the Pan-Germanism of which we hear so much. For those who wish to

follow it clearly, =_The Times_ History of the War= (illustrated) will

be found useful (=The Times= Publishing Co.).

An important volume, bearing on the international situation, is

issued by Messrs. Smith Elder: this is =Italy's Foreign and Colonial

Policy=, a selection from the speeches delivered in the Italian

Parliament by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Senator Tommaso Tittoni

(recently Ambassador at St. James's), disclosing, as the outline of

his policy--fidelity to the Triple Alliance, together with friendship

both for France and England. The book is translated by Baron Bernardo

Quaranta di San Severino.

The war has naturally given a tremendous impetus to Military and

Naval publications. These abound, and deal very particularly with

such subjects as the possibilities of a German Invasion, Military

Tactics, Mobilisation, Voluntary Service, Equipment, and the like. =The

War Office, Past and Present= is dealt with by Captain Owen Wheeler

(Methuen), and Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton publish a series of studies

of the British, French, Russian and German Armies "From Within."

Much attention is given to Aerial Reconnaissance, as in

Brigadier-General Henderson's book (Murray), and in Mr. Ledeboer's

translation of Commandant Duchene's =Flight without Formulæ=

(Longmans). The Despatches of Sir John French are published by Messrs.

Chapman & Hall.

Many books are written about the Navy. Two historical studies call for

notice: =The Navy Under the Early Stuarts=, by C. D. Penn (The Faith

Press, Leighton Buzzard and Manchester), and =The Old Scots Navy=,

from 1689-1710, edited for the Navy Records Society by J. Grant, LL.B.

The conditions of modern Naval warfare are treated of by many experts

both as regards the use of such different units as the Torpedo-Boat,

the Cruiser or the Battleship. =The Naval Battle= is discussed by

Lieutenant A. Baudry, assisted by Captain G. Laur (of the French Army),

and with an Introduction by Admiral Sir Reginald N. Custance, G.C.B.

(Hugh Rees).

Opportunities of Travel have necessarily been curtailed since the

war began, but up till then a good deal of adventure, chiefly in the

South American Continent, has been recorded. =The Upper Reaches of the

Amazon=, by J. F. Woodroffe (Methuen), =The Amazing Argentine=, by

John Foster Fraser (Cassell), =Bolivia, Its People and Its Resources=,

by P. Wallé, translated by B. Miall (Fisher Unwin),--these volumes

alone would suffice to show the marked trend of adventurous interest,

nor is =Tropical Africa= overlooked, as witness Captain Stigand's

book on =Administration= there (Methuen), then Canada is emphasised

as =The Land of Open Doors= in a work by Mr. J. Burgon Bickersteth,

with a Foreword by Earl Grey (Wells Gardner); Mr. Hamilton Fyfe gives

us =The Real Mexico= (Heinemann) and Mr. Lowes Dickinson publishes

=Appearances=, being interesting Notes of his Experiences as the holder

of the Albert Kahn Travelling Fellowship (Dent).

It is an interesting coincidence, if nothing more, that a year

unhappily marked by the destruction of so many foreign churches of

priceless medieval design--Rheims Cathedral, for instance--should

have been especially noticeable for its publications on Architecture.

First we gladly welcome =Cathedrals and Cloisters of Northern France=,

with illustrations from original photographs, by Elise Whitlock Rose

and Vida Hunt Francis (Putnams); equally welcome is Mr. Loisel's fine

illustrated monograph, =La Cathédrale de Rouen= (Laurens), which

includes a list of the succeeding architects who have worked upon it

from 1214 to the present day. Here too perhaps ought to be mentioned

Mr. A. J. de Havilland's =Storied Windows= (Blackwood)--a study of old

church glass, from the twelfth century to the Renaissance, especially

in France.

Coming to our own beloved shrines, we read with delight the Dean of

Gloucester's =Secrets of a Great Cathedral= (Dent), and appropriately

comes Mr. Bumpus's =Guide to Gothic Architecture= (Werner Laurie). To

set the seal upon all Mr. Geoffrey Scott presents--through Messrs.

Constable--his =Architecture of Humanism=, a brilliant and original

work by a gifted author. Some attention has also been given to Domestic

Architecture, and particularly to that of the Georgian Period both

in England and Ireland. The Count de Soissons enquires into =The

Æsthetic Purpose of Byzantine Architecture= (Murray & Evendon), and Dr.

Coomaraswamy continues his studies of Indian Architecture, which (=Part

VII.=) is issued by Messrs. Luzac.

The Art publications of the year are largely devoted to Decorative

Design, and to the Reproduction of Medieval Illumination and

Embroidery, as, for example, =The Book of Kells=, described by Sir

Edward Sullivan, and illustrated in colour by _The Studio_ Press, or

again, The =Book of the Bayeux Tapestry=, issued by Messrs. Chatto

& Windus, in coloured facsimile, with an Introduction from Mr.

Hilaire Belloc. In this connexion the sumptuous volumes of Messrs.

Batsford's =Library of Decorative Art=, being an illustrated survey of

English Decoration, Tapestry and Furniture during the seventeenth and

eighteenth centuries, should be noticed, as also a volume on =Grinling

Gibbons and the Woodwork of his Age--1648-1720=, by H. Avray Tipping

(Newnes). Turning to the study of Art in Painting, many collectors

will follow with keen interest Dr. A. P. Laurie's researches into =The

Pigments of the Old Masters= (Macmillan), an attempt to ascertain the

age of pictures by scientific microscopic investigation, which will

earn the gratitude of all genuine art-lovers and collectors. _The

Studio_ publishes reproductions of =The Landscapes of Corot=, the Text

being contributed by Mr. Croal Thomson, and we give a most hearty

welcome to =Art in Flanders=, by Mr. Max Roose, the learned Director of

the Plantin Moretus Museum at Antwerp (Heinemann).

Here too might be mentioned the Catalogue of =Italian Book

Illustrations and Early Printing= prepared by Mr. A. W. Pollard from

the Collection of Mr. C. W. Dyson Perrins, and printed by Mr. Quaritch.

The year has not been great in Poetic Drama. The writers to whom we are

already indebted for previous good things continue to provide for us.

In this way we have two plays from Mr. Rabindranath Tagore, =Chitra=

(The India Society, the Chiswick Press and Macmillan) and =The King of

the Dark Chamber= (Macmillan). Lady Gregory writes about =Our Irish

Theatre= (Putnam), and perhaps the most arresting play of the year is

Mr. Zangwill's =The Melting Pot= (Heinemann). We also welcome =Five

Plays= from Lord Dunsany (Grant Richards) and Mr. John Drinkwater's

=Rebellion= (Nutt). Mr. Galsworthy publishes =Three Plays= with Messrs.

Duckworth, who are also responsible for the issue of a Second Series

of Bjornstjerne Bjornson's =Plays=, translated, as before, by Mr.

E. Bjorkman. Mr. Martin Seeker continues his edition of Hauptmann's

=Dramatic Works= edited by Mr. Ludwig Lewisohn.

Poetry is with us always, and the year is not exceptional for any

outstanding inspiration. Mr. Elkin Mathews is, as usual, to the fore in

this department of Literature. He publishes Mr. Gibson's =Thoroughfares

and Borderlands=, the =Cubist Poems= of Mr. Max Weber, =Sailor Town=,

delightfully fresh Sea Songs and Ballads, by Miss Fox-Smith, =Moorland

Sanctuary and Other Poems=, by a new singer--Mr. R. H. Law--and also

the collection of Mr. Binyon's fine war-poems, styled =The Winnowing

Fan=. The war has indeed animated the writers of patriotic verse, and

Messrs. Chatto and Windus publish a collection of =Poems of the Great

War=--sold for the benefit of the Prince of Wales' Fund--also Mr.

Lane prints =Songs and Sonnets for England in War Time=. Needless to

say, the best known modern poets are among the contributors to these

volumes. The Poetry Bookshop offers Mr. Maurice Hewlett's =Sing-Songs

of the War=, and also issues Mr. Harold Monro's =Children of Love=.

Some =New Poems= by Robert Browning and Mrs. Browning are edited by Sir

Frederick Kenyon (Smith Elder), and Mr. Thomas Hardy gives us =Satires

of Circumstance= (Macmillan). From Mr. Masefield we have =Philip the

King and Other Poems= (Heinemann), and we welcome more poems from Miss

Rose Macaulay: =The Two Blind Countries= (Sidgwick and Jackson).

The year has had two startling poetic sensations: the discovery of

a fragment of Sappho, and of Alcæus, already noticed, and of two

hitherto unpublished Sonnets of Keats. Deeply interesting, yet weakly

characteristic of him as these are, it cannot be said that their

publication adds any further lustre to a reputation which in the great

genius of sonnet-writing can scarcely be enhanced.

Looking back on the year that has passed we are particularly grateful

for two literary gifts we have received: the Address of Mr. Balfour

to the British Association on May 8 last, and Mr. Frazer's completed

edition of his great life-work, =The Golden Bough= (Macmillan).

With the output of the year's Fiction it is absolutely impossible to

cope in this brief article. One of the fascinating literary articles

of the year has been Mr. Henry James' _critique_ upon =The Younger

Generation=, issued in _The Times' Literary Supplement_ for March and

April.

ALICE LAW.

SCIENCE OF THE YEAR.

ASTRONOMY.

A total eclipse of the sun took place on August 21, but owing to the

war the observations were much interfered with, the expeditions to Riga

and Kieff having to be abandoned. The Greenwich party obtained good

results at Minsk, as also the Royal Astronomical Society's party at

Hormosand (Sweden). The prominences were numerous and active, and took

fantastic forms; the corona was of a slightly modified minimum type,

and the solar plexus was very pronounced. In London, 65 per cent. of

the surface was obscured, as against 92 per cent. in 1912. The eclipse

was one of a long series which began in 1211, and will end in 1986.

There will be no total eclipse during the present year, the next two

dates being February, 1916, and June, 1918.

The dearth of sunspots, which had not been so marked for over a

century, came to an end late in March, when a spot about 25,000 miles

in diameter appeared on the N.E. limb, and became doubled shortly

afterwards. From August 13 to August 25 a spot was visible to the naked

eye.

Dr. St. John, using the 60 feet spectrograph on Mount Wilson, finds

that vapours rush outwards radially from the interior of a spot, while

the motion of chromospheric matter is inwards.

A transit of Mercury took place on November 7, and lasted about four

hours. It was well observed, but was not expected to yield results of

importance. The last transit occurred in 1907, the next two are due in

1924 and 1927.

The very small ninth satellite of Jupiter, of the nineteenth magnitude,

was photographed for the first time, on July 21, by Mr. Seth B.

Robinson. Its orbit is elliptical, and its motion retrograde, with a

period of about three years.

Several of the satellites of Saturn have been shown to have equal

periods of rotation and revolution, like our moon.

The Annual Register 1914 A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1914 · 第 21 / 25 章