Leaton--1846----.
McIntosh--1849--Existing.
McKavett--1852--1883.
Martin Scott--1848--1866.
Mason--1851--1869.
Merrill--1850--1855.
Parker's--1835.
Peña Colorado--1892.
Phantom Hill--1851--1854.
Polk--1846--1850.
Quitman--1858--1877.
Richardson--1867--1878.
Ringgold--1848--Existing.
Sam Houston (formerly Fort San Antonio, at San Antonio)--1845--Existing.
San Rosario Mission (Catholic)--
San Saba, Camp--1851.
Scott, Camp M. J.--1854.
Sherman--(in 1856.)
Stockton--1859--1886.
Terret--1852--1854.
Torrey's, trading post (in 1843.)
Verde, Camp--1856--1869.
Wood, Camp--1857--1861.
Worth--1849--1853.
UTAH
Cameron--1872--1885.
Douglas--1862--Existing.
Du Chesne--1886--Existing.
Thornburgh--1882--1883.
Uintah (trading post)--before 1844.
WASHINGTON
Colville (Hudson Bay Company)--1820--1864.
Okinakane (Hudson Bay Company)--1811--1862.
Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)--1844.
Spokane--1880--Existing.
Waiilatpu (Protestant, at Whitman)--1838.
WYOMING
Augur, Camp--_see_ Washakie.
Bonneville--
Bridger--American Fur Company, about 1820; United States, 1842--1890.
Brown, Camp--_see_ Washakie.
Casper--1863--1867.
Fetterman--1867--1882.
Halleck--1862--1866.
Kearney--1866--1868.
Laramie--American Fur Company, 1834; United States, 1849--1890.
McKinney--1877--1894.
Pilot Butte, Camp (subpost of Fort Russell)--1885 (October)--Existing.
Russell--1867--Existing.
Sanders--1866--1882.
Stambaugh, Camp--1870--1878.
Steel--1868--1883.
Washakie, or Camp Brown (Shoshoni and Arapaho agency). Established as
Camp Augur, later called Camp Brown, finally Fort Washakie--1869--Existing.
Yellowstone--1883--Existing.
THE KIOWA LANGUAGE
CHARACTERISTICS
So far as at present known, the Kiowa language has no affinity with any
other, but it is possible that closer study and more abundant material
will establish its connection with some one of the linguistic stocks on
the headwaters of the Missouri and the Columbia, the region from which
the tribe has migrated to the south. All of the language that has
hitherto been printed is comprised in a list of one hundred and eighty
words collected by Bartlett in 1852 ("Personal Narrative," 1854), and in
fifteen songs of the ghost dance, published by the author in 1896 in the
Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. To these may be
added a few words and sentences printed in phonetic type in a little
paper called "The Glorious Sun," published at irregular intervals in
1895 at Anadarko by Lewis D. Hadley. There is also in possession of the
Bureau an extended manuscript vocabulary with texts collected on the
reservation by Albert S. Gatschet in 1880.
Although the Kiowa language is really vocalic, nearly every syllable
ending in a vowel and there being but few double consonants, yet the
frequency of the explosive or aspirated sounds renders it unpleasing to
the ear and unfitted for melodious musical composition, such as we find
in the Arapaho and Caddo songs. It has, however, a forcible effect in
oratory on account of the strong distinct enunciation of nearly every
vowel and syllable, the vigor of the gutturals and dentals, and the
redundance of the sonorous _o_. The distinct emphasis put upon nearly
every syllable gives to sentences the effect of a chant or recitation,
while the frequent rising inflection lends a querulous tone to an
ordinary conversation.
The language lacks _f_, _v_, and _r_. In attempting to pronounce English
words, _p_, _b_, and _l_ are substituted, respectively, for these
sounds, while _ch_ is changed to _ts_. The diphthong _au_ is also
wanting, and short _û_ occurs only in a few words of foreign origin.
With the exception of _ă_ short or obscure, the vowels are generally
long. _D_ has a slight explosive sound and approximates _t_. Before _l_
it is softened or sometimes even entirely elided, the vowel being
lengthened to supply the hiatus. Thus in Bartlett's vocabulary we find
_ol_, _k'ul_, and _kol_ for _âdal_, _k`odal_, and _gadal_. The same
change is made by the Kiowa in pronouncing English words of like
character, as _s[=ā]l_ for _saddle_. The most common vowel sounds are
_a_, _ä_, _e_, and _o_; _â_ with certain speakers becomes _o_, and _e_
is weakened to _i_. Nasal vowels are frequent. There are several
aspirated or medial sounds and a strong explosive _k`_. Below is given
the list of sounds according to the Bureau system, nasals being
indicated by _ñ_. A frequent rising inflection at the end of words,
represented by some authors by means of a final _h_, is here indicated
by the accent _´_.
Like all other living languages, the Kiowa is undergoing a process of
gradual change, and many archaic forms and expressions are used by the
old men, particularly in reciting myths, which are unknown or difficult
of interpretation by the younger people. The same fact has been noted
among other tribes (_Matthews, 5_). The changes are more rapid in Kiowa
on account of the tribal custom, already mentioned, of substituting new
words for any which suggest the name of a person recently deceased. Even
such common words as _dog_, _bird_, and _moccasin_ have thus been
entirely changed within a few years, and some old men remember as many
as three different words used at different periods for the same object.
As this process has been going on for an indefinite length of time, it
of course adds difficulties to the work of investigating the linguistic
affinities of the language. In most, if not all cases, however, the new
word is not an actual new creation, but a new combination of old root
forms.
In most tribes we find the priests using in their ceremonial rites a
peculiar dialect, full of archaic forms and figurative expressions
unintelligible to the common people. This is probably true also of the
Kiowa.
Traces of dialectic forms appear in the language, and from this fact and
from statements of the old people, it is probable that some at least of
the six recognized Kiowa tribal divisions previously described, were
originally distinct, but cognate and allied, tribes, speaking different
dialects. The extinct K`uăto particularly are said to have spoken the
language in a peculiar manner.
A few words from other Indian languages, occurring in the text, are also
included in the glossary. Corrupted popular forms of Indian words are
printed in capital letters.
Sounds
a (long)--_pa_, buffalo bull.
ă (short or obscure)--_guăt_, picture.
â (deep, varying to _o_)--_âdal_, hair.
ä (German ä)--_tägyĭ_, wild sage.
e (long, varying to _i_)--_pe_, sand.
i (long)--_piă_, fire.
ĭ (short) not frequent.
o (long; sometimes substituted for _â_ or ă´ accented)--_po_, trap.
u (long)--_gu´ădal_, red.
ŭ (short) not common.
û (not common, only in foreign words)--_Pä´súñko_, Paseños of El Paso.
ai--_pai_, sun.
ñ (nasalized vowel)--_tseñ_, horse.
b--_bot_, stomach.
d (slightly explosive)--_do´_, tipi; _doha_, bluff.
d (evanescent)--_âdal_, hair.
g (sometimes approaching the sound of _k_)--_go_, and; _gadal_, buffalo.
h--_ho´an_, road, trail.
k--_kop_, pain.
k` (explosive)--_k`op_, mountain.
l--_älo´_, wild plum.
m--_mă´să´_, six.
n--_onhä´te_, bear.
p--_po_, trap.
p' (aspirated)--_p'o_, beaver.
s (there is no _sh_)--_sen_, nostril.
t--_tem_, bone.
t' (aspirate)--_t'a_, ear; _t'aiñ_, white.
w (very rare)--_Woháte_, a personal name.
y--_yi´a_, two.
z--_ze´bat_, arrow.
KIOWA-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
a--a game; _do´-a´_, _tso´ñ-a´_, etc.
ä--(1) feathers; singular, _ägo_, in composition, _ä-_; (2) trees,
bushes, timber, wood, plants; singular _ä´do_, in composition _ä-_.
_Pep_, literally "bush," is now frequently used on account of the recent
death of a person in whose name _ädo_ occurs as a component.
ä[)ä]´--I come or approach; I came, _ätsä´n_; he or they came (sometimes
used for return), _tsän_; come (imp. sing.) _im[)ä]´_.
Ä´anoñ´te--see _Doha´sän_ (2).
ä´-ä´oto´n--a timber clearing; from _ä_ and _ä´oto´n_, q.v.
Ä´bä´dlo´--"timber hill, or ridge" from _ä_ and _bä´dlo´_, q.v.; a bluff
or hill closing in upon the bottom on the south side of the Washita at
the Kiowa winter camp, 4 miles above the agency.
Ä´bäho´ko--Navaho; the old name, derived from the word Navaho; now more
frequently called _Kotse´nto_, "muddy bodies" (_tse´n_, mud), from an
alleged custom of painting themselves with clay. SIGN (1) "Mountain
people," same as for the Ute (see _I´ătä´go_); (2) "Knife-whetters,"
same as for Apache (see _Tagu´i_).
abiñ´--tripe; the principal stomach of the buffalo or cow.
a´da´--island.
â´dal--hair; _â´daltem_ (literally, hair bone), head, in composition
sometimes _âdal-_.
´dalbea´hya--the eucharistic "medicine" of the Kiowa, derived from the
Sun-boy; sometimes called the _Tä´lyi-da´-i_, "Boy medicine," (page
238). The name refers in some way to the scalps with which it is
covered, from _â´dal_, hair.
ä´dăldä--repeated (said of a ceremony), and hence might also be rendered
"united" or "union," as applied to two ceremonies near together;
_gi´ä´dăldäa´mo_, they will repeat the ceremony; _gi´ä´dăldäa´mi_, they
have repeated the ceremony. The common word for often, or repetition, is
_a`pa´_, as _a`pa´ gyäda´mo_, I am repeating or have repeated it, I have
done it several times or often.
â´dalda-`gu´ăn--the scalp dance; literally "hair-kill dance," from
_âdal_, _dă_, and _gu´ăn_, q.v.; scalp (noun), _ä`tä´t_ (see Winter
1849-50).
â´dalhabä´--"sloping or one-sided hair," from _â´dal_ and _habä´_, q.v.;
a style of hair dress in which the hair upon the right side of the head
is shaved close so as to display the ear pendants, while left full
length on the left side.
´dalhabä´-k`ia--"_´dalhabä´_-man," a noted Kiowa chief killed in Texas
in 1841 (see Winter 1841-42). The name refers to his peculiar hairdress,
from _âdalhabä´_ and _k`ia_, q.v.
âdalhâñ´gya--money; literally "hair metal," from _â´dal_ and _hâ´ñgya_,
q. v. (for explanation of name, see Winter 1832-33); softened to
_â`lhâñgya_ or _o`lhoñ´gya_. Cf. _go´m-â´dal-hâ´ñgya_.
â´dalka´-i--foolish, crazy (temporarily); from _â´dal-_, head, in
composition. Harmlessly demented, _â´dalka´-idă´_; stupid,
_â´dalka´yom_; he has become crazy, _â´dalka´yom-dehe´dal_.
´dalka´-ido´ha´--"crazy bluff;" a bluff on the south side of Bear
creek, near its head, between Cimarron and Arkansas rivers, near the
western Kansas line. So called on account of a rejoicing there over a
Caddo scalp (see Winter 1860-61).
â´dalka´-igihä--a crest or topknot, from _â´dal_ and _ka´-igihä´_, q.v.
The kingfisher is called _âdalka´-igihä´_, on account of his topknot.
´dalk`ato´i-go--Nez Percés; "people with hair cut round across the
forehead," from _â´dal_, _k`ato´i_, and _-go_, q. v. Identified by means
of a picture of Chief Joseph. SIGN: Right forefinger drawn around across
forehead.
´dalpe´pte--"bushy hair," an old Kiowa warrior, commonly known as
Frizzle-head; from _â´dal_, _pep_, and _te_, q. v. _Âdalpep_ is also the
name of a specific variety of bush.
´daltädo--see _K`apä´to_.
â´daltem--head or skull, literally "hair bone," from _â´dal_ and _tem_,
q. v. In composition it becomes _âdal-_ or _â´daltoñ_, the latter being
the plural form.
´daltem-etku´egan-de p'a--"head-dragging creek," from _â´daltem_,
_etku´egan_, _-de_, and _p'a_, q.v.; a small tributary of Clear fork of
the Brazos (_Äse´se p'a_) in Texas (see Winter 1837-38).
â´daltoñ--heads, plural form of _âdaltem_, q. v. The plural form is
commonly used in the composition of proper names, as _Âdaltoñ-edal_,
"Big-head;" _Sapo´dal-adaltoñ p'a_, "Owl-head creek." This pluralizing
of proper-name forms is common also in other Indian languages.
´daltoñ-â´dalka´-igihä´go--Ponka; "Crested-head people," on account of
their peculiar headdress, consisting of a ridge of erect hair along the
top of the head from front to back, like the crest of an ancient
helmet; from _â´daltoñ_, _â´dalka´-igihä´_, and go, q. v. Cf.
_´daltoñ-ka´-igihä´go_.
´daltoñ-e´dal--"Big-head," from _â´daltoñ_ and _edal_, q. v.; (1) a
prominent Kiowa warrior who died in the winter of 1863-64; (2) a chief
still living, nephew and namesake of the other, commonly known as
Comalty, from his former name _Gomä´te_, which can not be translated.
´daltoñ-ka´-igihä´go--Flatheads, literally "compressed head people,"
from _â´daltoñ_, _ka´-igihä´_, and go, q. v. They are sometimes also
called _´daltoñ-k`iägo_, "Head people." The Kiowa indicate them in the
sign language by a gesture as if compressing the head between the hands.
Cf. _´daltoñ-â´dalka´-ijihä´go_.
´daltoñ-k`i´ägo--See the preceding.
ä´dalto´yi--wild sheep; plural _ä´dalto´yui_; the name refers to their
going in droves or herds; also called _teñbe_, plural _te´ñbeyu´i_.
Ä´dalto´yui--"Wild Sheep," one of the six military orders of the Kiowa
(see 142), from _âdalto´yi_, q. v. They are also called _Teñ´beyu´i_,
from _teñ´be_, another name for the same animal.
Ä´dăm--the Kiowa name of agent Charles E. Adams (1889--1891); a
corruption of his proper name.
Ä´da´n--"Timber pass," locative _Ä´da´ngyă_, from _ä_, _dan_, and _gyă_,
q. v.; the valley along _Ä´da´n p'a_, q. v.
Ä´da´n p'a--"Timber-pass creek," from _ä_, _dan_, and _p'a_, q. v.; a
creek north of Mount Scott, flowing south into Medicine-bluff creek, on
the reservation. Se´t-ĭmki´a, _Gaa´piatañ_, and other prominent
Kiowa live upon it.
A`da´te--"Island," from _a`da´_, q. v.; head chief of the Kiowa in 1833,
superseded by the great Dohasän.
ADDO ETA--see _Ä´do-ee´tte_.
ä´`de--an idol or amulet carried on the person. Cf. _Ä´`dek`i´a_.
Ä´`dek`i´a--"Idol-man," from _ä´`de_ and _k`i´a_, q. v.; a Kiowa
warrior, so called because he always carried an unknown _ä´`de_ a pouch
slung from his shoulder.
_Ä´`dek`i´a-de p'a_--Buck or Clear creek, which enters Red river at the
corner of the reservation; literally "_Ä´`dek`i´a's_ river" (see the
preceding), because he died there.
ä´do or ädă´--tree, shrub, timber; plural _ä_, q. v.
Ädo´ä p'a--Mule creek, between Medicine-lodge creek and Salt fork of the
Arkansas, Oklahoma; literally "timber wind-break creek," from, _ä_ and
_doä_, q. v.; so called from a circular opening in the timber,
resembling a wind-break. Another informant says it was so called because
frequented by the Pawnee, who used always to build such wind-breaks
about their camps.
ä´do-byu´ñi--a circular opening in timber; from _ä´do_ and _byu´ñi_, q.
v.
Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a--Valley creek (?); a northern tributary of Elm fork in
Greer county, Oklahoma; the _Ataway-taiti Pau_, of the map in U. S. Sup.
Ct., Greer county case, I, 652; literally "big tree creek," from _ädo_,
_ee´t_, _-de_, and _p'a_. So called on account of a large cottonwood
formerly growing on its east bank, which required seven men to span it.
It was afterward cut down by Mexicans. The form is plural. Cf. _Ä´gi´ăni
p'a_. It was also known as _Tseñtän p'a_, from the _Tseñtänmo_ military
order.
Ä´do-ee´tte--"Big-tree," from _ä´do_, _ee´t_ or _e´dăl_, and _te_; a
prominent Kiowa chief, still living; spelled _Addo Eta_ by Battey.
Ä´do´mko--"people under the trees, timber people," from _ä_, _dom_, and
_ko_; a collective term for the immigrant tribes from the gulf states,
now in Indian Territory, the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw,
Seminole, and Caddo. Individual tribes are known also by special names,
as _Tsĕ´roki_ (Cherokee), _Masko´ki_ (Creek), _Ma´sep'_ (Caddo).
A-EI-KENDA (Apache)--"The One who is Surrendered;" the name with
rendering as given in the treaty, of a Kiowa Apache chief who signed the
treaty of 1837.
A`ga´bai´--"On-top-of-the-hill; a Kiowa woman killed by her husband in
1876-77.
Ä´`g'a´do--"wailing sun dance," from _a´`gyä_ and _g'ado_. The sun dance
of 1837, so called on account of the wailing for warriors killed by the
Cheyenne.
ä`ga´-i--a species of hawk.
Ä`ga´-i p'a--(1) "hawk creek;" the east fork of Elk creek on the
reservation; (2) an upper branch of White river, of the Brazos, Texas.
ä´`ga´n--see _gyä´`gan_.
Ä`gâ´nti--a moon or month including parts of October and November, from
_ä`gâ´ntsän_, q. v. Sometimes also called _Ä´`gântsä´nha_, or _Sä-kop
p'a_, "midwinter moon," from _sä-kop_ and _p'a_. (See page 368.)
_ä`gâ´ntsän_--an irregular verb about equivalent to "I am coming soon,"
or "wait until I come." _Hi´tugŭ´ ä`gâ´ntsän_, "wait and I'll go."
Ä`gâ´ntsä´nha--see _Ä`gâ´nti_.
a´`gat--pimple.
a´`gat-ho´dal--measles, "pimple sickness," from _a´`gat_ and _ho´dal_.
Ä´gi´ăni p'a--the middle fork of Elk creek of Red river, on the
reservation; "long, or tall, tree creek," from _ä_, _g´iăni_ and _p'a_;
so called on account of a very large tree formerly upon it. Cf.
_Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a._ Marcy in 1852 notes large cottonwoods on the South
Canadian about 101^c, one being 19-1/2 feet in circumference 5 feet from
the ground.
Ä´`go´tä--chinaberry tree or _palo duro_; "hard wood tree," from _ä_,
_got_, and _ä_.
Ä`go´tä p'a--"Chinaberry creek;" Palo-duro creek, in the panhandle of
Texas.
Ägu´at--see _Sä´k'ota_.
Ägun´tä p'a--Washita river; "tipi-pole timber river," from _ä_, _guntä_,
and _p'a_.
a´`gyä--lamentation, wailing, crying; a loud, general, and continuous
wailing, as for the dead. It has no verbal form. Crying (n.), _a´lyi_; I
cry, _äa´lyi_.
Ä´gya´i`ko--Penätĕ´`ka Comanche; "timber Comanche," from _ä_ and
_Gyai`ko_. Their Comanche name, Penätĕ´ka or Penätĕ´`ka, signifies
"honey eaters."
äha´gyä--they took it (a quantity or number, as of cattle or money,
either by trade or force). The verb has no present. _gyäha´gyä_, I have
taken it (animate object or money); _gyäta´gyä_, I have taken it
(inanimate object).
ahi´ñ--cedar; "conspicuous," "peculiar," on account of its green
appearance in winter; said also of a pinto horse, a finely dressed
chief, etc. Cf. _ä´hi´ñ_, "principal tree," i. e., the cottonwood.
Ahi´ñ do´ha--"cedar bluff," from _ahi´ñ_ and _doha_; a bluff on the
north side of Smoky-hill river, about opposite the mouth of Timber
creek, near Fort Hays, Kansas.
Ahi´ña toñ--"cedar spring," from _ahi´ñ_ and _toñtep_; a water hole on
the Staked plain in Texas or New Mexico.
AH-PE-AH-TONE--see _Ä´piatañ_.
AH-TE-ES-TA--see _Äte´stisti_.
Ä´hyäto--Southern Arapaho; plural, _Ä´hyädal_. The name can not be
interpreted or explained by the Kiowa, but is the same name applied
to the wild plum bush; the first syllable, _ä_, may mean tree,
bush, or timber. The Kiowa formerly called the Southern Arapaho
_Komse´ka-k`i´ñähyu´p_, "men of the worn-out leggings," from _komse´_,
_ka´ti_, and _k`iñ´ähi_. T'ebodal, the oldest man in the tribe, says
that the name _Ä´hyäto_ was formerly applied to the Osage (see
_K`apä´to_), but was changed on account of a death and revived for
another tribe. The Kiowa called the Northern Arapaho of Wyoming
_Tägyä´ko_, "wild sage people" (from _tä´gyĭ_ and _ko_ or _k`iäko_), and
the Arapaho Grosventres, living with the Blackfeet, they call
_Botk`i´ägo_, "belly people" (from _bot_ and _k`i´ägo_).
ai´deñ--leaves, foliage.
Aideñ P'a--a moon or month including parts of March and April; "leaf or
foliage moon," from _ai´deñ_ and _p'a_.
A´ideñ-gyägu´ădal-om´gyä-i--see _Pao´ngya_.
Ai´koñ p'a--"dark-timber, i. e., shady, river," from _ä_, _koñ_ and
_p'a_; (1) Pawnee fork of Arkansas river in Kansas, also called
_Mâ´nka-gu´ădal-de p'a_, from a Comanche chief named Mâ´nka-gu´ădal, q.
v., who was killed there; (2) Boggy creek, tributary of the South
Canadian, on the Wichita reservation, sometimes called _Gi´atä
P'ada´ti_, "ridge creek, or backbone creek," from _gi´apa´-iñgya_, on
account of a high ridge which separates it from the South Canadian (see
also _Aikoñ tsen p'a_).
Ai'koñ P'a Sole´go or Ai´koñ P'a Yä´`pähe´gyă--Fort Larned, Kansas,
established in 1859 on the south bank of Pawnee fork, 8 miles above its
junction with the Arkansas, It was the issue point for the southern
plains tribes until their removal to Indian Territory. The name
signifies "soldier place on Dark-timber river," from _Aikoñ p'a_,
_sole´go_ or _yä´`pähe´_, and _gyă_. Also called Mânka-gu´ădal-de
P'agya, Yä´`pähe gi´ădal-de´e, q.v.
A´ikoñ tsen p'a--Lebos creek, Greer county, Oklahoma; "dark timber mud
creek," or "muddy dark-timber creek," from _Aikoñ p'a_ and _tsen_.
Sometimes called simply Aikoñ p'a.
ak`a´--rough, notched, serrated.
äk`a´--I am lying down; he is lying down, _k`a_. Cf. _k`a_, knife.
aka´-i--wrinkled.
akan(-gya)--last (of a series); at the end; in composition _aka´n_.
äko´ä--I spy.
Äk`o´dalte--"Feather-necklace," a Kiowa warrior and shield maker (see
Winter 1853-54). Abbreviated from _Äk`o´dalpä´te_, from _ä_,
_k`o´dalpä_, and _te_.
Ä´läho´--Quapaw? Omaha? Described as a tribe living north from the
Osage, and with the same language and style of shaving the head.
Gaa´piatañ, who knows the name of the Quapaw, says they are the Äläho´.
The name occurs in the early French narratives, as Anahou, Anahon,
Anahous, and Annaho, described as the Osage or a part of them (Joutel,
1687; La Harpe, 1719; Bienville (?), 1719; in Margry, VI). Dorsey stated
that the Osage, Quapaw, and Kaw speak one dialect, and the Omaha and
Ponka another dialect, of the same language. The name has no meaning to
the Kiowa, who say that it is the name used by the Äläho´ themselves. It
can hardly be intended for the Omaha, whom the Kiowa call _O´moho´ñko_.
älo´--plural _älâ´go_, the wild plum; _t`äbälo´_, "antelope plum," a
smaller bush variety; _señ-älo´_, "prickly _älo´_," the prickly pear;
_pa´gi-älo´_, "downy _älo´_," peach; _älo-sâhe´_, "green _älo´_," apple;
_älo´-gu´ak`o_, "yellow _älo´_," orange; _älo´-koñ´kya_, "black _älo´_,"
prune.
âm, âmo--the root of the verb to do, to make; I make it (generic),
_gyädâ´mo_; I make it (dress, arrow, etc), _gyätâ´mo_; I make butter,
etc, _giâ´mo_.
an--a track.
änä´obahe´ma--we must die (from Kâitse´ñko song). Cf. _hem_.
Ä´ndali--for "Andres;" Andres Martinez, an influential Mexican captive
among the Kiowa and delegate in 1894 (see Winter 1866-67).
añga´dal--beyond, more.
Añga´-ite´--"Ankle," a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875.
There is no real word for ankle, which is described as "foot joint,"
etc.
Ango´pte--see _T'ene´-ango´pte_.
añgya--sitting; _ääñgya_, I sit; _ä´ñgya_, he sits.
A´nko´ or A´nkopa´-iñgyade´te--"In-the-middle-of-many-tracks," from
_an_, _kopa´-iñgya_, _de_, and _te_. A Kiowa warrior, author of two of
the calendars, commonly abbreviated to Anko´.
anso´, anso´i--foot.
A´nso-gi´ăni or Anso´`te--"Long-foot," from _anso´_, _gi´ăni_, and _te_;
a noted priest of the _taíme_, who held it for forty years, from before
1833 until his death in the winter of 1870-71. Commonly abbreviated to
Anso´`te.
ä´ntsenku´ădal--"he (she) built a nest there," literally, "he put clay
(?) there;" a bird's nest is called _tsen_, which also is the word for
"mud," possibly because some birds build nests of clay; _tsengiâ´mo
guato_, "the bird is building a nest." A bird's nest is also called
_gu´ăto-do´_, "bird house."
äo´päñ--he was initiated into the Kâ´itseñko, q. v.; I am, etc,
_äo´päñ_; they were initiated, etc, _edo´päñ_; to initiate into the
Kâ´itseñko, _äo´pä_, from verb _äo´pä_, "to tie with a rope around the
neck" (see Summer 1846). I tie it, _gyäpä´imo_; I tie him with a rope
around his neck (not necessarily to choke him), _gyäo´pä_; I choke him
with my hand, _gyäo´`de_.
ä´oto´n--they were massacred, exterminated, or annihilated; also to
clear off, as timber; I exterminate them, _de´oton_; we shall
exterminate them, _e´dato´ndo´_.