Theodore of Canterbury on sorcery, iii. 413.
Theodore of Montferrat, i. 11.
Theodore of Mopsuestia, i. 230.
Theodore a Niem on papal curia, iii. 627.
Theodore, Pope, his use of the wine of Eucharist, ii. 474.
Theodoret of Cyrus, case of, i. 230.
Theodoric, his laws on sorcery, iii. 399.
Theodoric of Thuringia on Conrad of Marburg, ii. 326, 330.
Theodosius II. burns Nestorian books, i. 554.
Theodwin of Liège, his intolerance, i. 219.
Theology, scholastic, iii. 551.
its superiority to Scripture, iii. 552.
its contest with philosophy, iii. 557, 662.
not to be taught logically, iii. 583.
Theology, scholastic, superseded by Reformation, iii. 578.
Theophilus of Cilicia, iii. 425.
Theurgy, Greek, iii. 389.
Christian, its rivalry with pagan, iii. 393, 406, 409.
magic, iii. 464.
Thibaut of Champagne negotiates with Amauri, i. 188, 199, 203.
Thiebault of Lorraine kills Maheu of Toul, i. 14.
Thiebault of Lorraine, his treatment of Templars, iii. 301.
Thierry d'Avesnes, fate of, i. 45.
Thierry, Catliaran bp., i. 130, 141.
Thomas of Apulia, his Joachitism, ii. 129; iii. 88.
Thomas, St., of Canterbury, power of his invocation, i. 50.
Thomas of Cantimpré, his demonology, iii. 381.
admits power of Tempestarii, iii. 416.
on Satan's power of transportation, iii. 496, 497.
on pardoners, iii. 622.
Thomas de Courcelles, iii. 362.
Thomas of Celano on the Franciscan Rule, iii. 29.
Thomas Germanus visits Savoy Waldenses, ii. 267.
Thomas Scotus, heresies of, ii. 188.
Thomas of Stitny defends remanence, ii. 446.
Thomists, iii. 556.
Thrace, Paulicians transplanted there, i. 90, 107.
Thread, sacred, of Cathari, i. 92.
Three Rings, story of the, iii. 564.
Thurgau, Ortlibenses burned in, ii. 323.
Thuringia, Flagellants burned in, ii. 407, 408.
Tiberius, his law on haruspices, iii. 397.
Tiem, Wenceslas, ii. 449, 458.
Tiepoli, Giacopo, his ducal oath, ii. 250.
Time of grace, i. 371.
results of, ii. 30.
Tithe, papal, refused by French clergy, ii. 137.
resistance to, in Germany, ii. 433.
Tithes, troubles arising from, i. 26.
their refusal by Tanchelm, i. 64.
troubles in Abpric. of Bremen, iii. 183.
Toad, its use in witchcraft, iii. 513.
Todi, inquisitorial proceedings at, iii. 149.
Toldos Jeschu, i. 556.
Toledo, influence of school of, i. 58.
C. of, in 694, forbids imprecatory masses, iii. 447.
C. of, 633, on priestly sorcerers, iii. 416.
C. of, 1291, on denial of immortality, iii. 561.
Toleration in the early dark ages, i. 109, 217.
is a heresy, i. 224, 640.
in Languedoc, ii. 1.
Toleration shown by the Turks, ii. 315.
taught by the Friends of God, ii. 366.
Tolls, unlawful, condemned by the Church, i. 124.
Tommasino da Foligno, ii. 281.
Tommaso I. (Savoy), his law against heresy, i. 319; ii. 195.
Tommaso of Aquino, Fraticellian pope, iii. 163.
Tommaso d'Aversa, i. 422; ii. 216, 248; iii. 39.
Tommaso da Casacho, ii. 256, 258, 261.
Tommaso da Casteldemilio, iii. 33.
Tommaso di Como, inq., iii. 98.
Tommaso of Florence, his beatification, ii. 272.
Tommaso, Bp. of Lesina, ii. 310, 311.
Tommaso di Scarlino persecutes Fraticelli, iii. 178.
Tonalc, Sabbat hold at, iii. 547.
Tongues, red, worn by false witnesses, i. 441.
Tonsure, obliteration of, ii. 491.
Torcy, sorcerers in, iii. 537.
Torriani, Giovacchino, iii. 211, 232, 236.
Torriani, Pier, podestà of Bergamo, ii. 201.
Tors, Conrad, ii. 333, 342, 345.
Torsello, Catharan bp. of Florence, i. 327; ii. 209.
Torture used on Priscillian, i. 213.
clerks not to be present at, i. 223.
minimum age for, i. 403.
introduction of, i. 421.
severity of, i. 423.
confession recorded as free from, i. 425, 428; iii. 266, 484.
rules for its use, i. 426.
of witnesses, i. 436.
used in episcopal courts, i. 557.
used in secular courts, i. 560.
forbidden by Philippe le Bel, ii. 62.
of citizens of Albi, ii. 71.
of Bernard Delicieux, ii. 101.
of, by Bernard Gui, ii. 107.
forbidden in Aragon in 1325, ii. 170.
of familiars in Venice, ii. 273.
not used on Huss or Jerome, ii. 478, 502.
used on Guglielmites, iii. 100.
in Savonarola's trial, iii. 229, 231, 233, 234.
ordered for the Templars, iii. 260, 286,
300, 310, 313, 318.
its unsparing employment on them, iii.
262, 266, 287, 300, 310, 313, 318.
not used on Templars in Castile, iii. 316.
not used on Joan of Arc, iii. 366.
Charlemagne permits it on sorcerers, iii. 413.
its efficacy on sorcerers, iii. 415.
prolonged, its effect, iii. 457, 462.
not used on Gilles de Rais, iii. 484.
its agency in creating witchcraft, iii. 492, 496, 505.
Torture, taciturnity under, iii. 509, 514.
severity of, in witch-trials, iii. 532.
Toul, trial of bp. of, i. 14.
Toulouse, heresy in 1178, i. 122.
edict to expel heretics in 1202, i. 137.
edict against trials of dead, i. 140.
interdict laid on, i. 163.
three sieges of, i. 167, 185, 187.
reversion of, to royal family, i. 204.
deaths in prison, i. 494.
exc. for refusal to burn heretics, i. 538; ii. 569.
protection of heretics in, ii. 6.
first appointment of inqs., ii. 8.
troubles in 1235, ii. 17.
removal of Foulques de S. Georges, ii. 79.
Philippe le Bel's visit, ii. 86.
Inq. under Bernard Gui, ii. 104.
oath given to Inq. in, ii. 131.
Abp. of, suspends the Inq., ii. 132.
contest between inqs. in 1414, ii. 138.
degradation of Inq., ii. 144.
persecution of Waldenses, ii. 149, 152.
Olivists burned, iii. 77.
sorcerers punished in 1274, iii. 428.
witches burned in, iii. 537.
C. of, 1119, against Gathari, i. 117.
C. of, 1229, enforces duty of persecution, i. 226, 340.
acts as Inq., i. 316.
forbids Scriptures to laymen, i. 324.
on destruction of houses, i. 482.
orders converts imprisoned, i. 484.
on support of prisoners, i. 489.
on disabilities, i. 498.
on expenses of Inq., i. 526.
Counts of, their power, i. 132.
House of, its extinction, ii. 48.
see of, its poverty, i. 134.
see of, its enrichment, i. 514.
Touraine, Inq. extended to, ii. 126.
Tournay, witches acquitted, iii. 533.
Tours, C. of, 813, on legacies, i. 29.
C. of, 1163, on confiscation, i. 502.
C. of, 1239, synodal witnesses ordered, i. 317; ii. 117.
assembly of, in 1308, iii. 280.
Traducianism among Cathari, i. 98.
Transformation, magic, iii. 405.
power of witches, iii. 502.
_Transitus sancti patri_, iii. 45, 83, 164.
Transmigration in Catharism, i. 91, 98.
Transubstantiation, introduction of, i. 218.
denied by Pierre de Bruvs, i. 68.
denied by Henry of Lausanne, i. 70.
Waldensian beliefs, i. 82, 150, 160; ii. 150, 396.
denied by Wickliff, ii. 442.
Huss professes it, ii. 476.
maintained by the Calixtins, ii. 520.
Taborite views of, ii. 524.
evaded by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 562.
Transubstantiation, growth of disbelief in, in
15th cent., ii. 144; iii. 577.
Trapani, quarrels over the Stigmaja, ii. 217.
Trau, Catharism in, i. 107; ii. 301.
Treaty of Paris in 1229, i. 203.
Tree and fountain worship among Slavs, ii. 301.
Trencavel, Pierre, case of, i. 367; iii. 75.
Trencavel, Raymond, insurrection of, ii. 25.
Trencavel, Roger, his offences, i. 123, 124.
Trent, C. of, rehabilitates Lully, iii. 587.
leaves question of Immaculate Conception open, iii. 608.
abolishes pardoners, iii. 624.
_Treitga Hertrici_, sorcery in, iii. 432.
Trèves, Cathari in, i. 112.
use of Bible by heretics in 1231, i. 131.
quarrel over see of, in 1260, i. 277.
heretics active in 1231, ii. 331.
acquittal of Templars, iii. 303.
burning of witches, iii. 549.
C. of, 1267, reproves the Beguines, ii. 354.
C. of, 1310, on heretics, ii. 368; iii. 123.
on sorcery, iii. 434.
Treviso, Cathari in, i. 117.
heresy tolerated, ii. 197.
transferred to Dominicans, ii. 234.
relations with Venice, ii. 249, 273.
Trials of bps., difficulties of, i. 13.
for heresy, difficulties of, i. 307.
Triaverdins, i. 125.
Tribunal, sent of, i. 373.
Trieste, Cathari driven from, ii. 291.
insubordination to Rome in 1264, ii. 298.
rebels against inq., ii. 300.
Trilles, Martin, burns Wickliffites, ii. 179.
Trinacria, or kingdom of Sicily, ii. 248.
Trinity. Joachim's error as to, iii. 13.
Trithemius, his estimate of the Templars, iii. 250.
on monastic corruption, iii. 640.
Trolla-thing, iii. 408, 493.
Trolldom, iii. 406.
Trolls, iii. 401.
Troubadours, they denounce the Inq., ii. 2.
Troyes, heretics burned, i. 131.
captured by Joan of Arc, iii. 348.
C. of, 1128, organizes the Templars, iii. 239.
Truce of God, observance of, enjoined, i. 161.
Templars made conservators of, iii. 240.
Tunis, Inq. in, i. 355.
Fraticello missionary in, iii. 167.
_Turbato corde_, bull, ii. 63.
Turelupins, ii. 126, 158.
Turkish conquests aided by Christians, ii. 306.
Turks, their toleration of Christianity, ii. 315.
Turin, Waldenscs of, ii. 259.
Tuscany, number of Cathari in, ii. 193.
favor shown by Honorius IV., ii. 243.
decline of Inq., ii. 275.
Tuscany, absence of heresy in, ii. 276.
alarm of Tertiaries, iii. 77.
Fraticelli in 1471, iii. 178.
proceedings against Templars, iii. 307, 318.
Tyrannicide a heresy, iii. 335.
Tyrol, witchcraft in. iii. 503, 541.
UBAN PRIJESDA, ii. 294, 297.
Ubertino di Carleone escapes the Inq., ii. 270.
Ubertino da Casale, iii. 59.
defends Olivi, iii. 49.
transferred to Benedictines, iii. 70.
betrays the Scgarellists, iii. 108.
argues on the poverty of Christ, iii. 132.
flies to Louis of Bavaria, iii. 143.
Uberto Pallavicino drives off Flagellants, i. 272.
vicar-general of Lombardy, ii. 219.
his protection of heretics, ii. 223, 229.
overthrows Ezzelin, ii. 228.
his trial by Inq., ii. 230.
his downfall and death, ii. 232.
Ucitelji, Catharan teachers, ii. 305.
Ugolin of Kalocsa seeks to obtain Bosnia, ii. 293.
Uguccione Pileo defeats Giovanni Schio, ii. 205.
Ulchi, Francis, burned at Berne, iii. 607.
Ulm, Beghards persecuted, ii. 412.
Ulmet, Sire d', accused of sorcery, iii. 451.
Ulric III., Abbot of St. Gall, i. 10.
Ulric der Wilde, iii. 138.
Ulric of Znaim, his free speech at Basle, ii. 533.
Umberto de' Romani on pardoners, iii. 622.
Umbilicani, iii. 104.
Umiliati, i. 76; ii. 194.
_Unam sanctum_, bull, iii. 192, 616.
Unfulfilled penance, i. 475.
Universidad Lulliana, iii. 582.
University of Bologna teaches persecution, i. 322.
adopts Averrhoism, iii. 564.
University of Cologne and John Malkaw, iii. 207.
prosecutes John of Wesel, ii. 421.
on witchcraft, iii. 506.
University of Louvain, iii. 556, 557.
University of Padua, Averrhoism in, iii. 440, 564.
University of Paris on indulgences, i. 43.
its quarrel with the Mendicants, i. 281, 292.
condemns Marguerite la Porete, ii. 123, 577.
attacks Hugues Aubriot, ii. 128.
condemns Thomas of Apulia, ii. 129.
supports the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 134.
participates in the government, ii. 135.
University of Paris, its theological supremacy, ii. 136.
supplants the Inq., ii. 137.
rejects Jean Laillier, ii. 142.
question as to blood of Christ, ii. 171.
condemns Arnaldo de Vilanova, iii. 54.
condemns Denis Soulechat, iii. 168.
favors a general council in 1497, iii. 224.
consulted as to case of Templars, iii. 280.
condemns Jean Petit, iii. 336.
its zeal against Joan of Arc, iii. 358, 360, 367.
does not condemn astrology, iii. 438.
condemns astrology, iii. 446.
on imprecatory masses, iii. 448.
its articles on sorcery, iii. 464.
belief in antichrist, iii. 527.
prosecutes Edeline, iii. 536.
its Nominalism, iii. 556.
condemns Jean Fabre, iii. 557.
condemns philosophical errors, iii. 561.
Lully teaches in, iii. 582.
favors the Immaculate Conception, iii. 599, 600, 602.
University of Prague founded, ii. 432.
Wickliff's books read in, ii. 443.
revolution in, ii. 446.
defends Huss and Jerome, ii. 508.
declares in favor of Utraquism, ii. 511, 512.
adopts the Four Articles, ii. 519.
University of Toulouse, i. 204; ii. 5.
University of Vienna suspected of Hussitism, ii. 496.
Unnatural lust, its prevalence, i. 9, 52; iii. 256, 472, 639.
Urban II. exc. Philip I., i. 5.
grants indulgence for crusades, i. 42.
Urban III. defines limitation's on the Templars, iii. 240.
Urban IV. demands release of Bp. of Verona, i. 12.
reproves the Franciscans, i. 277.
restores episcopal concurrence in sentences, i. 335.
annuls laws impeding the Inq., i. 341; ii. 231.
enlarges powers of inqs., i. 357, 375.
creates inquisitor-general, i. 397.
assumes the confiscations, i. 510.
reorganizes Inq. of Aragon, ii. 168.
urges crusade against Manfred, iii. 193.
removes Étienne de Sissy, iii. 242.
Urban V. recognizes episcopal Inq., i. 363.
persecutes Waldenses, ii. 152.
persecutes Fraticelli, ii. 284; iii. 163, 165.
his intervention in Bosnia, ii. 304.
appoints inqs. for Germany, ii. 387.
favors Milicz of Kremsier, ii. 436.
approves Order of Jesuats, iii. 171.
Urban V. condemns Bernabo Visconti, iii. 202.
orders Templar property in Castile to
Hospitallers, iii. 338.
Urban VI., his cruelty, i. 557.
Urban VIII. restrains the Mendicants, i. 304.
Urgel, Bp. of, exc. Roger Bernard, ii. 165.
persecution of heretics in, ii. 167, 169.
Fraticelli in, iii. 169.
Uri, Beghards persecuted, ii. 412.
Urrea, Miguel de, his necromancy, iii. 459.
Use and consumption, question of, iii. 133.
Usury justiciable by bps., i. 358.
subject to Inq., i. 359.
heresy of, i. 400; iii. 644.
practised by bps., i. 479.
strictness of construction, i. 480.
relapse into, imprisonment for, i. 545.
Utraquism, its rise in Bohemia, ii. 471.
becomes predominant, ii. 511.
quarrel over, at Iglau, ii. 538.
prevents reunion of Bohemia, ii. 543.
obtains enforced toleration, ii. 559.
Utraquists, their doctrines, ii. 519.
their Puritanism, ii. 521.
their victory at Lipan, ii. 535.
obtain control of Bohemia, ii. 540.
their reaction towards Rome, ii. 546.
extreme veneration for Eucharist, ii. 562.
their trouble about apostolical succession, ii. 564.
VALA, the Norse, iii. 402.
Valcamonica, witches of, burned, iii. 547.
Valence, C. of, 1248, coerces the bps., i. 333.
threatens advocates of heretics, i. 444.
on penance of crosses, i. 409.
on unfulfilled penances, i. 548.
forbids cognizance of sorcery by Inq., iii. 434.
Valencia, heresies in, ii. 176.
separate Inq. in, ii. 177.
Fraticelli in, iii. 168.
Templar property in, iii. 333.
laws on sorcery, iii. 430.
complains of Eymerich, iii. 585.
Valens puts Catholics to death, i. 213.
persecution of magic by, iii. 397.
Valentine of Makarska, ii. 303.
Valentine of Milan accused of sorcery, iii. 466.
Valentinian I. persecutes sorcerers, iii. 398.
Valla, Lorenzo, his career, iii. 566.
Valladolid, favor to Mendicants in, i. 293.
Valori, Francesco, iii. 218, 222, 227.
Val Pute (or Louise), Waldenses of, ii. 147, 154, 157, 160.
Valsesia, memory of Dolcino in, iii. 120.
Valtelline persecution of heretics, ii. 237.
Vasquez, Martino, first Portuguese inq., ii. 189.
_Vaticiuia Pontificam_, iii. 12.
Vauderie, or sorcery, ii. 158.
or Sabbat, iii. 522.
Vaudois of Arras, iii. 519.
in the Schwabenspiegel, ii. 156.
Cathari misnamed, ii. 257.
Vaudoisie, character of, iii. 521.
Venality of spiritual courts, i. 17, 20, 21, 22;
iii. 627, 632, 643.
Vence, trial of Bp. of, i. 15.
Vendôme, Bâtard de, captures Joan of Arc, iii. 356.
Veneration among Cathari, i. 95.
Venetia, number of Waldenses in, ii. 269.
Venice, burning for heresy in, i. 221; ii. 587.
restrictions on armed familiars, i. 384.
confiscations in, i. 512.
expenses of Inq. defrayed, i. 525.
career of Inq. in, ii. 249, 273.
rejects the laws of Frederic II., ii. 250, 252.
refuge for heretics in, ii. 251.
exc. by Clement V., iii. 195.
humanity towards Templars, iii. 308.
laws against sorcery, iii. 431.
witches of Brusuia defended, i. 539; iii. 546, 661.
Pomponazio's book burned, iii. 576.
treatment of Greek Church, iii. 620.
Venturino da Bergamo, ii. 380.
Ver, Jean de, denies Immaculate Conception, iii. 602.
Verberati, ii. 404.
Vercruysse, his dogma of the conception of the Virgin, iii. 611.
Verfeil, St. Bernard's failure there, i. 71.
Verona, Bp. of, captured by Manfred, i. 12.
statutes of 1228 against heretics, i. 227, 421, 481.
secular inqs. in, i. 311.
restriction on bearing arms, i. 382.
Giovanni Schio's cruelty, ii. 204.
maintenance of heresy, ii. 239.
C. of, 1184--see Lucius III.
Vertus, Catharism at, i. 108.
Vespers, Sicilian, ii. 248.
Vestments, Franciscan, quarrel over, iii. 70.
heresy of, iii. 74, 78.
Vetter, John, burned at Berne, iii. 607.
Veyleti, Jean, persecutes Waldenses, ii. 159.
Vezelai, Cathari in 1163, i. 111.
Vicars of inqs., i. 375.
Vicente de Lisboa, inq. for Spain, ii. 185, 189.
Vicenza, inquisitorial extortion in, i. 477.
Giovanni Schio imprisoned, ii. 205.
heresy tolerated, ii. 223.
reconciliation of, ii. 234.
persistence of heresy, ii. 239.
Capistrano's reception in, iii. 179.
Vienna, Nicholas of Basle burned, ii. 405.
Waldensian Bp. Stephen burned, ii. 416.
Vienna, Jerome preaches Hussitism, ii. 496.
Vienne, C. of, 1311, its canons, ii. 96; iii. 60.
on inquisitorial abuses, i. 424, 478.
condemns Beguines, ii. 369.
on Olivi's errors, iii. 46.
decides in favor of Spirituals, iii. 60.
on papal dispensing power, iii. 79.
convoked for trial of Templars, iii. 282, 284.
its postponement, iii. 296.
fate of its archives, iii. 319.
Order of Temple denied a hearing, iii. 320.
disposes of Templar property, iii. 322.
founds Oriental colleges, iii. 580.
on the Divine Vision, iii. 591.
on pardoners, iii. 623.
Vigoros de Bocona, ii. 22.
Vilgardus, heresy of, i. 108.
Villani, absence of heresy in Florence, ii. 276.
his account of John XXII., iii. 68.
his story of the Templars, iii. 250.
Villehardouin, Isabelle de, iii. 39.
Villeins, their abject condition, i. 269.
Villemagne, marriage of monks of, i. 119.
Villena, Enrique marquis of, iii. 489.
Virgin, her portrait stolen by the Venetians, i. 48.
Dominican reverence for, i. 255; iii. 604.
Immaculate Conception of, iii. 596.
Visconti, cruelties of the, i. 559.
their quarrel with John XXII., iii. 197.
reconciled to papacy, iii. 202.
Visconti, Girolamo, persecutes witches, iii. 540, 546.
Vision, the Divine, iii. 590.
Visits to prisoners, i. 486.
Viterbo, struggle with Cathari, i. 116.
attacks Capello di Chia, i. 342.
attempt to establish Inq., ii. 209.
heretics punished by Gregory IX., ii. 210.
resistance to Inq. in, ii. 239.
crusade against in 1238, iii. 189.
case of Templars in, iii. 305, 306.
Vitrier, Jean, his heresies, ii. 137.
Vivet, Peter Waldo's assistant, i. 77.
Vivian, Catharan bp. of Toulouse, ii. 50, 245.
Viviano da Bergamo, Inq. of Lombardy, ii. 213.
Viviano Bogolo, ii. 223, 234.
Vohet, Philippe de, threatens Templars with burning, iii. 286.
his testimony to their innocence, iii. 295.
Voodooism, iii. 519.
Vows, commutation of, i. 44.
papal power of dispensation, iii. 28, 77.
Voyle, Jean, persecutes Waldenses, ii. 158.
_Vox inexcelso_, bull, iii. 321.
Vulcan of Dalmatia, ii. 291.
Vulgate, corruption of the text, iii. 553.
its correction by Valla, iii. 567.
WADDING, LUKE, seeks Capistrano's
canonization, ii. 555.
on condition of morals, iii. 643.
Wafer, consecrated, its magic power, i. 50.
in wine for Eucharist, ii. 472.
its supremacy over demons, iii. 426.
its use in sorcery, iii. 435.
its use by witches, iii. 500.
Wainamoinen, his magic power, iii. 403.
Waldemar of Bremen supported by the Stedingers, iii. 184.
Waldemar of Sleswick, case of, i. 33.
Waldenses, their origin, i. 77.
their variations of belief, i. 79, 82; ii. 150, 396, 564.
persecuted in Aragon, i. 81; ii. 170.
their organization, i. 83.
virtues ascribed to them, i. 85.
in Metz, i. 131; ii. 318.
burned at Maurillac, i. 179.
of Piedmont, i. 319, 425; ii. 195, 259.
distinctive signs, i. 432.
their reputation as physicians, ii. 82.
their career in France, ii. 145.
their relations with Cathari, ii. 140, 579.
with Hussites, ii. 157, 415.
in Valencia, ii. 177, 179.
their numbers in Italy, ii. 194.
conference of Bergamo, ii. 196.
emigration to Naples, ii. 247, 259, 268.
of Strassburg, ii. 319.
of Germany, ii. 347, 396.
early foothold in Bohemia, ii. 427.
development in Bohemia, ii. 429, 430, 438, 438, 448, 512.
their connection with Taborites, ii. 512, 522.
unite with Bohemian Brethren, ii. 416, 564.
Waldensianism, causes of its persistence, ii. 254.
its kinship to Wickliffitism, ii. 441.
Waldo, Peter, i. 76.
mythical mission to Bohemia, ii. 427.
Waleran of Cologne orgnnizes episcopal Inq., ii. 374.
Wallachia, Inq. in, i. 355.
Walleys, Thomas, persecuted, iii. 592.
Walpurgis Night, iii. 408.
Walter of Bruges summons Clement V. to judgment, iii. 327.
Walter the Lollard, his death, ii. 373.
Walter of Naples, the Templar, iii. 306.
Walter, Bp. of Strassburg, i. 10.
Walther von der Yogelweide on the Church, i. 54.
Wand, magician's, iii. 405.
Warlike character of ecclesiastics, i. 10.
Wasmod, John, his tract on Beghards, i. 397.
Wazo of Liége and the Cathari, i. 109, 218.
Weather--see _Tempestarii_.
Weeping, inability of, in witches, iii. 514.
Weiler, Anna, burned, ii. 415.
Wenceslas (Emp.) deposed for neglect to persecute, i. 226.
his indifference to religion, ii. 395.
supports Huss, ii. 445.
revolutionizes the University, ii. 447.
banishes lluss's opponents, ii. 452.
opposes use of cup by the laity ii. 471.
threatened by Sigismund, ii. 509, 511.
his death in 1419, ii. 513.
his fondness for magic, iii. 46O.
Wenceslas the Chiliast, burned in 1421, ii. 519.
Wenceslas of Duba procures safe-conduct for Huss, ii. 457.
Wertheim, Count of, ii. 419, 421.
Wer-wolves, ii. 145; iii. 391.
Wibald of Corvey, iii. 422.
Wickliff, John, measures against, i. 362.
his career, ii. 488.
veneration for him in Bohemia, ii. 444, 446.
condemned by C. of Constance, ii. 482.
Wickliffite doctrines, ii. 440.
resemble Waldensianism, ii. 441.
disseminated in Bohemia, ii. 443, 445.
Wickliffites in France, ii. 142.
in Spain, ii. 177, 178.
Wilbrand, Bp. of Utrecht, his crusade against Frisians, iii. 185.
Wilge Armen, ii. 388.
Wilhelm, Dolcinist, burned, ii. 402.
Willaume le Febvre, iii. 524, 531, 533.
William, Cardinal, inq.-general, i. 398.
William the Conqueror employs sorcery, iii. 420.
William of Esseby, i. 263.
William the Franciscan, i. 277.
William of Gennep (Cologne) persecutes heretics, ii. 385, 386.
William of Hilderniss, ii. 406.
William of Montpellier offers to suppress heresy, i. 136.
William de la More, iii. 301.
William of Reims persecutes Cathari, i. 111, 112.
William of Vezelai, uncertainty in punishing heretics, i. 308.
Willnsdorf, destruction of, ii. 343.
Wills, presence of priest necessary to, i. 29.
Wimpfeling, Jacob, urges reform, iii. 639.
Windesheim, convent of, ii. 362.
Winkel, Flagellants of, ii. 408.
Winkelers, persecution of, ii. 400.
Wirt, Wigand, his quarrel over Immaculate Conception, iii. 605.
his retraction, iii. 607.
Wisigoths, their laws on sorcery, iii. 399.
Wismar, Dolcinist burned in, ii. 403.
Witch of Endor, the, iii. 388.
Witch of Eye, the, iii. 467.
Witch-burning, Church responsible for, iii. 532, 547.
Witchcraft, iii. 492.
absence of, in 13th cent., iii. 448.
distinctive origin of, iii. 497, 499, 534.
disbelief in, punishable, iii. 405, 506.
papal bulls against, iii. 502, 506, 512, 537, 540, 546, 547.
only curable by witchcraft, iii. 507.
causes of its spread, iii. 508, 539.
incentives to, iii. 538.
under secular jurisdiction, iii. 512, 544, 547.
its extension in 16th cent, iii. 549.
Witches, their allegiance to Satan, iii. 386.
proscribed in Mosaic Law, iii. 396.
their powers, iii. 407, 502.
necessary to Satan, iii. 501.
lose power when arrested, iii. 509.
their power over judges, iii. 535.
are heretics, iii. 542.
of Brescia, contest over, i. 539; iii. 547, 661.
Witch-trials, process of, iii. 514.
Witnesses, danger incurred by, i. 317, 438.
of proceedings, i. 376.
torture of, i. 425, 430, 56O.
character of, i. 434.
age of, i. 435.
inimical, rejected, i. 436.
their names kept secret, i. 437; ii. 477; iii. 517.
sworn in presence of accused, i. 439.
retraction of evidence, i. 439, 441.
enmity of, the only defence, i. 446, 448; iii. 517.
disabling of, in Huss's case, ii. 477.
secrecy imposed on, ii. 93.
for defence, rarity of, i. 447.
collected against the Templars, iii. 257.
Witnesses, synodal, origin of, i. 312, 315, 317, 350; ii. 117.
in prosecution of Gilles de Rais, iii. 479.
Wives, betrayal of, by husbands, i. 373.
bound to denounce husbands, i. 432.
evidence of, i. 436.
dowers not confiscated, i. 509.
Wok of Waldstein burns papal bulls, ii. 450.
Wolsey, Cardinal, his efforts at reform, ii. 4.
Women specially are sorcerers, iii. 503.
Worcester, C. of, in 1240, on estates, i. 30.
Worms, Diet of, 1231, on confiscation, i. 507; ii. 331.
John Drandorf burned, ii. 414.
Writ de _hoeretico comburendo_, i. 221.
Würzburg, Ortlibenses in 1342, ii. 376.
Hussitism suppressed in, ii. 414.
witches burned in, iii. 549.
Würzburg, C. of, 1287, condemns apostles, iii. 105.
C. of, 1448, on Beghards, ii. 412.
YATUDHANA, iii. 386.
Ybañez, Rodrigo, Master of Castile, iii. 316.
Yoke, wooden, penance of, i. 468.
Yolande of Savoy persecutes Waldenses, ii. 265.
York, heretics found in, i. 114.
the Templars in, iii. 299, 301.
Youth in admission to Order of Templars, iii. 268.
Ypres, lack of churches in, i. 278.
Ysarn, Arnaud, case of, i. 396.
Yves Favins, case of, iii. 512.
Yvo of Narbonne, his account of Cathari, ii. 193, 295.
ZARABELLA, Card., his participation against Huss, ii. 481.
offers modified abjuration to Huss, ii. 489.
labors for Jerome of Prague, ii. 501.
Zaccaria, Matteo, his testimony as to Templars, iii. 277.
Zachary, Pope, instructions as to heresy, i. 308.
suppresses angel-worship, iii. 412.
Zamberg, Michael of, founder of Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563, 564.
Zanghino Ugolini, his treatise on heresy, i. 229; ii. 242.
on corporate responsibility, i. 334.
on ignorance of inqs., i. 334.
on restrictions as to familiars, i. 384.
on arbitrary procedure, i. 400.
on confiscations, i. 506, 509.
on worship of new saints, iii. 92.
on astrology, iii. 439.
on jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 449.
Zanino del Poggio carries Waldenses to Naples, ii. 247.
Zanino da Solcia, case of, ii. 271; iii. 568.
Zaptati, or Waldenses, i. 77.
Zara, Catharism in, ii. 295, 300, 301.
Zatce, Peter of, a Chiliast, ii. 519.
Zbinco of Prague, ii. 443, 444, 446, 447.
Zeal of Waldenses, i. 86.
of Cathari, i. 104.
Zeger, Observantine general, ii. 559.
Zegna, heresy in, ii. 301.
Zeno (Emp.) refuses toleration, i. 216.
Zepperenses, ii. 413.
Zimiskes, John, transplants the Paulicians, i. 90, 107.
Zion, Taborite stronghold taken, ii. 539.
Ziska, John, heads a tumult in Prague, ii. 513.
destroys churches, ii. 514.
Ziska fortifies Mount Tabor, ii. 515.
burns the Adamites, ii. 518.
his death in 1424, ii. 525.
patron saint of M. Tabor, ii. 560.
Zoen of Avignon, legate, ii. 40.
deprived of inquisitorial power, i. 317; ii. 51.
Zoen holds C. of Albi in 1254, i. 334.
persecutes Waldenses, ii. 147.
Zoppio spreads the Doleinist heresy, iii. 123.
Zurich, Beghards persecuted, ii. 411.
Zwestriones, ii. 401, 402.
Zyto, conjuror of Weneeslas, iii. 460.
THE END.
* * * * *
The following typographical errors were corrected by the etext
transcriber:
Accordingly, in 1494, we hear of four of them--two men and two
women--burned at Parma,=>Accordingly, in 1294, we hear of four of
them--two men and two women--burned at Parma,
Elsewhere thoughout Europe=>Elsewhere throughout Europe
win the palm of martydom=>win the palm of martyrdom
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. clxxxviii. art. 7. ad 1.
[2] Even the great Franciscan preacher, Berthold of Ratisbon (who died
in 1272) will concede only qualified merit to those who labor to save
the souls of their fellow-creatures, and such labors can easily be
carried to excess. The duty which a man owes to his own soul, in prayer
and devotion, is of much greater moment.--Beati Fr. Bertholdi a
Ratisbona Sermones (Monachii, 1882, p 29). See also his comparison of
the contemplative with the active life. The former is Rachael, the
latter is Leah, and is most perilous when wholly devoted to good works
(Ib. pp. 44-5).
So the great Spiritual Franciscan, Pierre Jean Olivi--"Est igitur totius
rationis summa, quod contemplatio est ex suo genere perfectior omni alia
actione," though he admits that a lesser portion of time may allowably
be devoted to the salvation of fellow-creatures.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv
für Litteratur-und Kirchengeschichte, 1887, p. 503.
[3] Thom. de Eccleston de Adventu Minorum Coll. v.--S. Francis.
Testament. (Opp. 1849, p. 48).--Nicolai. PP. III. Bull. _Exiit qui
seminat_ (Lib. v. Sexto xii. 3).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 301,
303.
[4] Chron. Turonens. ann. 1326 (D. Bouquet, XVIII. 319).--Alberic. Trium
Font. Chron. ann. 1228.
[5] Frat. Jordani Chron. c. 9, 14, 17, 31, 50 (Analecta Franciscana,
Quaracchi, 1885, I. 4-6, 11, 16).--S. Francis. Testament. (Opp. p. 47);
Ejusd. Epistt. vi., vii., viii., (Ib. 10-11).--Amoni Legenda S.
Francisci, p. 106 (Roma, 1880).--Wadding. ann. 1229, No. 2.--Chron.
Glassberger ann. 1227 (Analect. Franciscana II. p. 45).
[6] Thomæ de Eccleston Collat. XII.--Jordani Chron. c. 61 (Analecta
Franc. I. 19).--Chron. Anon. (Ib. I. 289).
[7] Gregor. PP. IX. Bull._Quo elongati_ (Pet. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph.
Relig. Lib. II. fol. 164-5).--Rodulphii op. cit. Lib. II. fol.
177.--Chron. Glassberger, ann. 1230, 1231 (Analecta II. 50, 56).--Frat.
Jordani Chron. c. 18, 19, 61 (Analecta I. 7, 8, 19).--Franz Ehrle
(Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 123).--Wadding, ann.
1239, No. 5.
The ingenious casuistry with which the Conventuals satisfied themselves
that the device of Gregory IX. enabled them to grow rich without
transgressing the Rule is seen in their defence before Clement VI., in
1311, as printed by Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte,
1887, pp. 107-8).
[8] Jordani Chron. c. 62, 63 (Analecta I. 18-19).--Thomæ de Eccleston
Collat. XII.--Chron. Glassberger, ann. 1239 (Analecta II.
60-1).--Huillard-Bréholles, Introd. p. DIII.; Ib. VI. 69-70.
Elias still managed to excite disturbance in the Order; he died
excommunicate, and a zealous Franciscan guardian had his remains dug up
and cast upon a dunghill. Frà Salimbene gives full details of his evil
ways, and the tyrannous maladministration which precipitated his
downfall. After his secession to Frederic II. a popular rhyme was
current throughout Italy--
"Hor attorna fratt Helya,
Ke pres' ha la mala via."
Salimbene Chronica, Parma, 1857, pp. 401-13.
Affò, however, asserts that he was absolved on his death-bed.--Vita del
Beato Gioanni di Parma, Parma, 1777, p. 31. Cf. Chron. Glassberger ann.
1243-4.
[9] Thomæ de Ecclest. Collat. VIII., XII.--Wadding, ann. 1242, No. 2;
ann. 1245, No. 16.--Potthast No. 10825.--Angeli Clarinens. Epist.
Excusator (Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, p.
535; 1886, pp. 113, 117, 120).--Hist. Tribulation. (Ib. 1886, pp. 256
sqq.).
The _Historia Tribulationum_ reflects the contempt of the Spirituals for
human learning. Adam was led to disobedience by a thirst for knowledge,
and returned to grace by faith and not by dialectics, or geometry or
astrology. The evil industry of the arts of Aristotle, and the seductive
sweetness of Plato's eloquence are Egyptian plagues in the Church (Ib.
264-5). It was an early tradition of the Order that Francis had
predicted its ruin through overmuch learning (Amoni Legenda S.
Francisci, App. cap. xi.).
Karl Müller (Die Anfänge des Minoritenordens, Freiburg, 1885, p. 180)
asserts that the election of Crescenzio was a triumph of the Puritans,
and that he was known for his flaming zeal for the rigid observance of
the Rule. So far from this being the case, on the very night of his
election he scolded the zealots (Th. Eccleston Collat. XII.), and the
history of his generalate confirms the view taken of him by the Hist.
Tribulationum. Affò (Vita di Gioanni di Parma, pp. 31-2) assumes that he
endeavored to follow a middle course, and ended by persecuting the
irreconcilables.
[10] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 267-8, 274).--Affò, pp. 38-9,
54, 97-8.--Wadding, ann. 1256, No. 2.
[11] Tocco, L'Eresia nel Medio Evo, Firenze, 1884, pp. 265-70.--Profetie
dell' Abate Gioachino, Venezia, 1646, p. 8.
[12] Tocco. op. cit. pp. 271-81.--Coelestin. PP. III. Epist. 279.
[13] Lib. Concordiæ Præf. (Venet. 1519).--Fr. Francisci Pipini Chron.
(Muratori S.R.I. IX. 498-500).--Rog. Hovedens. ann. 1190.--MSS. Bib.
Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270, fol. 260-2.--Comba, La Riforma in Italia,
I. 388.--Lechler's Wickliffe, Lorimer's Translation, II. 321.--Lib.
Conformitat. Lib. I. Fruct. i. P. 2; Fruct. ix. P. 2 (fol. 12,
91).--Telesphori de magnis Tribulationibus Proeem.--Henric. de Hassia
contra Vaticin. Telesphori c. xi. (Pez Thesaur. I. II. 521).--Franz
Ehrle (Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 331).--P. d'Ailly
Concord. Astron. Veritat. c. lix. (August. Vindel. 1490).--H. Cornel.
Agripp. de Occult. Philosoph. Lib. II. c. ii.
The _Vaticinia Pontificum_ of the pseudo-Joachim long remained a popular
oracle. I have met with editions of Venice issued in 1589, 1600, 1605,
and 1646, of Ferrara in 1591, of Frankfort in 1608, of Padua in 1625,
and of Naples in 1660, and there are doubtless numerous others.
Dante represents Bonaventura as pointing out the saints--
"Raban è quivi, e lucemi dallato
Il Calavrese abate Giovacchino
Di spirito profetico dotato."--(Paradise xii.).
[14] Pseudo-Joachim de Oneribus Ecclesiæ c. iii., xv., xvi., xvii., xx.,
xxi., xxii., xxiii., xxx.--Ejusd. super Hieremiam c. i., ii., iii.,
etc.--Salimbene p. 107.--Monumenta Franciscana p. 147 (M.R. Series).
The author of the Commentary on Jeremiah had probably been disciplined
for freedom of speech in the pulpit, for (cap. i.) he denounces as
bestial a license to preach which restricts the liberty of the spirit,
and only permits the preacher to dispute on carnal vices.
[15] Concil. Lateran. IV. c. 2.--Theiner Monument Slavor. Meridional. I.
63.--Lib. I. Sexto, 1, 2 (Cap. _Damnamus_).--Wadding, ann. 1256, No. 8,
9.--Salimbene Chron. p. 103.
Nearly half a century later Thomas Aquinas still considered Joachim's
speculations on the Trinity worthy of elaborate refutation, and near the
close of the fourteenth century Eymerich reproduces the whole
controversy.--Direct. Inquisit. pp. 4-6, 15-17.
[16] Joachimi Concordiæ Lib. IV. c. 31, 34, 38; Lib. V. c. 58, 63, 65,
67, 68, 74, 78, 89, 118.
Joachim was held to have predicted the rise of the Mendicants (v. 43),
but his anticipations looked wholly to contemplative monachism.
[17] Joachimi Concordiæ Lib. I. Tract. ii. c. 6; IV. 25, 26, 33; V. 2,
21, 60, 65, 66, 84.
The Commission of Anagni in 1255 by a strained interpretation of a
passage in the Concordia (II. i. 7) accused Joachim of having justified
the schism of the Greeks (Denifle, Archiv f. Litt.-u. K. 1885, p. 120).
So far was he from this that he never loses an occasion of decrying the
Oriental Church, especially for the marriage of its priests (_e.g._, V.
70, 72). Yet when he asserted that Antichrist was already born in Rome,
and it was objected to him that Babylon was assigned as the birthplace,
he had no hesitation in saying that Rome was the mystical Babylon.--Rad.
de Coggeshall Chron. (Bouquet, XVIII. 76).
[18] Rigord. de Gest. Phil. Aug. ann. 1210.--Guillel. Nangiac. ann.
1210.--Cæsar. Heisterb. dist. v. c. xxii.
[19] Salimbene Chron. pp. 97-109, 124, 318-20.--Chron. Glassberger ann.
1286.--Vie de Douceline (Meyer, Recueil d'anciens Textes, pp. 142-46).
Salimbene, in enumerating the special intimates of John of Parma,
characterizes several of them as "great Joachites."
[20] Protocoll. Commiss. Anagniæ (Denifle, Archiv für Litteratur-und
Kirchengeschichte, 1885, pp. 111-12).
[21] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup. pp. 178-9).--Salimbene, pp. 102, 233.
According to the exegesis of the Joachites, Frederic II. was to attain
the age of seventy. When he died, in 1250, Salimbene refused to believe
it, and remained incredulous until Innocent IV., in his triumphal
progress from Lyons, came to Ferrara, nearly ten months afterwards, and
exchanged congratulations upon it. Salimbene was present, and Frà
Gherardino of Parma turned to him and said, "You know it now; leave your
Joachim and apply yourself to wisdom" (Ib. pp. 107, 227).
[22] Renan, Nouvelles Études, p. 296.
Joachim had already used the term Everlasting Gospel to designate the
spiritual interpretation of the Evangelists, which was henceforth to
rule the world. His disciple naturally considered Joachim's commentaries
to be this spiritual interpretation, and that they constituted the
Everlasting Gospel to which he furnished a Gloss and Introduction. The
Franciscans were necessarily the contemplative Order intrusted with its
dissemination. (See Denifle, Archiv für Litteratur-etc., 1885, pp.
54-59, 61.) According to Denifle (pp. 67-70) the publication of Gherardo
consisted only of the Introduction and the Concordia. The Apocalypse and
the Decachordon were to follow, but the venturesome enterprise was cut
short.
[23] Protocol. Commiss. Anaguiæ (H. Denifle Archiv für Litt.-etc., 1885,
pp. 99-102, 109, 126, 135-6).
It appears to me that Father Denifle's laborious research has
sufficiently proved that the errors commonly ascribed to the Everlasting
Gospel (D'Argentré I. i. 162-5; Eymeric. Direct. Inq. P. II. Q. 9;
Hermann. Korneri Chron. ap. Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi. II. 849-51)
are the strongly partisan accusations sent to Rome by William of St.
Amour (ubi sup. pp. 76-86) which have led to exaggerated misconceptions
of its rebellious tendencies. Father Denifle, however, proceeds to state
that the result of the commission of Anagni (July, 1255) was merely the
condemnation of the views of Gherardo, and that the works of Joachim
(except his tract against Peter Lombard) have never been condemned by
the Church. Yet when the exaggerations of William of St. Amour are
thrown aside, there is in reality little in principle to distinguish
Joachim from Gherardo; and if the former was not condemned it was not
the fault of the Commission of Anagni, which classed both together and
energetically endeavored to prove Joachim a heretic, even to showing
that he never abandoned his heresy on the Trinity (ubi sup. pp. 137-41).
Yet if there was little difference in the letter, there was a marked
divergence in spirit between Joachim and his commentator--the former
being constructive and the latter destructive as regards the existing
Church. See Tocco, Archivio Storico Italiano, 1886.
[24] Matt. Paris ann. 1256 (Ed. 1644, p. 632).--Salimbene, p.
102.--Bern. Guidon. Vit. Alex. PP. IV. (Muratori S.R. I. III. i. 593).
Cf. Amalr. Auger. Vit. Alex. PP. IV. (Ib. III. ii. 404).
For the authorship of the Everlasting Gospel, see Tocco, L'Heresia nel
Medio Evo, pp. 473-4, and his review of Denifle and Haupt, Archivio
Storico Italiano, 1886; Renan, pp. 248, 277; and Denifle, ubi sup. pp.
57-8.
One of the accusations brought against William of Saint Amour was that
he complained of the delay in condemning the Everlasting Gospel, to
which he replied with an allusion to the influence of those who defended
the errors of Joachim.--Dupin. Bib. des Auteurs Éccles. T.X. ch. vii.
Thomas of Cantimpré assures us that Saint Amour would have won the day
against the Mendicant Orders but for the learning and eloquence of
Albertus Magnus.--Bonum Universale, Lib. II. c. ix.
[25] Wadding. ann. 1256, No. 2.--Affò (Lib. 11. c. iv.) argues that John
of Parma's resignation was wholly spontaneous, that there were no
accusations against him, and that both the pope and the Franciscans were
with difficulty persuaded to let him retire. He quotes Salimbene
(Chronica p. 137) as to the reluctance of the chapter to accept his
resignation, but does not allude to the assertion of the same authority
that John was obnoxious to Alexander and to many of the ministers of the
Order by reason of his too zealous belief in Joachim (Ib. p. 131).
[26] Wadding. ann. 1256, No. 3-5.--Salimbene, pp. 102, 233-6.--Hist.
Tribulat. (Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 285).--Although Salimbene
prudently abandoned Joachitism, he never outgrew his belief in Joachim's
prophetic powers. Many years later he gives as a reason for suspecting
the Segarellists, that if they were of God, Joachim would have predicted
them as he did the Mendicants (Ib. 123-4).
The silence of the Historia Tribulationum with respect to the
Everlasting Gospel is noteworthy. By common consent that dangerous work
seems to be ignored by all parties.
[27] Wadding, ann. 1256, No. 6; ann. 1289, No. 26.--Hist. Tribulat.
(loc. cit. p. 285).--Salimbene Chron. pp. 131-33, 317.--Tocco, pp.
476-77.--P. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. I. fol. 117.--Affò, Lib.
III. c. x.
[28] Lib. de Antichristo P. I. c. x., xiii., xiv. (Martene Ampl. Coll.
IX. 1273, 1313, 1325-35).--Thomæ Aquinat. Opusc. contra Impugn. Relig.
c. xxiv. 5, 6.--Concil. Arelatens. ann. 1260 (1265) c. 1 (Harduin. VII.
509-12).--Fisquet, La France Pontificale, Métropole d'Aix, p.
577.--Renan, p. 254.
[29] S. Bonavent. de Paup. Christi Art. I. No. i., ii.--Ejusd. Mystic.
Theol. cap. I. Partic. 2; cap. II. Partic. 1, 2; Cap. III. Partic. 1.
[30] Wadding. Regest. Alex. PP. IV. No. 39-41; Annal. ann. 1262, No.
36.--Salimbene, p. 122.
[31] Wadding. ann. 1256, No. 4; Regest. Alex. PP. IV. No. 66.--Bertholdi
a Ratispona Sermones, Monachii, 1882, p. 68.--H. Denifle, Archiv für
Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 649.
To the true Franciscan the Rule and the gospel were one and the same.
According to Thomas of Celano, "Il perfetto amatore dell' osservanza del
santo vangelio e della professione della nostra regola, che non è altro
che perfetta osservanza del vangelio, questo [Francesco]
ardentissimamente amava, e quelli che sono e saranno veri amatori, donò
a essi singular benedizione. Veramente, dicea, questa nostra professione
a quelli che la seguitano, esser libro di vita, speranza di salute, arra
di gloria, melodia del vangelio, via di croce, stato di perfezione,
chiave di paradiso, e patto di eterna pace."--Amoni, Legenda S.
Francisci, App. c. xxix.
[32] S. Bonavent. Opp. I. 485-6 (Ed. 1584).--Wadding. ann. 1257, No. 9;
Regest. Clem. PP. IV. No. I.
Pierre Jean Olivi states that he himself heard Bonaventura declare in a
chapter held in Paris that he would, at any moment, submit to be ground
to powder if it would bring the Order back to the condition designed by
St. Francis.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 517.
[33] Lib. v. Sexto xii. 3.--Wadding. ann. 1279, No. 11.
[34] Concil. Lugdunens. II c. 23 (Harduin. VII. 715).--Salimbene, pp.
110-11.
[35] Angel. Clarinens. Epist. Excusat. (Archiv für Litt.-u.
Kirchengeschichte, 1885, pp. 523-4).--Histor. Tribulation. (Ibid. 1886,
pp. 302-4).--Ubertini Responsio (Ibid. 1887, p. 68).--Cf. Rodulphii
Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. II. fol. 180.
For the first time the development and history of the Spiritual
Franciscans can now be traced with some accuracy, thanks to Franz Ehrle,
S.J., who has printed the most important documents relating to this
schism in the Order, elucidated with all the resources of exact
research. My numerous references to his papers show the extent of my
indebtedness to his labors.
[36] Histor. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, p. 305).--Ubertim Responsio
(Ibid. 1887, pp. 69, 77).--Articuli Transgressionum (Ibid. 1887, pp.
105-7).--Wadding, ann. 1289, No. 22-3.--Ubertini Declaratio (Archiv,
1887, pp. 168-9).--Dante contrasts Acquasparta with Ubertino da Casale,
of whom we shall see more presently--
"Ma non sia da Casal ne d'Acquasparta
La onde vegnon tali alla Scrittura
Ch' uno la fugge e l'altro la coarta."--(Paradise xii.).
[37] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 306-8).--Angel. Clarineus.
Epist. (Ibid. 1885, pp. 524-5).--Wadding. ann. 1292, No. 14.
[38] Angel. Clarin. Epist. (op. cit. 1885, p. 526); Hist. Tribulationum
(Ib. 1885. pp. 308-9).
[39] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 309-10).--Faucon et Thomas,
Registres de Boniface VIII. No. 37, 1232, 1233, 1292, 1825.--Wadding.
ann. 1295, No. 14.
[40] Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, pp. 157-8.
[41] Raynald. ann. 1297, No. 55.--Jordani Chron. cap. 236, Partic. 3
(Muratori, Antiq XI. 766).
So far was Pierre Jean Olivi from participating in these rebellious
movements that he wrote a tract to prove the legality of Celestin's
abdication and Boniface's succession (Franz Ehrle, Archiv f. L. u. K.
1887, p. 525).
[42] Angel. Clarin. Epist. (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885,
pp. 522-3, 527-9).--Hist. Tribulat. (Ibid. 1886, pp. 314-18).--Franz
Ehrle (Ibid. 1886, p. 335.)
Franz Ehrle identifies the refuge of the Spirituals with the island of
Trixonia in the Gulf of Corinth (Ibid. 1886, pp. 313-14).
[43] Angel. Clarin. Epist. (op. cit. 1885, 529-31).--Hist. Tribulat.
(Ib. 1886, 320-6).--Wadding. ann. 1302, No. 8; 1307, No. 2-4.
[44] Cantù, Eretici d'Italia, I. 129.--Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I.
314.
A specimen of Jacopone's attacks on Boniface will show the temper of the
times--
"Ponesti la tua lingua
Contra religione
A dir blasfemia
Senza niun cagione.
O pessima avarizia
Sete induplicata,
Bever tanta pecunia
E non esser saziata!"
(Comba, op. cit. 312.)
There is doubtless foundation for the story related by Savonarola in a
sermon, that Jacopone was once brought into the consistory of cardinals
and requested to preach, when he solemnly repeated thrice, "I wonder
that in consequence of your sins the earth does not open and swallow
you."--Villari, Frà Savonarola, II. Ed. T. II. p. 3.
[45] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 311-13).
[46] Wadding. ann. 1302, No. 1-3, 7; ann. 1310, No. 9.--Franz Ehrle
(Archiv für Litt-u. K. 1886, p. 385).
[47] Wadding, ann. 1278, No. 27-8.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv f. L. u. K.
1887, pp. 505-11, 528-9.
When Geronimo d'Ascoli attained the papacy he was urged to prosecute
Olivi, but refused, expressing the highest consideration for his talents
and piety, and declaring that his rebuke had been merely intended as a
warning (Hist. Trib. loc. cit. 1886, p. 289).
[48] Wadding, ann. 1282, No. 2; ann. 1283, No. 1; ann. 1285, No. 5; ann.
1290, No. 11; ann. 1292, No. 13; ann. 1297, No. 33-4.--Chron.
Glassberger ann. 1283.--Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 294-5).--Franz
Ehrle, Archiv, 1886, pp. 383, 389; 1887, pp. 417-27, 429, 433, 438,
534.--Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv, 1887, p. 15).
Olivi's death is commonly assigned to 1297, but the _Transitus Sancti
Patris_, which was one of the books most in vogue among his disciples,
states that it occurred on Friday, March 14, 1297 (Bernard. Guidon.
Practica P. v.); Friday fell on March 14 in 1298, and the common habit
of commencing the year with Easter explains the substitution of 1297 for
1298.
His bones are generally said to have been dug up and burned a few months
after interment, by order of the general, Giovanni di Murro (Tocco, op.
cit. p. 503). Wadding, indeed, asserts that they were twice exhumed
(ann. 1297, No. 36). Eymerich mentions a tradition that they were
carried to Avignon and thrown by night into the Rhone (Eymerici Direct.
Inquis. p. 313). The cult of which they were the object shows that this
could not have been the case, and Bernard Gui, the best possible
authority, in commenting on the _Transitus_ states that they were
abstracted in 1318 and hidden no one knows where--doubtless by disciples
to prevent the impending profanation of exhumation.
[49] Wadding. ann. 1291, No. 13; 1297, No. 35; 1312, No. 4.--Lib.
Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 306, 319.--Coll. Doat. XXVII. fol. 7
sqq.--Lib. I. Clement, i. 1.--Tocco, op. cit. pp. 509-10.--MSS. Bib.
Nat. No. 4270, fol. 168.--Franz Ehrle (ubi sup. 1885, p. 544; 1886, pp.
389-98, 402-5; 1887, pp. 449, 491).--Raymond de Fronciacho (Archiv,
1887, p. 17).
The traditional wrath of the Conventuals was still strong enough in the
year 1500 to lead the general chapter held at Terni to forbid, under
pain of imprisonment, any member of the Order from possessing any of
Olivi's writings.--Franz Ehrle (ubi sup. 1887, pp. 457-8).
[50] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 288-9).--Coll. Doat, XXVII. fol. 7
sqq.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 306, 308.--Bernard. Guidon.
Practica P.Y.
[51] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 300-1).--Tocco, pp. 489-91, 503-4.
Wadding (ann. 1297, No. 33-5) identifies Pons Botugati with St. Pons
Carboneth, the illustrious teacher of St. Louis of Toulouse. Franz Ehrle
(Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 300) says he can find no evidence of this,
and the author of the _Hist. Tribulat._, in his detailed account of the
affair, would hardly have omitted a fact so serviceable to his cause.
[52] Baluz. et Mansi II. 249-50.--Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.--Doat,
XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.--Bern. Guidon. Vit. Johann. PP. XXII. (Muratori S. R.
I. III. II. 491).--Wadding. ann. 1325, No. 4.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu
Eccles. Lib. II. art. 59.--Baluz. et Mansi II. 266-70.
[53] Franz Ehrle (Archiv f. L. u. K. 1886, pp. 368-70, 407-9).--Wadding.
ann. 1297, No. 36-47.--Baluz. et Mansi II. 276.
Tocco (Archivio Storico Italiano, T. XVII. No. 2.--Cf. Franz Ehrle,
Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 493) has recently found in the Laurentian
Library a MS. of Olivi's Postil on the Apocalypse. It contains all the
passages cited in the condemnation, showing that the commission which
sat in judgment did not invent them, but as it is of the fifteenth
century it does not invalidate the suggestion that his followers
interpolated his work after his death.
[54] Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1299 c. 4 (Martene Thesaur. IV.
226).--Ubertini Declaratio (Archiv f. Litt.-u. K. 1887, pp. 183-4).
[55] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 450-61, 475, 590-1, 726-7,
772.--M. Flac. Illyr. Cat. Test. Veritatis, pp. 1732 sqq. (Ed. 1603).
[56] Pelayo, I. 454, 458, 464-6, 468-9, 730-1, 779.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv
für Litt.-und Kirchengeschichte, 1886, 327-8.
[57] Pelayo, I. 460, 464-8, 739-45.
[58] Pelayo, I. 470-4, 729, 734.--D'Argentré I. II. 417.--Du Puy,
Histoire du Differend, Pr. 103.
One of the charges against Bernard Délicieux, in 1319, was that of
sending to Arnaldo certain magic writings to encompass the death of
Benedict. A witness was found to swear that this was the cause of
Benedict's death.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270, fol. 12, 50,
51, 61.
[59] Pelayo, I. 481, 772.
[60] Hist. Tribulationum (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, I. 129).--Pelayo,
I. 481-3, 773, 776.--Wadding. ann. 1312, No. 7.--Cf. Trithem. Chron.
Hirsaug. ann. 1310; P. Langii Chron. Citicens. ann. 1320.
[61] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, pp. 380-1, 384, 386;
1887, p. 36).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib. 1887, p. 18).--Eymerich p.
316.--Angeli Clarini Litt. Excus. (Archiv, 1885, pp. 531-2).--Wadding.
ann. 1210, No. 6.--Regest. Clement. (PP. V.T.V. pp. 379 sqq. Romæ,
1887).
At the same time that the general, Gonsalvo, was seeking to repress the
acquisitiveness of the friars they were procuring from the Emperor Henry
VII. a decree annulling a local statute of Nuremberg which forbade any
citizen from giving them more than a single gold piece at a time, or a
measure of corn.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1310.
[62] Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, pp. 93 sqq.--Hist. Tribulat. (Ibid. 1886,
pp. 130, 132-4).--Ehrle (Ibid. 1866, pp. 366, 380).--Wadding. ann. 1310,
No. 1-5.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1310.--Ubertini de Casali Tract. de
septem Statibus Ecclesiæ c. iv.
[63] Ubertini Responsio (Archiv für L. u. K. 1887, p. 87).--Baluz. et
Mansi II. 278--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u. K. 1885, pp. 541-2, 545;
1886, p. 362).--Hist. Tribulat (Ibid. 1886, pp. 138-41).--C. 1, Clement,
v. 11.--Wadding. ann. 1312, No. 9; ann. 1313, No. 1.--Chron. Glassberger
ann. 1312.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. art. 67.
[64] Jordan. Chron. c. 326 Partic. iii. (Muratori Antiq. XI.
767).--Hist. Tribulat. (Archiv, 1886, 140-1).--Franz Ehrle (Ibid. 1886,
pp. 158-64; 1887, pp. 33, 40).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib. 1887, p. 27).
[65] Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. pp. 139-40).--Lami, Antichità Toscane,
pp. 596-99.--Franz Ehrle, Archiv, 1885, pp. 156-8.--Joann. S. Victor.
Chron. ann. 1319 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 479).--Wadding. ann. 1313,
No. 4-7.--D'Argentré I. I. 297.--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carcass. (Doat,
XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv, 1887, p. 31).
Frà Francesco del Borgo San Sepolcro, who was tried by the Inquisition
at Assisi in 1311 for assuming gifts of prophecy, was probably a Tuscan
Joachite who refused submission (Franz Ehrle, Archiv für L. u. K. 1887,
p. 11).
[66] Franz Ehrle (Archiv f. L. u. K. 1885, pp. 534-9, 553-5, 558-9, 561,
563-4, 566-9; 1887, p. 406).--S. Francisci Prophet. XIV. (Opp. Ed. 1849,
pp. 270-1).--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1502, 1506, 1517.
[67] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, pp. 371, 411).--Arch. de
l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. fol. 7 sqq.).
[68] Franz Ehrle (loc. cit. 1886, pp. 160-4).--Wadding. ann. 1316, No.
5.
[69] Villani, Chronica, Lib. XI. c. 20.--Chron. Glassberger ann.
1334.--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi I.
1806-8).--Friedrich, Statut. Synod. Wratislav., Hannoveræ, 1827, pp. 37,
38, 41.--Grandes Chroniques, V. 300.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann.
1326.--The collection of papal briefs relating to Saxony recently
printed by Schmidt (Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, pp. 87-295) will
explain the immense sums raised by John XXII. from the sale of
canonries. It is within bounds to say that more than half the letters
issued during his pontificate are appointments of this kind.
The accounts of the papal collector for Hungary in 1320 show the
thoroughness with which the first-fruits of every petty benefice were
looked after, and the enormous proportion consumed in the process. The
collector charges himself with 1913 gold florins received, of which only
732 reached the papal treasury. (Theiner, Monumenta Slavor. Meridional.
I. 147).
[70] Jo. de Ragusio Init. et Prosecut. Basil. Concil. (Monument. Concil.
Sæc. XV. T.I. p. 32).--Revelat. S. Brigittæ; Lib. VII. c. viii.
[71] Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 9-14.--Hist. Tribulation. (Archiv für L. u.
K. 1886, p. 142).--Joann. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1311, 1316 (Muratori S.
R. I. III. II. 460, 478).
[72] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup. pp. 142-44, 151-2).--Franz Ehrle, Archiv,
1887, p. 546.
[73] Hist. Tribulat. (Ibid. pp. 145-6).--Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib. 1887,
p. 29).
[74] Coll. Doat, XXXIV. 147.--Extrav. Joann. XXII. Tit. XIV. cap. 1.
[75] Baluz. et Mansi II. 248-51.--Hist. Tribulat. (loc. cit. p. 147).
[76] Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv f. L. u. K.. 1887, p. 31).--Baluz. et
Mansi II. 248-51, 271-2.--Joaun. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1319 (Muratori
S. R. I. III. II. 478-9).--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270, fol.
188, 262. Bernard, however, in his examination, denied these allegations
as well as Olivi's tenet that Christ was alive when lanced upon the
Cross, although he said some MSS. of St. Mark so represented him (fol.
167-8).
Of the remainder of those who were tried at Marseilles the fate is
uncertain. From the text it appears that at least some of them were
imprisoned. Others were probably let off with lighter penances, for in
1325 Blaise Boerii, a shoemaker of Narbonne, when on trial before the
Inquisition of Carcassonne, confessed that he had visited, in houses at
Marseilles, three of them at one time and four at another, and had
received them in his own house and had conducted them on their
way.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.
[77] Baluz. et Mansi II. 270-1, 274-6.--Extravagant. Joann. XXII. Tit.
VII.--Mag. Bull. Roman. I. 193.
[78] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1317.--Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 170;
XXXV. 18.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 301, 312, 381.
The case of Raymond Jean illustrates the life of the persecuted
Spirituals. As early as 1312 he had commenced to denounce the Church as
the Whore of Babylon, and to prophesy his own fate. In 1317 he was one
of the appellants who were summoned to Avignon, where he submitted.
Remitted to the obedience of his Order, he was sent by his superior to
the convent of Anduse, where he remained until he heard the fate of his
stancher companions at Marseilles, when he fled with a comrade. Reaching
Béziers, they found refuge in a house where, in company with some female
apostates from the Order, they lay hid for three years. After this
Raymond led a wandering life, associating for a while with Pierre
Trencavel. At one time he went beyond seas; then returning, he adopted
the habit of a secular priest and assumed the cure of souls, sometimes
in Gascony and again in Rodez or east of the Rhone. Captured at last in
1325 and brought before the Inquisition of Carcassonne, after
considerable pressure he was induced to recant. His sentence is not
given, but doubtless it was perpetual imprisonment.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.
[79] Raynald ann. 1322, No. 51.--Archivio di Firenze, Prov. del Convento
di Santa Croce, Feb. 1322.--S. Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. LXXXVIII.
Art. xi.; Q. CLXXXVI. Art. viii. ad 3.--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für Litt.-u.
Kirchengeschichte, 1887, p. 156).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 300,
313, 381-93.--Coll. Doat, XXVII., XXVIII.--Mosheim de Beghardis pp. 499,
632.--Vaissette, IV. 182-3.--Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 45.--Hist.
Tribulat. (loc. cit. p. 149).--Arch. de l' Inq. de Carcass. (Doat,
XXVII. 162).--Johann. S. Victor. Chron. ann. 1316-19.
[80] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 320, 325.--Wadding. ann. 1317, No.
23.--Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.
[81] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 298-99, 302-6, 316.--Bern. Guidon.
Practica P. v.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.--Johann. S. Victor. Chron. ann.
1316-19 (Muratori S.R.I. III. II. 478-9).
[82] Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.--Lib. Sententt, Inq. Tolos. pp. 305, 307, 310,
383-5.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.
[83] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 303, 309, 326, 330.--Bern. Guidon.
Practica P. v.--Franz Ehrle (op. cit. 1885, pp. 540, 543, 557),--Raym.
de Fronciacho (Ib.) 1887, p. 29.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann.
1330.--Wadding. ann. 1341, No. 21, 23.
A subdivision of the Italian Fraticelli took the name of Brethren of
Fray Felipe de Mallorca (Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc.
1).
[84] Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 95.
[85] Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.
[86] Doat, XXVII. 156, 170, 178, 215; XXXII. 147.
[87] Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1297 c. 1-4 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII.
305-6).--Eymeric. pp. 265-6.--Raynald. ann. 1325, No. 20.--Mosheim de
Beghardis p. 641.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 777-81, 783.--For
the fate of Arnaldo de Vilanova's writings in the Index Expurgatorius,
see Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 33-4. Two of the tracts
condemned in 1316 have been found, translated into Italian, in a MS. of
the Magliabecchian Library, by Prof. Tocco, who describes them in the
Archivio Storico Italiano, 1886, No. 6, and in the Giornale Storico
della Lett. Ital. VIII. 3.
[88] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 500-2.--Jo. de Rupesciss. Vade
mecum (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 497).--Froissart, Liv. I.
P. ii. ch. 124; Liv. III. ch. 27.--Rolewink Fascic. Temp. ann.
1364.--Mag. Chron. Belgic. (Pistorii III. 336).--Meyeri Annal. Flandr.
ann. 1359.--Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1351.--Paul Æmylii de Reb. Gest.
Francor. (Ed. 1569, pp. 491-2).--M. Flac. Illyr. Cat. Test. Veritat.
Lib. XVIII. p. 1786 (Ed. 1608).
[89] Wadding. ann. 1357, No. 17.--Pelayo, op. cit. I. 501-2.
[90] Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 494-508.
[91] Füesslins neue u. unpartheyische Kirchen-u. Ketzerhistorie,
Frankfurt, 1772, II. 63-66.
[92] Chron. Glassberger ann. 1466 (Analecta Franciscana II. 422-6).
[93] Constance, daughter of Bela III. of Hungary, was second wife of
Ottokar I. of Bohemia, who died in 1230 at the age of eighty. She died
in 1240, leaving three daughters, Agnes, who founded the Franciscan
convent of St. Januarius in Prague, which she entered May 18, 1236;
Beatrice, who married Otho the Pious, of Brandenburg, and Ludomilla, who
married Louis I. of Bavaria. Guglielma can scarce have been either of
these (Art de Ver. les Dates, VIII. 17). Her disciple, Andrea Saramita,
testified that after her death he journeyed to Bohemia to obtain
reimbursement of certain expenses; he failed in his errand, but verified
her relationship to the royal house of Bohemia (Andrea Ogniben, I
Guglielmiti del Secolo XIII., Perugia, 1867, pp. 10-11).--On the other
hand, a German contemporary chronicler asserts that she came from
England (Annal. Dominican. Colmariens. ann. 1301--Urstisii III. 33).
[94] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 56, 73-5, 103-4.
[95] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 12, 20-1, 35-7, 69, 70, 74, 76, 82, 84-6,
101, 104-6, 116.
Dr. Andrea Ogniben, to whom we are indebted for the publication of the
fragmentary remains of the trial of the Guglielmites, thinks that
Maifreda di Pirovano was a cousin of Matteo Visconti, through his
mother, Anastasia di Pirovano (op. cit. p. 23). The Continuation of
Nangis calls her his half-sister (Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1317).
[96] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 30, 44, 115.--Salimbene Chronica, pp.
274-6.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1279 (Muratori S. R. I. IX.
791-2).--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xxii.
[97] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 20-1, 25-6, 31, 36, 49-50, 56-7, 61, 72-3,
74, 93-4, 104, 116.--Tamburini, Storia dell' Inquisizione, II. 17-18.
[98] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 21, 25, 30. 36, 55, 70, 72, 96, 101.
[99] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 34, 37, 40, 42, 47, 54,
62, 72, 80, 90, 94, 96.
[100] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 65-7, 83-4, 90-1, 110.--Ugbelli, T. IV. pp.
286-93 (Ed. 1652).--Raynald. ann. 1324, No. 7-11.
[101] Philip. Bergomat. Supplem. Chron. ann. 1298.--Bern. Corio Hist.
Milanes. ann. 1300.
[102] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 1, 2, 34, 74, 110.--Tamburini, op. cit. II.
67-8.
[103] Ogniben, pp. 14, 23, 33, 36, 39, 60, 72, 101, 110, 114.
[104] Ibid. pp. 13, 30-33, 39.
[105] Ogniben, pp. 21, 40, 42, 78-9.
Dionese de' Novati deposed (p. 93) that Maifreda was in the habit of
saying that Boniface was not truly pope, and that another pontiff had
been created. We have seen that the Spiritual Franciscans had gone
through the form of electing a new pope. There was not much in common
between them and the Guglielmites, and yet this would point to some
relations as existing.
[106] Compare Andrea's first examination, July 20 (Ogniben, op. cit. pp.
8-13), and his second, Aug. 10 (pp. 56-7), with his defiant assertion of
his belief, Aug. 13 (pp. 68-72). So, Maifreda's first interrogatory,
July 31 (pp. 23-6), with her confession, Aug. 6, and revelation of the
names of her worshippers (pp. 33-5). Also, Giacobba dei Bassani's
denial, Aug. 3, and confession, Aug. 11 (p. 39). It is the same with
those not relapsed. See Suor Agnese dei Montanari's flat denial, Aug. 3,
and her confession, Aug. 11 (pp. 37-8).
[107] Ogniben, pp. 19-20, 77, 91.
[108] Ogniben, pp. 42-4, 63, 67-8, 81-2, 91-2, 95-6, 97, 100, 110, 113,
115-16.
[109] Spiritual eccentricities, such as those of the Guglielmites, are
not to be regarded as peculiar to any age or any condition of
civilization. The story of Joanna Southcote is well known, and the
Southcottian Church maintained its existence in London until the middle
of the present century. In July, 1886, the American journals reported
the discovery, in Cincinnati, of a sect even more closely approximating
to the Guglielmites, and about as numerous, calling themselves
Perfectionists, and believing in two married sisters--a Mrs. Martin as
an incarnation of God, and a Mrs. Brooke as that of Christ. Like their
predecessors in Milan the sect is by no means confined to the
illiterate, but comprises people of intelligence and culture who have
abandoned all worldly occupation in the expectation of the approaching
Millennium--the final era of the Everlasting Gospel. The exposure for a
time broke up the sect, of which some members departed, while others,
with the two sisters, joined a Methodist church. Their faith was not
shaken, however, and in June, 1887, the church expelled them after an
investigation. One of the charges against them was that they held the
Church of the present day to be Babylon and the abomination of the
earth. England has also recently had a similar experience in a peasant
woman of not particularly moral life who for some fifteen years, until
her death, September 18, 1886, was regarded by her followers as a new
incarnation of Christ. Her own definition of herself was, "I am the
second appearing and incarnation of Jesus, the Christ of God, the Bride,
the Lamb's Wife, the God-Mother and Saviour, Life from Heaven," etc.,
etc. She signed herself "Jesus, First and Last, Mary Ann Girling." At
one time her sect numbered a hundred and seventy-five members, some of
them rich enough to make it considerable donations, but under the petty
persecution of the populace it dwindled latterly to a few, and finally
dispersed. Aberrations of this nature belong to no special stage of
intellectual development. The only advance made in modern times is in
the method of dealing with them.
[110]
"O glorioso stare
In nihil quietato!
Lo' intelletto posato
E l'affetto dormire!
Annichilarsi bene
Non è potere humano
Anzi è virtù divina!"
(Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 310.)
[111] Salimbene, pp. 112-13.
[112] Salimbene, pp. 114-16.
[113] Concil. Lugdun. ann. 1274 c. 23.--Salimbene, pp. 117, 119,
329-30.--Concil. Herbipolens. ann. 1287 (Harduin. VII. 1141).--Lib.
Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. p. 360.
[114] Salimbene, pp. 114-16.
[115] Salimbene, pp. 117, 371.--Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 158.--At the same
time Honorius approved the Orders of the Carmelites and of St. William
of the Desert (Raynald. ann. 1286, No. 36, 37).
[116] Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 158.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1294 (Muratori S. R.
I. IX. 826).--Hist. Tribulat. (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte,
1886, p. 130).--Addit. ad Hist. Frat. Dulcini (Muratori IX. 450).
[117] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup.).--Ubertini Responsio (Archiv f. L. u.
K. 1887, p. 51).
[118] Salimbene, pp. 113, 117, 121.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp.
360-1.--Muratori S. R. I. IX. 455-7.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P.
v.--Eymeric. P. II. Q. 11.
The test of continence was regarded with horror by the inquisitors, and
yet when practised by St. Aldhelm it was considered as proof of
supereminent sanctity (Girald. Cambrens. Gemm. Eccles. Dist. II. c.
XV.). The coincidence, in fact, is remarkable between the perilous
follies of the Apostles and those of the Christian zealots of the third
century, as described and condemned by Cyprian (Epist. IV. ad Pompon.).
[119] Muratori IX. 449-53.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1306.--R. Fran.
Pipini Chron. cap. XV. (Muratori, IX. 599).--Cf. Lib. Sententt. Inq.
Tolos. p. 360.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 720.
[120] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup.).
Or dí a Frà Dolcin dunque che s' armi,
Tu che forse vedrai il sole in breve,
S' egli non vuol quì tosto seguitarmi;
Sì di vivanda, che stretta di neve
Non rechi la vittoria al Noarese,
Ch' altrimenti acquistar non saria lieve.--INFERNO, XXVIII.
[121] Benvenuto da Imola (Muratori Antiq. III. 457-9).--Bescapè, La
Novara Sacra, Novara, 1878, p. 157.--Baggiolini, Dolcino e i Patarini,
Novara, 1838, pp. 35-6.--Hist. Dulcin. Hæresiarch. (Muratori. S. R. I.
IX. 436-7).--Addit. ad Hist. (Ibid. 457, 460).
[122] Corio, Hist. Milanesi, ann. 1307.--Beuv. da Imola, loc.
cit.--Additamentum (Muratori IX. 454-55, 459).--Baggiolini, pp. 36-7.
Dolcino's two epistles were formally condemned by the Bishop of Parma
and Frà Manfredo, the inquisitor, and must therefore have been
circulated outside of the sect (Eymeric. Direct. Inq. P. II. Q. 29).
[123] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 428-9).--Bescapè, loc. cit.
[124] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 430-1).--Bescapè. loc. cit.
[125] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 430-2).
[126] Hist. Dulcin (Muratori IX. 432-4.)--Baggiolini, p. 131.
[127] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 434, 437-8).
[128] Hist. Dulcin. (Ib. 439-40).
[129] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 439).
Ptolemy of Lucca, who is good contemporaneous authority, puts the number
of those captured with Dolcino at one hundred and fifty, and of those
who perished through exposure and by the sword at only about three
hundred.--Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori XI. 1227).
[130] Mariotti (A. Galenga), Frà Dolcino and his Times, London, 1853,
pp. 287-88.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. II. pp. 79-82, 88 (Ed.
Benedictina, Romæ, 1886).--Mosheims Ketzergeschichte I. 395.--Ughelli,
Italia Sacra, Ed. 1652, IV. 1104-8.--Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 436,
440).--Benv. da Imola (Muratori Antiq. III. 460).--Bernard. Guidon. Vit.
Clement. PP. V. (Muratori III. I. 674).--Bescapè, loc. cit.
The punishment inflicted on Dolcino and Longino was not exceptional. By
a Milanese statute of 1393 all secret attempts upon the life of any
member of a family with whom the criminal lived were subject to a
penalty precisely the same in all details, except that it ended by
attaching the offender to a wheel and leaving him to perish in prolonged
agony.--Antiqua Ducum Mediolani Decreta, p. 187 (Mediolani, 1654).
[131] A. Artiaco (Rivista Cristiana, 1877, 145-51).--Hist. Dulcin.
(Muratori IX. 441-2).--Baggiolini, pp. 165-71.
[132] Addit. ad Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 455-7).--Bern. Guidon.
Pract. P. v.
[133] Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.
[134] Addit. ad Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 458).--Bernard. Guidon.
Practica P. v.--Bernard. Guidon. Gravam. (Doat. XXX. 120-4).--Raym. de
Fronciacho (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1887, p. 10.)--Lib. Sententt. Inq.
Tolos. pp. 360-3, 381.
[135] Concil. Coloniens. ann. 1306 c. 1, 2 (Hartzheim IV. 100,
102).--Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 50 (Martene Thesaur. IV.
250).--Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. lii. (fol. 166,
172, Ed. 1517).--Wadding. ann. 1335, No. 8-9.--Raynald. ann. 1335, No.
62.
[136] Concil. Vaurens. ann. 1368 c. 24; Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1374 c. 5
(Harduin. VII. 1818, 1880).--Herman. Corneri Chron. ann. 1260, 1402
(Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi II. 906, 1185).
I have already referred (Vol. II. p. 429) to the persecution at Prague,
in 1315, of some heretics whom Dubravius qualifies as Dolcinists, but
who probably were Waldenses and Luciferans.
[137] MS. Bibl. Casanatense A. IV. 49.--I owe the communication of this
document to the kindness of M. Charles Molinier. See also Amati,
Archivio Storico Italiano, No. 38, p. 14.
For the connection between these heretics and the Dolcinists, compare
Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 131, with 1887, pp.
123-4.
[138] Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, pp. 51,
144-5.--Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 66-70; ann. 1318, No. 44.--Archiv. di
Firenze, Prov. S. Maria Novella, 1327, Ott. 31.--Franz Ebrle, Archiv für
Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, p. 160.--D'Arjentré I. I.
336-7.--Cantù. Eretici d'Italia, I. 133.
[139] Barzellotti, David Lazzaretti di Arcidosso detto il Santo.
Bologna, 1885.
Somewhat similar is the career of an ex-sergeant of the Italian army
named Gabriele Donnici, who has founded in the Calabrian highlands a
sect dignifying itself with the title of the Saints. Gabriele is a
prophet announcing the advent of a new Messiah, who is to come not as a
lamb, but as a lion breathing vengeance and armed with bloody scourges.
He and his brother Abele were tried for the murder of the wife of the
latter, Grazia Funaro, who refused to submit to the sexual abominations
taught in the sect. They were condemned to hard labor and imprisonment,
but were discharged on appeal to the Superior Court of Cosenza. Other
misdeeds of the sectaries are at present occupying the attention of the
Italian tribunals.--Rivista Cristiana, 1887, p. 57.
[140] Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 207).--Chron. Glassberger
ann. 1321.--Wadding. ann. 1321, No. 16-19; ann. 1322, No. 49-50.
[141] Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Ecclesiæ Lib. I. Art. 51. fol. 165-9.
In fact, the advocates of poverty did not miss the easy opportunity of
stigmatizing their antagonists as followers of William of Saint-Amour.
See Tocco, "Un Codice della Marciana," Venezia, 1887, pp. 12, 39 (Ateneo
Veneto, 1886-1887).
The MS. of which Professor Tocco has here printed the most important
portions, with elucidatory notes, is a collection of the responses made
to the question submitted for discussion by John XXII. as to the poverty
of Christ and the apostles. They are significant of the general reaction
against the previously prevailing dogma, and of the eagerness with
which, as soon as the free expression of opinion was safe, the prelates
repudiated a doctrine condemnatory of the temporalities so industriously
accumulated by all classes of ecclesiastics. There were but eight
replies affirming the poverty of Christ, and these were all from
Franciscans--the Cardinals of Albano and San Vitale, the Archbishop of
Salerno, the Bishops of Caffa, Lisbon, Riga, and Badajoz, and an unknown
master of the Order. On the other side there were fourteen cardinals,
including even Napoleone Orsini, the protector of the Spirituals, and a
large number of archbishops, bishops, abbots, and doctors of theology.
It is doubtless true, however, that the fear of offending the pope was a
factor in producing this virtual unanimity--a fear not unreasonable, as
was shown by the disgrace and persecution of those who maintained the
poverty of Christ.--(Tocco, _ubi sup._ p. 35).
[142] Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1887, pp. 511-12.--Baluz et
Mansi II. 279-80.--Nicholaus Minorita (Ibid. III. 208-13).
Curiously enough, in this John did exactly what his special antagonists,
the Spirituals, had desired. Olivi had long before pointed out the
scandal of an Order vowed to poverty litigating eagerly for property and
using the transparent cover of papal procurators (Hist. Tribulat. ap.
Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, p. 298).
[143] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 213-24).
[144] Wadding. ann. 1323, No. 3, 15.
[145] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 224).
[146] Carl Müller, Der Kampf Ludwigs des Baiern mit der römischen Curie,
§ 4.--Felten, Die Bulle _Ne pretereat_, Trier, 1885.--Preger, Die
Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII., München, 1885, pp. 44-6.
[147] Carl Müller, op. cit § 5.--Preger, Politik des Pabstes Johann
XXII. (München, 1885, pp, 7, 54).--Martene Thesaur. II.
644-51.--Raynald. ann. 1323, No. 34-5.
[148] Martene Thesaur. II. 652-9.--Nich. Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III
224-33).
The date of the Protest of Sachsenhausen is not positively known, but it
was probably issued in April or May, 1324 (Müller, op. cit. I. 357-8).
Its authorship is ascribed by Preger to Franz von Lautern, and Ehrle has
shown that much of its argumentation is copied literally from the
writings of Olivi (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, 540).
When there were negotiations for a settlement in 1336, Louis signed a
declaration prepared by Benedict XII., in which he was made to say that
the portions concerning the poverty of Christ were inserted without his
knowledge by his notary, Ulric der Wilde for the purpose of injuring him
(Raynald ann. 1336, No. 31-5); but he accompanied this self-abasing
statement with secret instructions of a very different character
(Preger, Kirchenpolitische Kampf, p. 12).
[149] Martene Thesaur. II. 660-71.--Nich. Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III.
233-6).
Even in far-off Ireland the bull of July 11, depriving Louis of the
empire, was read in all the churches in English and Irish.--Theiner,
Monument. Hibern. et Scotor. No. 456, p. 230.
[150] See the documents in the second prosecution of Louis by John,
where the accusations against him constantly commence with his
pertinacious heresy in maintaining the condemned doctrine of the poverty
of Christ.--Martene Thesaur. II. 682 sqq. Cf. Guill. Nangiac. Contin.
ann. 1328.
[151] Altmayer, Les Précurseurs de la Réforme aux Pays-Bas, Bruxelles,
1886, I. 38.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1326.--Fasciculus Rer.
Expetendarum et Fugiend. II. 55, Ed. 1690.--D'Argentré, I. I. 304-11,
397-400.--Baluz. et Mansi II. 280-1.--Martene Thesaur. II.
704-16.--Preger, Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 34, 65.--Defensor. Pacis
II. 6.
The manner in which Fritsche Closener, a contemporary priest of
Strassburg, speaks of the _Defensor Pacis_ shows what an impression it
made, and that even a portion of the clergy was not averse to its
conclusions.--Closeners Chronik (Chroniken der deutschen Städte VIII.
70.--Cf. Chron. des Jacob von Königshofen, Ib. p. 473).
[152] Martene Thesaur. II. 749-52.--Tocco, L'Eresia nel Medio Evo, pp.
532-555.--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 8-9.--Carl Müller,
op. cit. II. 251-2.--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1323.--Raynald. ann.
1349, No. 16-17.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Bal. et Mansi II. 600).
[153] Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 9; ann. 1318, No. 8; ann. 1323, No. 16;
ann. 1325, No. 6; ann. 1331, No. 3.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1325, 1326,
1330.--Raynald. ann. 1325, No. 20, 27.--Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u. K.
1886, p. 151).--Martene Thesaur. II. 752-3.--Vitoduran. Chron. (Eccard.
Corp. Hist. I. 1799).--D'Argentré, I. I. 297.--Eymeric. pp. 291-4.
[154] Martene Thesaur. II. 749.--Baluz. et Mansi III. 315-16.--Nicholaus
Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 238-40).
[155] Chron. Sanens. (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 77. 79).--Martene Thesaur.
II. 684-723.--Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 240-3).
[156] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 243).--Ptolomæi Lucensis
Hist. Eccles. cap. 41 (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 1210).--Chron. Sanens.
(Muratori XV. 80).--Wadding. ann. 1328, No. 2-4, 8-11.
[157] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 238-40).
[158] Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 243-349).--Jac. de
Marchia Dial. (Ibid. II. 598).--Chron. Sanens. (Muratori S. R. I. XV.
81).--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1799-1800).--Martene
Thesaur. II. 757-60.--Alvar. Pelag. De Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. 67.
The career of Cardinal Bertrand de la Tour illustrates the pliability of
conscience requisite to those who served John XXII. He was a Franciscan
of high standing. As Provincial of Aquitaine he had persecuted the
Spirituals. Elevated to the cardinalate, when John called for opinions
on the question of the poverty of Christ he had argued in the
affirmative. In conjunction with Vitale du Four, Cardinal of Albano, he
had secretly drawn up the declaration of the Chapter of Perugia which so
angered the pope, but when the latter made up his mind that Christ had
owned property, the cardinal promptly changed his convictions, and was
now engaged in persecuting those who adhered to the belief which he had
prescribed for them.--Tocco, Un Codice della Marciana, pp. 40, 43, 45.
[159] Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 187).--Villani,
Lib. x. c. 126, 144.
[160] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u K. 1885, pp. 159-64; 1886, pp.
653-69).--Archivio Storico Italiano, 1 Ott. 1865, pp. 10-21.--Ripoll II.
180.--Wadding. ann. 1326, No. 9; 1327, No. 3-4; 1331, No. 4; 1332, No.
5.
[161] Villani, Lib. x. c. 131, 142, 160.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann.
1330.--Wadding. ann. 1330, No. 9.--Martene Thesaur. II. 736-70;
806-15.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1330 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V.
194-8).
[162] Archives de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.).
[163] Doat, XXVII. 202-3, 229; XXXV. 87.
[164] Martene Thesaur. II. 826-8.--Carl Müller, op. cit. I.
239.--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1798, 1800, 1844-5,
1871).--Andreas Ratisponens. Chron. ann. 1336 (Ibid. I.
2103-4).--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 42-5.--Denifle,
Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 624.
[165] Martene Thesaur. II. 800-6.--Raynald. ann. 1336, No.
31-5.--Vitoduran. Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1842-5, 1910).--Preger,
Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, p. 33.--Hartzheim IV. 323-32.--H. Mutii
Germ. Chron. ann. 1338 (Pistorii Germ. Scriptt. II. 878-81).
[166] Vitoduran Chron. (Eccard. I. 1844).--Sächsische Weltchronik,
dritte bairisch Fortsetzung No. 9 (Pertz II. 346).--Baluz. et Mansi III.
349-55.--Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 513-27.--Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Bal.
et Mansi II. 600).--Preger, op. cit. pp. 35-6.--Carl Müller, op. cit. I.
370-2.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1342, 1347.
[167] Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, p. 362.--Henr.
Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1346-7 (Freher et Struv. I. 626-8).
[168] Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1347 (Freher et Struv. I.
628).--Matthiæ Neuburg. (Albert. Argentinens.) Chron. ann. 1348
(Urstisii II. 142-3).--Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 56-60.
[169] Wadding. ann. 1330, No. 14-15.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles.
Lib. II. art. 51 (fol. 169 _a_).--Lib. Conformitatum Lib. I. Fruct. ix.
p. ii.--Revel. S. Brigittæ Lib. VII. c. 8.
[170] Wadding. ann. 1335, No. 10-11; ann. 1336, No. 1; ann. 1337, No. 1;
ann. 1339. No. 1.--Raynald. ann. 1335, No. 63; ann. 1336, No. 63, 64,
66-7; ann. 1337, No. 30; ann. 1375, No, 64.--Comba, La Riforma in
Italia, I. 328.--Vit. Prima Benedicti XII. ann. 1337 (Muratori S. R. I.
III. II. 531).
[171] D'Argentré I. I. 345.--Eymeric. p. 486.
[172] Werunsky Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. PP. VI. pp. 23-4.--Raynald.
ann. 1346, No. 70.--Comba, La Riforma, I. 326-7, 387.--Lami, Antichità
Toscane, pp. 528, 595.
[173] Comba, La Riforma, I. 568-71.
[174] Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. I.--Comba, La
Riforma, I. 321-4.
[175] Martini Append. ad Mosheim de Beghardis p. 505.
[176] Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 595 sqq.).
[177] Raynald. ann. 1344, No. 8; 1357, No. 12; 1374, No. 14.--Jac. de
Marchia Dial. (l. c. 599, 608-9).
It may surprise a modern infallibilist to learn that so thoroughly
orthodox and learned an inquisitor as the blessed Giacomo della Marca
admits that there have been heretic popes--popes who persisted and died
in their heresy. He comforts himself, however, with the reflection that
they have always been succeeded by Catholic pontiffs (l. c. p. 599).
[178] Werunsky, Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. VI. et Innoc. VI. p.
91.--Raynald. ann. 1354, No. 31; ann. 1368, No. 16.--Wadding. ann. 1354,
No. 6-7; 1368, No. 4-6.--Comba, La Riforma, I. 327. 329-37.--Cantù,
Erctici d' Italia, I. 133-4.--Eymeric. p. 328.
[179] Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. 1.--Raynald. ann.
1368, No. 16; ann. 1372, No. 36.--Wadding. ann. 1374, No. 19-23.--Pet.
Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. II. fol. 154 _a_.
Perugia at this period was a centre of religious excitement. A certain
Piero Garigh, who seems to have been in some way connected with the
Fraticelli, gave himself out as the Son of God, and dignified his
disciples with the names of apostles. In the brief allusion which we
have to him he is said to have obtained ten of these and to be in search
of an eleventh. His fate is not recorded.--Processus contra Valdenses
(Archivio Storico Italiano, 1865, No. 39, p. 50).
[180] Raynald. ann. 1344, No. 8; ann. 1346, No. 70; ann. 1354, No. 31;
ann. 1375, No. 27.
[181] Raynald. ann. 1336, No. 64; ann. 1351, No. 31; ann. 1368, No.
16-7.--Archives de l'Inq. de Carcass. (Doat, XXXV. 130).--Mosheims
Ketzergeschichte I. 387.--Henr. Rebdorff Annal. ann. 1353 (Freher et
Struv. I. 632).--Eymeric. p. 358.--D'Argentré, I. I. 383-6.
[182] Ripoll II. 245.--Eymeric. pp. 266-7.--Raynald. ann. 1373, No. 19;
ann. 1426, No. 18.--Wadding. ann. 1371. No. 26-30.
[183] Garibay, Comp. Historial de España, Lib. XVI. c. 31.--La Puente,
Epit. de la Cronica de Juan II., Lib. IV. c. i.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos
Españoles, I. 546-7.--Mariana, Lib. XXI. c. 18.--Rodrigo, Inquisicion,
II. 11-12.--Paramo, p. 131.
[184] Wadding. ann. 1383, No. 2.--Gobelinæ Personæ Cosmodrom. Æt. v. c.
84 (Meibom. Rer. German. I. 317).
[185] Baluz. et Mansi IV. 566 sqq. In 1606 Paul V. allowed the Jesuats
to take orders.
[186] Wadding, ann. 1350, No. 15; ann. 1354, No. 1, 2; ann. 1362, No.
4.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1352, 1354, 1355.
[187] Wadding. ann. 1368, No. 10-13.
[188] Wadding. ann. 1375, No. 44; ann. 1390, No. 1-10; ann. 1403, No. 1;
ann. 1405, No. 3; ann. 1415, No. 6-7; ann. 1431, No. 8; ann. 1434, No.
7; ann. 1435, No. 12-13; ann. 1453, No. 18-26; ann. 1454, No. 22-3; ann.
1455, No. 43-7; ann. 1456, No. 129; ann. 1498, No. 7-8; ann. 1499, No.
18-20.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1426, 1430, 1501, 1517.--Theiner
Monument. Hiberu. et Scotor. No. 801, p. 425, No. 844, p. 460.--Æn.
Sylvii Opp. inedd. (Atti della Accademia del Lincei, 1883, p.
546).--Chron. Anon. (Analecta Franciscana I. 291-2).
The bitterness of the strife between the two branches of the Order is
illustrated by the fact that the Franciscan Church of Palma, in Majorca,
when struck by lightning and partially ruined in 1480, remained on this
account unrepaired for nearly a hundred years, until the Observantines
got the better of their rivals and obtained possession of it.--Dameto,
Pro y Bover, Hist. de Mallorca, II. 1064-5 (Palma, 1841). It is related
that when Sixtus IV., who had been a Conventual, proposed in 1477 to
subject the Observantines to their rivals, the blessed Giacomo della
Marca threatened him with an evil death, and he desisted.--(Chron.
Glassberger ann. 1477).
The exceeding laxity prevailing among the Conventuals is indicated by
letters granted in 1421 by the Franciscan general, Antonius de Perreto,
to Friar Liebhardt Forschammer, permitting him to deposit with a
faithful friend all alms given to him, and to expend them on his own
wants or for the benefit of the Order, at his discretion; he was also
required to confess only four times a year.--(Chron. Glassberger ann.
1416). The General Chapter held at Forli in 1421 was obliged to prohibit
the brethren from trading and lending money on usury, under pain of
imprisonment and confiscation.--(Ib. ann. 1421). From the Chapter of
Ueberlingen, held in 1426, we learn that there was a custom by which,
for a sum of money paid down, Franciscan convents would enter into
obligations to pay definite stipends to individual friars.--(Ib. ann.
1426). In fact, the efforts of reform at this period, stimulated by the
rivalry of the Observantines, reveal how utterly oblivious the Order had
become of all the prescriptions of the Rule.
[189] Raynald. ann. 1418, No. 11; ann. 1421, No. 4; ann. 1424, No.
7.--Jo. de Ragusio de Init. Basil. Concil. (Mon. Conc. Gen. Sæc. XV. T.
I. pp. 30-1, 40, 55).--Ripoll II. 645.
[190] Wadding. ann. 1426, No. 1-4.--Raynald. ann. 1428, No. 7.--Jac. de
Marchia Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 597, 609).
[191] Wadding. ann. 1426, No. 15-16; Regest. Mart. V. No. 162; ann.
1432, No. 8-9; ann. 1441, No. 37-8; ann. 1447, No. 10; ann. 1456, No.
108; ann. 1476, No. 24-5.--Raynald. ann. 1432, No. 24.--Jac. de Marchia
Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 610).
[192] Jac. de Marchia l. c.
[193] Steph. Infessuræ Diar. Urb. Rom. ann. 1467 (Eccard. Corp. Hist.
II. 1893).--Platinæ Vit. Pauli II. (Ed. 1574, p. 308).--Rod. Santii
Hist. Hispan. P. III. c. 40 (R. Beli Rer. Hisp. Scriptt. I.
433).--Wadding. ann. 1371, No. 14.--Ripoll IV. 22.
[194] Barbarano de' Mironi. Hist. di Vicenza. II. 164-5.--Poggii
Bracciol. Dial. contra Hypocrisim.
[195] Wadding. ann. 1481, No. 9; ann. 1487, No. 3-5; ann. 1495, No.
12.--Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary, s.v. Recollects.
[196] Concil. Lateran. ann. 1102 (Harduin. VI. II. 1861-2).--Epist.
Sigebert. (Mart. Ampl. Coll. I. 587-94).--Chron. Cassinens. IV. 42, 44.
(Cf. Martene Ampl. Coll. I. 627.)--Hartzheim III. 258-65.--Martene Ampl.
Coll. I. 659.
[197] Schumacher, Die Stedinger, Bremen, 1865, pp. 26-8.--Adam. Bremens.
Gest. Pontif. Hammaburg. c. 203.--Chron. Erfordiens. ann. 1230 (Schannat
Vindem. Litt. I. 93).--Chron. Rustedens. (Meibom. Rer. Germ. II.
101).--Albert. Stadens. Chron. ann. 1207 (Schilt. S. R. Germ. I.
299).--Joan. Otton. Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1207 (Menken. S. R.
Germ. II. 791).
[198] Albert. Stadens. Chron. ann. 1208-17, 1230.--Joan. Otton. Cat.
Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1211-20.--Anon. Saxon. Hist. Impp. ann. 1229
(Menken. III. 125).--Chron. Rustedens. (Meibom. II. 101).
There is considerable confusion among the authorities with regard to
these events. I have followed the careful investigations of Schumacher,
op. cit. pp. 219-23.
[199] Emonis Chron. ann. 1227, 1230 (Matthæi Analecta III. 128,
132).--Schumacher, p. 81.
[200] Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. T. IV. p. 497.--Albert. Stadens. Chron.
ann. 1232, 1234.--Raynald. ann. 1232, No. 8.--Hartzheim III. 553.--Joan.
Ottonis Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1234.--Anon. Saxon. Hist.
Imperator. ann. 1229.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1233.--Epistt.
Select. Sæcul. XIII. T. I. No. 539 (Pertz).
[201] Emonis Chron. ann. 1234 (Matthæi Analecta III. 139
sqq.).--Potthast No. 9399, 9400.--Epistt. Select. Sæcul. XIII. T. I. No.
572.--Meyeri Annal. Flandr. Lib. VIII. ann. 1233.--Chron. Cornel.
Zantfliet ann. 1234.--Schumacher, pp. 116-17.--Chron. Erfordiens. ann.
1232.--Sächsische Weltchronik No. 376-8.--H. Wolteri Chron. Bremens.
(Meibom. Rer. Germ. II. 58-9).--Chron. Rastedens. (Ib. II. 101).--Joan
Otton. Cat. Archiepp. Bremens. ann. 1234.--Albert. Stadens. ann.
1234.--Anon. Saxon. Hist. Imperator. ann. 1229.
[202] Potthast No. 9777.--Hartzheim III. 554.
As the contemporary Abbot Emo of Wittewerum says, in describing the
affair--"principalior causa fuit inobedientia, quæ scelere idololatriæ
non est inferior" (Matthæi Analect. III. 142).
[203] Epistt. Selectt. Sæc. XIII. T. I. No. 720, 801.--Berger, Registres
d'Innocent IV. No. 4181, 4265, 4269.--Ripoll I. 219, 225.--Vaissette,
IV. 46.
[204] Th. Aquinat. Sec. Sec. Q. 11, No. 2-3.--C. 1, Extrav. Commun. I.
8.--Zanchini Tract, de Hæret. c. ii., xxxvii.
It was probably as a derivative from the sanctity of the power of the
Holy See that the Inquisition was given jurisdiction over the forgers
and falsifiers of papal bulls--gentry whose industry we have seen to be
one of the inevitable consequences of the autocracy of Rome. Letters
under which Frà Grimaldo da Prato, Inquisitor of Tuscany in 1297, was
directed to act in certain cases of the kind are printed by Amati in the
Archivio Storico Italiano, No. 38, p. 6.
[205] Th. Cantimpratens. Bonum universale, Lib. II. c. 2.--Matt. Paris
ann. 1255 (p. 614).--Ripoll I. 326.--Raynald. ann. 1264, No. 14.--Arch,
de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXXII. 27).
Clement IV. (Gui Foucoix) was regarded as one of the best lawyers of his
day, but in the severity of his application of the law against Manfred
he was not unanimously supported by the cardinals. On February 20 he
writes to the Cardinal of S. Martino, his legate in the Mark of Ancona,
for his opinion on the question. Manfred and Uberto Pallavicino had both
been cited to appear on trial for heresy. Manfred had sent procurators
to offer purgation, but Uberto had disregarded the summons and was a
contumacious heretic. To the condemnation of the latter there was
therefore no opposition, but some cardinals thought that Manfred's
excuse was reasonable in view of the enemy at his gates, even though he
could easily avert attack by surrender.--Clement PP. IV. Epist. 232
(Martene Thesaur. II. 279).
[206] C. 1, Sexto v. 3.--C. 1, Extrav. Commun. v. 4.
[207] Barbarano de' Mironi, Hist. Eccles. di Vicenza II. 153-4.--Regest.
Clement. PP. V. T. III. pp. 354 sqq.; T. IV. pp. 426 sqq., pp. 459 sqq.;
T. V. p. 412. (Ed. Benedictin., Romæ, 1886-7).--Chron. Estense ann.
1309-17 (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 364-82).--Ferreti Vincentini Hist. Lib.
III. (Ib. IX. 1037-47).--Cronica di Bologna, ann. 1309-10 (Ib. XVIII.
320-1).--Campi, Dell' Histor. Eccles. di Ferrara, P. III. p. 40.
Even the pious and temperate Muratori cannot restrain himself from
describing Clement's bull against the Venetians as "_la piu terribile ed
ingiusta Bolla che si sia mai udita_" (Annal. ann. 1309). We have seen
in the case of Florence what control such measures enabled the papacy to
exercise over the commercial republics of Italy. The confiscation
threatened in the sentence of excommunication was no idle menace. When,
in 1281, Martin IV. quarrelled with the city of Forli and excommunicated
it he ordered, under pain of excommunication not removable even on the
death-bed, all who owed money to the citizens to declare the debts to
his representatives and pay them over, and he thus collected many
thousand lire of his enemies' substance.--Chron. Parmens. ann. 1281
(Muratori S. R. I. IX. 797)
[208] Preger, Die Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII., München, 1885, pp.
6-10, 21.--Petrarchi Lib. sine Titulo Epist. xviii.--Raynald. ann. 1317,
No. 27; ann. 1320, No. 10-14; ann. 1322, No. 6-8, 11.--Bernard. Corio,
Hist. Milanese, ann. 1318, 1320, 1321-22.
A bull of John XXII., Jan. 28, 1322, ordering the sale of indulgences to
aid the crusade of Cardinal Bertrand, recites the heresy of Visconti and
his refusal to obey the summons for his trial as the reason for
assailing him.--Regest. Clem. PP. V., Romæ, 1885. T. I. Prolegom. p.
cxcviii.
[209] Sarpi, Discorso, p. 25 (Ed. Helmstadt).--Albizio, Risposto al P.
Paolo Sarpi, p. 75.--Continuat. Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1317.--Bern. Corio,
ann. 1322.--Regest. Joann. PP. XXII. No. 89, 93, 94, 95 (Harduin. VII.
1432).
[210] Ughelli, Italia Sacra, IV. 286-93 (Ed. 1652).
[211] Raynald. ann. 1324, No. 7-12.--Martene Thesaur. II. 754-6.
[212] Martene Thesaur. II. 743-5.--Wadding. ann. 1324, No. 28; ann.
1326, No. 8; ann. 1327, No. 2.--Ripoll II. 172; VII. 60.--Regest.
Clement. PP. V., Romæ, 1885, T. I. Proleg. p. ccxiii.--Theiner Monument.
Hibern. et Scotor. No. 462, p. 234.--C. 4. Septimo v. 3.--Mag. Bull.
Rom. I. 204.--Baluz. et Mansi III. 227.--Ughelli IV. 294-5,
314.--Raynald. ann. 1362, No. 13; ann. 1363, No. 2, 4; ann. 1372, No. 1;
ann. 1373, No. 10, 12.
In spite of the decision of Benedict, Matteo and his sons, Galeazzo,
Marco, and Stefano, were still unburied in 1353, when the remaining
brother, Giovanni, made another effort to secure Christian sepulture for
them.--Raynald. ann. 1353, No. 28.
[213] Raynald. ann. 1348, No. 13-14; ann. 1350, No. 5.--Muratori Antiq.
VII. 884, 928-32.
[214] Werunsky Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. VI. et Innoc. VI. pp. 37, 74,
87, 101.--Wadding. ann. 1356, No. 7, 20,--Raynald. ann. 1356, No. 33.
This abuse of spiritual power for purposes of territorial aggrandizement
did not escape the trenchant satire of Erasmus. He describes "the
terrible thunderbolt which by a nod will send the souls of mortals to
the deepest hell, and which the vicars of Christ discharge with special
wrath on those who, instigated by the devil, seek to nibble at the
Patrimony of Peter. It is thus they call the cities and territories and
revenues for which they fight with fire and sword, spilling much
Christian blood, and they believe themselves to be defending like
apostles the spouse of Christ, the Church, by driving away those whom
they stigmatize as her enemies, as if she could have any worse enemies
than impious pontiffs."--Encom. Moriæ. Ed. Lipsiens. 1829, II. 379.
That the character of these papal wars had not been softened since the
horrors described above at Ferrara, is seen in the massacre of Cesena,
in 1376, when the papal legate, Robert, Cardinal of Geneva, ordered all
the inhabitants put to the sword, without distinction of age or sex,
after they had admitted him and his bandits into the city under his
solemn oath that no injury should be inflicted on them. The number of
the slain was estimated at five thousand.--Poggii Hist. Florentin. Lib.
II. ann. 1376.
[215] MSS. Chioccarello T. VIII.--Wadding. ann. 1409, No. 12.--Ripoll
II. 510, 522, 566.
[216] H. Haupt, Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, 1883, pp. 323
sqq.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 2089.
[217] Monstrelet, II. 53, 127.--Martene Ampl. Coll. VIII. 92.--Altmeyer,
Précur seurs de la Réforme aux Pays-Bas, I. 237.
[218] Burlamacchi, Vita di Savonarola (Baluz. et Mansi I.
533-542).--Luca Landucci., Diario Florentine, Firenze, 1883, p.
30.--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi II. 2000).
Villari shows (La Storia di Gir. Savonarola, Firenze, 1887, I. pp.
viii.-xi.) that the life which passes under the name of Burlamacchi is a
_rifacimento_ of an unprinted Latin biography by a disciple of
Savonarola. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Signore
Villari, for his kindly courtesy in furnishing me with the second volume
of the new edition of his classical work in advance of publication. My
obligations to it will be seen in the numerous references made to it
below.
[219] Processo Autentico (Baluz. et Mansi IV. 529, 551).--Burlamacchi
(Baluz. et Mansi I. 534-5, 541-2).--Villari, op. cit. Lib. I. c. 5, 9.
[220] Landucci, op. cit. pp. 72, 88, 94, 103, 108, 109, 123-8,
154.--Mémoires de Commines Liv. VIII. c. 19.--Marsilii Ficini opp. Ed.
1561, I. 963.--Nardi, Historie Florentine, Lib. II. (Ed. 1574, pp. 58,
60).--Perrens, Jérome Savonarole, p. 342.--Burlamacchi (loc. cit. pp.
544-6, 552-3, 556-7).
[221] Landucci, p. 163.--Burlamacchi, pp. 558-9.--Nardi, Lib. II. pp.
56-7.
[222] Villari, Lib. II. cap. iv. v.; T. II. App. p. ccxx.--Landucci, pp.
92-4, 112--Processo Autentico (Baluze et Mansi IV. 531, 554, 558).
[223] Landucci, pp. 110, 112, 122.--Villari, I. 473.--Mémoires de
Commines, Liv. VII. ch. 19.--Processo Autentico (loc. cit. pp. 524,
541).--Perrens, p. 342.
[224] Guicciardini Lib. III. c. 6.--Burlamacchi, p. 551.--Villari, T. I.
pp. civ.--cvii.--Landucci, p. 106.
[225] Villari, I. 402-7.--Landucci, p. 120.--Diar. Johann. Burchardi
(Eccard, Corp. Hist. II. 2151-9).
[226] Villari, I. 417, 441-5.--Landucci, pp. 125-9.--Perrens, p. 361.
[227] Villari, I. 489, 492-4, 496, 499, cxlii.; II. 4-6.
[228] Processo Autentico, pp. 533-4.--Perrens, pp. 189-90.--Landucci,
pp. 144-6.
[229] Landucci, p. 148.--Villari, II. 18-25.
[230] Villari, II. 25-8, 35-6, 79; App. xxxix.--Processo Autentico, p.
535.--Landucci, pp. 152-3, 157.
[231] Landucci, pp. 161-2.--Machiavelli, Frammenti istorici (Opere Ed.
1782, II. 58).
[232] Landucci, p. 164.--Perrens, p. 231.--Villari, II. App. lxvi.
[233] Perrens, pp. 232-5, 365-72. Cf. Villari, II. 115.
The obnoxious appeal to God had really been made by Savonarola in his
sermon of February 11 (Villari, II. 88).
[234] Perrens, pp. 237, 238.--Landucci, pp. 164-66.
[235] Landucci, p. 166.--Villari, II. App. pp. lviii.-lxii.
[236] Villari, II. 129, 132-5; App. pp. lxviii.-lxxi., clxxi.--Baluz. et
Mansi I. 584-5.--Perrens. pp. 373-5.--Burlamacchi, p. 551.--In his
confession of May 21, Savonarola stated that the idea of the council had
only suggested itself to him three months previously (Villari, II. App.
cxcii.).
[237] Landucci, p. 113.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1482.--Raynald. ann.
1492, No. 25.--Pulgar, Cronica de los Reyes Catolicos, II. civ.--Comba,
La Riforma in Italia, I. 491.--Nardi, Lib. II. (p. 79).
The contemporary Glassberger says of Andreas of Krain's attempt, "Nisi
enim auctoritas imperatoris intervenisset maximum in ecclesia schisma
subortum fuisset. Omnes enim æmuli domini papæ ad domini imperatoris
consensum respiciebant pro concilio celebrando." A year's imprisonment
in chains exhausted the resolution of Andreas, who executed a solemn
recantation of his invectives against the Holy See, This was sent with a
petition for pardon to Sixtus IV., who granted it, but before the return
of the messengers the unhappy reformer hanged himself in his cell (ubi
sup. ann. 1483).
[238] Burlamacchi, p. 559.--Landucci, pp. 166-7.--Processo Autentico,
pp. 535-7.--Villari, II. App. lxxi. sqq.
[239] Landucci, pp. 167-8.--Processo Autentico, pp. 536-8.--Villari, II.
App. xci.-xciii.
[240] Perrens, pp. 379-81.--Burlamacchi, pp. 560, 562.--Landucci, p.
168.--Processo Autentico, pp. 540-1.
[241] Landucci, pp. 168-9.--Processo Autentico, p. 542.--Burlamacchi, p.
563.--Villari, II. App. pp. lxxv.-lxxx., lxxxiii.-xc.--Guicciardini,
Lib. III. c. 6.
The good Florentines did not fail to point out that the sudden death of
Charles VIII., on this same April 7, was a visitation upon him for
having abandoned Savonarola and the republic.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 80.
[242] Landucci, p. 170.--Processo Autentico, pp. 534, 543.--Burlamacchi,
p. 564.
[243] Landucci, p. 171.--Processo Autentico, pp. 544, 549.--Burlamacchi,
p. 564.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 78.--Villari, II. 173-77; App. pp. xciv.,
ccxxv., ccxxxiii.
[244] Landucci, pp. 171-2.--Villari, II. 178; App. p. clxv.--Processo
Autentico, pp. 550-1.
Violi (Villari, II. App. cxvi.-vii.) says that the torture was
repeatedly applied--on one evening no less than fourteen times from the
pulley to the floor, and that his arms were so injured that he was
unable to feed himself; but this must be exaggerated in view of the
pious treatises which he wrote while in prison. Burlamacchi says that he
was tortured repeatedly both with cord and fire (pp. 566, 568).
Burchard, the papal prothonotary, states that he was tortured seven
times, and Burchard was likely to know and not likely to exaggerate
(Burch. Diar. _ap._ Preuves des Mémoires de Commines, Bruxelles, 1706,
p. 424). The expression of Commines, who was well-informed, is "_le
gesnèrent à merveilles_" (Mémoires, Lib. VIII. ch. 19). But the most
emphatic evidence is that of the Signoria, who, in answer to the
reproaches of Alexander at their tardiness, declare that they had to do
with a man of great endurance; they had assiduously tortured him for
many days with slender results, which they would suppress until they
could force him to reveal all his secrets--"multa et assidua quæstione,
multis diebus, per vim vix pauca extorsimus, quæ nunc celare animus erat
donec omnia nobis paterent sui animi involucra" (Villari, II. 197).
[245] Landucci, p. 172.--Processo Autentico, p. 550.--Perrens, pp.
267-8.--Burlamacchi, pp. 566-7.--Villari, II. 188, 193; App.
cxviii.-xxi.
It is part of the Savonarola legend that Savonarola threatened Ser
Ceccone with death within a year if he did not remove certain
interpolations from the confession, and that the prediction was
verified, Ceccone dying within the time, unhouselled, and refusing in
despair the consolations of religion (Burlamacchi, p. 575.--Violi _ap._
Villari, II. App. cxxvii.).
Ceccone performed the same office for the confession of Frà Domenico
(Villari, II. App. Doc. XXVII.).
[246] Processo Autentico, pp. 551-64, 567.--Villari, II. App. cxlvii.
sqq.
Violi states that the confession as interpolated by Ceccone was printed
and circulated by the Signoria as a justification of their action, but
that it proved so unsatisfactory to the public that in a few days all
copies were ordered by proclamation to be surrendered (Villari, II. App.
p. cxiv.).
[247] Landucci, p. 173.--Burlamacchi, p. 567.
[248] This confession was never made public. Villari, who discovered the
MS., has printed it, App. p. clxxv.
[249] Landucci, p. 174.--Processo Autentico, p. 563.--Villari, II. 210,
217.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 79.
[250] Landucci, p. 174.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 79.--Wadding. ann. 1496, No.
7.--Perrens, p. 399.--Processo Autentico, p. 522.--Burlamacchi, p.
568.--Brev. Hist. Ord. Prædicat, (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 393).
[251] Landucci, p. 176.--Nardi, Lib. II. pp. 80-1.--Burlamacchi, p.
568.--Violi (Villari, II. App. cxxv.).--Villari, II. 206-8, 229-33; App.
clxxxiv., cxciv., cxcvii.
There was one peculiarity in this examination before Romolino which I
have not seen recorded elsewhere. During the interrogatory of May 21
Savonarola was subjected to fresh torture as a preliminary to asking his
confirmation of the statements just made under repeated tortures
(Villari, II. App. cxcvi.).
[252] Landucci, pp. 176-7.--Processo Autentico, p. 546.--Villari, II.
239; App. cxcviii.--Cantù, Eretici d'ltalia, I. 229.--Burlamacchi, pp.
569-70.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 82.
[253] Landucci, p. 178.--Perrens, p. 281.--Processo Autentico, p.
547.--Nardi, Lib. II. p. 82.--Villari, II. 251.
Burlamacchi's relation (pp. 570-1) of the manner in which an arm, a
hand, and the heart of Savonarola were preserved for the veneration of
the faithful, has the evident appearance of a legend to justify the
authenticity of the relics.
[254] Nardi, Lib. II. pp. 82-3.--Landucci, pp. 190-1.
[255] Wadding. ann. 1498, No. 23.--Landucci, p. 178.--Perrens, pp.
296-7.--Processo Autentico, pp. 524, 528.--Cantù, Eretici d'Italia, I.
234-5.--Benedicti PP. XIV. De Servorum Dei Beatificatione, Lib. III. c.
xxv. §§ 17-20.--Brev. Hist. Ord. Prædic. (Martene, Ampl. Coll. VI.
394).--Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 368.
A goodly catalogue of miracles performed by Savonarola's intercession
will be found piously chronicled by Burlamacchi and Bottonio (Baluz. et
Mansi I. pp. 571-83).
[256] Ripoll II. 566.--Wadding. ann. 1409, No. 12.--Tamburini, Storia
Gen. dell' Inquis. II. 437-9.
[257] Jac. de Vitriaco Hist. Hierosol. cap. 65 (Bongars, II.
1083-4).--Rolewinck Fascic. Tempor. (Pistorii R. Germ. Scriptt. II.
546).--Regula Pauperum Commilitonum Templi c. 72 (Harduin. VI. _ii._
1146).--Règle et Statuts secrets des Templiers, §§ 125, 128 (Maillard de
Chambure, Paris, 1840, pp. 455, 488-90, 494-5).
Since this chapter was written the Société de l'Histoire de France has
issued a more correct and complete edition of the Rule and Statutes of
the Templars, under the care of M. Henri de Curzon.
[258] Jac. de Vitriaco loc. cit.--Roberti de Monte Contin. Sigeb. Gembl.
(Pistorii, op. cit. I. 875).--Zurita, Añales de Aragon, Lib. I. c.
52-3.--Art de Vérifier les Dates V. 337.--Teulet, Layettes, I. 550, No.
1547.--Grandes Chroniques, IV. 86.--Gualt. Mapes de Nugis Curialium
Dist. I. c. xxiii.--Hans Prutz, Malteser Urkunden, München, 1883, p. 43.
A curious illustration of the prominence which the Templars were
acquiring in the social organization is afforded in 1191, when they were
made conservators of the Truce of God, by which the nobles and prelates
of Languedoc and Provence agreed that beasts and implements and seed
employed in agriculture should be unmolested in time of war. For
enforcing this the Templars were to receive a bushel of corn for every
plough.--Prutz, op. cit. pp. 44-5.
[259] Rymer, Foedera, I. 30.--Can. 10, 11, Extra. III. 30.--Prutz, op.
cit. pp. 38, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56-61, 64, 76, 78-9.
[260] Prutz, op. cit. pp. 38-41, 43, 45, 47-8, 57, 64-9, 75-80.--J.
Delaville le Roulx, Documents concernant les Templiers Paris, 1882, p.
39.--Bini, Dei Tempieri in Toscana, Lucca, 1845, pp. 453-55.--Raynald.
ann. 1265, No. 75-6.--Martene Thesaur. II. 111, 118.
The systematic beggary of the Templars must have been peculiarly
exasperating both to the secular clergy and the Mendicants. Monsignor
Bini prints a document of 1244 in which the Preceptor of Lucca gives to
Albertino di Pontremoli a commission to beg for the Order. Albertino
employs a certain Aliotto to do the begging from June till the following
Carnival, and pays him by empowering him to beg on his own account from
the Carnival to the octave of Easter (op. cit. pp. 401-2, 439-40). For
the disgraceful squabbles which arose between the secular clergy and the
Military Orders over this privileged beggary, see Faucon, Registres de
Boniface VIII. No. 1950, p. 746.
[261] Guillel. Tyrii Hist. Lib. XVII. c. 27; XX. 31-2.--Gualt. Mapes de
Nugis Curialium Dist. I. c. XX.--Innoc. PP. III. Regest. X. 121. Cf. XV.
131.--Règle et Statuts secrets, § 173, p. 389.--Michelet, Procès des
Templiers, I. 39; II. 9, 83, 140, 186-7, 406-7 (Collection de Documents
inédits, Paris, 1841-51).
When, in 1307, the Templars at Beaucaire were seized, out of sixty
arrested, five were knights, one a priest, and fifty-four were serving
brethren; in June, 1310, out of thirty-three prisoners in the Château
d'Alais, there were four knights and one priest, with twenty-eight
serving brethren (Vaissette, IV. 141). In the trials which have reached
us the proportion of knights is even less. The serving brethren
occasionally reached the dignity of preceptor; but how little this
implies is shown by the examination, in June, 1310, of Giovanni di
Neritone, Preceptor of Castello Villari, a serving brother, who speaks
of himself as "_simplex et rusticus_" (Schottmüller, Der Ausgang des
Templer-Ordens, Berlin, 1887, II. 125, 130).
The pride of birth in the Order is illustrated by the rule that none
could be admitted as knights except those of knightly descent. In the
Statutes a case is cited of a knight who was received as such; those who
were of his country declared that he was not the son of a knight. He was
sent for from Antioch to a chapter where this was found to be true, when
the white mantle was removed and a brown one put on him. His receptor
was then in Europe, and when he returned to Syria he was called to
account. He justified himself by his having acted under the orders of
his commander of Poitou. This was found to be true; otherwise, and but
that he was a good knight (_proudons_), he would have lost the habit
(Règle, § 125, pp. 462-3).
[262] Matt. Paris. ann. 1228, 1243 (Ed. 1644, p. 240, 420).--Mansuet le
Jeune, Hist. des Templiers, Paris, 1789, I. 340-1.--Prutz, op. cit. pp.
60-1.--Mag. Chron. Belgic. ann. 1274.--Faucon, Registres de Boniface
VIII. No. 1691-2, 1697.--Marin. Sunuti Secret. Fidel. Lib. III. P. ix.
c. 1, 2 (Bongars, II. 188-9).
The Hospital was open to the same reproaches as the Temple. In 1238
Gregory IX. vigorously assailed the Knights of St. John for their abuse
of the privileges bestowed on them--their unchastity and the betrayal of
the cause of God in Palestine. He even asserts that there are not a few
heretics among them.--Raynald. ann. 1238, No. 31-2.
A sirvente by a Templar, evidently written soon after the fall of Acre,
alludes bitterly to the sacrifice made of the Holy Land in favor of the
ambition and cupidity of the Holy See--
"Lo papa fa de perdon gran largueza
Contr' Alamans ab Arles e Frances;
E sai mest nos mostram gran cobeeza,
Quar nostras crotz van per crotz de tornes;
E qui vol camjar Romania
Per la guerra de Lombardia?
Nostres legatz, don yeu vos dic per ver
Qu'els vendon Dieu el perdon per aver."--
Meyer, _Recueil d'anciens Textes_, p. 96.
It is also to be borne in mind that indulgences were vulgarized in many
other ways. When St. Francis announced to Honorius III. that Christ had
sent him to obtain plenary pardons for those who should visit the Church
of S. Maria di Porziuncola, the cardinals at once objected that this
would nullify the indulgences for the Holy Land, and Honorius thereupon
limited the Portiuncula indulgence to the twenty-four hours commencing
with the vespers of August 1.--Amoni, Legenda S. Francisci, Append, c.
xxxiii.
[263] Mansuet, op. cit. II. 101, 133.--De Excidio Urbis Acconis (Martene
Ampl. Coll. V. 757).--Raynald. ann. 1291, No. 30, 31.--Archives Nat. de
France, J. 431, No. 40.--Chron. Salisburg. ann. 1291 (Canisii et Basnage
III. II. 489).--Annal. Eberhard. Altahens. (Ib. IV. 229).--De
Recuperatione Terræ Sanctæ (Bongars, II. 320-1).
[264] Raynald. ann. 1306, No. 3-5, 12.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. (Ed.
Benedict. T. I. pp. 40-46; T. II. p. 55, 58, Romæ, 1885-6).--Mansuet,
op. cit. II. 132.--Raynouard, Monuments historiques relatifs à la
Condamnation des Chevaliers du Temple, Paris, 1813, pp. 17, 46.
The summons to the Grand Master of the Hospital is dated June 6, 1306,
(Regest. Clem. PP. V. T. I. p. 190). That to de Molay was probably
issued at the same time. From some briefs of Clement, June 13, 1306, in
favor of Humbert Blanc, Preceptor of Auvergne, it would seem that the
latter was engaged in some crusading enterprise (Ibid. pp. 191-2),
probably in connection with the attempt of Charles of Valois. When
Hugues de Peraud, however, and other chiefs of the Order were about to
sail, in November, Clement retained them (Ib. T. II. p. 5).
It has rather been the fashion with historians to assume that de Molay
transferred the headquarters of the Order from Cyprus to Paris. Yet when
the papal orders for arrest reached Cyprus, on May 27, 1308, the
marshal, draper, and treasurer surrendered themselves with others,
showing that there had been no thought of removing the active
administration of the Order.--(Dupuy, Traitez concernant l'Histoire de
France, Ed. 1700, pp. 63, 132). Raimbaut de Caron, Preceptor of Cyprus,
apparently had accompanied de Molay, and was arrested with him in the
Temple of Paris (Procès des Templiers, II. 374), but with this exception
all the principal knights seized were only local dignitaries.
I think also that Schottmüller (Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens,
Berlin, 1887, I. 66, 99; II. 38) sufficiently proves the incredibility
of the story of the immense treasure brought to France by de Molay, and
he further points out (I. 98) that the preservation of the archives of
the Order in Malta shows that they could not have been removed to
France.
[265] Perhaps the most detailed and authoritative contemporary account
of the downfall of the Templars is that of Bernard Gui (Flor. Chronic.
ap. Bouquet XXI. 716 sqq.). It is impossible to doubt that had there
been anything savoring of Catharism in the Order he would have scented
it out and alluded to it.
[266] Wilcke, Geschichte des Ordens der Tempelherren, II. Ausgabe, 1860,
II. 51, 103-4, 183.--Chron. Anonyme (Bouquet, XXI. 149).--Villani Cron.
VIII. 92.--Mag. Chron. Belgic. (Pistor. III. 155).--Trithem. Chron.
Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Règle et Statuts secrets, p. 64.--Real-Encyklop.
XV. 305.--Havemann, Geschichte des Ausgangs des Tempelherrenordens,
Stuttgart, 1846, p. 165.--Schottmüller, op. cit. I. 236, 695.
[267] Procès des Templiers, I. 144.--Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12; ann.
1311, No. 53.--Schottmüller, op. cit. I. 465.--Ferreti Vicentini Hist.
(Muratori S. R. I. IX. 1018).--Matt. Paris, ann. 1244 (p. 417).--Dom
Bouquet, XXI. 545.--Chassaing, Spicilegium Brivatense, pp. 212-13.
An illustration of the exaggerations current as to the Templars is seen
in the assertion, confidently made, that in Roussillon and Cerdagne the
Order owned half the land, while an examination of its Cartulary shows
that in reality it possessed but four lordships, together with
fragmentary rights over rents, tithes, or villeins in seventy other
places. A single abbey, that of St. Michel de Cuxa, possessed thirty
lordships and similar rights in two hundred other places, and there were
two other abbeys, Arles, and Cornella de Conflent, each richer than the
Templars.--Allart, Bulletin de la Société Agricole, Scientifique et
Littéraire des Pyrénées Orientales, T. XV. pp. 107-8.
[268] Du Puy, Hist. du Differend, Preuves, pp. 136-7.--Baudouin, Lettres
inédites de Philippe le Bel, p. 163.--Maillard de Chambure, p.
61.--Grandes Chroniques, V. 173.--Raynouard, pp. 14, 21.--Rymer, I.
30.--Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. I. p. 192 (Ed. Benedict. Romæ,
1885).--Prutz, pp. 23, 31, 38, 46, 49, 51-2, 59, 76, 78, 79, 80.--Règle
et Statuts, § 29, p. 226; § 58, pp. 249, 254; § 126, pp. 463-4.--Thomas,
Registres de Boniface VIII. T. L. No. 490.--Baudouin, op. cit. p. 212.
Schottmüller (Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, Berlin, 1887, I. 65)
conjectures that the loan of five hundred thousand livres to Philippe is
probably a popular error arising from the intervention of the Templars
as bankers in the payment of the dowry.
[269] D'Argentré I. I. 280.--Wilcke, op. cit. II. 304-6.
[270] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1306.--Vaissette, IV.
135.--Raynouard, p. 24.
[271] Villani, Cron. VIII. 92.--Amalr. Augerii Vit. Clem. V. (Muratori
S. R. I. III. II. 443-44).--S. Antonini Hist. (D'Argentré I. I.
281).--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1307.--Raynald. ann. 1307, No. 12.
The best-informed contemporaries, Bernard Gui, the Continuation of
Nangis, Jean de S. Victor, the Grandes Chroniques, say nothing about
this story.
[272] Règle et Statuts secrets, §81, p. 314; §124, p. 448.--Wilkins
Concilia II. 338.--Procès des Templiers, I. 186-7, 454; II. 139, 153,
195-6, 223, 440, 445, 471.--S. Damiani Lib. Gomorrhian.--Guillel.
Nangiac. ann. 1120.--Alani de Insulis Lib. de Planctu Naturæ.--Gualt.
Mapes de Nugis Curialium I. xxiv.--Prediche del B. Frà Giordano da
Rivalto, Firenze, 1831, I. 230.--Regest. Clement. PP. V.T. V. p. 259
(Ed. Benedictin. Romæ, 1887).--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II.
Art. ii. fol. lxxxiii.--Mémoires de Jacques Du Clercq, Liv. III. ch. 42;
Liv. IV. ch. 3.--Rogeri Bacon Compend. Studii Philosophiæ cap. ii. (M.R.
Series I. 412).
Unnatural crime was subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the
punishment was burning alive (Très Ancien Cout. de Bretagne, Art. 112,
142 _ap_. Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 227, 232.--Statuta Criminalia
Mediolani e tenebris in lucem edita, cap. 51, Bergomi, 1594). An
instance of the infliction of the penalty by secular justice is recorded
at Bourges in 1445 (Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. Ed. Godefroy,
p. 72), and another at Zurich in 1482 (V. Anshelm, Die Berner Chronik,
Bern, 1884, I. 221), though in 1451 Nicholas V. had subjected the crime
to the Inquisition (Ripoll III. 301). D'Argentré says "Hæc poena toto
regno et vulgo statutis Italiæ indicitur per civitates, sed pene irritis
legibus" (Comment. Consuetud. Duc. Britann. p. 1810). In England it was
a secular crime, punishable by burning alive (Horne, Myrror of Justice,
cap. IV. § 14) and in Spain by castration and lapidation (El Fuero real
de España, Lib. IV. Tit. ix. l. 2).
The gossiping experiences in Syria and Italy of Antonio Sicci da
Vercelli, as related before the papal commission in March, 1311, show
the popular belief that there was a terrible secret in the Order which
none of its members dared reveal (Procès, I. 644-5).
It is perhaps a coincidence that in 1307 the Teutonic Order was likewise
accused of heresy by the Archbishop of Riga. Its Grand Master, Carl
Beffart, was summoned by Clement, and with difficulty averted from his
Order the fate of the Templars.--Wilcke, II. 118.
[273] Procès des Templiers, I. 36, 168.--Chron. Anonyme (Bouquet, XXI.
137).--Joann. de S. Victor. (Bouquet, XXI. 649-50).
[274] Bull. _Pastoralis præeminentiæ_ (Mag. Bull. Rom. Supplem. IX.
126).--Bull. _Faciens misericordiam_ (Ib. p. 136).--The Itineraries of
Philippe and the record of pastoral visitations by Bertrand de Goth
(Clement V.) sufficiently disprove the legendary story, originating with
Villani, of the conditions entered into in advance at St. Jean d'Angely
between Philippe and Clement (see van Os, De Abolitione Ordinis
Templariorum, Herbipoli, 1874, pp. 14-15). None the less, however, was
Clement practically subordinated to Philippe.
[275] Schottmüller's theory (Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, I. 91)
that Clement summoned the chiefs of the two Military Orders to arrange
with them for the protection of the Holy See against Philippe appears to
me destitute of all probability.
[276] Villani Chron. VIII. 91-2.--Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 26.--Ptol.
Lucens. Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori S.R.I. XI. 1228).--Contin.
Guill. Nangiac. ann. 1307.--Raynouard, pp. 18, 19.--Van Os De Abol. Ord.
Templar, p. 43.--Procès des Templiers, II. 400.--Mag. Bull. Rom. IX.
131.--Procès, I. 95.--Du Puy, Traitez concernant l'Histoire de France,
Paris, 1700, pp. 10, 117.