_see_).
=CANSCORA= (from _Kansgan-Cora_, the Malabar name of _C. perfoliata_,
as yet unintroduced). SYN. _Pladera_. Including _Phyllocyclus_. ORD.
_Gentianeæ_. Small, erect, simple or branched, stove or greenhouse
annuals. Flowers stalked or sub-sessile. Leaves opposite, sessile
or amplexicaul. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a four-cleft, unequal
limb; the two outer segments equal, two lower ones combined a greater
distance. Stems tetragonal. _C. Parishii_ requires similar treatment to
=Balsam=, and grows best in a soil to which chalk or limestone débris
is added.
=C. Parishii= (Parish's). _fl._ white. _l._ opposite, perfectly
connate, so that the united two apparently form an exactly
orbicular leaf. _h._ 2ft. Moulmein, 1864. Greenhouse. (B. M. 5429.)
=CANTERBURY BELLS.= _See_ =Campanula Medium=.
=CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS.= _See_ =Chantarelle=.
=CANTHIUM.= A synonym of =Plectronia=.
=CANTUA= (from _Cantu_, the Peruvian name of one of the species).
SYN. _Periphragmos_. ORD. _Polemoniaceæ_. Very pretty erect, branched
greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers in corymbs, at the termination
of the branches, rarely solitary and axillary. Leaves entire or
almost pinnatifid, alternate, petiolate, elliptic, acuminated, or
cuneate-oblong, glabrous, or downy on both surfaces when young. They
are of easy culture in a compost of turfy loam, leaf-mould, and
sand, if good drainage is allowed. Propagated by cuttings, placed
in sand, under a hand glass. In the western parts of England, these
plants--particularly _C. buxifolia_--thrive remarkably well in
sheltered situations.
=C. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ solitary; corolla with a short
yellow tube and scarlet limb. May. _h._ 4ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M.
4729.)
=C. buxifolia= (Box-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale red, straight,
funnel-shaped, with a very long tube; corymbs few-flowered;
peduncles tomentose. April. _l._ cuneate-oblong, mucronulate, quite
entire. _h._ 4ft. Peruvian Andes, 1849. An elegant plant, having
the tops of branches, calyces, and young leaves, downy. SYN. _C.
dependens_. See Fig. 362. (B. M. 4582.)
=C. dependens= (hanging). Synonymous with _C. buxifolia_.
=C. pyrifolia= (Pyrus-leaved).* _fl._, corolla yellowish-white,
curved; stamens twice as long as the corolla; corymbs terminal,
dense-flowered. March. _l._ elliptic or obovate acute, entire or
sinuate-dentate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M. 4386.)
=CAOUTCHOUC.= The elastic gummy substance known as indiarubber, which
is the inspissated juice of various plants growing in tropical climates
in different parts of the world; such as _Castilloa_, _Ficus elastica_,
_Hevea_, various species of _Landolphia_, _Manihot_, &c., &c.
=CAPE EVERLASTING.= _See_ =Helichrysum=.
=CAPE GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Physalis peruviana=.
[Illustration: FIG. 362. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CANTUA BUXIFOLIA.]
=CAPE GUM.= The gum of _Acacia Karroo_ or _A. capensis_.
=CAPE JESSAMINE.= _See_ =Gardenia florida=.
=CAPER-TREE.= _See_ =Capparis=.
=CAPILLARY.= Very slender; resembling a hair.
=CAPITATE.= Growing in a head.
=CAPITULATE.= Growing in small heads.
=CAPITULUM.= A close head of flowers; the inflorescence of Composites.
=CAPPARIDEÆ.= An order of herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Flowers
clustered, or solitary; sepals four to eight, imbricate or valvate;
petals four, arranged crosswise, sometimes, but rarely, five, or eight,
rarely absent. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite, stipulate or
exstipulate. The order is distributed throughout the tropical and
warm temperate regions of both hemispheres, the frutescent species
being largely represented in America. There are about twenty-three
genera--the best-known being _Capparis_, _Cleome_, and _Cratæva_--and
about 300 species.
=CAPPARIS= (_kapparis_, old Greek name used by Dioscorides, from
Persian _kabar_, Capers). Caper-tree. ORD. _Capparideæ_. Greenhouse
or stove evergreen shrubs, of considerable beauty. Calyx four-parted;
petals four; stamens numerous; succeeded by a berry. They thrive best
in a compost of well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings of ripe shoots will
root in sand, under a hand glass, in moist heat. This genus contains
about 120 species, but it is very doubtful if more than six are to be
found under cultivation in this country.
=C. amygdalina= (Almond-like).* _fl._ white; peduncles axillary,
compressed, corymbiferous. _l._ elliptical-oblong, narrowed towards
both ends, with a callous point; upper surface smooth; under
surface, as well as the branches, covered with silvery scaly dots.
_h._ 6ft. West Indies, 1818. Stove.
=C. cynophallophora= (Dog-phallus bearing). _fl._ white, large,
fragrant; peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. _l._
smooth, leathery, oblong, on short petiole. _h._ 8ft. to 25ft. West
Indies, 1752. Stove. (R. G. 1862, 351.)
=C. odoratissima= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ violet, sweet-scented,
about the size of Myrtle, with yellow anthers; peduncles
racemiferous at the top. _l._ oblong, acuminate, on long
footstalks; upper surface smooth; under surface covered with little
hard scales. _h._ 6ft. Caraccas, 1814. Stove.
[Illustration: FIG. 363. FLOWER AND BUD OF CAPPARIS SPINOSA.]
=C. spinosa= (spiny).* Common Caper. _fl._ white, tinged with red
on the outside; pedicels solitary, one-flowered. June. _l._ ovate,
roundish, deciduous. _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1596. This is an
excellent greenhouse shrub, and one which we have found perfectly
hardy in the southern counties of England. See Fig. 363. (B. M.
291.)
=CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.= A rather large order of shrubs or herbs, often
twining. Flowers terminal, corymbose, or axillary; corolla superior,
regular or irregular. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Well-known genera
are: _Linnæa_, _Lonicera_, _Sambucus_, and _Viburnum_.
=CAPRIFOLIUM.= _See_ =Lonicera=.
[Illustration: FIG. 364. FRUIT OF LONG AND ROUND CAPSICUMS.]
=CAPSICUM= (from _kapto_, to bite; on account of the biting heat of the
seeds and pericarp). ORD. _Solanaceæ_. Shrubs or sub-shrubs, rarely
herbs. Peduncles extra-axillary, one-flowered. Leaves scattered,
solitary, or twin, and quite entire. Many of the species, although
possessing considerable beauty, are but rarely grown, either for
decoration or for the use of their fruit; consequently, we confine
our specific enumeration to the Common Capsicum, the Bird Pepper or
Chili, and the Bell Pepper. The first two of these have long been in
cultivation, for use either in a green state for pickles and for making
Chili vinegar, or ripened and ground as Cayenne Pepper. Some sorts are
exceedingly ornamental for greenhouse decoration in winter, if plants
are well grown in rather small pots, and the fruit ripened under glass.
The varieties producing small pods are the hottest, and consequently
best suited for making Cayenne Pepper. These are generally called
Chilies. All other varieties of Capsicum have a more or less pungent
flavour, and those bearing larger pods are more profitable for use in
a green state. The fruits of all are either red or yellow when ripe,
and are of various sizes and shapes. Some are produced and stand erect
on the upper side of the branches; others hang underneath. Fig. 364
represents hanging fruits of Long and Round Capsicums, the shapes of
which are produced by both red and yellow varieties.
_Cultivation._ Being natives of tropical countries, Capsicums cannot
always be depended upon to thoroughly ripen in the open air; but a good
crop of green fruits may generally be obtained by preparing the plants
early in the season, and planting out in a warm situation.
Sow the seeds in February or early in March, in pots or pans, placing
them in heat; and so soon as the plants are large enough, pot off
singly into 3in. pots, still keeping them in heat until well rooted.
Place them into 6in. or 7in. pots before they become starved; and
gradually harden off and plant out about 2ft. asunder, in June. The
fruits ripen better if the plants are placed against a south wall and
tacked on to it. The safest plan to obtain a crop of ripe fruits is to
cultivate under glass. Pots of 7in. diameter are large enough. Rich
soil must be used, and any spare frames are suitable in summer. Plenty
of water and frequent syringings should be applied, as the plants are
very liable to injury from red spider and other insects if this is in
any way neglected. The fruits will keep some time after being ripe, but
are never better than when fresh gathered; they may, however, be kept
on the plants for a considerable period.
_Sorts._ Chili, Long Red, Long Yellow, Small Red Cayenne, Round Red,
and Round Yellow. Good ornamental varieties are: Little Gem, a very
dwarf variety, of comparatively recent introduction, covered with
small, erect, red pods; and Prince of Wales, free fruiting, with
hanging bright yellow pods.
=C. annuum= (annual). Common Capsicum. _fl._ white, solitary. June.
Petioles glabrous. _fr._ oblong, pendulous, and erect, red or
yellow, variable in shape. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South America, 1548.
=C. baccatum.= Bird Pepper or Chili. _fl._ greenish; peduncles
twin. June. _fr._ small, erect, almost globose. _l._ oblong,
glabrous, as well as the petiole. Branches angular, striated. _h._
2ft. to 4ft. Tropical America, 1731. Greenhouse shrub.
=C. grossum= (large). Bell Pepper. _fl._ white. July. India, 1759.
=CAPSULAR.= Like a capsule.
=CAPSULE.= A dry dehiscent seed vessel or fruit.
=CARAGANA= (_Caragan_ is the name of _C. arborescens_ among the
Monguls). Siberian Pea-tree. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Very ornamental hardy
deciduous trees or shrubs. Flowers usually yellow, axillary, either
solitary or crowded, but always single on thin stalks. Leaves abruptly
pinnate, the midrib ending in a bristle or spine; leaflets mucronate.
They are well adapted for shrubberies, and are of the easiest culture
in sandy soil. Propagated by cuttings, made of the roots, or by seeds;
the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally
increased by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised from
seed, sown when ripe or in spring.
=C. Altagana= (Altagana). _fl._ yellow; pedicels solitary. April to
July. _l._ with six to eight pairs of glabrous, obovate-roundish,
retuse leaflets; petiole unarmed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Dahuria, 1789.
Shrub.
=C. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl._ pale or bright yellow;
pedicels in fascicles. April, May. _l._ with four to six pairs of
oval-oblong villous leaflets; petiole unarmed. Stipules spinescent.
_h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Siberia, 1752. Tree. (B. M. 1886.)
=C. Chamlagu= (Chamlagu). _fl._ yellow, at length becoming reddish,
large, pendulous; pedicels solitary. May. _l._ with two pairs of
distant, oval, or obovate glabrous leaflets; stipules spreading,
and, as well as the petioles, spinose. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. China,
1773. Shrub.
=C. frutescens= (woody).* _fl._ yellow, resupinate; pedicels
solitary. April. _l._ with two pairs of leaflets, approximating
the top of the petiole, obovate-cuneated; stipules membranous;
petiole furnished with a short spine at the apex. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft.
Siberia, 1752. Shrub. (S. B. F. G. 3, 227.) There are one or two
varieties of this species.
=C. jubata= (bearded).* _fl._ white, suffused with red, few;
pedicels solitary, very short. April. _l._ with four or five pairs
of oblong-lanceolate, lanuginously-ciliated leaflets; stipules
setaceous; petioles somewhat spinose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia,
1796. Shrub. SYN. _Robinia jubata_. (L. B. C. 522.)
* * * * *
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transcriber notes: |
| |
| P. 14. 't rminal' under Aciotis, changed to 'terminal'. |
| P. 21. 'Ternstroemiaceoe' changed to 'Ternstroemiaceæ' |
| P. 27. 'producing fronds', fronds is usually in italics. Changed. |
| P. 27. 'A synonymn of A. venustum.', changed 'synonymn' |
| to 'synonym'. |
| P. 41. 'deeply chanelled', changed 'chanelled' to 'channelled'. |
| P. 41. 'A. Wislizeni ... which is under 2ft. broad'; should 'broad'|
| be 'long'? Left as a query. |
| P. 49. A. Scorodoprasum. 'Europ' changed to 'Europe'. |
| P. 53. A. ageratoides. 'receptable" changed to 'receptacle'. |
| P. 87. 'surface is punctuate', changed 'punctuate' to 'punctuated'.|
| P. 87. 'of less than than', taken out one 'than'. |
| P. 134. A. umbrosum. 'laceolate' changed to 'lanceolate'. |
| P. 162. 'Caraccas', changed to 'Caracas'. |
| P. 171. 'browish when matured.', changed 'browish' to 'brownish'. |
| P. 174. 'numerous arge round', changed 'arge' to 'large'. |
| P. 190. 'part the day' changed to 'part of the day'. |
| P. 190. 'Rio Janeiro, 1825.' changed to 'Rio de Janeiro, 1825.' |
| P. 210. 'Caraccas', changed to 'Caracas'. |
| P. 213. 'Syn. B Joinvillei, B. pitcairniæfolia.', changed 'Syn.' |
| to 'Syns.' |
| P. 222. 'There is a is a variety', removed extra 'is a'. |
| P. 235. 'petioles sheating' changed to 'petioles sheathing'. |
| P. 259. 'CAPSIDIUM' is 'CAMPSIDIUM' in another volume. Changed. |
| Fixed various punctuation. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+