St. Hilaire, in his "Flora Brasiliæ Meridionalis," and author of
several botanical memoirs). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. A genus of elegant,
erect, or ascending, dichotomously branched stove shrubs or herbaceous
plants. Flowers terminal and axillary, in paniculate cymes; petals
five, obovate; calyx bell-shaped. Leaves sessile, opposite or
verticillate, obovate, oblong or linear. They thrive best in a compost
of peat and sand. Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root
freely in a similar mixture, if placed in heat and under a hand glass.
There are about eight species known to science, but probably that
mentioned below is the only one in cultivation.
=C. paraguayensis= (Paraguay). _fl._ rose-red, 2/3in. in diameter,
in terminal corymbose, glandular, hairy panicles. July. _l._ nearly
1in. long, sessile, ovate, acute, three-nerved, pale green, with
entire ciliate margins. Stem annual, herbaceous, leafy. _h._ 10in.
to 18in. 1880. (B. M. 6604.)
=CAMBIUM.= The formative fluid found between the bark and wood of
Exogens, in spring.
=CAMBUY FRUIT.= _See_ =Eugenia=.
=CAMELLIA= (named in honour of George Joseph Camellus or Kamel, a
Moravian Jesuit and traveller in Asia, who wrote a history of the
plants of the Isle of Luzon, which is inserted in the third vol. of
John Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). Japanese Rose. Including _Thea._
ORD. _Ternstrœmiaceæ_. A genus of elegant hardy or nearly hardy
evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers large; sepals five or six, gradually
passing from bracts into petals, the latter slightly cohering at the
base; stamens numerous. Leaves coriaceous. By close attention to a
few particulars in the management of these beautiful plants, much
disappointment may be avoided, and a succession of flowers obtained
from October till the following July. The fact of the buds frequently
dropping off, deters many would-be growers from attempting the culture
of the Camellia. Dryness of the atmosphere, and want of water at the
roots, are generally the primary causes of failure; the remedy for
these evils rests with the cultivator. The roots are apt to get
matted together, compressing the earth around them into a hard ball,
impervious to water; hence attention is necessary to see that the
water poured into the pot thoroughly moistens all the soil. In order
to form handsome plants, they should be trained with single stems to
rods, and pruned, so as to make them throw out side branches from
every part of the stem; they must not be placed too close to each
other on the stage, or when planted out. A liberal supply of water
is always necessary, but especially so during the flowering period.
Plants that are required to flower early may remain in the warm house
till they commence to blossom, when they should be removed to a cold
place, such as the back of a greenhouse, giving them plenty of light.
Those kept in a hothouse or vinery during summer, will flower in the
beginning or middle of October; and a large plant, having from fifty to
one hundred buds, will continue in flower till the month of January.
Those that are removed early, will blossom in January, and so succeed
the others. The plants that have finished flowering should be brought
back to the hothouse, where they will begin to make new wood, and be
ready to come in succession next season. By thus shifting the plants
from a warm to a cold situation, a regular succession will be secured
from October to July. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and in
the summer months the leaves occasionally syringed. Camellias flower
best when kept in small pots or tubs. In order to raise and exhibit
these handsome plants to the best advantage, they should be grown in
a separate house, of ample height, as they never look so well as when
6ft. or 8ft. high, trained in a conical form, with branches from the
root upwards; and the plants should be raised near to the glass on a
movable stage, which should be lowered as they grow. In summer, they
may either be placed in the open air in a sheltered spot, or the glass
roof of the house can be taken off. The hardier sorts, such as the
Double-red, Blush, and Pæony-flowered, succeed in the bed or border of
a conservatory, if the roof can be taken off in summer, so as to admit
air. If this cannot be managed, they are better grown in portable pots
or boxes. The most suitable time for shifting Camellias is directly
after flowering; they should then be put into a vinery or hothouse,
where there is a little heat; or the warmest part of a greenhouse.
They will soon begin to make new wood, where they should be allowed to
remain, amply supplied with water, till they form their flower buds,
at the extremity and sides of the young growth. A few should then be
removed to a cold place, and shaded during strong sunshine. In a few
weeks afterwards, others may also be transferred, so as to have a
regular succession of flowering plants.
_Propagation._ The red Camellias are generally propagated by layers,
but cuttings will also succeed; the single red Camellia being raised by
either cuttings, layers, or seeds. This latter forms suitable stocks
on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the
preceding summer should be taken off in August, cutting them smoothly
at a joint or bud. Two or three of the lower leaves should be taken
off, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. Some
growers use peat earth and sand to strike in, while others prefer a
loam mixed with sand and peat. The pans containing the cuttings should
be kept in a plant or cold frame, without being covered with glasses,
but shaded during powerful sunshine. In the following spring, such as
have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle
heat. The following September or October, the rooted plants will be
fit to pot off, and in the second or third spring they may be used
as stocks. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as
growth commences. When this process is completed, care must be taken
to fix the pot containing the stock so that it may not be disturbed
during the connection of the scion with the parent plant. The grafting
being clayed over, is then covered with moss, to prevent its cracking.
When independent grafting is resorted to, the mode called "side
grafting" is generally employed, as in the case of Orange-trees; but
the operation of tongueing is generally omitted, as tending to weaken
the stock. Liquid or other manure is not required; nor is it desirable
to apply it, as it often, sooner or later, causes the destruction of
the plants. As a rule, insects do not trouble this class of plants; but
scale will sometimes appear, and can easily be removed by hand. Thrips
occasionally put in an appearance, but a little smoke will quickly get
rid of them.
=C. euryoides= (Eurya-like). _fl._ white; peduncles lateral,
one-flowered, scaly. May to July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrated, silky beneath. Branches hairy. _h._ 4ft. China, 1822. (B.
R. 983.)
[Illustration: FIG. 336. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA.]
=C. japonica= (Japanese).* Common Camellia. _fl._ variously
coloured, axillary, sessile. _l._ ovate, acuminate, acutely
serrated. _h._ 20ft. Japan and China, 1739. The innumerable hybrids
are chiefly the offspring of this species. See Fig. 336.
[Illustration: FIG. 337. FLOWER OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA ANEMONÆFLORA.]
=C. j. anemonæflora= (Anemone-flowered). All, or nearly all, the
stamens, &c., in this variety are transformed into small petaloid
bodies, and the flower has the general aspect of a double Anemone.
See Fig. 337. (B. M. 1654.)
[Illustration: FIG. 338. FLOWER OF CAMELLIA OLEIFERA.]
=C. oleifera= (oil-yielding).* _fl._ white, very numerous,
fragrant, solitary. November. _l._ elliptic-oblong, acute,
serrated, coriaceous, shining. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See
Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.)
=C. reticulata= (netted-leaved). _fl._ bright rose, large,
semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated.
_h._ 10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full
double flowers.
=C. theifera= (Tea-bearing). _fl._ white, spreading, of five
sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring. _l._
elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as
broad, dark green. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780.
This species varies very considerably. In different countries,
it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas,
formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained
from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes.
Less-known species are: _drupifera_, _lanceolata_, _rosæflora_, and
_Sasanqua_.
The true species are rarely seen in cultivation. The following is a
selection of the best forms of _C. japonica_; the list is a limited
one, and is capable of great extension:
ALBA PLENA,* double white; ARCHIDUCHESSE AUGUSTA, petals deep red,
veined with blue, a white band; ARCHIDUCHESSE MARIE,* flowers
bright red, banded with white, imbricated; AUGUSTE DELFOSSE, bright
reddish-orange, stripes down the centre of petals; AUGUSTINA
SUPERBA,* flowers clear rose, free bloomer; BEALII ROSEA, one of
the best and latest deep crimson varieties known; BICOLOR DE LA
REINE, white and rose; BONOMIANA,* ground colour white, banded
with intense deep red; CARYOPHYLLOIDES,* white, marbled with
rosy-carmine, flowers very large; CHANDLERII ELEGANS,* flowers
large, light rose; COMTE DE GOMER,* petals soft rose, striped
with crimson, beautifully imbricated; COMTE DE PARIS, rich pink,
large and full; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI, pure white, broadly flamed
with rosy-cerise; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI ROSEA, flowers rich
rosy-red, fine form, a superb variety; CORRADINO, rose, veined
with salmon, centre delicate blush pink; COUNTESS OF DERBY,*
beautifully imbricated, white, striped with rose; COUNTESS OF
ELLESMERE,* colour varying from pure white to flesh, streaked with
carnation; COUNTESS OF ORKNEY, pure white, striped with carmine,
sometimes pink, shaded with deep rose; CUP OF BEAUTY,* pure white
and rose, a beautifully imbricated flower; DAVID BOSCHI, clear
pink, shaded with deep rose; DE LA REINE, petals white, striped
with carmine; DONCKELAARII,* large flowers, semi-double, rich
crimson, marbled white; DUCHESSE DE NASSAU,* flowers light pink,
very large, and of superb form; DUCHESS OF BERRY, pure white, and
cupped, beautifully imbricated, one of the most beautiful of all
the double whites; EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, large crimson; FANNY BOLIS,
white, striped and splashed with deep crimson; FIMBRIATA ALBA,*
similar to _Alba plena_, outer petals notched at the edges; GENERAL
CIALDINI, beautifully imbricated, bright carmine, flaked with red;
HENRI FAVRE, flowers rosy-salmon, finely imbricated; HOVEY, C.
H.,* bright crimson, well imbricated; HOVEY, C. M.,* deep velvety
crimson, darkly shaded, very distinct; HOVEY, MRS.,* delicate pink,
very smooth in outline, medium size; IL CYGNO, flowers pure white,
petals Ranunculi-formed and imbricated; IL 22 MARZO, clear rose,
the petals sometimes banded with white; IMBRICATA, deep carmine,
occasionally variegated; JARDIN D'HIVER, a fine variety, flowers
beautifully imbricated, colour bright rose; JEFFERSONII, fine
crimson; JENNY LIND,* flowers imbricated to the extreme centre,
broad, and of good substance, white, striped and marbled with
rose; JUBILEE,* flowers very large, with broad, round, imbricated
petals, white, marbled with rose, centre pure white; LADY HUME'S
BLUSH,* flowers flesh-colour, and of excellent form; LA MAESTOSA,
rose, mottled with white; LEEANA SUPERBA, flowers salmon-red, very
fine; LEON LEGUAY, rich crimson; MADAME AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT,*
white, shaded with blush, and dotted with red; MADAME LEBOIS,
bright rose, finely imbricated, and of good form; MATHOTIANA,*
flowers brilliant red, and beautifully imbricated, extra fine;
MATHOTIANA ALBA, flowers large, finely imbricated to the centre,
pure white; MONTIRONI,* a fine pure white flower; MRS. ABBEY
WILDER, ivory-white, striped with rose, well imbricated; MRS.
COPE,* white, delicately shaded with pink, and striped with rose;
MRS. DOMBRAIN,* shape and substance excellent, colour beautiful
soft pink; NAPOLEON III., flowers rose, beautifully veined with
deep rose, and edged with pure white; PRINCE ALBERT, white,
beautifully flaked with carmine; PRINCESS BACCIOCCHI,* rich velvety
carmine; PRINCESS FREDERICK WILLIAM,* flowers white, tipped with
bright carmine; QUEEN OF ROSES, flowers delicate rose; REINE DES
BEAUTÉS,* very delicate clear rose, fine form, extra fine variety;
REINE DES FLEURS,* finely imbricated, petals of good substance
and perfect symmetry, colour vermilion-red, flaked occasionally
with white; RUBENS, deep rose-white stripes; SACCOIANA,* a finely
imbricated flower, colour very variable, occasionally clear rose,
at other times spotted with pure white; SARAH FROST, flowers
bright red; STORYI, outer petals bright rose, centre almost white;
TARGIONI, flowers beautifully imbricated, pure white, striped with
cerise; TEUTONIA, flowers sometimes red, at other times white,
but occasionally half red and half white; THOMAS MOORE,* flowers
4-1/2in. across, perfectly round, and well imbricated, petals also
round, and well filled up in the centre, colour rich carmine,
shaded with crimson; TRICOLOR DE MATHOT, flowers red, marbled with
white, semidouble; TRICOLOR IMBRICATA PLENA, blush white, flaked
with carmine and rose; VALTEVAREDA, colour bright rose, often
spotted with snowy white; WILDERII,* soft rose, of excellent form.
[Illustration:
1. C. lactiflora.
2. C. rotundifolia Hostii.
3. C. carpathica turbinata.
4. C. carpathica alba.
FIG. 339. GROUP OF CAMPANULAS.]
=CAMOENSIA= (named in honour of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portuguese
poet). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus containing a couple of handsome
species. _C. maxima_ is the largest-flowered leguminous plant known. It
thrives well in rich loam and leaf mould. Cuttings root in sandy loam,
in bottom heat, if placed under a bell glass. It has not yet flowered
in this country. The other species has not been introduced.
=C. maxima= (greatest).* _fl._ cream-colour, yellow, 1ft. long, in
short axillary racemes. Angola, 1878. (T. L. S. 25, 36.)
=CAMOMILE.= _See_ =Chamomile=.
=CAMPANEA= (from _campana_, a bell; alluding to the shape of the
flowers). ORD. _Gesneraceæ_. Stove herbaceous climbing perennials, the
only one at present introduced being _C. grandiflora_. For cultivation,
_see_ =Gesnera=.
=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ in axillary tufts,
at ends of long, axillary, and terminal peduncles; corolla
white, lined and dotted with crimson. June. _l._ opposite, oval,
acuminated, oblique, soft, crenated, stalked. Plant hairy. _h._
2ft. Santa Fé, 1848. (R. H. 1849, 241.)
=CAMPANULA= (diminutive of _campana_, a bell; in reference to the shape
of the flowers). Bell-flower; Slipperwort. ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A genus
of mostly perennial--rarely annual or biennial--herbs. Flowers blue or
white, for the most part pedunculate, usually racemose, rarely spicate
or glomerate. Radical leaves usually different in form from the cauline
ones, especially in size. All the species of this genus are elegant
when in flower (see Fig. 339), and are very largely grown. The dwarf
varieties make excellent subjects for pot culture, rockeries, or the
fronts of borders. A rather rich sandy loam, with plenty of drainage,
suits these plants. The forms of _C. pyramidalis_ may be kept in cold
frames during the winter, and firmly repotted in summer, the crown
of the plant being kept just a trifle raised above the soil, or they
are at times liable to damp off, through the water lodging around the
necks. During hot weather, the pots should be plunged in a bed of
ashes. Campanulas are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in
spring.
_General Culture._ As a rule, few plants are so easily cultivated as
these. The strong-growing kinds may be grown with the greatest success
in ordinary garden soil, well enriched with manure, while the alpine
kinds are easily managed on the rockery. Sow seeds of the annuals
in April, and of the biennials in June, in the open, or in a cold
frame. The perennials are chiefly propagated by dividing the roots,
or by young cuttings, in spring--the latter is by far the best method
of propagation with many of the species--or by seeds. Those kinds
requiring special treatment are particularised, and those suitable
to the rockery are so designated. Perennials, except where otherwise
mentioned.
=C. Adami= (Adam's). _fl._ bluish, nearly erect, one on the top of
each stem; corolla funnel-shaped. July. _l._ slightly ciliated;
radical ones on long petioles, cuneate-spathulate, coarsely toothed
at the apex; cauline ones sessile, obovate or linear. _h._ 6in.
Caucasus, 1821. Alpine.
=C. Allionii= (Allioni's).* _fl._ usually blue, rarely white,
subnutant, large, solitary. July to September. _l._, radical ones
linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ciliated; lower ones rosulate,
bluntish. Stem rather pilose. Root creeping. _h._ 3in. to 4in.
Piedmontese Alps, &c., 1820. A little gem, requiring a well-drained
position, in rich sandy loam, with plenty of grit in it, and an
abundance of moisture when growing. SYNS. _C. alpestris_ and _C.
nana_. (B. M. 6588.)
=C. alpestris= (rocky). A synonym of _C. Allionii_.
=C. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ deep blue, few or numerous,
scattered in a pyramidal manner along the whole stem. July. _l._
linear-lanceolate, repandly-crenate, woolly; radical ones crowded,
narrowed at the base. Stem glabrous or woolly. _h._ 3in. to 9in.
Europe, 1779. Rockery. (B. M. 957.)
=C. americana= (American). _fl._ erect, one to three from the axil
of each bract; corollas blue, a little longer than the calycine
lobes. July. _l._, radical ones rosulate, ovate, acute, a little
cordate, petiolate, serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate,
acuminated at both ends, serrulated. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. North
America, 1763. Borders.
=C. barbata= (bearded).* _fl._ nutant, disposed in a loose, often
secund raceme; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the axils of
the superior leaves; corolla pale blue or white (in the variety
_alba_), glabrous outside, but woolly in the mouth. June. _l._
villous, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, lanceolate; cauline
ones few, ligulate. _h._ 6in. to 18in. European Alps, 1752. This is
best grown on the rockery. The white variety is very handsome. (B.
M. 1258.)
=C. Barrelierii= (Barrelier's). A synonym of _C. fragilis_.
=C. betonicæfolia= (Betony-leaved).* _fl._ terminal and axillary,
the branchlets usually bearing three; corollas purplish-blue, with
a pale yellow base, tubular. May. _l._ elliptic-oblong or ovate,
acute, crenate-toothed; radical ones shortly petiolate. Stems much
branched. Plant pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Mount Olympus in Bithynia,
1820. Borders. (S. F. G. 210.)
=C. bononiensis= (Bononian).* _fl._ bluish-violet, rather small,
numerous, disposed in long racemes. July. _l._ serrulated, ovate,
acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; radical ones cordate,
petiolate; upper ones stem-clasping. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe,
1773. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety.
=C. cæspitosa= (tufted).* _fl._ drooping, terminal, solitary, and
sometimes three to four at the top of each stem; corollas deep blue
or pure white (in the variety _alba_). May to August. _l._, radical
ones crowded, on short petioles, ovate, glandularly toothed,
shining. Stems numerous, tufted. Root fibrous, creeping. _h._ 4in.
to 6in. Temperate parts of Europe, 1813. Rockery, delighting in
rich fibrous loam and leaf mould.
[Illustration: FIG. 340. FLOWERING STEM OF CAMPANULA CARPATHICA.]
=C. carpathica= (Carpathian).* _fl._ blue, broadly campanulate,
disposed in loose panicles, on long peduncles, which are elongated,
naked, and terminated by an erect flower. June to August. _l._,
lower ones on long petioles, ovate-roundish, cordate, toothed;
upper ones on short petioles, ovate, acute. Stems leafy, branched.
_h._ 9in. Transylvania, 1774. Borders or rockery. See Fig. 340. (B.
M. 117.)
=C. c. alba= (white).* _fl._ quite white, otherwise like the type.
See Fig. 339.
[Illustration: FIG. 341. CAMPANULA CARPATHICA PELVIFORMIS.]
=C. c. pelviformis= (pelvis-formed).* _fl._ lilac, nearly 2in.
across, numerously produced in lax panicles on much-branched stems,
9in. to 18in. high; fragrant. August. _l._ ovate, cordate, toothed.
A distinct seedling from _C. c. turbinata_. See Fig. 341.
[Illustration: FIG. 342. CAMPANULA CARPATHICA TURBINATA.]
=C. C. turbinata= (top-shaped).* _fl._ nearly 2in. across, erect;
corolla deep purple, campanulate. Summer. _l._ ovate, rigid,
greyish-green, toothed, and pointed, with cordate bases, in stiff
tufts. Stems short, erect. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Transylvania,
1868. Borders or rockery. See Figs. 339 and 342. There is also a
desirable variety named _pallida_, with very pale purple flowers.
=C. c. t. Hendersoni= (Henderson's). _fl._ rich mauve, in large
pyramidal racemes, rather open. July to September. _l._, lower ones
cordate, or ovate cordate, slightly crenulated, on long stalks;
upper ones oblong, sessile. _h._ 1ft. Very handsome hybrid for
borders.
=C. caucasica= (Caucasian). _fl._ few, terminal and axillary,
drooping; corollas glabrous outside, but bearded inside, of a
violaceous-blue colour. July. _l._ crenulated; lower ones obovate,
obtuse, petiolate; upper ones lanceolate, sessile. Stems erect,
branched, terete, scabrous, pilose. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Caucasus,
1804. Rockery; very pretty.
=C. celtidifolia= (Nettle-tree-leaved).* A synonym of _C.
lactiflora_.
=C. cenisia= (Mont Cenis).* _fl._ deep blue, solitary, terminal,
erect. June. _l._ entire; radical ones rosulate, obovate, obtuse;
cauline ones ovate-oblong. Stems numerous, glabrous, or slightly
pilose. _h._ 3in. Italy, &c., 1775. A rare little rockery gem,
requiring a deep gritty loam and leaf soil, between stones. (A. F.
P. 3, 6.)
=C. Cervicaria.= Throatwort. _fl._ blue, pilose outside; heads
terminal, round, bracteate. July. _l._ crenately serrated; radical
ones linear-lanceolate, bluntish, on short petioles; cauline ones
linear-acuminated. Stem simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Mountains of
Europe, 1768. Biennial. Borders. (L. B. C. 452.)
=C. collina= (hill).* _fl._ deep blue, funnel-shaped, few, secund,
disposed in a long raceme. July. _l._, lower ones on long petioles,
ovate-oblong, crenulated; middle ones lanceolate; upper ones
linear-acuminated. Stems simple, rather pilose. _h._ 1ft. Caucasus,
1803. Borders. (B. M. 927.)
=C. colorata= (coloured). _fl._ purple; corolla tubular, velvety;
peduncles elongated, terminal and axillary. September. _l._
scattered, lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulated. Stem branched,
downy. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. This requires frame protection
during winter. (B. M. 4555.)
=C. dichotoma= (forked). _fl._ bluish-purple, with a paler tube,
drooping, terminal, solitary in the forks of the branches and stem.
July. _l._, cauline ones ovate, acute, a little crenated. Stem
erect, with dichotomous branches. Plant clothed with stiff hairs.
_h._ 6in. South-western Europe, 1820. Annual. Borders. (S. F. G.
211.)
=C. drabifolia= (Draba-leaved). _fl._ pedicellate, opposite the
leaves; corolla inflated, with a white tube and a violaceous-blue
limb. July. _l._ elliptic-oblong, toothed. Stem many times forked,
slightly erect. Plant hispid. _h._ 3in. Island of Samos, 1823.
Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 215.)
=C. Elatines= (Elatine).* _fl._ scattered over the upper part of
the plant, sometimes racemose, and sometimes panicled; corollas
bluish-purple. June to August. _l._ cordate, coarsely and acutely
toothed, ovate-acute; lower ones roundish. Stem branched. Plant
downy. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Piedmont, 1823. Rockery. (A. F. P. 3, 7.)
=C. Erinus= (Erinus).* _fl._ terminal and axillary, situated
in the angles of the forks of the branches; corollas of a pale
bluish-rose-colour, or white, pilose at the base, tubular. May to
August. _l._ obovate or ovate, toothed. Stem much branched. Plant
hispid. _h._ 3in. to 9in. Europe, 1768. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G.
214.)