nearly 1in. in diameter; spurs about 1-1/2in. long; racemes
three, on strong plants, produced from the axils of two-year-old
leaves, arched, about 1ft. long, bearing sometimes twenty flowers.
_l._ 4in. to 6in. long and 2in. broad, six or eight on a plant,
occupying about 1-1/2in. of stem. Madagascar, 1868. Habit compact;
stem nearly erect.
=A. distichum= (two-rowed-leaved). _fl._ whitish, 1/4in. across,
on one-flowered pedicels, which are produced from the axils of the
leaves. _l._ very short, closely imbricated, deep bright green.
_h._ 6in. Sierra Leone, 1834. A very neat growing little species,
and quite distinct.
=A. eburneum= (ivory-lipped).* _fl._ sepals and petals greenish
white; lip uppermost, white, very large; racemes about 18in. long,
from the axils of two-year-old leaves; footstalks erect, but
gradually becoming pendulous from the commencement of the flowers.
_l._ 20in. long by 2in. broad, light green, stiff. Madagascar,
1826. SYN. _Ærobion eburneum_. _A. virens_ is an inferior variety,
but _A. e. superbum_ surpasses the type in beauty; it is, however,
at present extremely rare.
=A. Ellisii= (Ellis's).* _fl._ pure white, fragrant, about 2in.
across, with narrow reflexed sepals and petals, the column
standing very prominent; spur pale brownish, 6in. to 8in.; racemes
frequently 2ft. long, on the side of the stem just above the axils
of the two-year-old leaves, bearing about twenty blossoms. _l._
dark green, 9in. or 10in. long, and 2in. broad, divided at the apex
into two unequal lobes. Madagascar, 1879.
=A. falcatum= (sickle-shaped).* _fl._ pure white, very fragrant;
spur upcurved, 2in. long; racemes from the axils of the
two-year-old leaves, short, bearing from two to five blooms. _l._
2in. to 4in. long, very narrow and fleshy, dark green. 1815.
An elegant little cool house species, and one of the smallest
belonging to this genus. It should be grown in peat, in a basket or
small pot suspended about 2ft. from the glass, but rather shaded.
=A. Kotschyi= (Kotschy's).* _fl._ yellowish white, perfume
similar to the common white pink, 1in. to 1-1/2in. across; spur
reddish-tinted, 6in. or 7in. long, distinguished by the two spiral
twistings; racemes from the axils of the lower leaves, 18in. long,
bearing about twelve blossoms. _l._ 6in. long by 3in. broad, of
which there are generally six or more on a good plant. Zanzibar,
1880. Should be grown in a basket, or on a cylindrical block of
teak wood.
=A. modestum= (modest).* _fl._ pure white, 1in. to 1-1/2in. across.
_l._ distichous, 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad,
elliptic or linear-oblong, acute, tip entire, pale bright green,
leathery, nerveless. Stem short. Madagascar, about 1880.
=A. pellucidum= (transparent).* _fl._ white, of a delicate
semi-transparent texture, and with a finely fringed labellum;
racemes from the axils of the lowest leaves, hanging
perpendicularly from the stems, about 1ft. long, bearing thirty
to forty blossoms. _l._ 12in. long by 2in. or 3in. broad. Sierra
Leone, 1842. Must be grown in a suspended basket.
=A. pertusum= (broken).* _fl._ pure white; spur comparatively
short, with a well-marked yellow tinge; racemes from the axils of
two-year-old leaves, horizontal, or slightly nodding, 6in. to 7in.
long, with from forty to sixty densely packed, small blossoms. _l._
dark green, arching, 10in. long by 1in. broad. _h._ 1ft. Sierra
Leone, 1836. Very distinct and attractive.
=A. Scottianum= (Scott's).* _fl._ pure white, very delicate in
texture, the lip is uppermost, 1in. or more across; spur narrow,
yellowish, 3in. to 4in. long; peduncle slender, a little longer
than the spur, usually but one-flowered. _l._ narrow, terete--thus
differing from most of its congeners--tapering or awl-shaped, about
4in. long, 1/8in. to 1/4in. in diameter, channelled in the upper
surface and ridged below. Comoro Islands, 1878.
=A. Sedeni= (Seden's). A rare form of _A. arcuatum_.
=A. sesquipedale= (foot-and-a-half).* _fl._ beautiful ivory white,
on stout, solitary, axillary peduncles, with sepals and petals
spreading out like rays, from 6in. to 8in. across; the whip-like
spur or nectary hangs down from the labellum, often from 10in. to
18in. long. November, December, and January, and lasts about three
weeks in beauty. _l._ dark green, distichous, about 10in. long.
_h._ 1ft. Madagascar, 1823. It is one of the grandest of winter
flowering orchids.
=A. virens= (green). An inferior variety of _A. eburneum_.
=ANGULAR.= Having angles, or forming angles.
=ANGULOA= (commemorative of Angulo, a Spanish naturalist). ORD.
_Orchidaceæ_. A small genus containing about six species. The flowers,
which are large and beautiful, are borne singly on scapes from 12in. to
16in. high, several of which are produced from the ripened pseudo-bulbs
of the preceding year's growth. Pseudo-bulbs from 5in. to 8in. high, as
thick as a man's wrist, bearing two to three erect, broad, lanceolate
leaves, 2ft. to 4ft. long. Temperature, summer, day (maximum), 70deg.;
night (minimum), 60deg. Winter, day (maximum), 60deg.; night (minimum),
45deg. These are bold growing cool-house plants, best grown in rough
fibrous peat, with good drainage. They delight in an abundant supply
of water both to the roots and foliage when growing, and require to
be kept in a somewhat dark or heavily-shaded place. During the season
of rest, and until young shoots commence growth, they should be kept
rather dry. They are propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs, just
before they commence to grow. The flowering season is summer.
=A. Clowesii= (Clowes's).* _fl._ fragrant; sepals and petals
concave, clear golden yellow; lip pure white; whole conformation
globular, or tulip-like. Columbia (at 5000ft. to 6000ft.
elevation), 1842. This is the largest growing species, of which
there are one or two rare varieties.
=A. eburnea= (ivory-flowered).* _fl._, sepals and petals of the
purest white; lip spotted with pink. New Grenada. In other respects
similar to above, but is very rare.
=A. Ruckeri= (Rucker's).* _fl._, sepals and petals yellow, with
crimson spots; lip deep crimson. Columbia, 1845. Not so large a
grower as either of the foregoing, but with same sized flowers.
=A. R. sanguinea= (bloody).* This variety has flowers of a deep
blood red colour, but is rare.
=A. superba= (superb).* Synonymous with _Acineta Humboldtii_.
=A. uniflora= (one-flowered).* _fl._ sub-globose, pure white,
sometimes freckled with brown, spotted profusely with pink inside.
Columbia, 1844. One of the best in cultivation.
=ANGURIA= (one of the Greek names for the cucumber). ORD.
_Cucurbitaceæ_. A stove genus of evergreen climbers allied to
_Momordica_. Flowers monœcious; corolla joined to the calyx,
ventricose, red, with a five-parted spreading border. Fruit somewhat
tetragonal. Several species have been introduced from time to time, but
they are rarely seen in our gardens. Some of them are handsome plants,
and well worthy of cultivation.
=ANHALONIUM.= _See_ =Mammillaria=.
=ANIGOZANTHUS= (from _anoigo_, to expand, and _anthos_, a flower;
in reference to the branching expansion of the flower stalks). SYN.
_Schwægrichenia_. ORD. _Hæmodoraceæ_. Greenhouse or half-hardy
perennial herbs. Flowers large, racemose or corymbose; perianth
tubular, elongated, woolly. Leaves linear ensiform. The species thrive
in a turfy compost of peat and loam, three parts of the former to one
of the latter; the whole intermixed with sand to make it porous. In the
growing season they must be kept well watered, and somewhat dry during
their period of rest in winter. They are very easily propagated by
dividing the roots in spring.
=A. coccineus= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet; perianth swelling
towards the summit, hairy, segments a little reflexed; disposed in
dichotomously-forked panicles; pedicels rather long. June. _l._
lanceolate, deep green. Stem ciliated. _h._ 5ft. Swan River, 1837.
[Illustration: FIG. 103. INFLORESCENCE AND LEAF OF ANIGOZANTHUS
FLAVIDUS.]
=A. flavidus= (yellowish-green-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish green,
panicled; scapes long. May. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, as is also
the stem; down of branches deciduous. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, 1808.
There is a scarlet and green-flowered variety of this species. See
Fig. 103.
=A. Manglesii= (Mangle's). _fl._ green; stigma capitate, projecting
beyond the tube, in a short terminal spiked raceme. May. Stem
erect, clothed with short thick crimson persistent velvety down.
_h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1833.
=A. pulcherrimus= (beautiful).* _fl._ yellow; panicles much
branched, clothed with rufous bristles. May. _l._ equitant, linear
falcate, covered with stellate tomentum. _h._ 3ft. Swan River,
1844.
=A. tyrianthinus= (purple).* _fl._ purple and white; panicle
clothed with purple tomentum. May. _l._ linear, stiff, straight,
glabrous. Stem tall, ternate, panicled, clothed with hoary tomentum
below. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1844.
=ANIL.= _See_ =Indigofera Anil=.
=ANIME RESIN.= _See_ =Hymenæa Courbaril=.
=ANIMATED OAT.= _See_ =Avena sterilis=.
=ANISANTHUS.= _See_ =Antholyza=.
=ANISE= (_Pimpinella Anisum_). A hardy annual, occasionally used for
garnishing or seasoning. Sow seed, in ordinary garden soil, on a warm
sunny border, in May, where it is intended for the plants to remain.
=ANISEED TREE.= _See_ =Illicium=.
=ANISOCHILUS= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _cheilos_, a lip; in
reference to the inequality of both lips of calyx and corolla). ORD.
_Labiatæ_. A very ornamental genus of stove perennials or biennials.
Whorls of flowers densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical spikes;
corolla with an exserted, defracted tube, inflated throat, and
bilabiate limb. They thrive in any light rich soil. Cuttings will root
in a sandy soil under a bell glass, in heat; seeds may be sown in
February in heat.
=A. carnosum= (fleshy). _fl._ lilac; whorls densely imbricate into
oblong cylindrical pedunculate spikes. June to September. _l._
petiolate, ovate-roundish, obtuse, crenated, cordate at the base,
thick, fleshy, tomentose on both surfaces. Stem erect. _h._ 2ft.
East Indies, 1788.
=ANISOMELES= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _melos_, a member; in
reference to the anthers of the longer stamens being halved). ORD.
_Labiatæ_. Ornamental greenhouse or evergreen stove shrubs, herbaceous
perennials, or annuals. Whorls sometimes densely many-flowered, at
others few, and loose; corolla with upper lip erect, oblong, entire;
lower lip larger, spreading, and lateral lobes ovate, obtuse. They are
of very easy culture in light rich soil; young cuttings strike freely
in spring, in heat, under a bell glass. _A. furcata_ requires little or
no artificial heat, but the protection of a bell glass is beneficial.
Seeds of _A. ovata_ may be sown in spring, in heat, and, after due
hardening off, the seedlings may be planted outside in May.
=A. furcata= (forked).* _fl._ small, elegantly variegated with
white, red, and purple, in loose many-flowered racemose cymes.
July. _l._ petiolate, ovate, acuminated, crenated, cordate at the
base, hispid on both surfaces. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824.
=A. malabarica= (Malabar). _fl._ purplish; whorls distant,
many-flowered, dense. July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. in
length, obtuse, serrately crenated in the upper part, quite entire
at the base. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. Tropical Asia, in humid places,
1817. Shrub.
=A. ovata= (ovate-leaved).* _fl._ purple; lower lip of a deeper
colour; whorls many-flowered, lower ones distant, upper ones
interruptedly spicate. August. _l._ ovate, obtuse, broadly
crenated. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Nepaul, 1823. An annual. Habitat
similar to last.
=ANISOMEROUS.= Unequally-parted; unsymmetrical.
=ANISOPETALUM.= _See_ =Bulbophyllum=.
[Illustration: THREAD-LEAVED PINE, AGAVES, AND YUCCA, IN A GUERNSEY
GARDEN.]
=ANNUALS.= All plants which spring from the seed, flower, and die
within the course of a year. A number of things, however, which are
not strictly of annual duration, but which are sown every year in
preference to housing the roots before they are killed by late autumn
or winter frosts, are generally classed, for the sake of convenience,
under the head of Annuals. Hardy Annuals are those which require no
artificial aid to enable them to develop, but grow and flower freely
in the open air. These are best sown in the spots where they are
intended to remain during March and April, and care must subsequently
be taken to keep the ground clear of weeds, and also to thin out the
seedlings, allowing each sufficient room to develop and exhibit its
true character. If allowed to remain too crowded, the plants, as a
matter of course, suffer, and the size and number of the flowers and
the general effect are considerably decreased. Successional sowings
of a good many of the showy species will be found to prolong their
flowering season. In well-kept establishments, where Annuals are duly
appreciated, several sowings are made in pots at intervals of a few
weeks. As the previously-sown clumps begin to get shabby, they are
removed, and replaced by others which have still to flower. By this
means a continual sheet of blossom can be maintained for a long time.
It is much better to trust to plants grown in pots in order to carry
out the plan just sketched, as these receive no check when placed in
their new quarters; whilst transplanted clumps frequently fail, and
many species do not transplant at all readily from an open border.
In order to secure, in early spring, a fine show of such plants as
several of the _Silenes_, _Myosotis_, _Saponaria_, and a number of
others, it is best to sow the seeds in an open, sheltered border, about
the end of July or beginning of August, taking care to keep a small
reserve stock in a cold frame, in case very severe weather kills the
unprotected plants. Half-hardy Annuals are those for which our climate
is not sufficiently warm, or, rather, our summer is not, as a rule,
either hot enough or long enough, to allow them to grow, flower well,
and ripen seeds, if sown in the open air. Many of these are amongst
the showiest of garden plants, so it is worth while to give them the
shelter of a warm frame during their earlier stages, and gradually
harden them off, planting out at the end of May or beginning of June,
when danger resulting from severe weather is passed. After germination,
the seedlings should have plenty of light and air, or a weak, spindly
growth, and, as a consequence, poor flowers, will result. The most
satisfactory method of watering very tiny seeds is to place a piece of
fine muslin over the seed-pot, through which the water will be easily
conveyed to the seeds, and thus prevent disturbance. Tender Annuals
require the same treatment as the half-hardy ones, except that they
need throughout their existence the protection of a glass structure.
All, or nearly all, garden Annuals delight in full sunlight and plenty
of air. In the open, these requirements, as a rule, obtain, but
sometimes mistakes are made under glass by keeping the plants too close
and over much shaded, as well as too great a distance from the glass.
=ANNULAR.= Having a ring-like form.
=ANNULATE.= With the appearance of rings.
=ANŒCTOCHILUS= (from _anoiktos_, open, and _cheilos_, a lip; in
reference to the spreading apex of the lip). SYNS. _Anecochilus_,
_Chrysobaphus_. ORD. _Orchideæ_. Stove terrestrial orchids, the radical
leaves of which are the chief attraction, being amongst the most
beautiful and delicate objects in the vegetable kingdom. The flowers,
which should be pinched off so soon as they appear, are, as a rule,
small and unattractive. Few of the species exceed 6in. in height,
with leaves from 2in. to 6in. long, including the fleshy petioles.
They require a good deal of attention. To one part of silver sand,
thoroughly washed twice or three times, add two of sphagnum, which
should also be well washed and picked over, when it should be chopped
into minute particles, in order that it may freely amalgamate with
the sand; mix a little loam and peat with the whole. In the pots,
when well drained by first placing a large piece of potsherd over the
bottom and nearly half filling up with pieces broken small and of
uniform size, place a thin layer of crude sphagnum, afterwards filling
firmly with the mixture above mentioned, and bringing it up more or
less in the form of a cone above the rim of the pot, into which the
plants should be firmly fixed. Plants which have been propagated by
division should be carefully transferred to 32-sized pots. About five
separate pieces might be placed evenly over the surface. Make holes
with a neat dibble, and into these drop the roots their entire length,
pressing the soil firmly with the dibble. Fix them so that they may
grow inwardly, and not out over the rim of the pots, pegging each
creeping root needing such attention firmly down upon the surface of
the soil afterwards; after a good soaking, they may be replaced in any
warm, shady situation. For propagating, a strong plant is necessary; it
may be cut into pieces just below the first joint, each piece having
a root. The bottom piece should have two eyes--one to root from, and
the other to push into a shoot. The "bottom," or plant which has been
cut, should be replaced in its pot, and then put under a bell glass.
It will soon throw up a young shoot; this ought to be left on until
well rooted, when it may be separated and treated similarly to the
portion first removed, still leaving the old part in the pot. These
plants must be grown in glass cases, or under bell glasses, but they
should always have a little air, for, as Mr. Williams says, when too
much confined, they grow up spindly, and damp off in the stem; the
latter, being fleshy, requires more substance and sturdiness. Air
should be admitted through a space of about 1in. or 2in. The following
ranges of temperature are advised: Winter, night, 55deg. to 60deg.;
day, 65deg. to 70deg. during March, April, and May; night, 60deg. to
70deg.; and, afterwards, a few degrees higher, with a maximum day
temperature of 80deg. Bottom heat should not be given, as it induces
a weak, fast growth. Great care will be needed to prevent ravages of
insects. The most suitable month for repotting is March, just before
growth commences, when the plants will need plenty of water up to
October, excepting when it is desirous to utilise them as drawing-room
ornaments, in which case they should be kept rather dry for a short
time previous. _See also_ =Dossinia=, =Goodyera=, =Hæmeria=, =Macodes=,
=Physurus=, and =Zeuxine=.
[Illustration: FIG. 104. ANŒCTOCHILUS FRIDERICI-AUGUSTI.]
=A. argenteus pictus= (silvery-painted). A synonym of _Physurus
pictus_.
=A. argyroneurus= (silvery-veined).* _l._ light green, dark
mottled; veins forming a beautiful silvery network. Java.
=A. Boylei= (Boyle's).* _l._ ovate, acuminate, 2in. long and broad,
olive-green, netted and pencilled with gold. India.
=A. Bullenii= (Bullen's).* _l._ 2-1/2 in. long, ground colour
bronzy green, with three broad distinct lines of coppery-red, or
golden stripes running the entire length. Borneo, 1861.
=A. concinnus= (neat). _l._ ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, dark
olive-green, netted and striped with shining coppery-red. Assam.
=A. Dawsonianus= (Dawson's).* _l._ ovate, of a dark velvety, rich
olive-green, traversed by about seven longitudinal copper-coloured
veins; the space on each side of the midrib being filled with fine
reticulations of the same colour. Malay Archipelago, 1868. The
proper name of this plant is _Hæmeria discolor Dawsoniana_.
=A. Dayi= (Day's). A synonym of _Dossinia marmorata Dayi_.
=A. Dominii= (Dominy's). _l._ dark olive-green, streaked down
the centre with pale coppery-yellow, the main ribs marked by
pale lines. Hybrid between _Goodyera discolor_ and _A. Friderici
Augusti_.
=A. Eldorado= (Eldorado). _l._ dark green, with small tracery of a
lighter colour, deciduous. Central America.
=A. Friderici-Augusti= (Frederick Augustus').* _l._ 2-1/2in. long,
and 1-1/2in. broad, dark velvety green, with broad orange and green
stripes down the centre, covered with a beautiful golden network.
_h._ 5in. Very distinct. See Fig. 104. SYN. _A. xanthophyllus_.
=A. Heriotii= (Heriot's). _l._ 3-1/2in. long, 2-1/2in. broad, dark
mahogany-colour, golden-reticulated, and with shadowy network.
India.
=A. hieroglyphicus= (hieroglyphic-marked). _l._ small, dark green,
with hieroglyphic-like, silvery-grey blotches. Assam.
=A. intermedius= (intermediate).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, and 1-1/2in.
broad, with a silky surface, dark olive, striped and veined with
gold. _h._ 3in. Will succeed with a glass covering, in a stove, if
shaded.
=A. javanicus= (Java). _fl._ pink, small, spicate; scape 9in. high.
_l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, dark olive-green, with lighter
blotches and faint golden reticulation, pinkish beneath. Java.
=A. latimaculatus= (broad-spotted).* _l._ dark green, with silvery
markings. Borneo. A distinct and free-growing kind.
=A. Lowii= (Low's).* _l._ 4in. to 5in. long, 3in. broad, dark
velvety-green, shading to orange-brown, lined from base to apex
with deep golden veins, crossed by lines of the same hue. _h._ 6in.
Borneo. The correct name of this plant is _Dossinia marmorata_.
=A. L. virescens= (greenish).* _l._ brighter green, with brighter
markings over the whole surface.
=A. Ordianus= (Ordi's).* _l._ shape and habit of _A. Dawsonianus_,
but the colour is a vivid green, and lined with golden veins. Java,
1869. The proper name of this plant is _Hæmeria discolor Ordiana_.
=A. pictus= (painted). A synonym of _Physurus pictus_.
=A. querceticola= (forest-dwelling). A synonym of _Physurus
querceticolus_.
=A. regalis= (royal).* King Plant. _l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad;
surface a beautiful velvety green, veined in regular lines, and
covered with a network of gold. _h._ 4in. Java, 1836. If examined
with a lens in sunshine, the beauty of the network will be plainly
seen. SYN. _A. setaceus_ (of gardens). There are several varieties,
the best of which are:
=A. r. cordatus= (heart-shaped). _l._ rounder, and gold markings
broader. Very rare.
=A. r. grandifolius= (large-leaved).* _l._ light green, beautifully
laced and banded with a network of gold. Also rare.
=A. r. inornatus= (unadorned). _l._ dark rich velvety, with a few
slight markings, destitute of the golden reticulation. Java.
=A. Reinwardtii= (Reinwardt's).* _l._ rich, deep velvety-bronze,
intersected with bright golden lines. Java.
=A. Roxburghii= (Roxburgh's).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad,
dark velvety-green, striated with well-defined lines of silver.
_h._ 3in. India. The true species is very rare; several are sold as
such.
=A. Ruckerii= (Rucker's).* _l._ broadly ovate-bronzy-green, with
six rows of distinct spots running from base to apex. Borneo, 1861.
=A. setaceus= (bristly). A garden synonym of _A. regalis_.
=A. striatus= (striated). A synonym of _Zeuxine regia_.
=A. Turneri= (Turner's).* _l._ large, rich bronze, freely
golden-reticulated. One of the handsomest; a very free grower.
=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's). A synonym of _Macodes Petola_.
=A. xanthophyllus= (yellow-leaved). A synonym of _A.
Friderici-Augusti_.
=A. zebrinus= (striped).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate, deep olive green,
with copper-coloured veins. India, 1863. Dwarf and elegant.