on flowers). ORD. _Gramineæ_. A large genus of grasses with polygamous
flowers. The majority of species are of no horticultural value;
several, however, are very ornamental subjects, and thrive well in
a rich, deep soil. Easily propagated by seeds or by division of the
roots. The South European kinds succeed in the open air if planted in
a warm dry border.
=A. citratum= (Citrus-leaved). Synonymous with _A. Schœnanthus_.
=A. Schœnanthus.= Lemon Grass. _fl._ in threes; spikes imbricate,
conjugate, panicled. A handsome species, the leaves of which emit
a very fragrant odour when bruised. _h._ 2ft. India, 1786. Stove
species. SYN. _A. citratum_.
Other species worth growing are _furcatus_, _halepensis_, _muricatus_,
_pubescens_, _scoparius_, _squarrosus_, and _strictus_.
=ANDROSACE= (from _aner_, a man, and _sakos_, buckler; in reference
to the resemblance of the anther to an ancient buckler). Including
_Aretia_. ORD. _Primulaceæ_. Dwarf annuals or perennials, entirely
alpine, agreeing in most characters with _Primula_, but having the
tube of the corolla narrowed at the mouth. An airy, well-drained,
and partially sunny position is essential in their culture. They
thrive well between fissures of rocks or stones with a rich sandy
peat soil. Drought and a sour soil are alike fatal, and both will be
greatly obviated if small pieces of sandstone are mixed with the soil.
The woolly species are best arranged beneath a jutting ledge of the
rockery, which will afford them protection from the hottest sunshine,
and from excessive wet in winter; additional comfort will be provided
from the latter ill if a piece of glass is placed over them during
the autumn and winter months. They can also be well grown, and make
charming little specimens, in pots, with rich sandy soil and thorough
drainage. Sprinkle sand among the small rosettes of leaves. They are
increased by divisions, cuttings, or seed; the latter should be sown as
early as possible, and raised in a frame.
=A. alpina= (alpine). _fl._ purplish rose; throat and tube yellow,
solitary; peduncles about 1/2in. long. June. _l._ crowded, small,
tongue-shaped, in small rosettes. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Switzerland,
1775. This species requires a rather shady aspect, and to be
planted almost perpendicularly in a soil composed of leaf mould,
peat, fibrous loam, and sharp sand. SYN. _A. glacialis_.
=A. Aretia= (Aretius'). Synonymous with _A. helvetica_.
=A. aretioides= (Aretia-like). Synonymous with _A. obtusifolia_.
=A. argentea= (silvery).* _fl._ white, sessile, very numerous.
June. _l._ densely imbricated, lanceolate, oblong, covered with
short hairs, forming very pretty silvery-grey rosettes. _h._
about 2in. Switzerland, 1826. This requires a well drained, sunny
fissure. SYN. _A. imbricata_.
=A. carnea= (flesh-coloured).* _fl._ pink or rose, with a
yellow eye, three to seven, on hairy stalked umbels. July. _l._
awl-shaped, smooth, acuminated, not forming rosettes. Stem somewhat
elongated. _h._ 3in. or 4in. Switzerland, 1768. This forms charming
little cushions if allowed to remain undisturbed; it is easily
increased. SYNS. _A. Lachenalii_, _A. puberula_.
=A. c. eximia= (select).* Larger and more robust than the typical
species, and a more rapid grower. Forms compact tufts of dense
rosettes, bearing heads of rosy-crimson yellow-eyed flowers, on
stems 2in. or 3in. high. Auvergne Alps, 1871. It requires moist
sunny ledges and fissures of rockwork in peat, loam, and sand.
=A. Chamæjasme= (rock jasmine).* _fl._ blush, ultimately deep pink,
with a yellow eye, umbellate. June. _l._ lanceolate, tapering
to a point towards the base, in comparatively large, not dense,
rosettes. _h._ about 2in. to 4in. Austria, &c., 1768. A very free
flowering species, growing freely when established, ultimately
forming large tufts. It thrives best in a deep, well drained and
rich loam soil.
=A. ciliata= (ciliated). _fl._ deep carmine red, on stems double as
long as the leaves. June. _l._ lanceolate-oblong, smooth on both
surfaces, with ciliated margins, imbricated. _h._ 2in. to 3in.,
forming dense cushions. Pyrenees.
=A. coronopifolia= (buckhorn-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, on slender
pedicels, umbellate on peduncles, about 6in. high. April to June.
_l._ lanceolate, distantly serrated, smooth, in flattish rosettes.
Russia, 1755. This is a charming little biennial, well worthy of a
place on the rockery. A colony of it is extremely pretty; it seeds
freely, and a batch of young plants almost invariably takes the
place of the old ones. SYN. _A. septentrionalis_.
=A. glacialis= (glacial). Synonymous with _A. alpina_.
=A. helvetica= (Swiss).* _fl._ white, nearly sessile, with a
yellow eye, larger than the little rosettes of leaves on the stalk
from which they spring. May. _l._ lanceolate, obtuse, closely
imbricated, small, ciliated. _h._ 1in., forming dense cushions.
Switzerland, 1775. A rare little gem, requiring a partially shaded
position, and very sandy soil. SYN. _A. Aretia_.
=A. imbricata= (imbricated). Synonymous with _A. argentea_.
=A. Lachenalii= (Lachenal's). Synonymous with _A. carnea_.
=A. lactea= (milk-white).* _fl._ pure white, with yellow throat,
large, on long graceful stalks, umbellate. June. _l._ linear,
or nearly so, in rosettes, sometimes scattered on the elongated
branches. _h._ about 4in. Austria, 1752. Very floriferous and
strong growing. Should have an eastern or western aspect, and be
propagated from seeds. SYN. _A. pauciflora_.
[Illustration: FIG. 90. ANDROSACE LAGGERI.]
=A. Laggeri= (Lagger's).* _fl._ pink, sessile; when approaching
maturity the stem becomes elongated, and bears a tuft of stalked
flowers. March. _l._ awl-shaped, sharply pointed, in tiny rosettes.
_h._ 3in. Pyrenees, &c., 1879. Very like _A. carnea_, but more
delicate, earlier, and more abundant flowering, with deeper green
foliage. It suffers from exposure to the sun, and therefore
requires a partially shady position. Should be propagated from
seeds or cuttings, which latter strike freely. See Fig. 90.
=A. lanuginosa= (woolly-leaved).* _fl._ delicate rose, with a
small yellow eye, umbellate. June to October. _l._ nearly 1in.
long, clothed with shiny silken hairs. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Himalaya,
1842. A very beautiful species, with spreading or trailing shoots,
easily multiplied by cuttings or layers. It requires a warm sunny
spot on the rockery, with a sandy peat soil. When planted so that
its shoots drape the face of a rocky ledge, it is one of the most
charming plants possible to grow.
A. obtusifolia (blunt-leaved). _fl._ white or rose, with yellow
eye; umbels five or six-flowered. Spring. _l._ lanceolate or
rather spathulate, in rather large rosettes. Stems downy. _h._
2in. to 6in. European Alps. A very pretty form, closely allied to
_A. Chamæjasme_, and differing principally in its somewhat larger
rosette of leaves and stronger growth. SYN. _A. aretioides_.
=A. pauciflora= (few-flowered). Synonymous with _A. lactea_.
=A. penicillata= (finely hairy). Synonymous with _A. villosa_.
=A. puberula= (puberulous). Synonymous with _A. carnea_.
=A. pubescens= (downy). _fl._ white, with a faint yellow eye,
solitary, at the ends of the branchlets, very numerous. June. _l._
oblong-ovate, ciliated, in a crowded rosette. Stem with a small
swelling close to the flower. _h._ 2in. Alps, 1869. Treat like _A.
Chamæjasme_.
=A. pyrenaica= (Pyrenean). _fl._ white, with yellowish eyes, on
a scape about 1/4in high. Summer. _l._ narrow-oblong, ciliated,
recurved, keeled at the back. _h._ 1in. Pyrenees. An exceedingly
pretty and diminutive little alpine plant, grown, according to Mr.
Robinson, "to great perfection in fissures between large rocks,
with, however, deep rifts of sandy peat and loam in them. It will
also grow on a level exposed spot, but in such a position should be
surrounded by half-buried stones."
=A. sarmentosa= (trailing).* _fl._ bright rose, with a white eye,
in umbels of ten to twenty, on an erect scape. May and June. _l._
very silvery, forming dense rosettes, whence spring a number of
runners, bearing at their extremities other tufts, which should
be pegged down and covered with soil, when they will root freely.
Himalayas, 1876. It requires rich sandy loam, a sunny position, and
to be wedged between pieces of sandstone. Cover the rosettes during
winter with a sheet of glass. See Fig. 91.
=A. septentrionalis= (northern). Synonymous with _A. coronopifolia_.
=A. villosa= (hairy).* _fl._ rose or blush, with a deeper coloured
eye, and a honey-like perfume, umbellate. May. _l._ narrow, oblong,
covered with soft white down, chiefly on the under surface, in
compact tufts. _h._ 2in. to 4in. Pyrenees, &c., 1790. When well
grown, the flowers are produced in great abundance, almost covering
the green cushions. Plant in a sunny fissure of the rockery, in
sandy loam and leaf soil. SYN. _A. penicillata_.
[Illustration: FIG. 91. ANDROSACE SARMENTOSA, showing Habit, and the
two kinds of Leaves, &c.]
=A. Vitaliana= (Vital's).* _fl._ rich yellow, comparatively large;
tube inflated at the middle, almost nestling among the leaves.
May to July. _l._ linear, acute, greyish. Stems numerous. _h._
1in. to 2in. Pyrenees, &c., 1787. When well grown, it produces
flowers in abundance, and is the only species in cultivation having
yellow flowers. A well-drained, sunny pocket is desirable, with a
calcareous soil, covering the surface with nodules of sandstone.
SYN. _Gregoria Vitaliana_.
=A. Wulfeniana= (Wulfen's).* _fl._ rosy or crimson, large. Summer.
_l._ oval, acuminated, in dense rosettes. _h._ 2in. Styria. A very
rare species in cultivation in this country.
=ANDROSÆMUM.= _See_ =Hypericum=.
=ANDROSTEPHIUM= (from _aner_, a man, and _stephos_, a crown; some
of the stamens are barren and petaloid, forming a corona). ORD.
_Liliaceæ_. A very pretty little hardy bulb, of dwarf habit, allied
to _Brodiæa_. It requires a rich sandy loam, in a sunny position, and
may be propagated by offsets and seeds; the latter should be sown as
soon as ripe in a cold frame. Plant 6in. deep, when it will require no
protection in winter.
=A. violaceum= (violet). _fl._ violet blue, about 1in. long, three
to six in an umbel, on pedicels about their own length; tube
infundibuliform, about as long as the spreading segments; corona
half as long. Spring. _l._ four to six, very narrow. _h._ 6in.
Texas, 1874.
=ANDRYALA= (the meaning of this is unknown). ORD. _Compositæ_. These
are pretty half-hardy evergreen herbaceous perennials, easily grown in
ordinary well-drained garden soil. Increased by seeds and divisions in
spring. Two species only are in cultivation.
=A. lanata= (woolly).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, Hieracium-like. May.
_l._ white, woolly, thick, oblong-ovate; radical ones stalked;
upper ones sessile. Stems with a leaf at each joint. _h._ about
1ft. South Europe, 1732.
=A. mogadorensis= (Mogador). _fl.-heads_ bright yellow, as large
as a half-crown; disk bright orange. April. Morocco, 1871. This
species is rare in cultivation.
=ANEILEMA= (from _a_, not, and _eilema_, involucre; in reference
to the absence of the involucre). ORD. _Commelynaceæ_. Greenhouse
and stove evergreen perennials, with generally a trailing habit.
A genus resembling _Commelyna_, from which it is distinguished by
the inflorescence being sub-paniculate, and the peduncles entirely
exserted from the bracts at the branching of the panicle. Flowers
without any involucre. They thrive in a compost of loam, peat, leaf
mould, and sand, well mixed. Increased by seeds and root divisions.
There are a large number of species known to botanists.
=A. biflora= (two-flowered).* _fl._ blue; floral stalks
two-flowered. July. _l._ lanceolate. Stem creeping; plant smooth.
New Holland, 1820. Greenhouse species.
=A. sinicum= (Chinese). _fl._ pale blue; racemes about
seven-flowered, alternate, placed in a panicle form. May. _l._
ligulate, acuminate. Stems branched, diffuse. _h._ 1ft. China,
1820. Greenhouse species.
=ANEMIA= (from _aneimon_, naked; in reference to the naked panicles of
sporangia). Including _Anemidictyon_. ORD. _Filices_. A well-marked
genus of stove and greenhouse ferns, chiefly confined to Tropical
America. Capsules small, very abundant, forming a copiously-branched
panicle, quite distinct from the leafy part of the frond. This genus
of handsome dwarf-growing ferns is of easy culture, in a compost of
fibrous peat, leaf soil, and sand. Several species are exceedingly
pretty for fern cases. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=.
=A. adiantifolia= (maidenhair-leaved).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long,
firm, naked. _fronds_, barren portion shortly-stalked, 6in. to 9in.
long, 4in. to 6in. broad, deltoid, bi-tripinnate; pinnæ close,
lanceolate, the lowest the largest; ultimate divisions oblong or
linear-cuneate, the outer toothed, with a firm texture; panicle
3in. to 4in. long, the peduncle 1in. to 3in. long. West Indies,
1793. A very handsome stove fern.
=A. ciliata= (ciliated). Synonymous with _A. hirsuta_.
=A. collina= (hill). _sti._ 8in. to 12in. long, firm, erect,
densely clothed with fine ferruginous hairs. _fronds_, barren
portion sessile, 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, with about
twelve sessile pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. long,
and about 1/2in. broad, unequal-sided, obliquely-truncate below,
blunt, sub-entire, with a sub-coriaceous texture; panicle 2in. to
3in. long, close, the peduncle 4in. to 6in. long. Brazil, 1829.
Very rare stove species. SYN. _A. hirta_.
=A. deltoidea= (deltoid-like). Synonymous with _A. tomentosa_.
=A. Dregeana= (Drege's).* _sti._ 8in. to 12in. long, firm, slightly
villose. _fronds_, barren portion sub-sessile, 8in. to 12in. long,
2in. to 3in. broad, about equal in width in the lower half, with
eight to twelve pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in.
long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, ovate-deltoid, unequal at the base,
the upper side sub-cordate, the edge inciso-crenate; panicle 3in.
to 4in. long, the lower branches elongated; peduncle same length.
Natal. Stove species.
=A. flexuosa= (wavy). Synonymous with _A. tomentosa_.
=A. hirsuta= (hairy). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, slender, naked.
_fronds_, barren portion 2in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 3in. broad,
sessile, oblong-deltoid, bipinnatifid; pinnæ in six to eight
opposite pairs, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/4in. broad,
varying from oblong, obtuse, sub-entire, truncate at the base on
the lower side, to deeply pinnatifid with narrow divisions; panicle
1in. to 2in. long, close; peduncle 2in. to 6in. long, slender.
Jamaica, 1704. Very handsome stove species. SYNS. _A. repens_ and
_A. ciliata_.
=A. hirta= (hairy). Synonymous with _A. collina_.
=A. mandioccana= (Mandioccan).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long,
deciduously villose. _fronds_, barren portion 1ft. or more long,
2in. to 4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, the lower half about equal
in width; pinnæ in twenty or more close pairs, the point narrowed,
but scarcely acute; edge finely serrulate, the upper base parallel
with the stem, the lower obliquely truncate; rachis and surfaces
finely pilose; texture sub-coriaceous; panicle very compound,
3in. to 4in. long: peduncle longer. Brazil. A very beautiful and
distinct stove species.
=A. Phyllitidis= (Phyllitis-like).* _sti._ 6in. to 18in. long,
stramineous, naked, or fibrillose. _fronds_, barren portion
sessile, 4in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 8in. broad, ovate-oblong,
simply pinnate; pinnæ in four to twelve sessile pairs, the lowest
the largest, ovate, 1in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 2in. broad, the
apex acute, the edge crenulate, the base rounded or cuneate, or
unequal, with a firm texture; panicle dense, 3in. to 9in. long, the
branches short; peduncles the same length. Cuba, Mexico, &c. SYN.
_Anemidictyon Phyllitidis_. Greenhouse species.
=A. P. lineata= (lined). _fronds_ with a yellowish-green central
stripe down the pinnæ. South America, 1868.
=A. P. plumbea= (leaden). Synonymous with _A. P. tessellata_.
=A. P. tessellata= (tessellated). Pinnæ dark green, with bright
green centre and leaden-grey border. Brazil, 1875. The forms of
this species are numerous: _fraxinifolia_ and _macrophylla_ are
names often met with, but only show slight deviations. They all
have a more hardy constitution than the other species, and grow
well in the greenhouse. SYN. _A. P. plumbea_.
=A. repens= (creeping). Synonymous with _A. hirsuta_.
=A. tomentosa= (tomentose).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, strong,
erect, clothed with ferruginous hairs. _fronds_, barren portion
6in. to 12in. long, half as broad, ovate-deltoid, bipinnatifid
or bipinnate; lowest pinnæ the largest, the blunt lobes 1/2in.
to 3/4in. long, 1/4in. broad, nearly entire; rachis and surfaces
densely pilose, with a firm texture; panicle 4in. to 9in. long,
loose; peduncle 1in. to 2in. long. Tropical America. Greenhouse
species. SYNS. _A. deltoidea_, _A. flexuosa_, _A. villosa_.
=A. villosa= (hairy). Synonymous with _A. tomentosa_.
=ANEMIDICTYON.= _See_ =Anemia=.
=ANEMONE= (from _anemos_, wind; the greater part of the species grow
in elevated places, much exposed to the wind). Wind Flower. ORD.
_Ranunculaceæ_. An extensive genus of very ornamental hardy perennials.
The generic characters of Anemone proper are: Involucre of three cut
leaflets, distant from the flower; calyx of five to twenty petal-like
sepals; petals absent. Of sub-genus Hepatica: Involucre of three entire
leaflets, just under the flowers; calyx of six to nine petal-like
sepals; petals absent. For botanical purposes, they are both now
included under the one generic name of Anemone; but in gardens the
Hepaticas are frequently regarded as a distinct genus. They delight in
a rich sandy loam, but most will thrive in ordinary garden soil. Some
are suitable for borders, while others thrive best on the rockery,
most of them preferring a damp and partially shady position. For the
numerous varieties of _A. coronaria_, both double and single flowered,
the soil can hardly be too rich, and the position, though open, should
be a sheltered one, and well drained. The tubers may be planted early
in October, about 6in. apart, and 3in. deep, various colours being
intermixed, when a splendid effect is produced in the following spring.
After flowering, the tubers should be taken up--say in June--and spread
out thinly, in a shady, airy situation, until they are dry, when they
should be thoroughly cleaned, and, if necessary, divided, and finally
stored away in a cool place, in pots or boxes of dry sand until the
planting season. Anemones make admirable pot plants if placed in a
compost of two parts turfy loam, and one of leaf mould or rotten hotbed
or cow manure, with about a sixth part of sharp gritty sand; but, if
so grown, they should be protected through severe weather, and brought
into warmth as required. The herbaceous species are propagated by root
divisions or root cuttings, or by seeds, in autumn or early spring;
the seeds are better sown as soon as ripe in pans in a cold frame.
Some, such as _A. japonica_, are freely increased by division; while
others, such as _A. narcissiflora_, are very slow; and the tuberous
rooted ones, by root division and seeds. The best and most rapid means
of propagating the invaluable varieties of _A. coronaria_, and also of
obtaining new ones, is by seed. A careful selection of flowers, and
skilful hybridising, will produce results commensurate with the trouble
incurred. So soon as the seed ripen, they should be gathered and sown
at once in a warm sheltered situation outside, or in pans under glass,
covering lightly with sandy soil, and keeping moist. They are somewhat
difficult to sow on account of a mass of cotton-like down which adheres
closely to them; they should be thoroughly separated therefrom by
rubbing them in dry sand. Of course, if the seed are sown at different
times, plants will be produced which will flower at different periods,
and a succession of bloom may be had from April to November--indeed,
nearly all the year.
=A. alba= (white). _fl._ white; pedicel solitary; sepals five,
obovate, very blunt. June. _l._ ternate or quinate; segments deeply
toothed at top; those of the involucre stalked. _h._ 6in. Siberia,
1820.
=A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ variously coloured, sometimes white,
white with the back purple, cream, yellowish or yellow with their
backs paler; sepals six, spreading, elliptical, rarely ovate. May.
_l._ sometimes smooth, sometimes clothed with long crowded silky
hairs, biternate; segments pinnate and deeply serrated; involucre
of the same form. _h._ 6in. Middle Europe, 1658. Very handsome
alpine. Plant on the rockery in rich deep soil, with a damp
situation. SYN. _Pulsatilla alpina_.
=A. a. sulphurea= (sulphur).* _fl._ beautiful soft yellow, 2in. to
2-1/2in. across when expanded, but they are usually cup-shaped;
sepals six, covered with a silky down outside; anthers of a rich
golden colour. May and June. _l._ radical, stalked, drooping,
more than 1ft. long; leaflets pinnatifid, deeply toothed. A very
beautiful form, thriving in ordinary garden soil, and a rather
moist situation. See Fig. 92.
[Illustration: FIG. 92. ANEMONE ALPINA SULPHUREA, showing Habit and
Flower.]
=A. americana= (American). A synonym of _A. Hepatica_.
=A. angulosa= (angled).* _fl._ fine sky blue, over 2in. across,
with numerous black anthers surrounding a tuft of yellow styles;
sepals eight to nine, elliptical, spreading. February. _l._
palmately five-lobed; lobes serrated. _h._ 8in. to 12in. East
Europe. A very fine species, twice the size of _A. Hepatica_ in all
its parts; it is well suited for the border or rockery, enjoying a
deep rich soil. SYN. _Hepatica angulosa_.
=A. apennina= (Apennine).* _fl._ blue, 1-1/2in. across; sepals ten
to fourteen, oblong, obtuse, erect; pedicel one-flowered. March.
_l._ binately pinnate; segments lanceolate, deeply-toothed, acute.
_h._ 6in. England (naturalised here and there), and Southern
Europe. An exceedingly pretty plant, with soft-looking feathery
foliage. It thrives best under the partial shade of trees, where
the flowers retain their colour longer. Tuberous rooted.
=A. baldensis= (Mount Baldo).* _fl._ white, clothed with adpressed
hairs on the outside, and reddish tinged with blue; sepals eight
to ten, oblong-oval; pedicels one-flowered. May. _l._ biternate;
segments many-parted; lobes linear; involucral leaves multifid.
_h._ 6in. Switzerland, 1792. _A. cœrulea_ is probably identical
with this species. Shady parts of the rockery. Rare. Tuberous
rooted.
=A. blanda= (fair).* _fl._ deep blue, nearly 2in. across; sepals
nine to fourteen, narrow. Winter or early spring. _l._ triternate;
segments deeply cut and acute; involucral leaves stalked, trifid,
deeply cut. _h._ 6in. Eastern Europe. A very handsome early
flowering plant. It requires a rich, light, and well drained sandy
loam, and a warm, sheltered position. It closely resembles _A.
apennina_, of which it is merely a form, with deeper blue flowers.
Tuberous rooted.
=A. caroliniana= (Carolina). _fl._ purple or whitish, pubescent
on the outside, on a long one-flowered pedicel; sepals ten to
twenty, oblong-linear. May. _l._ ternate, with three-parted, or cut
acutely-toothed lobes; involucral leaves trifid, with cut lobes.
_h._ 9in. Carolina, 1824. A very slender and delicate plant. Shady
parts of the rockery. Tuberous rooted.
=A. cernua= (drooping). _fl._ somewhat drooping, dark purple;
sepals six, spreading, elliptical-oblong. May. _l._ pinnate,
villous underneath; segments pinnatifid; lobes cut, oblong; scapes,
petioles, and peduncles clothed with downy hairs. _h._ 6in. Japan,
1806. Rare.