the editors.
[129] In plain language, a prominence of the jaws—one of the
characteristics of the Negro type.
[130] Dr. Randle MacIver and Anthony Wilkin, in “Libyan Notes.” Macmillan
& Co. 1901.
[131] Concubinage with negresses being the natural explanation.
[132] Other authorities, basing their arguments, _inter alia_, upon
the assumption that the wild people “covered with hair” encountered
by the Carthaginian colonists were none other than the gorillas which
Du Chaillu, more than two thousand years afterwards, brought to the
knowledge of an incredulous world, and upon the unlikelihood of any
of those animals being in Hanno’s day so far north, maintain that the
expedition reached the Gaboon estuary, or even the mouth of the Congo.
The point is never likely to be cleared up. The two sides are stated with
great clearness by the late Miss Kingsley in “West African Studies.”
(Macmillan & Co.)
[133] Lest it be supposed that I am appropriating other people’s ideas
without acknowledgment, I hasten to add that Major Rennel, in his notes
on Park’s travels (“Travels in the Interior of Africa.” London: 1799)
hazards the same suggestion, and Barth and Frey follow suit. But I think
that, in the light of our further knowledge of the peoples and history of
Western Africa, the identification of the “Leucæthiopes” with the Fulani
becomes a good deal more than a suggestion.
[134] The cattle possessed by the Fulani—who are the herdsmen of West
Africa—are the hump-backed Asiatic kind (_Bos indicus_). That was a great
point with Faidherbe in favour of the Eastern theory. The Abyssinians’
cattle, it may be observed, belong to the same breed.
[135] “Then Joseph came and told Pharaoh, and said: ‘My father and my
brethren, and their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have, are
come out of the land of Canaan, and, behold, they are in the land of
Goshen.’”
[136] Cattle-rearer.
[137] “An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra
Leone.” By Thomas Winterbottom, D.D., Physician to the Colony of Sierra
Leone. 1803.
[138] The Joloffs (Senegal) declare that the Fulani converse habitually
with their cattle.
[139] Moore, writing of the Gambia Fulani in the eighteenth century,
says, they manage cattle so well that the Mandingoes give them their own
to look after.
[140] Native cavalry soldier.
[141] Related in the French African Committee’s journal.
[142] De Guiraudon was, apparently, unaware of this passage, which has an
important bearing upon his statements.
[143] Not pear-shaped, as with the negress.
[144] Barth, Baikie, Gray, Monteil, Mollien, De Giraudon, Callié, &c.,
vie with one another in their enthusiasm over the beauty of the Fulani
woman of pure blood, which is all the more pronounced in view of their
ethnic surroundings. Barth speaks of young Fulani girls whose forms
“recall the finest Grecian sculptury.” “The women are very beautiful, and
possess strange powers of fascination in their large deep eyes,” says
Monteil. “The women in particular,” remarks Gray, “might vie in point of
figure with the finest forms in Europe, and their walk is particularly
majestic.” “The Fulani women, many of whose countenances are resplendent
with a veritable beauty” (Reclus).
[145] “West Africa.”
[146] _Ibid._
[147] Witness, for example, the admirable work on land tenure on the
Ivory Coast just published by Administrator Clozel; also that gentleman’s
article in the _Journal of the African Society_ for July.
[148] I have not yet heard of any departure from the rule.
[149] “Modern ideas and legislation,” says Dr. Alfred Zimmerman, “forbid
violent proceedings. The natives should be taught to work by cultivating
the sentiment in them that it is their interest to do so. _Experience
proves that protection of property is the surest means to attain that
end._”
[150] Paul Kollmann’s “The Victoria Nyanza” may be consulted in this
connection with advantage. The illustrations of domestic ornaments, of
flasks, bark-boxes, drums, &c., constructed by the natives of Usukama and
Ukerewe show real beauty of design.
[151] Sir Marshall Clarke’s recent report is instructive. Speaking of the
natives of Rhodesia, he says: “They work in the mines either from direct
pressure brought to bear upon them by the administration, a pressure only
short of force, or the necessity of earning enough to pay their taxes....
This,” continues Sir Marshall Clarke, “does not tend to make industry
attractive”; and, he adds, “At present there is undoubtedly discontent
among the natives.”
[152] “The evidence available seems to indicate that the labour
difficulty on the Gold Coast may probably be overcome without the
importation of labourers from other countries, and that success or
failure in the matter is largely dependent on the person in charge of the
undertaking. It is very desirable that the persons in charge should be
gentlemen and men of education, as it is found that such are more likely
to be able to deal satisfactorily with the natives, who generally require
to be handled with much tact and judgment.”—Par. 9, “Labour Ordinance”:
issued by Colonial Office.
[153] “According to native ideas there is no land without owners. What is
now a forest or unused land will, as years go on, come under cultivation
by the subjects of the Stool, or members of the village community, or
other members of the family” (“Fanti Customary Law,” J. M. Sarbah). What
holds good in the Gold Coast is equally applicable to the rivers and to
Lagos, indeed throughout West Africa, wherever Negro culture is met with.
[154] In order, of course, to do away with the idea that there is any
wish or desire on the part of the Government to alienate the land from
the rightful owners thereof.
[155] The amended Lagos Bill exempts from its operation native
customary rights and defers to the authority of the Native Councils
of the hinterland. Its working depends largely, therefore, upon the
interpretation placed by the Colony’s Governor for the time being on the
nature of the relationship between those Councils and the Administration.
Sir W. MacGregor has passed a Bill (the Native Councils Bill) which, he
thinks, will strengthen the position of the Councils. But it is safe to
say that, in all matters affecting land legislation in West Africa, the
procedure for safeguarding native rights, and in their main lines those
rights themselves, should be laid down as clearly as possible in the Act
itself.
[156] For an intelligent native view on the subject the reader is
referred to the speeches of Dr. O. Johnson, Member of the Legislative
Council of Lagos, in moving the rejection of the Amended Forest Ordinance
(May 1902). Dr. Johnson’s status in the Colony may be estimated from
the fact that the extraordinarily able historical address on the native
history of Lagos, delivered by him at the Lagos Institute last year, was
published as a Government paper in the Colony.
[157] Who, for some time past, has individually done much to stimulate
cotton-growing for export in West Africa.
[158] In the manifesto issued by the Association in October there figures
a list of Vice-presidents, headed by Sir Alfred Jones, K.C.M.G., and
including no less than twenty-two members of Parliament, among whom one
notices such well-known names as Winston S. Churchill, R. Yerburgh,
Alfred Emmott, Sir William Mather, Lord Stanley, the Hon. Arthur Stanley,
the Hon. W. R. W. Peel, C. A. Cripps, K.C. J. H. Whitley, Sir J. Leigh,
&c.
[159] Moloney.
[160] Secretary of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce.
[161] The cotton-producing capacities of Northern Nigeria have already
been commented upon.
[162] The _Deutsche Togo-gesellschaft_.
[163] And as with cotton, so with rice—the Songhays were great
rice-growers, and _Gao_, or Gago, their ancient capital, is said to mean
rice in the Songhay language.
[164] Sir Alfred Jones has voluntarily offered to carry cotton from West
Africa freight free for two years, and I understand that Mr. Woermann, of
the line of that name, has agreed to ship a considerable quantity of Togo
cotton free of charge.
[165] And where the enterprise has been carried out on the household
labour plan, which has been compared to the peasant proprietary system.
[166] Chemical manure has been supplied free by manufacturers of the
article. An exhibit of cloths manufactured with Togo cotton has been held
at Dusseldorf, &c.
[167] Sir H. Johnston’s and Mr. Grogan’s discoveries have recently
emphasised this fact.
[168] Now Southern Nigeria.
[169] And, say the merchants engaged in the trade, to high freights.
[170] The American demand is, I understand, increasing.
[171] C. O. Report, No. 348.
[172] For a technical explanation read the following: “The extremely high
prices obtained here for figured logs have naturally excited shippers,
especially native traders, and all are desirous to learn what constitutes
figure.... This is a subject difficult to elucidate, but we may say that
‘roe’ may be described as the curved direction the grain of the wood
takes by one ring overlapping the other; to be of any value, beyond
ordinary plain wood, it must be of a very pronounced and bold character.
This gives the required variation of light and shade.”
[173] The conversion of several hundred natives to Islam at Jebu-Ode, one
of the large Yoruba centres in close proximity to Lagos, and where the
Church has laboured for years, is a recent incident which points in the
direction stated.
[174] _Tarik._
[175] Kanem at the time ruled over what was known later as Bornu.
[176] Makrizi attributes the introduction of Islam into Kanem to Hadi el
Othman, who was probably of Fulani origin, although Makrizi does not say
so.
[177] Timbuctoo was not founded until about seventy years after the
conversion of Za Kasai.
[178] The theory which gives an Eastern origin to Mohammedan proselytism
in Kanem seems unworthy of consideration.
[179] The manatee is the _ayu_ of the Fulani, and its signification—viz.
that of a mythical creature living in the water and dragging any one in
who sees it—seems to argue the existence of an ancient superstition.
In various parts of the Niger and Binue this strange animal is still
regarded with a certain awe, which, however, does not prevent it from
being slaughtered, both for its flesh and skin. The Soninke legend of the
water serpent, which each year claimed the handsomest girl of the village
as a victim, would seem to bear a distinct relation to this, the former
_ayu_ worship of the Songhays.
[180] Binger suggests that the word Mande, or Mandingo, is derived from
the same root as manatus, and signifies the people of a country where the
manatus is worshipped.
[181] “Mungo Park.” Joseph Thomson. The “World’s Greatest Explorers”
series.
[182] Palgrave’s “Arabia,” vol. i. p. 372.
[183] “Niger and Yoruba Notes,” January 1900.
[184] A native of the Western Sudan.
[185] Blyden.
[186] It has been pointed out to me that the Muslim teachers in this
mosque do not teach reading, but only the Slate-pattern. That simply
shows that Islam in West Africa is capable of being much improved, and
should be moulded, if possible, on Western lines of thought; but it does
not affect the main argument in the least.
[187] Captain Morrison’s report, issued by the Government of the French
Sudan.
[188] For instance, read the following passages in “Pilkington of
Uganda” (C. F. Harford Battersby). “This is the lost truth, the loss of
which gave Satan the opportunity of introducing both Mohammedanism and
Popery.... They (the Waganda) have learnt to contend with the three forms
of darkness which they will meet in Africa: Heathenism, Mohammedanism,
and Popery.” And again: “Does it not seem as if the French Mission is
just God’s appointed instrument to complete the confusion of Rome in
Uganda?”
[189] Le Chatelier.
[190] The nineteenth century.
[191] The nineteenth century.
[192] It is a remarkable fact, frequently borne witness to, that an
unarmed Muslim Negro can travel without molestation through vast
stretches of country in Africa, a privilege denied to his Christianised
compatriot.
[193] “Esclavage, Islamisme, et Christianisme.”
[194] Affecting in many parts the laws and customs of the people in
respect to native land tenure.
[195] “Le Sénégal: la France dans l’Afrique Occidentale.”
[196] Negro medical men—I mean qualified medical men—of whom there are
a few in West Africa, emphatically corroborate this: and they bring a
great many arguments, founded upon actual experience, in support of the
contention.
[197] An ecclesiastic well known in the African field, and for whose
really wonderful labours I entertain the highest respect and admiration,
informed me only the other day that, within his personal cognisance,
over 150 couples had been married in Liberia by a certain minister,
in a certain district, within a period of five years; and that the
total number of births up to date was five, and the survivals two. My
reverend friend found in that striking fact (for the truth of which he
vouched, and he is a truthful man) a justification of his view that a
large proportion of Liberians, that is to say, the descendants of the
blacks from the States, led indolent and unhealthy lives. To my mind, it
conveys an eloquent demonstration, that _on West African soil_ monogamy
for the Negro spells race extinction. Naturally my friend would not
admit the conclusion, although in his heart of hearts I believe he is
rather troubled on the subject. But he recognised—and admitted—in course
of conversation that polygamy was a question which the Church, in her
work among tropical peoples, had now to resolutely face and earnestly
discuss. There is, I fear, no doubt that the monogamist—or professing
monogamist—Liberians are, like the Waganda, dying out.
[198] Politically, the same attitude is adopted by the British
authorities; and in the case of the Sierra Leone Hut-tax war, and
the Forest Ordinances in Lagos, it has been sought to divorce the
educated—and mainly, professing Christian—element of the coast from
community of thought, sympathy, and common racial feelings with the
non-educated, and mainly pagan or Mohammedan, element of the interior.
[199] “As soon as half a dozen missionaries leave Liverpool,” writes the
same authority, Archbishop Dobson, “no end of a stir is made about the
devoted party, and so forth. I do not mean to be sarcastic about the
missionaries, but it does make one a trifle ashamed at times to meet a
stalwart trader hereabouts on an occasion, who has been coming here off
and on for twenty years, and his chief business is palm-oil, and his best
view a mangrove swamp.”
[200] It is even admitted to be harmful by Sir Alfred Jones, whose
steamers carry a large proportion of this liquor to West Africa, and
by a large proportion of the merchants who deal in it. The merchants
are sometimes violently attacked on account of this trade. Personally,
I detest the West African liquor traffic. I look upon it in the same
light as the opium traffic in the Far East—a blot upon the escutcheon
of Christian Europe. But those who denounce the merchants might just
as well, and more logically, denounce the Governments. _Per se_ the
liquor traffic is not a lucrative trade to the merchant, but to the
local administrations on the coast it is the backbone of revenue. I was
never able to share the late Miss Kingsley’s views on this subject,
while fully agreeing with her as to the inanity of making the merchants
the scapegoats of an evil the responsibility for which is, in a sense,
universal. Despite anything that may be said to the contrary, I shall
believe that a powerful factor in determining Miss Kingsley’s views was
the knowledge that, but for the existence of the liquor traffic as a
supplier of revenue, direct taxation would be substituted throughout
British West Africa owing to the extravagance of the Crown Colony system;
and I know that Miss Kingsley strongly objected to the introduction of
European spirits into the interior regions by means of the railways. The
liquor question would require a special chapter to adequately discuss.
[201] He will, no doubt, be edified to learn that the Cape Government has
found it necessary to pass a law imposing a severe term of imprisonment
upon white _women_ convicted of sexual intercourse with the natives—a
circumstance not precisely calculated to increase his respect for our
Christian civilisation.
[202] Captain—now Commandant—Binger has for some little time past been
in charge of the African Department of the French Colonial Office. His
travels, books, and pamphlets are familiar to every student of Western
Africa.
[203] It would seem now that they have temporarily prevailed with the
Government.
[204] In the Sokoto Empire (Hausa States) more particularly.
[205] They did it so well that, after the failure of their attack upon
the French camp, they denuded the country of supplies and reduced the
expedition to terrible straits for a time.
[206] The fall predicted, and officially foreseen, in 1901 has come
about, owing to the rubber crisis. The measures taken during the last
fifteen months to stimulate fresh industries in the country, and the
advance of the railway, will, no doubt, make themselves felt in the next
two or three years.
[207] For the Lagos exports and expenditure, see Appendix.
[208] C.O. Report. 1900.
[209] “Rapport d’ensemble.” Dahomey, 1900.
[210] For 1902, on a total estimated expenditure of £121,560, Dahomey
provides £32,000 for the railway and £11,911 for public works ordinary
or, say, a total of £43,911 for railway and public works.
[211] The following statistics of the export trade of Dahomey, compiled
from figures recently obtained, are interesting:
QUANTITIES IN KILOS.
(1015 kilos to the ton.)
Palm-kernels. Palm-oil.
1898 18,091,312 6,059,539
1899 21,850,982 9,650,081
1900 21,986,043 8,920,359
1901 24,211,614 11,290,658
First quarter 1902 6,972,297 3,488,766
_Ibid._ 1901 4,768,050 1,993,520
[212] See Appendix.
[213] It is worthy of note that the French Government authorises the
Administration of the several West African colonies to make their own
agreements for railway construction.
[214] So far as the heavier duties charged on spirits in Lagos are
concerned, the fact is distinctly to the credit of Lagos.
[215] There is a very curious circumstance connected with the ground-nut
trade. All the ground-nuts go to the Continent—both from Senegal and
Gambia—the oil extracted, therefrom, or the bulk of it, is used in making
margarine, which is subsequently consumed, to a very large extent,
by the English people! Why have we not our own crushing-mills? Is it
because we are short of milk? It cannot but strike one as peculiar and
unfortunate that we should send our West African ground-nuts to France,
and afterwards buy from the French the oil the nuts yield for our own
consumption! Ground-nuts will grow anywhere in West Africa, and the
labour involved in cultivating them is very small.
[216] Belgian syndicates have been trying, and are still trying, to
get hold of the French Ivory Coast goldfields. Hitherto they have been
defeated by the vigilance of the French merchants; but there is no
knowing what may happen in view of the extraordinary influence which King
Leopold appears to wield over the French official world.
[217] “Sur des traces probables de civilisation Egyptienne et d’hommes de
race blanche à la Côte d’Ivoire.” Masson & Cie., Paris. A pamphlet which
ought to be read by all students of West Africa.
[218] Specie is usually included in the trade figures—a very misleading
practice.
[219] Sir David Chalmers’ report, p. 169.
[220] Like the Susus, for example, who are very numerous in French
Guinea, but of whom a few only have settled in the British Protectorate
adjoining.
[221] Let it not be imagined that the contrast here made between French
political action in Dahomey and British political action in Ashanti
implies approval of direct taxation _per se_. It is ever a dangerous
experiment in West Africa, especially with pagans, even if conquest has
supervened. If the system under which the taxes are collected is not
carefully watched, grave abuses are almost certain to follow. Quite
recently rumours of oppression in the taxation of the natives in Upper
Dahomey have appeared in the French Press. What truth there may be in
them I do not know. But it is true, I believe, that the excellent staff
whom Governor Ballot gathered round him has left the Colony since Ballot
left it, and has been replaced by less experienced and less competent
material.
[222] Last Ashanti Blue Book, 1902.
[223] See Note in Appendix.
[224] See the evidence of Lieutenant-Colonel Gore, Colonial Secretary for
Sierra Leone. Sir David Chalmers’ report.
[225] Between July 1894 and February 1898 no fewer than sixty-two
convictions—admittedly representing a small proportion of offences
actually committed—were recorded against them for flogging, plundering,
and generally maltreating the natives.
[226] One of the pet arguments of the authorities consists in invoking
the benefits which have accrued to the people of the Protectorate since
the passing of the Protectorate Ordinance in the matter of putting down
the slave trade. For these benefits the natives, says officialdom, ought
to be delighted to pay a tax. Possibly they would have paid it in time,
more or less willingly, had they been approached in a different spirit.
But, so far as the slave trade is concerned, the argument is singularly
weakened by the circumstance that Sir F. Cardew publicly declared in
1895 that the slave traffic had “practically disappeared within the
Protectorate.”
[227] The French West African Company, _Cie française de l’Afrique
Occidentale_, is the largest French firm of African merchants in West
Africa. Founded in 1887 with a capital of 7,000,000 francs; total
turn-over in 1899, 22,000,000 francs; factories in Senegal, French and
Portuguese Guinea, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Lagos, and Ivory Coast.
[228] In 1900, 39,874,005 francs; in 1901, 43,965,950 francs.
[229] The same game was tried with the Germans in Cameroons. To quote
from an article in the _National Zeitung_, which, as I have reason to
know, may be accepted as authorised: “If in the Congo State itself the
Berlin Act could be disregarded in this way, and the natives obliged to
bring in the produce against their will, why could it not also be done
in other places? And as the Congo State was itself making the best use
of its monopoly, and only gave concessions to others at high prices, the
monopolists tried, and not without result, to obtain the same state of
affairs both in France and in Germany. In Germany, the German Colonial
Society at once protested against this state of affairs. In spite of
this, however, several of the Belgian capitalists were able to obtain the
help of influential German persons, who obtained from the Government the
concession of South Cameroon. This company had obtained the assistance
of Colonel Thys for its operations on the Brussels Stock Exchange, and
immediately after the flotation of the company the shares were driven up
to two or three times their value. Further concessions in the free-trade
zone were not conceded, and, with the exception of the North-West
Cameroon concession, in consequence of the energetic opposition in
colonial circles, no further concessions were, or will be, made in the
German territories. The German Government has entirely abandoned this
policy of concessions.”
[230] It is, of course, no easy matter to get at the precise
constitution of these companies, but the following example of one of
the “groups” is typical of the majority of them. _Comptoir Colonial
français._ Parent company: head offices, Paris; has founded at least six
Concessionnaire Companies, of a total capital of 9,650,000 francs; Board
of Administration numbers six directors, of whom three are Belgians;
two-thirds of the shares held in Belgium; two of the Belgian directors
are directors of the four _Domaine Privé_ Companies in the Congo State,
whose profits are shared by the State (read the King); the third also
belongs to the Congo clique; among the Belgian shareholders are other
directors of these same _Domaine Privé_ Companies, all men enjoying
the confidence of, and closely connected with, the Sovereign of the
Congo State. One of the six Concessionnaire Companies of this “group”
has specially distinguished itself in the persecution to which British
merchants have been subjected—discussed in the next chapter.
[231] Some light has been thrown upon its African chapters by Mr. R. E.
Dennett, an Englishman in French Congo, and a recognised authority on the
Fjort peoples, in “West Africa.”
[232] I should say now, ex-Deputy.
[233] “Une idée domine l’ensemble du système, tous les produits du
territoire, concédé quels qu’ils soient, sont la propriété de la Société
Concessionnaire. Seuls les agents de cette Société ont le droit de les
recueillir ou de les acheter des indigènes qui les ont récoltés; ces
derniers ne pouvant disposer librement que des produits des reserves qui
leur ont été spécialement attribuées et sur lesquelles je reviendrai, et
devant en thèse générale, lorsqu’ils s’emparent d’un produit quelconque
du sol en dehors de ces reserves, les remettre aux concessionnaires dont
l’intérêt bien entendu, est de remunérer ensuite leur travail.”
[234] “Les indigènes ont droit aux superficies qui leur sont nécessaires
pour les cultures vivrières correspondantes aux besoins de leur
alimentation. On peut leur attribuer une certaine étendue de forêt
nécessaire à leurs besoins de chauffage et de construction, mais ils
n’ont pas droit a réclamer des forêts domaniales _dans le but de
faire commerce de leurs produits naturels_ et de constituer ainsi une
concurrence ruineuse pour le concessionnaire” (Art. 18).
[235] The French Government has recently voted De Brazza an annual
pension of 10,000 francs.
[236] “Concessions Congolaises.” By Albert Cousin, Membre du Conseil
Supérieur des Colonies. Paris: Augustin Chalamel.
[237] An English trader, Mr. Walker, was the first to do so. He is
admitted by French writers to have discovered the Ogowe.
[238] Messrs. John Holt & Co. and Messrs. Hatton & Cookson, both of
Liverpool, and both connected with the West African Trade for upwards of
half a century. Mr. John Holt is probably the most enterprising pioneer
of Britain’s trade in West Africa, possessing trading stations in most of
the British and Foreign West African Colonies. He is the vice-chairman
of the African Trade Section of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, and
very few men living have so wide a grasp of West African questions or so
profound a knowledge of West African problems.
[239] Whose existence was unknown in England until towards the end of
last year.
[240] Seizure of British goods on public roads; breaking open of British
factories; flogging of British native agents, &c.
[241] Notably that most excellent monthly, _Le Bulletin du Comité
de l’Afrique française_, through the instrumentality of the two
distinguished thinkers and writers who dictate its policy, Count Robert
de Caix and M. Auguste Terrier.
[242] Forty tons of ebony, bought in the usual way by a British firm on
the Congo and shipped to Havre in a French ship, were seized at that
port (1902) on a mandate of a Concessionnaire Company. This produce has,
however, now been restored.
[243] The Foreign Office was warned as far back as the beginning of 1898
by the Manchester Chamber of Commerce of the danger of the possible
inauguration of a system of territorial monopolies. Lord Salisbury said
it would receive “our most earnest attention,” and admitted inferentially
that in fiscal questions England had, as a free-trade country, “inferior”
means of influencing other countries; “with the occasional exception,”
added his lordship, “of territorial concessions, we have no means
whatever of persuasion.” Nevertheless, in the purely fiscal question
which formed the principal object of the Deputation of Chambers of
Commerce to Lord Salisbury on this occasion, that of the differential
tariff in the French possessions, Lord Salisbury was able to get his
own way, simply by persuasion, by “influencing France’s ideas.” Yet in
this matter of the French Congo Concessions, in which the purely fiscal
question does not enter at all, and where we have an international treaty
to work on, Lord Lansdowne has been unable to prevent the expulsion of
British merchants from an internationally free-trade zone!
[244] The _Morning Post_, the _Manchester Guardian_, the _Liverpool Daily
Post_, and _West Africa_.
[245] The German merchants, despairing of obtaining even the most
elementary justice, have evacuated the territory. Our merchants have
chosen the nobler part of making a stand for their rights, guaranteed
under international law.
[246] To which must now be added the somewhat similar Rabinek affair—an
Austrian subject arrested and “removed” by the Congo State in the Katanga
district under circumstances analogous, in some measure, to the case of
Mr. Stokes.
[247] The other day the then French Parliamentary representative of
Senegal, in a speech to his constituents at St. Louis, warned them that
the greatest danger threatening their hinterland, the French Sudan, was
King Leopold of Belgium and his monopolist gang.
[248] At the great “Colonial Congress” held in Berlin on October 11,
Consul Vohsen moved a resolution, unanimously carried, calling upon the
Powers to institute proceedings for the revision of the Berlin Act.
Consul Vohsen said: “From the very first the Congo State, and recently
France in the French Colony of French Congo, have acted against the
principles laid down in the Congo Act.” ... Referring to the Congo
State, he continued: “All so-called countries ‘not occupied by natives’
situated in the Free Trade zone were, as far back as July 1885, declared
the property of the State, and in the year 1892 heavy taxes were imposed
upon the rubber trade, which was entirely prohibited in parts of the
Free Trade zone. The consequence was that the freedom of trade and
commerce guaranteed by the Congo Act was practically abolished. The first
condition of freedom of trade for the nations is freedom to the natives,
in such a way as to leave them free to dispose of the natural products
of the soil and of the chase; which state of affairs existed before the
passing of the Act in all French, English, and German colonies in West
Africa, and exists to-day, with the exception of the territories of the
Congo State and the French Congo, the very colonies where, strange to
say, free trade is insisted upon by Articles I. and V. of the Act.”
[249] Among the supporters of the Mansion House meeting of May 15
(held under the auspices of the Aborigines Protection Society) were
Mr. John Morley, Sir J. Kennaway, Earl Spencer, the Marquis of Ripon,
Lord Avebury, Mr. Lecky, M.P., Sir Edward Clarke, K.C., Sir W. Brampton
Gurdon, M.P., K.C.M.G., Sir Charles Dilke, M.P., Sir Mark J. Stewart,
M.P., Mr. James Bryce, M.P., Mr. W. S. Robson, M.P., and other
politicians of both parties. Five Chambers of Commerce, the African
Society, and the German Colonial Society were represented, and Dr. Alfred
Zimmermann, _attaché_ to the German Embassy in London, also attended.
[250] Commandant Binger’s views are well known. M. Cousturier (Governor
of French Guinea), in his report on French Guinea for 1901, does not
conceal his adverse opinion of Belgian methods of collecting rubber in
the Congo State.
The author could produce documentary evidence showing that similar
opinions are held by other well-known French officials in West Africa.
[251] Belgium, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and
Russia sent delegates to the conference.
[252] This was done with the exception of England.
[253] Diego Cam.
[254] The original title had by this time been changed to that of
“International Congo Association.”
[255] The point is brought out very clearly by Mr. Dennet, our only
authority on the Fjort Kingdom of Congo, and the author of several books
concerning the Fjort, in a series of interesting letters published
last year in “West Africa.” Mr. Dennet, who has lived twenty-two years
consecutively in the Lower Congo, positively declares that the treaties
made by the Association, and referred to by General Sandford, had no
validity whatever in native law.
[256] In his report on the Congo State for 1898, Consul Pickersgill
concludes a long enumeration of the taxes levied upon independent trade
by the following humorous passage:
“I may sum up this portion of my remarks by quoting the jocose
observations of the English and American missionaries, who declared to
me that there is nothing free in the Independent State, except fevers;
while a Belgian Father with whom I had some conversation on the subject,
remarked: ‘The Government taxes even the civilisation we bring.’”
[257] Who held the monopoly of the ivory trade in the Upper Congo, which
the Congo State, by exterminating them with the aid of its cannibal
soldiery (see Hinde’s “Fall of the Congo Arabs”), became possessed of.
[258] See Mr. Herbert Ward’s “Five Years with the Congo Cannibals,” p.
297.
[259] The whole paragraph might have been written a few weeks, instead
of eleven years, ago. The state of affairs pictured by Colonel Williams
has worsened instead of bettered. The evil is more widespread and the
means of perpetuating it more extensive and more powerful. Read in this
connection the latest revelations by Mr. Canisius and Captain Burrows.
[260] The importance of the 10 per cent. import duty was purposely
exaggerated. The amount derived therefrom was trifling. The merchants
objected to it on principle. As Sir Albert Rollit justly remarked,
“The reason for our opposition is only that they (the import duties)
would infringe the great principle of freedom of commerce, which was
the very basis of the programme of the Berlin Conference.” It is quite
clear, however, that the majority of the merchants also opposed the
import duties from a vague distrust of the king’s ultimate intentions, a
distrust which events proved to be only too well founded.
[261] The map published by the African Society in the May (1902) issue of
its Journal may be consulted with advantage in this respect.
[262] Among whom might be mentioned Augouard, Hinde, Glave, Morrison,
Hawkins, Sheppard, Andrew, Sjöblom, Alfred Parminter, De Mandat-Grancy,
Rankin, Murphy, Lloyd, Grogan, and many others, without counting Belgian
authorities—more numerous than all foreigners put together.
[263] At the present moment heavy fighting is going on in the Welle
district, due, as I have reason to know, to the usual rubber taxes. The
facts as to this particular rising may, happily, have been made public
before the publication of the present volume.
[264] The regular army—_Force Publique_—of the Congo State is admitted
officially (Bulletin, July 1900) to be 15,000, but we know that in
addition to this regular force—15,000 cannibals armed with Albinis,
sections of whom are continually revolting—the State habitually arms,
whenever it deems necessary, thousands of irregulars, cannibals for
choice (see the letter written in October 1899 to the king by the acting
head of the American Presbyterian Mission in the Kassai district). There
is also a large reserve corps, but the extent of it is not known.
[265] It may be usefully noted here that the _impôts de nature_ are
applied by the Congo State in the so-called Free Trade Zone as well as
in the _Domaine Privé_, and until the Kassai district was incorporated
in the _Domaine Privé_ many and bitter were the complaints by companies
operating in the former zone of the unfair competition to which they were
subjected by the levying of this tribute. Instances have been given by
some of these irate traders where the State’s officials have threatened
the natives with condign punishment if they did not hand over all their
rubber to the said officials. An arrangement has recently been concluded
between the State and the Kassai companies—the Kassai district was
the only portion of the Upper Congo where independent trade had been
allowed—whereby the Kassai companies have amalgamated into a syndicate
_in which the State holds one half the interest_. To all intents and
purposes, therefore, the Kassai has now been incorporated in the _Domaine
Privé_, WHICH HENCEFORTH EMBRACES THE WHOLE OF THE CONGO STATE NORTH OF
STANLEY POOL.
[266] Both these facts have been repeatedly asserted. They were proved
beyond manner of doubt last year by the disclosures attendant upon the
Mongolla scandals, in which agents of the _Société Anversoise_ were
involved.
[267] Seven, if we include the Kassai Trust recently formed.
[268] Baron A. Goffinet is “Conseiller de Légation, Secrétaire des
Commandements de leurs MM. le Roi et la Reine, Major de l’Etat, Major de
la Garde Civique, Aide-de-camp, Ministre Résident.” Baron C. Goffinet is
“Conseiller de Légation, Intendant de la Liste Civile du Roi, Ministre
Résident, Major de la Garde Civique.”
[269] I have quite recently received from another correspondent in the
Congo the photograph here reproduced.
[270] “Abir (Société à responsabilité limitée) Statuts.” Anvers:
Imprimerie Ratinckx Frères, Grand Place, 40-42.
[271] “Comptoir Commercial Congolais (Société à responsabilité limitée)
Statuts.” Anvers: Imprimerie Ratinckx.
[272] “Compagnie du Lomami (Société Anonyme) Statuts.” Bruxelles: P.
Weissenbruch, Imprimerie du Roi, 45 rue du Poincon.
[273] In chapter xxviii. I referred to the constitution of the _Comptoir
Colonial français_, which has managed to secure for its subsidiaries such
a respectable slice of French Congo. Well, Alexis Mols is one of the
Administrators, and so is A. Osterrieth, a shareholder in the _Abir_, and
so is A. Lambrechts, also a shareholder in the _Abir_, &c. &c.
[274] I am afraid Sir H. M. Stanley was somewhat premature when, in 1884,
he told the London Chamber of Commerce that people “could not appreciate
rightly” King Leopold’s philanthropy, because there were “no dividends
attaching to it.”
[275] Whip made out of hippo hide—the Congo _sjambok_.
[276] Or was until quite recently.
[277] In Congo circles in Belgium it is suggested that to guard against
“attacks which might become too threatening” (by “attacks” is meant
exposures in the public Press, and on public platforms in England and
Germany) the Congo State should largely increase its standing army.
[278] The author, who may claim to have brought the Rabinek affair to
light, is able to state that the British Government is causing specific
inquiries to be made through its representatives in Central Africa in
connection with the matter. See Appendix.
[279] The trade of the Lower Congo has sensibly diminished since the
Congo State came into existence. On August 10 of last year the merchants
established in the Lower Congo (of whom there remain a few) petitioned
the king to reduce taxation. After pointing out the heavy import and
export duty on goods and produce (20_s._ per ton on palm-oil, for
instance) and showing how small the existing export trade already was,
owing to the taxes and emigration of native labour, due to “the means
employed in raising native levies,” the petitioners went on to say:
“We do not disguise from ourselves that business in the Lower Congo is
practically _nil_.... Each of us,” continues the petition, “consistently
hopes for an increase in trade; but these hopes appear to us more and
more unreliable, and the Government of the Congo State, instead of coming
to aid us, imposes increased and too onerous taxes.”
[280] The figures for 1900 are based upon the known sale on the Antwerp
market by the State brokers in 1900 of 1828 tons of rubber and 153,445
kilos. of ivory, worked out at an average of 6 francs per kilo. for
rubber (1115 kilos, to the ton) and 18 francs per kilo, for ivory. I
believe a proportion of the produce imported was held in stock on account
of the poor state of the rubber market.
[281] “There is no trade, properly so called,” says Mr. Codrington, “on
the Congo coast of Tanganyika, but all rubber and ivory is regarded as
the property of the State, and has to be surrendered by the natives in
fixed quantities annually. The natives are, however, continually in
rebellion, and the country is unsafe, except in the immediate vicinity
of the military garrisons, and within the sphere of influence of the
missionaries.”
[282] As was anticipated, the acquirement from Spain for purposes of
exploitation of a portion of the Muni territory (which was recently
handed over to Spain by France) by the Belgian “clique” has been followed
by the usual results. A correspondent, whose name commands universal
respect, and who is in a position to speak _de visu_ on the subject,
wrote to an English friend recently that “atrocities” were going merrily
on; natives being shot down, and villages burnt in the course of “ivory
collecting” by the Belgian concessionnaires; “outrages on the villagers
are indiscriminate,” the writer adds. The same “clique” is threatening
Fernando Po.
[283] Apart from the large quantities of rifles, cap-guns, and
ammunition imported into the Congo State for the arming and equipment
of the soldiers, regular and irregular, it is morally certain, although
not easy to prove, that the agents of the State and the agents of
the _Domaine Privé_ Companies encourage some of the biggest and
most powerful chiefs of the Upper Congo to obtain ivory for them by
presents of repeating-rifles and ammunition. In this connection a M.
Léon. C. Berthier, writing from the French Upper Congo to the Paris
organ _La Dépêche Coloniale_ (issue July 16, 1902), says: “The M’Bomu
(a branch of the Upper Ubanghi, which forms the frontier between the
French and Congolese possessions, and which pursues its course to the
Bahr-el-Ghazal), here very wide, forms the southern base of the square;
this is the route where the ivory passes _sous notre barbe_ to be sold
to the Belgians on the other bank, _who pay for it in Albini rifles_,
notwithstanding all the Acts of Berlin and Brussels, which forbid even
the sale of percussion-cap guns!” The writer goes on to assert that he
has documents to prove his statements.
[284] Mary Kingsley, in the “Story of West Africa.”
[285] Excluding specie. The figures are taken from the Parliamentary
Report, June 1902.
[286] _Sierra Leone Royal Gazette_, April 18th, 1902.
[287] Estimated. Appropriation Ordinance, 1902.
[288] “Railways and Telegraphs,” Appropriation Ordinance, 1902.
[289] Colonial Office Report, No. 324. On page 8 of the same Report the
figures a given as £29,126 18s. 7d. I cannot explain the difference.
[290] _Sierra Leone Royal Gazette_, April 18th, 1902.
[291] _Idem._
[292] Estimated.
[293] The figures for 1900 do not include the expenses of the Ashanti
expedition.
[294] Including exports of specie.
[295] Ordinary for 1897, 1898, 1899 and 1900; extraordinary for 1897,
1898 and 1899.
[296] Sir Matthew Nathan’s report on the Northern Territories (No.
357—issued July 1902) says: “The expenditure in 1901 has not yet been
completely estimated.” Farther on he estimates the expenditure for 1902
at £52,381 11s. 7d. The expenditure is, therefore, largely increasing.
The above amount includes £23,038 11s. 7d. or military purposes.
[297] According to Lieutenant-Colonel Morris (C.O. Report, No. 35) the
revenue in 1901 was £7415 4s. 3d. It was estimated at £8000; and the
estimate for 1902 is also £8000.
[298] Including £97,769 paid back to the Imperial Government for cost of
expenditure on Ashanti expedition.
[299] Official statement, dated March 1902:—1st section, 39¼ miles long,
open to traffic; and section, of 9¾ miles, “approaching completion.”
[300] Colonial Office Report, No. 344:—Sum borrowed to end 1900,
apparently £798,000 (£220,000, 1898; £578,000, 1899).
[301] _Idem._
[302] Railway development, £578,000; harbour works at Accra, £98,000.
[303] Estimated.
[304] Colonial Office Report, No. 348.
[305] _Idem._
[306] If for re-sale.
[307] _Idem._
[308] One mile—1609 metres.
[309] In 1901 there was an increase of 4600 tons of palm oil and kernels
exported compared with the previous year.
[310] Wallach.
[311] Late Lieutenant-Colonel Northcote’s estimate. It does not include
the portion of the Anglo-German neutral territory, which is eventually to
be incorporated within the British sphere, according to the Anglo-German
Convention of November 1899.
[312] The principal towns of the Protectorate are Ibadan (population
180,000), Abbeokuta (population 150,000), Oyo (population 50,000).
[313] If we assume the population of Northern Nigeria to be 30 millions,
this gives us a rough total, exclusive of Ashanti, of 33,218,324
inhabitants to 645,000 square miles of territory; or not far short of the
population of France, in a territory as large as France and Germany, with
a good half of Austria-Hungary thrown in.
INDEX
Abbeokuta, 199
Abderrahman ben Abdallah ben Imran ben Amir Es-Sa’di, 130
_Abir_, _see_ Congo State
Aborigines Protection Society, 185
Abutshi, 119
Abyssinia, _see_ Christianity
Adamawa, 57, 61, 95, 128, 180
African Association, 28, 38
African Oil Mills Co., 79
Agoult, Comte d’, 290
Agricultural Committee, _see_ German
Ahmed-Baba, 55, 130
Air, 53, 54
Akassa, 56, 75
Allen, Commander, 94, 103
Alvensleben, Count, 176
Amageddi, 111
Anglo-French Convention, _see_ Treaties
-German Convention, _see_ Treaties
-Portuguese Convention, _see_ Treaties
Angola, 193, 241
Ansorge, Dr., 181
Anton, Dr., 344
_Anversoise_, _see_ Congo State
Apis, 146
Ashanti, 14, 19, 68, 104, 135, 205, 280, 281
Assay, 76
Assinie, 204, 271
Atani, 75
Axim, 204
Baghena, 131, 132
Baghirmi, 57, 258, 259, 262
Bakundi, Lake, 111
Bakunu, 130
Ballay, Dr., 87, 114, 274
Ballot, Governor, 280
Bambarras, 53, 129, 180, 215
Bamboo-palm, 116, 117
Bambuk, 133
Bangalas, 330, 339
Banyo, 111
Baobab, 116
Barbot, 271
Barros, de, 133
Barth, Dr., 40, 44, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 70, 71, 72, 118, 126,
131, 133, 136, 209, 214, 221
Basset, Serge, 290
Bathurst, 162
Earl, 39
Battel, Andrew, 241
Bayol, Dr., 139
Belgian policy in West Africa, 176, 307, 311, _see also_ Congo State
Belgians in French Congo, 288, 307
on Muni River, 307, 350
Belgium, King Leopold of, _see_ Congo State
Bello, Emir, 36, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 59, 150
Benin, 68, 105, 204
Berlin, Act of, _see_ Treaties
Béthancourt, De, 239
Bilma, 42, 58, 67
Binger, Commandant, 133, 211, 220, 239, 240, 249, 271, 309
Binue, 109, 111, 113, 118, 119, 148, 211, 257
Biru, _see_ Walata
Bismarck, 250, 317
Blyden, Dr., 130, 139, 149, 213, 214, 222, 226, 227, 245, 276
Bohn, M., 173, 247, _see also_ French West African Co.
Bondu, 133, 180
Bonny, 79
Borgu, 9, 49, 251
Bornu, 40, 41, 43, 45, 50, 57, 58, 63, 85, 87, 113, 209, 259
Brass, 79, 80
Brazza, De, 251, 289, 293, 315-316
Bretonnet, Lieut., 259, 260
British Cotton Growing Association, 188, 189, 190
Brown, Dr. Robert, 131
Brüe, Sieur de, 134, 251, 274
Brussels, Act of, _see_ Treaties
Burutu, 64, 75, 76, 86
Bussa, 49, 50
Butter-tree, 114, 115
Ca-de-Mosto, 133
Caix, Count Robert de, 302
Cambyses, 76
Cameroon, 14, 177, 201, 287, 308
Caravan traffic, 41, 62-65
Cardew, Sir F., 283
Cardi, Count de, 80
Cattier, M., 313, 343, 344, 350
Chad, Lake, 38, 41, 42, 43, 48, 58, 63, 67, 70, 118, 136, 256, 259,
260, 262
Chalmers, Sir David, 281, 282
Chama, 204
Chamberlain, Right Hon. Joseph, 12, 25, 59, 169, 278, _see also_
Colonial Office
Christianity, in Abyssinia, 237
in Uganda, 227, 228, 229
in West Africa, 208-37, 256
Clapperton, 35-51, 53, 103, 126, 147, 150
Clarke, Sir Andrew, 83, 258
Clarke, Sir Marshall, 182
Clozel, M., 171, 173, 273
Codrington, Mr. Robert, 349
Colonial Office, 165, 169, 183, 184, 281, 283, _see also_ Chamberlain
_Comptoir Colonial français_, 288, 336
Conakry, 20, 114, 274
Concessions _régime_, _see_ French Congo
Congo State, history of, 312-326
“trade of,” 286, 343-53
taxation in, 327-29, 330, 339, 340, 347, 348
native policy of, 287, 292, 319, 328-29, 337, 345, 352
land policy, 323, 324
commercial policy of, 319, 323, 325, 330, 344, 345
traffic in arms, 351
_Force publique_, 329, 330
_Domaine Privé_, 327-42, 343, 347, 351
privileged Companies in, 330-38
Stokes’ affair, 306
Rabinek affair, 306, 344-49, _see also_ Appendix
and Belgian Parliament, 333-334
on Tanganyika, 349
in Nile Valley, 349
slavery in, 296
influence in France, 271, 287, 288, 289, 310
Copal, _see_ Trade in Gums
Copra, 80
Copts, _see_ Gober
Cotton, 59, 117, 180, 181-200, _see also under_ Trade
Cousin, M. Albert, 294
Cousturier, M., 115, 309
Crampbel, Paul, 259
Crown Agents, _see_ Crown Colony System
Crown Colony system, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 31, 32, 33, 85, 87, 89, 92,
93, 184, 186, 235, 269, 281
Crowther, Bishop, 97
Currency, 60, 101
Dahomey, _see under_ French
Dakar, 270
Daw, Mr., J. A., 170, 183
Décrais, M., 285, 291, 302
Degama, 75
Delafosse, 173, 273
Denham, 35-51
Dennett, Mr., 289, 317
Denton, Sir George, 194
Desert, the, 38, 41, 64, 70, 111, 209, 253
Dilke, Sir Charles, 276
Dobson, Archbishop, 233
Donovan, Captain, 170
Dubois, M. Félix, 131, 137, 138
Dufferin, Marquis of, 252
Dybowski, M., 259
Ebony, 117, _see also_ Timber
Edrizi, 55
Egga, 76
Eichtal, M. d’, 132, 140
El Bekri, 55, 209
El-Haji-Omar, 129, 223, 252, 261
El-Kuti, 259
Ellis, A. B., 171
Etienne, Eugène, 250-63
Faidherbe, 143, 226, 243, 250, 252, 263
Fans, 293
Ferry, Jules, 243, 244, 249
Finances of British West Africa, 17, 18; _see also_ Appendix
of Nigeria, 17, 89, 93; _see also_ Appendix
Finances of Lagos, 267; _see also_ Appendix
of Sierra Leone, 274, 275, 284; _see also_ Appendix
of French Colonies, 266, 275; _see also_ Appendix
Flatters, 259
Fondère, M., 294
Forcados, 204
Foreign Office, 14, 26, 303
Foureau, M., 254, 259, 261
Freeman, R. Austin, 104, 201, 271
French, exploration and discovery, 238-48
trade, 4, 5, 265-75
policy, 18, 64, 249-84
in French Guinea, 81, 111, 114, 266, 274, 275, 281-84
in Dahomey, 177, 266, 267, 268, 269
in Chad region, 64, 254, 256, 257, 259, 260-64
in Western Sudan, 196, 251, 256, 257
in Senegal, 76, 81, 266, 269, 270
in French Congo, 177, 201, 263, 285-304
in Ivory Coast, 177, 266, 270, 271, 272, 273
and British, 238-48, _see also under_ Nigeria, French policy, and
French in French Congo
West African Company, 285, _see also_ Bohn
Frey, Colonel, 55
Fulani, origin of, 136-52
history of, 125-29, 130-135
in Yoruba, 125, 126, 135
in Hausa States, 47, 60, 85, 102, 125-30
in Gambia, 130, 134, 141
in Futa-Jallon, 128, 130, 133, 139, 140, 180
in Senegal, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, 252
in Western Sudan, 128, 147, 148, 253
in Gurma, 134
in Adamawa, 128
in Baghirmi, 262
in Congo Basin, 135
in Segu, 129
in Baghena, 131, 132, 133
in Bornu, 40, 128, 138
in Melle, 131, 132, 133
in Omdurman, 135
in Massina, 129, 134, 214
and Portuguese, 133
and British, 46-50, 152
and French, 134, 147, 148, 152, 252
and Hebrews, 145, 152
characteristics of, 47, 134, 146, 148
religion of, 55, 56, 127, 216, 254
language of, 70, 71, 72, 132
Fula, _see_ Fulani
Fulbe, _see_ Fulani
Fulfalde, _see_ Fulani
Futa-Jallon, 9, 14, 20, 66, 139, 245, 274
Gaboon, 298, 299
Gambia, 19, 134, 194, 196, 197, 242, 269, 278
Gambetta, 243, 244
Gando, 57, 95
Gao, 197, 210
Geary, Sir William, 280
_Générale Africaine, Société_, _see_ Congo State
Gentil, Lieut., 254, 258, 259, 260
German, trade, 4, 5, 74, 75, 193, 196, 199
agricultural committee, 23, 24, 196
Colonial advisory board, 23, 24
German Colonial Society, 29, 308
Ghana, 131
Ghanata, _see_ Walata
Gober, 53, 54, 55, 59, 125, 129
Gold Coast, 12, 13, 18, 25, 57, 183, 194, 204, 245
Gold, _see_ Mining Industry; _also under_ Trade
Goldie, Sir George, 9, 39, 68, 104
Grand Bassam, 204, 273
Green, Mrs. J. R., Foreword
Gregory, Professor, 99, 179
Grogan, Mr. H. S., 178, 179, 181, 202, 349
Ground-nut, _see under_ Trade
Guiraudon, Capt. de, 148-50
Gutta-percha, 116
Hamarua, 113
Hanno, 136, 140, 141, 142, 202
Hatton and Cookson, 300
Hausa Association, 70, 71
language, 54, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73
history, 53, 54
religion, 53, 56, 68
Hausas as manufacturers and traders, 57, 63, 67, 68, 69, 111, 117
as travellers, 57, 69, 111, 116
as soldiers, 68, 69
as slave-owners, 55, 63, 112
relations of with Fulani, 53, 55, 56, 68
Helm, Mr. E., 182
Herodotus, 35, 76
Hess, M. Jean, 290
Holt, Mr. John, 300
Horneman, 38
Houdas, M. O., 130, 132
Hourst, 22, 26
Hut-tax in Sierra Leone, _see under_ Taxation
in French Congo, _see under_ Taxation
Hutton, Mr. Arthur, 11, 20, 188
Hyksos, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146
Ibi, 111
Idah, 76
Igarras, 56, 118
Ilorin, 68, 96
Illushi, 76
Indigo, 117
In Salah, 65
International Congo Association, 309, 314-20
Islam in West Africa, 208-23
in Bornu, 209, 213
in Hausa States, 53, 55, 56, 101, 213, 214, 221
in Baghirmi, 215
in Kanem, 209, 210
in Gambia, 278
in Yoruba, 208
in Adamawa, 214
in Lagos, 213-15
in Sierra Leone, 213-15
in Futa-Jallon, 215
in Western Sudan, 209, 215, 216, 244, 254
in Kong, 220, 221
in French possessions, 215, 216, 278
Ivory Coast, 57, 206, 220, _see also under_ French
Ivory, _see under_ Trade
Jago, Consul, 64
Jalonkes, 128
Jebba, 76, 119
Johnson, Dr. O., 187
Johnston, Sir H., 70, 141, 202, 227, 228, 265, 349
Joloffs, 128, 147
Jones, Sir Alfred, 20, 188, 192, 235
Kanem, 45, 69, 209, 254, 257
Kano, 45, 46, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62-67, 70, 72, 86, 111, 112, 191,
192
Kanuri, 56, 59, 70, 71, 72, 114, 128
Katamansu, battle of, 28
Katanga Co., _see_ Congo State
Katsena, 54, 55, 59, 62, 72
Kingsley, Miss Mary, 86, 124, 141, 171, 173, 232, 235, 266, 276, 353
Koelle, the Rev., 72
Kola, 57, 116
Kontagora, 98
Kotonu, 268
Krause, the Rev., 70
Kuka, 41, 43, 48, 63
Labat, 134, 240
Labour, native, 76, 77, 170-87, 197
Ordinance in Gold Coast, 13
Lagos, 18, 19, 49, 162, 164, 186, 193, 199, 201, 204, 206, 245, 267,
268, 269
Lahou, 204, 271
Lamy, Lieut.-Colonel, 254, 259, 261
Lamy, _see under_ Trade
Lander, Richard, 40, 41, 48, 51
Land-tenure, in West Africa, 170-87
in Sierra Leone, 278
in Ivory Coast, 171
in French Congo, 291, 292
in Congo State, _see_ Congo State
Lansdowne, Lord, 302, 303, 310
Lau, 111
Laveran, 163
Leather-ware, 58, 59, 60
Leo Africanus, 59, 131, 137, 209
Lepsius, Professor, 143
Leucæthiopes, _see_ Fulani
Liberia, 57, 220, 229
Liquor traffic, 179, 235
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 20, 163, _see also_ Ross
Logon River, 43
Lokoja, 76
_Lomami_, _see_ Congo State
London School of Tropical Medicine, 20
Lucas, 38
Lugard, Sir Frederick, 9, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 99, 104, 127
Lyon, 38
Macdonald, Sir Claude, 11
MacGregor, Laird, 28, 94
Sir William, 19, 22, 32, 33, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 187, 189
Maclaud, Dr., 138
Mahogany, _see under_ Trade (Timber)
Maistre, M., 259
Makrizi, 210
Malaria, 12, 153-69
Manatus, 55, 211
Mandara, 39
Mandingoes, 53, 128, 131, 133, 150, 195, 211
Maritime Zone, 290
Marmol, 133
Maroba, 97
Méline, M., 247
Melle, 131, 132, 195, 210
Mendis, 69, 123, 278
Merchants, British, in West Africa, 8, 22, 23, 25, 30, 238, 239, 246,
252, 257
in French Congo, 286, 291, 298-304, 306
and liquor traffic, 235
German, in West Africa, 23, 24
in French Congo, 291
French, early exploits of, 240-42
in Senegal, 81
in Ivory Coast, 81
Mille, M. Pierre, 81, 330
Mining industry, in Gold Coast, 12, 29, 182-83, _see also_ Appendix
in Ivory Coast, 270-71
Misahöhe, 196
Missionaries, _see_ Christianity
Mitchi, 118
Mohammed-el-Kanemy, 45, 51
Mohammed Lebo, 129
Mohammedans, _see_ Islam
Moloney, Sir Alfred, 203
Mongolia, atrocities in, _see_ Congo States
Monopoly, _see_ Congo State and French in French Congo
Monteil, Lieut.-Colonel, 57, 59, 70, 96, 118, 251
Moor, Sir Ralph, 90
Moore, Francis, 130, 147
Mosis, 9, 131, 251
Mosquitoes, _see_ Malaria
Muni River, 307, 350
Murzuk, 38, 41, 42
Nachtigal, 118
Nathan, Sir Matthew, _see_ Appendix
National African Company, _see_ Niger Company
Natron, 58, 61
Navarette, 239
New Calabar, 79
N’Gaundere, 111
Niger Coast Protectorate, _see_ Nigeria
Niger Company, 9, 67, 75, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 111, 112, 118
Niger, _see_ Nigeria
Nigeria, discovery of Northern, 35-51
inhabitants of, 84, 180
trade of, 59, 60-66, 84, 91-93
finances of, 89, 93
administration of, 18, 19, 83-88, 255, 257, 258
forest ordinances in, 184-87
national industry in, 74, 82
and the French, 66, 85
Nikki, 9
Northcott, Lieut.-Colonel, 107, 108
Nupe, 50, 58, 61, 68, 95, 97, 104
Ogowe, 293, 299, 303
Ogute Lake, 75
Old Calabar, 79
Onitsha, 75
Orashe River, 75
Osogbo, 126, 135
Othman Fodio, 45, 53, 55, 57, 125, 126, 129, 222
Oudney, Dr., 35-51
Overweg, 70
Palm-oil industry, in Southern Nigeria, 74-82, 110
in Dahomey, 268
in Lagos, 67, 268
in Sierra Leone, 123, _see also under_ Trade
-kernels industry, in Southern Nigeria, 76
in Dahomey, 268, _see also under_ Trade
in Lagos, 268
Park, Mungo, 36, 37, 150
Paw-paw, 114, 115, 116
Peddie, Major, 37
Peuhl, _see_ Fulani
Pickersgill, Consul, 317
Pilcher, Lieut.-Colonel, 69
Pliny, 35
Polygamy, _see_ Islam
Porto Novo, 268
Portugal and the Congo
and the Fulani, _see_ Fulani
and Great Britain, _see_ Treaties
Portuguese discoveries in West Africa, 239, 240, 259
Church in West Africa, 216, 217, 218
Potash, 118
Prempreh, 26, 280
Prince Henry the Navigator, 240
Ptolemy, 141
Punitive expeditions, 19, 87, 98, 279
Puttkamer, Herr von, 96
Quadriyah, 219, 220
Rabba, 50
Rabah, 63, 64, 256, 258, 259, 261, 262
Rabinek, _see under_ Congo State
Racka, 48, 49, 50
Railways, in British West Africa, 12, 18, 22, 32, 193, 267, 284, _see
also_ Appendix
in French Guinea, 20, 32, 66, 274, _see also_ Appendix
in Dahomey, 66, 267, _see also_ Appendix
in Senegal, 270, _see also_ Appendix
in Northern Nigeria, 8, 66, _see also_ Appendix
Matadi, Stanley Pool, 37, 69, 287, 348, _see also_ Appendix
Reclus, Élisée, 118
Religion, _see_ Christianity and Islam
Richardson, James, 55, 70, 96
Rev. J., 86
Ripon, Marquis of, 12
Ritchie, 38
“Rivers,” the, _see_ Nigeria
Robinson, John A., 70
Canon, 54, 70, 71, 72, 231
Rollit, Sir Albert, 318, 323
Ross, Major R., 20, 152-69
Roume, M., 196
Rubber, in Nigeria, 67, 110, 119-24
in French Congo, 298
in Lagos, 82, 123
Rubber, in Congo State, _see_ Congo State
Russell, Lord John, 94, 103
Sahara, _see_ Desert
Salisbury, Lord, 252, 253, 297, 303
Salmon, C. S., 20, 170
Salt, 58, 62, 167
Samory, 256, 261
Sandford, General, 316
Sangha, 57, 293
Sanitation, 153-69
Sapelli, 117, 204
Sarbah, 171, 184
Schön, 70, 71
Schurz, 98
Sekondi, 204
Senegal, 25, 82, 132, 197, 243, 252, 269, 270, _see also under_ French
Senussi, 64, 257
Sette Camma, 299
Shari, 43, 44, 45, 57, 63, 215, 258, 259, 261
Shea-butter, 113
Sherbro, 82
Shongo, 76
Shuwa, 75, 180, 254, 262
Sierra Leone, 14, 18, 19, 27, 28, 74, 82, 164, 194, 201, 242, 245,
252, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279
Silver, 118
Slavery, in West Africa, 100, 218
over-sea, 228, 255, 297, 298
domestic, 94-109
in Sierra Leone, 283
in Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 107, 108
in Nupe and Ilorin, 109
in Congo State, 296, _see also_ Congo State
the “New Slavery,” 177, 307, _see also_ Congo State
Slave-raiding, 87, 94-109, 171, 219, 319
Slaves, “White Slaves of England,” 107
Sokoto, treaties with, _see under_ Treaties
under Bello, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50, 126, _see also under_ Fulani
Songhays, 53, 55, 56, 131, 197, 209, 210, 211, 253, 236
Soninkes, 211
Stanley, Sir H. M., 297, 312, 315, 319, 321, 337
Stewart, Captain Donald, 281
Stokes, _see under_ Congo State
Strachan, Dr., 163
Strachir, Monsignor, 227
Strauch, Colonel, 315
Susus, 278, 279
Tanganyika, 349
_Tarik_, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 209, 211, 214
Taxation, in Sierra Leone, 14, 18, 27, 82, 135, 277, 278, 281, 284
in Lagos, 269
in Dahomey, 269, 279, 280
in Ashanti, 279-81
in Gambia, 280
in French Guinea, 274, 277, 278, 281-84
in Congo State, _see_ Congo State
in French Congo, 293, 295, 301
in Hausa States, 127
direct in West Africa, 280
Terrier, Auguste, 262, 302
Thomson, Joseph, 9, 39, 56, 58, 95, 97, 118, 126, 211, 221
Thys, Colonel, 37, 288, 325, 348
Tibati, 111
Tijaniyah, 129, 219
Timber, _see under_ Trade
Timbo, 139
Timbuctoo, 38, 59, 65, 128, 131, 210, 253
Tin, 118
Togoland, 193, 196, 199
Trade, British trade with British West Africa, 2, 3, 4
French West Africa, 4, 5, 6, 297
German West Africa, 4, 5
Portuguese West Africa, 4, 5
Congo State, 297
of Gambia, 4, 194
Gold Coast, 4, _see also_ Appendix
Lagos, 4, 267-69, _see also_ Appendix
Sierra Leone, 284, _see also_ Appendix
of Kano, 60, 61, 62, 65
of Nigeria, 4, 74-82, 91-93
of French possessions, 265-75
of Congo State, 286, 343-53
early in West Africa, 238-48
in ivory, 38, 61, 67, 118, 202, 203, 271, 272, 298
in Gold, 38, 63, 118, 202, 203, 271, _see also_ Mining Industry
and Appendix
in ostrich-feathers, 38
in kola, 57, 116
in benni-seed, 117
in skins, 38, 63
in “lamy,” 115
in timber, 117, 201-207, 271, 272, 298, _see also_ Appendix
in bees-wax, 67
in gums, 67, 112
in shea-butter, 113, 114
in cottons, 59, 67, 111, 269
in palm-oil, 74-82, 110, 268, 272, 298
in palm-kernels, 74-82, 268, 272
in ground-nuts, 76, 81, 194, 269, 270
in rubber, 67, 82, 110, 111, 119-124, 298, 299
piassava, 117
Treaties, Anglo-French, 24, 67, 246, 247
Anglo-German, 111
Anglo-Portuguese, 316, 318, 319
Franco-German, 111
with Fulani Emirs (Sokoto), 9, 85, 86, 95, 97, 257-58
Berlin Act, 177, 297, 299, 300, 301, 303, 306, 307, 308, 314, 318,
319, 321, 323, 343, 344, 345
Brussels Act, 303, 323, 324, 325
of Vienna, 243
Trentinian, Général de, 196
Tripoli, 33, 41, 42, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 213
Trotter, Captain, 94, 103
Tuareg, 53, 56, 58, 71, 85, 128, 253, 260
Tuckey, Captain, 37
Tugwell, Bishop, 86
Tukulors, 129, 131, 253, 254
Twin Rivers, 204
Ubanghi, 57, 215, 262
Uganda, 181, 227
United States, 200, 204, 309, 310, 316, 318
Unyoro, 179
Verneau, Dr., 138
Viera, 239
Villadestes, 132
Villaut de Bellefonds, 240
Vohsen, Consul, 308
Volta, 193
Wadai, 57, 64, 254, 257, 263
Wahuma, 144, 180
Wa-Kavirondo, 181
Walata, 131, 133, 134, 137, 209, 210
Waldeck-Rousseau, 244, 285
Washington, Booker T., 199
Wauters, A. J., 312
West African Frontier Force, 86
Western Sudan, 35, 129, 130, 147, 209, 210, 272
Winterbottom, 147
Woermann, 197
Yola, 111, 119
Yoruba, 193
Za Dynasty, 209
Za-Kasai, 209, 210
Zaky, _see_ Othman Fodio
Zanfara, 55
Zaria, 57
Zeg-Zeg, 54, 55
Zimmerman, Dr. A., 175
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