_Tabanus_, 482
Tachinidae, 507, _514_
_Tachysphex panzeri_, 117
_Tachytes_, 116;
destroyer of, 275;
_T. australis_, 113, 117;
_T. pectinipes_, 117
Tachytides, 116
_Taenia_, fleas as hosts of, 526
_Tajuria diaeus_, pupa, 357
_Taleporia_, 395
Taleporiidae, 430
Tanypezidae, _504_
Taphroderides, 296
_Tapinoma erraticum_, 157
Tarantula-killer, 105
_Tarphius_, 233
_Tarsolepis_, 383
Taschenberg, on anatomy of flea, 523 n.
_Tascina_, _372_
Tea-plant bug, 562
_Teara melanosticta_, 408
Tegula, 71, 187, 307, 311, 312, 447
Tegmina, 539
Teleodont, 193
Telephorides, _248_
_Telmatophilus_, 235
_Temnochila coerulea_, 232
Temnochilides, _233_
_Tenebrio molitor_, 263
Tenebrionidae, 263
_Tenebroides mauritanica_, 232
Tentacle, maxillary, 309, 432
Tenthredinidae, parasite of, 4
Terebrantia, 531
Termites, 203, 206, 227, 231
Terrifying attitude, 384
Tesseratomides, 546
Testes, 321, 324, 400, 429;
in larva, 325
_Tetanocera ferruginea_, 504
Tetanoceridae, _504_
_Tetragona_, _53_, _61_
Tetramera, _190_
_Tetramorium caespitum_, 160, 163
Tettigometrides, _567_
_Teucrium_, bug and galls on, 550
_Thais_, pupation of, 363
_Thanaos_, _342_;
_T. tages_, androconia, 332
Therevidae, 484
_Thiridopteryx_, 420
Thomas, on androconia, 331
Thorictidae, 236
_Thorictus_, 236
Thrips, 526 f.;
_Thrips lini_, 531;
_T. secalina_, 530
Throscides, _260
Thyatira batis_, _T. derasa_, 386 {625}
Thymaridae, 392
Thynnides, 96
Thyreophoridae, _504_
Thyrididae, _370_, 404
_Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis_, 394
Thysanoptera, 526 f.
Tiger-beetles, 201 f.
Tiger-moths, 409
_Tillus elongatus_, 253, 254
Tinaegeriidae, _370_, 387
_Tinea_, 305;
_T. pellionella_, 429, 430;
_T. vastella_, 430;
_T. vivipara_, 430
Tineidae, _340_, _370_, _394_, _427_, 428
Tineodidae, 423
_Tineola biselliella_, 430
Tingidae, 549
_Tipula brobdignagia_, 475
Tipulidae, 471 f.;
T. Brevipalpi, 472, 473;
T. Longipalpi, 472, 475
Tipulinae, 475
_Tiresias serra_, 241
_Titanus giganteus_, 287
_Tithorea_, 346
Tomicides, 295
_Tomognathus sublaevis_, 161
Tongue, 309
Tortoise-shell butterflies, 352
Tortricidae, _340_, _395_, 427, _432_
Tortricina, _395_
_Toxorrhina_, 472
_Toxotrypana_, 506
_Trechus_, 205
Trichiini, 200
_Trichocera_, 473
_Trichodes alvearius_, _T. ammios_, _T. apiarius_, 254
_Trichophaga tapetzella_, 430
Trichoptera, 306, _425_
Trichopterygidae, 227
_Trichopteryx fascicularis_, 227
Trichroism, 351
Trichterwickler, 294
_Trichura_, 389, 390
Trictenotomidae, 275
_Triecphora_, 543
_Trigona_, _53_, _61_;
_T. carbonaria_, 63;
_T. crassipes_, 65;
_T. mosquito_, 62
Trimera, _238_, 544
_Trimeria_, _89_
_Trineura aterrima_, 494
_Triodites mus_, 489
_Trioza rhamni_, 580
_Triphaena_, 415
_Triphleps_, 530
_Tritoma bipustulata_, 236
Triungulin, 262, 268, 270, 271, 272, 299, 300
Trochalopoda, _543_, _544_
Trochanter, 307;
divided, 123
_Trochilium_, 387
Trogini, _195_
Trogositidae, 232, 235
_Trogosita mauritanica_, 232
Tromoptera, 457
Trophi—see Mouth-parts
_Trox_, stridulation, 195
Truffle-beetle, 222
Trumpeter bumble-bee, 58
_Trypanaeus_, 230
Trypanidae, 395
Trypetidae, _504_, 506
Trypoxylonides, 118
_Trypoxylon_, 118;
_T. albitarse_, 118;
_T. figulus_, 119
Tse-tse fly, 512, 513
Tubulifera, _1_ f.
Tubulifera (Thrips), 531
Tulip-tree, tubes on, 578
Turkey-gnats, 477
Turnip-flea, 278
Tusser, or Tussore, silk, 374
_Tympanoterpes gigas_, 572
_Typhlatta_, _179_, _180_
_Typhlopone_, 178, 179, 180
_Ugimyia sericariae_, 507
Ulidiidae, _504_
_Ulopa_, _578_
Uncus, 314
_Urania rhipheus_, 419
Uraniidae, _368_, 419
Uric acid pigments, 357
_Urodon_, _278_
Uzel, on Thysanoptera, 527
_Vanessa_, 352;
larva, 354—see also _Pyrameis_ and _Araschnia_
_Vanessula_, 356
Vapourer-moths, 407
Variation, of _Anomma burmeisteri_, 179;
of _Bombus_, 58;
of larvae, 336;
of _Sphecodes_, 23;
of male and worker ants, 160;
of workers and females, 162;
due to parasites, 26;
of larva and imago, 408;
generic, 401;
local, 398;
in nervuration, 414;
and dimorphism in Geometrid-larvae, 412;
of mandibles of Lucanidae, 193;
in colour of Psyllidae, 579;
trichroism of hind wings, 351;
in size of Brenthidae, 297;
of time and form in _Cicada_, 570;
in wings, 540;
as to winged or wingless, 531;
change in, 414;
seasonal, 335
Vasa deferentia, 321
Veils, 493
Veins—see nervures
_Velia currens_, 552
_Velleius dilatatus_, 227
Verhoeff, on _Agenia_, 106;
on _Halictus_, 25;
on Siphonophora, 239;
on _Stelis minuta_, 29;
on terminal segments of beetles, 186
_Vermileo degeeri_, 481
_Vermipsylla alakurt_, 523, 526 {626}
Verson, on rudiments of wings, 328
Vertebrates, larvae of Diptera, attacking, 506, 510, 512, 514, 517, 520;
tick-fleas on, 526
_Vespa_, nests of, 79, 83;
_V. austriaca_, 81, 88;
_V. crabro_, 81;
_V. germanica_, 79
Vespidae, 78
Viviparous, Aphids, 583;
fly, 506, 511, 513, 518 f.;
moths, 430;
Staphylinidae, 227
Voice—see Song, Sound-organs, Stridulation
_Volucella_, 500;
_V. bombylans_, 441
Wagner, on morphology of fleas, 523 n.;
on paedogenesis, 460
Walker, J. J., on _Halobates_, 552
Wallace, on flight of Hesperiidae, 364
Walsingham, Lord, on Tortricidae, 427
Walter, on mouth of Lepidoptera, 308, 310
Wandering ants, 175 f.
Wanzenspritze, 536
Wasmann, on Ants'-nest Insects, 181 n., 183;
on _Lomechusa_, 142, 226;
on Weismann, 143
Wasps, 71 f.
Wasps'-nest, beetle, 235;
Insect, 268
Water-scorpion, 563
Wax, 65, 575, 576, 597
Wax-glands, 589
Wax-hairs, 580
Wedde, on mouth of Hemiptera, 535
Weeping-trees, 577
Weevil, biscuit-, 247;
pea-, 277
Weinland, on halteres, 448
Wet- and dry-season forms, 336
Whirligig-beetle, 215
White wax, 576, 597
Whittell, on _Pelopaeus_ and _Larrada_, 117
Wielowiejski, on luminous organs, 250
Wing-cases, of beetles, 186, 270
Wing, of bugs, 539;
of Diptera, 447;
of Lepidoptera, 315 f.;
development of, 328;
structure of, 329
Wingless—see Apterous
Wingless and winged Aphids, 584
Wing-nervures—see Nervures
Wing-rib, 330, 333
Wing-veins—see Nervures
Winter-gnats, 473
Winter-moth, 414
Winter-mother, 586
Wire-worm, 258
Wood-ant—see _Formica rufa_
Wood-leopard moth, 309, 395
Woodpecker, Diptera in, 506
Workers, 54, 66, 67, 79, 85, 132, 140
Worm-eaten furniture, 248
_Xantharpyia straminea_, parasite of, 521, 522
_Xenos_, 303;
_X. rossii_, 299, 301
_Xestobium_, _248_
_Xylocopa_, 32, 34, 70;
submentum of, 14;
_X. chloroptera_, 34;
_X. violacea_, 33
_Xylodiplosis_, 458, 459
Xylophagidae, 479
Xylophaginae, 480
Xylophilidae, 266
_Xylotrupes gideon_, 199
Yellow-fever-fly, 464
_Yolinus_, 558
Young carried, 556
Yucca-moth, 432
_Zabrus_, 205
_Zaitha anura_, 566
_Zelotypia staceyi_, 396
_Zemioses celtis_, 296
_Zeuzera aesculi_, 309, 395
Zeuzeridae, 395
Zygaenidae, _369_, 388, 390, _392_, _394_
_Zygia_, 253
END OF VOL. VI
_Printed by_ R. & R. Clark, Limited, _Edinburgh_.
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY.
_COMPLETE LIST OF SERIES._
VOLUME I.
PROTOZOA, Marcus Hartog, M.A., Trinity College (Professor of Natural
History in the Queen's College, Cork); SPONGES, W. J. Sollas, Sc.D.,
F.R.S., St. John's College (Professor of Geology in the University of
Oxford); JELLY-FISH, SEA-ANEMONES, ETC., S. J. Hickson, M.A., Downing
College (Beyer Professor of Zoology in the Owens College, Manchester);
STAR-FISH, SEA-URCHINS, ETC., E. W. Macbride, M.A., St. John's College
(Professor of Zoology, M‘Gill University, Montreal).
VOLUME II.
FLATWORMS, ETC., F. W. Gamble, M.Sc. (Vict.), (Demonstrator and
Assistant-Lecturer in Zoology in the Owens College, Manchester);
NEMERTINES, Miss L. Sheldon, Newnham College; THREAD-WORMS, ETC., A. E.
Shipley, M.A., Christ's College; ROTIFERS, ETC., Marcus Hartog, M.A.,
Trinity College, D.Sc. (Lond.), (Professor of Natural History in the
Queen's College, Cork); POLYCHAET WORMS, W. B. Benham, D.Sc. (Lond.),
Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), Aldrichian Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy in the
University of Oxford; EARTH-WORMS AND LEECHES, F. E. Beddard, M.A.
(Oxon.), F.R.S. (Prosector to the Zoological Society); GEPHYREA, A. E.
Shipley, M.A., Christ's College; POLYZOA, S. F. Harmer, M.A., King's
College.
[_Ready._
VOLUME III.
MOLLUSCS, A. H. Cooke, M.A., King's College; BRACHIOPODS (Recent), A. E.
Shipley, M.A., Christ's College; BRACHIOPODS (Fossil), F. R. C. Reed,
M.A., Trinity College.
[_Ready._
VOLUME IV.
SPIDERS, MITES, ETC., C. Warburton, M.A., Christ's College (Zoologist to
the Royal Agricultural Society); SCORPIONS, TRILOBITES, ETC., M. Laurie,
B.A., King's College, D.Sc. (Edinb.), (Professor of Zoology in St.
Mungo's College, Glasgow); PYCNOGONIDS, ETC., D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B.,
M.A., Trinity College (Professor of Zoology in University College,
Dundee); CRUSTACEA, W. F. R. Weldon, M.A., F.R.S., St. John's College
(Jodrell Professor of Zoology in University College, London).
VOLUME V.
PERIPATUS, A. Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S., Trinity College; CENTIPEDES, ETC.,
F. G. Sinclair, M.A., Trinity College; INSECTS, Part I., D. Sharp, M.A.,
F.R.S.
[_Ready._
VOLUME VI.
INSECTS, Part II., D. Sharp, M.A., F.R.S.
[_Ready._
VOLUME VII.
BALANOGLOSSUS, ETC., S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S., King's College;
ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS, W. A. Herdman, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. (Professor
of Natural History in University College, Liverpool); FISHES, T. W.
Bridge, Sc.D., Trinity College (Professor of Zoology in the Mason
University College, Birmingham).
VOLUME VIII.
AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES, H. Gadow, M.A., F.R.S., King's College.
VOLUME IX.
BIRDS, A. H. Evans, M.A., Clare College. With numerous Illustrations by
G. E. Lodge.
[_Ready._
VOLUME X.
MAMMALS, F. E. Beddard, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S. (Prosector to the Zoological
Society).
MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd., LONDON.
MACMILLAN & CO.'S BOOKS
FOR
STUDENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.
NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SELBORNE. By Gilbert White, with Notes
by Frank Buckland, a Chapter on Antiquities by Lord Selborne, and New
Letters Illustrated by P. H. Delamotte. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown
8vo. 6s.
CURIOSITIES OF NATURAL HISTORY. By Francis Trevelyan Buckland, late Her
Majesty's Inspector of Fisheries. Popular Edition, with a few
Illustrations. Each Series separately, in small 8vo., price 2s. 6d., as
follows:—
1st Series.—Rats, Serpents, Fishes, Frogs, Monkeys, etc.
2nd Series.—Fossils, Bears, Wolves, Cats, Eagles, Hedgehogs, Eels,
Herrings, Whales.
3rd Series.—Wild Ducks, Fishing, Lions, Tigers, Foxes, Porpoises.
4th Series.—Giants, Mummies, Mermaids, Wonderful People, Salmon, etc.
OUR RARER BIRDS. By Charles Dixon, Author of 'Rural Bird Life.' With
numerous Illustrations by Charles Whymper. Demy 8vo. 14s.
SUMMER STUDIES OF BIRDS AND BOOKS. By W. Warde Fowler, M.A., Author of 'A
Year with the Birds,' etc. Crown 8vo. 6s.
A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. By W. Warde Fowler, M.A. With Illustrations by
Bryan Hook. Third Edition, enlarged. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
TALES OF THE BIRDS. By W. Warde Fowler, M.A. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 3s.
6d.
BIRDCRAFT. By M. O. Wright. Ex. cr. 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.
CITIZEN BIRD SCENES FROM BIRD LIFE IN PLAIN ENGLISH FOR BEGINNERS. By
Mabel Osgood Wright and Elliott Coues. With one hundred and eleven
illustrations by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Cr. 8vo. 6s.
THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: THE LAND OF THE ORANG UTANG AND THE BIRD OF
PARADISE. By Alfred Russel Wallace. Maps and Illustrations. Ex. cr. 8vo.
6s.
ESSAYS ON MUSEUMS AND OTHER SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH NATURAL HISTORY. By
Sir William Henry Flower, K.C.B., D.Sc., F.R.S. 8vo. 12s. net.
WANDERINGS IN SOUTH AMERICA, THE NORTH-WEST OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE
ANTILLES. By Charles Waterton, Esq. Edited by Rev. J. G. Wood.
Illustrated. Cr. 8vo. 6s.—_People's Edition._ 4to. 6d.
ROUND THE YEAR. A Series of Short Nature Studies. By Prof. L. C. Miall,
F.R.S. With Illustrations, chiefly by A. R. Hammond, F.L.S. Crown 8vo.
5s.
NATURAL HISTORY OF AQUATIC INSECTS. By Professor L. C. Miall, F.R.S.
Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 6s.
MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd., LONDON
----
NOTES
[1] Systematic monograph, Mocsáry, Budapest, 1889. Account of the
European Chrysididae, R. du Buysson in André, _Spec. gen. Hym._ vol.
vi. 1896.
[2] _Ent. Mag._ vi. 1869, p. 153.
[3] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7) ix. 1890, p. 1.
[4] _C. R. Ac. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 873.
[5] _Trans. ent. Soc. London_, 1873, p. 408.
[6] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1875, p. 184.
[7] _Morph. Jahrb._ xxiv. 1896, p. 192.
[8] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx. 1878, p. 78.
[9] _Proc. ent. Soc. Washington_, iii. 1896, p. 334.
[10] _Trans. ent. Soc._ 1878, p. 169.
[11] The mode of wetting the pollen is not clear. Wolff says it is done by
an exudation from the tibia; H. Müller by admixture of nectar from
the bee's mouth. The latter view is more probably correct.
[12] In studying the proboscis the student will do well to take a _Bombus_
as an example; its anatomy being more easily deciphered than that of
the honey-bee.
[13] Leuckart proposed the term lingula; but the word gives rise to the
impression that it is a mistake for either lingua or ligula. Packard
calls the part "hypopharynx."
[14] For figures and descriptions of the proboscides of British bees,
refer to E. Saunders, _Jour. Linn. Soc._ xxiii. 1890, pp. 410-432,
plates III.-X.: and for details of the minute structure and function
to Cheshire, _Bees and Bee-keeping_, vol. i.
[15] Breithaupt, _Arch. Naturges._ lii. Bd. i. 1886, p. 47.
[16] See Fig. 26, p. 71.
[17] _Bull. Mus. Paris_, i. 1895, p. 38.
[18] _C.R. Ac. Paris_, lxxxvii. 1878, pp. 378 and 535.
[19] _Catalogus Hymenopterorum_, Leipzig, 10 vols. 1892-96; _Bees_, vol.
x.
[20] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ iv. 1891, p. 779. This paper is a most valuable
summary of what is known as to the habits of European solitary bees,
but is less satisfactory from a systematic point of view.
[21] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1894, p. cxv.
[22] Marchal, _Rev. Sci._ 15th February 1890, and Ferton, _t.c._ 19th
April.
[23] _C.R. Ac. Paris_, lxxxix. 1879, p. 1079, and _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (6),
ix. 1879, No. 4.
[24] _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_, xlviii. 1895, p. 145.
[25] _Verh. Ver. Rheinland_, xli. 1884, p. 1.
[26] It is impossible for us here to deal with the question of the origin
of the parasitic habit in bees. The reader wishing for information as
to this may refer to Prof. Pérez's paper, _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_,
xlvii. 1895. p. 300.
[27] Refer to p. 70 _postea_, note, as to a recent discovery about
_Xylocopa_.
[28] _Souvenirs entomologiques_. 4 vols. Paris, 1879 to 1891.
[29] The "_Chalicodome des galets_" or _C_. "_des murailles_" of the
French writer; in some places he speaks of the species as being _C.
muraria_, in others as _C. parietina_.
[30] _Trans. Zool. Soc. London_, vii. 1870, p. 178.
[31] _Mt. Ver. Steiermark_, xxxi. 1882, p. 69.
[32] _Zool. Anz._ vii. 1884, p. 312.
[33] _SB. Ges. Wien._ xxxviii. 1888, p. 34.
[34] _Ent. Nachr._ xii. 1886, p. 177.
[35] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1868, p. 133.
[36] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 149.
[37] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5), iv. 1874, p. 567.
[38] See Pérez, _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_, xxxiii. 1880, p. lxv.; and Cameron,
_Tr. Soc. Glasgow_, n. s. ii. 1889, p. 194.
[39] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), xix. 1897, p. 136.
[40] Janet has suggested that the folding is done to keep the delicate
hind-margins of the wings from being frayed.
[41] _Zool. Anz._ xix. 1896, p. 449. See also note, _antea_, p. 70.
[42] _Monographie des guêpes sociales_, Geneva, 1853-1858, pp. cc. and
356, plates i.-xxxvii.
[43] Hence probably the great difference in the abundance of wasps in
different years: if a period of cold weather occur during the early
stages of formation of a wasp family, operations are suspended and
growth delayed; or death may even put an end to the nascent colony.
[44] _CR. Ac. Paris_, cxvii. 1893, p. 584; _op. cit._ cxxi. 1895, p. 731;
_Arch. Zool. exper._ (3) iv. 1896, pp. 1-100.
[45] Kumagusu Minakata, in _Nature_, l. 1894, p. 30.
[46] As this work is passing through the press we receive a book by Mr.
and Mrs. Peckham on _The Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps_,
Madison, 1898. They are of opinion that, in the case of some species,
it does not matter much whether the victim is or is not killed by the
stinging.
[47] _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, iii. 1896, p. 303.
[48] Monograph by Lucas, _Berlin ent. Zeitschr._ xxxix. 1894.
[49] "Die Gattungen der Sphegiden," _Ann. Hofmus. Wien._ xi. 1896, pp.
233-596. Seven plates.
[50] We will take this opportunity of correcting an error in the
explanation of Fig. 333 of the preceding volume, showing the
propodeum, etc. of _Sphex chrysis_. _f_ points to a division of the
mesonotum, not of the metanotum, as there stated.
[51] _Pelopaeus_ disappears from the new catalogue of Hymenoptera as the
name of a valid genus; its species being assigned to _Sceliphron_ and
various other genera. We have endeavoured, as regards this name, to
reconcile the nomenclature of previous authors with that used in the
new catalogue by placing the generic name adopted in the latter in
brackets.
[52] When a second cell is more or less perfectly marked out, the cell
with which it is connected is said to be appendiculate. The nervures
frequently extend beyond the complete cells towards the outer margin,
forming "incomplete" cells; only complete cells are counted, except
when "incomplete" is mentioned.
[53] See on this point the note on p. 130.
[54] The pupae and cocoons of ants are usually called by the uninstructed,
"ants' eggs." In this country they are used as food for pheasants.
[55] The parthenogenetic young produced by worker females are invariably
of the male sex.
[56] The student must recollect that the winged female ants cast their
wings previously to assuming the social life. The winglessness of
these females is a totally different phenomenon from that we here
allude to.
[57] See Forel, _Verh. Ges. deutsch. Naturf._ lxvi. 1894, 2, pp. 142-147;
and Emery _Biol. Centralbl._ xiv. 1894, p. 53. The term ergatoid
applies to both sexes; a species with worker-like female is
ergatogynous; with a worker-like male ergatandrous.
[58] _Nature_ li. 1894, p. 125.
[59] _Biol. Centralbl._ xv. 1895, p. 640.
[60] Prof. Forel has favoured the writer by informing him of several cases
of these rare intermediate forms he has himself detected.
[61] _Biol. Centralbl._ xiv. 1894, p. 53.
[62] Forel's latest views on this subject will be found in the _Ann. Soc.
ent. Belgique_ xxxvii. 1893, p. 161; the very valuable paper by
Emery, in _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ viii. 1896, p. 760.
[63] _Ann. Soct. ent. France_, 1893, p. 467.
[64] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1893, _Bull._ p. cclxiv.
[65] Forel, _J. Bombay Soc._ viii. 1893, p. 36.
[66] See von Ihering, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxix. 1894, p. 364; and
Forel, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xl. 1896, p. 170.
[67] _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxvii. 1893, p. 163.
[68] _Bih. Svenska Ak._ xxi. 1896, Afd. iv. No. 4.
[69] Until recently this genus was generally known as _Atta_, but this
name is now applied to the leaf-cutting ants, that were formerly
called _Oecodoma_.
[70] Forel, _Bull. Soc. Vaudoise_, xxx. pp. 29-30, 1894.
[71] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, pp. 365-467.
[72] For a valuable revision of _Dorylus_ and its allies see Emery, _Zool.
Jahrb. Syst._ viii. 1895, pp. 685, etc. We, however, doubt the wisdom
of extending the sub-family so as to include _Cerapachys_,
_Parasyscia_, etc.
[73] A Catalogue of Myrmecophilous and Termitophilous Arthropods was
published by Wasmann, Berlin 1894.
[74] For a summary of this subject see Wasmann, _Congr. internat. Zool._
iii. 1896, pp. 411-440.
[75] For explanation of this term see vol. v. p. 524.
[76] An interesting exception occurs in the Malacodermidae, where this
coadaptation is wanting, or is imperfect; they are frequently
considered to be the most primitive of existing beetles.
[77] In a series of memoirs in various German periodicals during the last
five or six years (see especially _Deutsche ent. Zeit._ 1893 and
1894, also subsequent years of _Arch. Naturges._). It should be
noticed that in the course of his studies Verhoeff has modified some
of his earlier views.
[78] We consider this term inferior to Tetramera for nomenclatorial
purposes.
[79] _Danske Selsk. Skr._ (6), viii. No. 1, 1895.
[80] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xiv. 1879, p. 15.
[81] In this sub-family there are numerous forms in which the elytra cover
the pygidium, and in which the number of conspicuous ventral segments
is reduced to five or even four. We use the term Coprides as
equivalent to the "Laparosticti" of Lacordaire (_Gen. Col._ iii.
1856); it thus includes the "Coprini" and "Glaphyrini" of the
_Catalogus Coleopterorum_, vol. iv. Munich, 1869.
[82] _Considérations genérales sur l'anatomic comparée des animaux
articulés_, etc., Paris 1828, 4to. xix. and 435 pp., and Atlas of ten
(xx.) plates, and 36 pp.
[83] Raspail, _Mém. soc. zool. France_, vi. 1893, pp. 202-213.
[84] _Ann. soc. ent. France_, (v.) iv. 1874, p. 39.
[85] In Theratides this outer lobe is in a rudimentary state, like a seta.
[86] The first portion of a classification of Cicindelidae by Dr. Walther
Horn, _Revision der Cicindeliden_, Berlin, 1898, has appeared since
this was written.
[87] _Natural History of aquatic Insects_, 1895, p. 376.
[88] _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ xv. 1888, p. 18.
[89] _Op. cit._ v. 1881, p. 91; cf. Sharp, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1882,
p. 61.
[90] _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1892, p. 341.
[91] _Descent of Man_, i. 1890, p. 338; The views of Landois and Recker,
_Arch. f. Naturgesch._ lvii. 1, 1891, p. 101, are erroneous.
[92] See _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xiii. 1876, p. 161.
[93] For many particulars as to respiration of _Dytiscus_, and
peculiarities of the larva see Miall, _Aquatic Insects_, 1895, pp.
39, etc. (In the figure given on p. 60 the large stigma on the
terminal segment of the abdomen is omitted, though it is referred to
in the text.)
[94] For classification and structure see Sharp, "On Dytiscidae," _Sci.
Trans. R. Dublin Soc._ (2) ii. 1882.
[95] Descriptions of larvae that may possibly be those of Paussids have
been published by Xambeu, _Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon_, xxxix. 1892, p.
137, and Erichson, _Arch. Naturgesch._ xiii. 1847, p. 275.
[96] _Arch. Mus. Paris_ (2), viii. and ix. 1887.
[97] For classification and monograph of the family, see Régimbart, _Ann.
Soc. ent. France_, 1882, 1883, and 1886. For a catalogue, Séverin,
_Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxiii. 1889.
[98] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, xxi. 1852, p. 619.
[99] Horn, _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ xv. 1888, p. 23; Riley, _Insect Life_, i.
1889, p. 300.
[100] _Insect Life_, i. 1889, pp. 200 and 306.
[101] _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ viii. 1880, pp. 219-321.
[102] Westwood, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_ (N.S.) iii. 1855, p. 90; Wasmann,
_Krit. Verzeichniss Myrmekoph. Arthropod._ 1894, p. 121.
[103] _Rev. ent. franc._ ix. 1890.
[104] _Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa_: II. _Familienreihe, Staphylinoidea._
Vienna, 1895 and 1899.
[105] _Vergleichende Studien über Ameisengäste_, Nijhoff, 1890; and
_Tijdschr. ent._ xxxiii. 1890, pp. 93, etc.; _Biol. Centralbl._ xv.
1895, p. 632.
[106] Schiödte, _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (4) v. 1857, p. 169.
[107] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Col._ ii. pt. i. 1888, p. 156.
[108] Monograph, _Trichopterygia illustrata_, by A. Matthews, London, 1872.
[109] For further information refer to Matthews, _An Essay on_ Hydroscapha,
London, 1876, 20 pp. 1 pl.
[110] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xix. 1887, p. 115.
[111] _Larves de Coléoptères_, 1878, p. 11, pl. i.
[112] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Col._ ii. pt. i. p. 438.
[113] The family was monographed by the Abbé de Marseul in _Ann. Soc. ent.
France_, 1853-1862, but great additions have been made since then.
[114] For characters of larvae of various genera, see Perris, _Larves,
etc._ p. 24.
[115] _SB. Ak. Wien._ xxiv. 1857, p. 330.
[116] Catalogue of Trogositidae, by Leveillé, in _Ann. Soc. ent. France_,
1888, p. 429.
[117] For classification, see Sharp, _Biol. Centr. Amer. Col._ ii. pt. i.
1894, p. 443.
[118] See Ganglbauer, _Käf. Mitteleuropas_, i. p. 530, as well as Leconte
and Horn _Classification_, etc., p. 130.
[119] Perris, _Larves, etc._, p. 75.
[120] Ritsema, _Catalogue of_ Helota, _Notes Leyden Mus._ xiii. 1891, p.
223, and xv. 1893, p. 160.
[121] _Zool. Anz._ xviii. 1895, p. 244.
[122] Gerstaecker, _Monographie der Endomychiden_, Leipzig, 858, 1433 pp.
Since this work was published, the species known have been multiplied
two or three times.
[123] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xlii. 1881, pp. 104-112.
[124] It is probable that we do not know more than the fiftieth part of the
existing species, most of which lead lives that render them very
difficult to find.
[125] _Bull. ent. ital._ 1886, p. 406, and _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xliii.
1887, pp. 201-206. Emery does not mention the name of the species,
but we presume it to be the common Italian fire-fly, _Luciola
italica_.
[126] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxvii. 1882, p. 354; also Emery, _op. cit._
xl. 1884, p. 338. For another theory as to the luminescence, see p.
259.
[127] _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, xii. 1887, p. 137, _postea_.
[128] _Deutsche ent. Zeitschr._ xxxii. 1888, pp. 145-167.
[129] _Ent. Mag._ xxiv. 1887, p. 148.
[130] _Larves des Coléoptères_, 1878, p. 208.
[131] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1894, p. 7.
[132] Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) ix. 1851, p. 48.
[133] _Arch. Naturgesch._ xlviii. 1, 1882, p. 371.
[134] "Les Élatérides lumineux," _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, xi. 1886; also
_Leçons de Physiologie générale_, Paris, 1898, and _C.R. Ac. Sci._
cxxiii. 1896, p. 653.
[135] It seems impossible to understand the morphology of the anterior
segments by mere inspection; the anterior spiracle being seated on
the segment behind the broad thorax. Considerable difference of
opinion has prevailed as to what is head, what thorax; the aid of
embryology is necessary to settle the point. The larva described by
Westwood (_Mod. Classif._ i. 1839, p. 229), and figured as probably
_Buprestis attenuata_ is doubtless a Passalid.
[136] Casey has examined the wings in the genus _Blapstinus_ (an "apterous"
genus), and found that the wings are extremely varied in development,
according to the species; in no case, however, did they appear to be
capable of giving more than a laboured and feeble flight.—_Ann. New
York Ac._ v. 1890, p. 416.
In _Eleodes_, though the meso- and meta-notum are formed of delicate
membrane, the wings exist as minute flaps, requiring some examination
for their detection.
[137] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (4) vi. 1870, p. 314; and _Ent. Mag._ xxvii. 1891,
p. 18.
[138] _Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ iv. 1876, p. 556.
[139] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, lx. 1891, p. 447.
[140] "On the Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the Oil-Beetle,
_Meloe_," _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, p. 297; and xxi. 1853, p. 167.
[141] _Rep. U.S. ent. Commission_, i. 1878, p. 297.
[142] _Amer. Nat._ xvii. 1883, p. 790.
[143] For illustration of this metamorphosis, see Vol. V. p. 159 of this
work.
[144] _Les Insectes Vésicants_, Paris 1890, 554 pp. Parts of this work were
previously published in _J. de l'Anat. Phys._, xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1886
and 1887.
[145] _Genera des Coléoptères (Suites à Buffon)_, x. Paris, 1874, p. 15.
[146] _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ 1887, p. 325, and 1889, p. 299.
[147] _Ann. Soc. Liége_, x. 1855, p. 260.
[148] _Mem. Soc. Liége_, xvi. 1861, p. 387.
[149] Packard, 5th Rep. _U.S. Ent. Comm._ 1890, p. 689.
[150] Not a growing tree, but the instrument used for stretching boots.
[151] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xli. 1896, SB. p. 22.
[152] Sharp, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxviii. 1884, CR. p. cvii.
[153] For a more extensive account of _Rhynchites betulae_ and others refer
to Wasmann. _Der Trichterwickler_, Münster, 1884, and Debey,
_Beiträge zur Lebensund Entwickelungsgeschichte ... der Attelabiden_,
Bonn, 1846. The first includes an extensive philosophical discussion;
the second is a valuable collection of observations.
[154] _Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. ent._ New series, No. 7, 1897.
[155] Perris, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (2) xiv. 1840, p. 89, pl. iii.
[156] In the males of the genus _Cedeocera_ the tips of the elytra are
drawn out into processes almost as long as the elytra themselves, and
rivalling the forceps of earwigs.
[157] The stature of the individuals of the same species is, in some of
these Brenthidae, subject to extreme variation, especially in the
males, some individuals of which—in the case of _Brenthus
anchorago_—are five times as long as others.
[158] This remark applies to the Strepsiptera parasitic on Hymenoptera:
nothing whatever is known as to the life-histories of the species
that attack Hemiptera.
[159] Although not an invariable, it seems that it is a general rule that
the _Stylops_ produced from the body of one individual are all of one
sex; it has even been stated that female bees produce more especially
female _Stylops_, and male bees male _Stylops_. If any correlation as
to this latter point exist, it is far from general.
[160] Von Siebold, _Arch. Naturges._ ix. 1843, pp. 137-161. Nassonoff's
recent paper is in Russian, but so far as we can gather (cf. _Zool.
Centralbl._ i. 1894, p. 766), it does not add greatly to the data
furnished by von Siebold.
[161] _Ent. Meddel._ v. 1896. p. 148, and _Ov. Danske Selsk._ 1896, p. 67.
[162] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xiv. 1879, p. 14.
[163] Named by Mr. Distant _Callidea baro_; according to the Brussels
catalogue of Hemiptera, _Chrysocoris grandis_ var. _baro_.
[164] Kellogg, _Kansas Quarterly_, ii. 1893, p. 51, plate II.
[165] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ xviii. 1885, p. 751.
[166] The writer is not quite convinced that the supposed mandibles of
these Macrolepidoptera are really entitled to be considered as such.
[167] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 263.
[168] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 637. It should be recollected that
many Lepidoptera do not possess any proboscis.
[169] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ xviii. 1885, p. 168.
[170] _Amer. Natural._ xiv. 1880, p. 313.
[171] For an account of the structures at the tip of the proboscis of this
moth, and of the beautiful manner in which the lobes of the maxillae
are dovetailed together, see Francis Darwin, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._
xv. 1875, p. 385. For details as to numerous proboscides, and as to
the difficulties that exist in comprehending the exact mode of action
of the organ, refer to Breitenbach's papers, especially _Jena.
Zeitschr. Naturw._ xv. 1882, p. 151.
[172] See Cholodkovsky, _Zool. Anz._ ix. p. 615; Haase, t.c. p. 711; also
Riley, _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1892, p. 310.
[173] _Fourth Rep. U.S. Entom. Commission_, 1885, p. 49.
[174] _C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 360; and his _Thesis_,
Bordeaux, 1895.
[175] _C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 542.
[176] _Fauna of British India_, Moths, i. 1892, p. 6.
[177] It is impossible for us to treat of the difficulties that exist on
this point, and we must refer the student to the pamphlet, "The
Venation of the Wings of Insects," by Prof. Comstock, Ithaca, 1895,
being a reprint, with an important prefatory note, from the _Elements
of Insect Anatomy_, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg, also to
Packard's discussion of the subject in _Mem. Ac. Sci. Washington_,
vii. 1895, pp. 84-86. The method of Spuler, alluded to in these two
memoirs, is based on development, and, when extended, will doubtless
have very valuable results. See Spuler, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liii.
1892, p. 597.
[178] The structure and development of scales and nervures is dealt with as
part of the brief study of the development of the wing, on p. 329,
etc.
[179] The internal anatomy of Lepidoptera has not been extensively studied.
For information refer to Dufour, _C.R. Ac. Paris_, xxxiv. 1852, p.
748; Scudder, _Butt. New England_, i. 1889, p. 47; Minot and Burgess,
_Fourth Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm._ 1885, p. 53.
[180] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_ (2), v. 1890, p. 143.
[181] _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1892, p. 305.
[182] _Acta Ac. German._ li. 1887, p. 238.
[183] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1887, pp. 384-404, Pl. 7.
[184] _Isis_, 1845, p. 835.
[185] For anatomy of caterpillars refer to Lyonnet's famous work, _Traité
anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de saule_, La Haye, 1762.
[186] See Plateau, _Bull. Ac. Belgique_, xv. 1888, p. 28; in reference to
structure of ocelli, Blanc, _Tête du Bombyx mori_ ... 1891, pp. 163,
etc.; and Landois in _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xvi. 1866, p. 27.
[187] _Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge_, Cassel, 1815.
[188] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool._ 2nd Ser., v. 1890, pp. 147, 148.
[189] For information as to the structure and function of the silk-vessels,
refer to Helm, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvi. 1876, p. 434; and
Gilson, _La Cellule_, vi. 1890, p. 116.
[190] _Jahresber. Schlesisch. Ges._ lviii. 1881, p. 116.
[191] The student will find important information as to the varieties of
external form of pupae in Dr. T. A. Chapman's writings; see
especially _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, 1894, and 1896.
[192] Latter, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 399.
[193] _Bull. Soc. Vaudoise_, xxx. 1894, No. 115.
[194] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liii. 1892, p. 623.
[195] _Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ iii. 1889, p. 646.
[196] _Amer. Natural._, xxvii. 1893, p. 1018.
[197] _Amer. Natural._, xxxii. 1898, p. 256.
[198] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ viii. 1857, p. 326.
[199] _Phil. Trans._ 186 B, 1896, No. 15.
[200] _Natural Science_, viii. 1896, p. 94.
[201] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1896, p. 257.
[202] _Ent. Record_, vi. 1895, p. 258.
[203] _Trans. ent. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 293, etc.
[204] The term mimicry is sometimes used in a wider sense; but we think it
better to limit it to its original meaning. The word is a most
unfortunate one, being both inadequate and inaccurate.
[205] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxiii. 1862, p. 507.
[206] A summary of the chief aspects of the question is contained in
Beddard's _Animal Coloration_, London, 1892. An account of the
subject with numerous illustrations has been given by Haase,
"Untersuchungen über die Mimicry," _Bibl. Zool._ iii. 1893, Heft
viii. Those who wish to see the case as stated by an advocate may
refer to Professor Poulton's work, _The Colours of Animals_
(International Scientific Series), lxviii. London, 1890.
[207] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 372.
[208] _Kosmos_, xix. 1886, p. 353. The Insects alluded to by both these
naturalists are now, we believe, placed in the Family Syntomidae (see
p. 388).
[209] _Stett. ent. Zeit._ li. 1891, p. 264; and lvi. 1895, p. 234.
[210] For an account of the antennae of butterflies, see Jordan, _Nov.
Zool._ v. 1898, pp. 374-415.
[211] Haase first proposed the name Netrocera (_Deutsche ent. Zeit. Lep._
iv. 1891, p. 1) for Hesperiidae, as a division distinct from all
other butterflies; Karsch replaced the name in the following year by
Grypocera, because _Netrocera_ is the name of a genus.
[212] The literature of butterflies has become extremely extensive. The
following works contain information as to general questions: 1,
Scudder's _Butterflies of New England_, a beautifully illustrated
work completed in 1889, and replete with interesting discussions. 2,
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, _Exotische Tagfalter_, in three folio
volumes (Fürth, 1884-1887), with illustrations of exotic butterflies
and a detailed sketch of their characters. 3, Enzio Reuter, "Uber die
Palpen der Rhopaloceren," in _Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn._ xxii. 1896,
treating fully of classification and phylogeny.
[213] _Journal of Entomology_, i. 1862, p. 218: for early instars of South
American Nymphalidae see Müller, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ i. 1886, p.
417.
[214] This is the subject of Scudder's _Life of a Butterfly_, 1893.
[215] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 205.
[216] Finn, _J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, lxvi. 1896, p. 528; lxvii. 1897, p.
213.
[217] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxiii, 1862, p. 495.
[218] _Kosmos_, xix. 1886, p. 355.
[219] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1879, p. xxix.
[220] Allen's Naturalists' Library, _Butterflies_, i. 1896.
[221] A most unfortunate diversity exists in the generic names applied to
these _Vanessa_, as well as in those of many other Lepidoptera.
[222] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), iv. 1889, p. 212.
[223] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 191.
[224] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1856, pp. c, ci.
[225] Baker, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1887, p. 175, Pl. ix.
[226] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), vii. 1867, p. 665, Pl. xiii.
[227] _J. Bombay Soc._ ix. 1895, pp. 338-341.
[228] Hopkins, _Phil. Trans._ 186 B, 1895, p. 661.
[229] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), iv. 1889, p. 213. We trust there will not be
many more Künstlers, as this beautiful butterfly must certainly
become extinct, if the female be really as rare as is supposed.
[230] _Mem. Ac. Washington_, vii. 1895, p. 57.
[231] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 97, with Suppl. _op. cit._ 1896, pp.
129 and 567.
[232] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 1066. See also _Ann. N. York Ac._
viii. 1895, p. 194, and _Ent. Record_, 1897, pp. 136 and 196.
[233] _Handbook of British Lepidoptera_, 1895.
[234] London, 1892. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State
for India in Council.
[235] Those numbered 2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 27, 44, and 46 in our arrangement.
[236] For explanatory diagram of the wings, see Fig. 161, I. When the
nervuration is obscured by the wing-scales, it may be rendered
temporarily visible by the application, with a camel's-hair brush, of
a little benzine. The wings may be permanently denuded of their
scales by being placed for a short time in Eau de Javelle
(hypochlorite of potash).
[237] The genus _Cyphanta_ (one species from India) has nervule 5 of the
fore wing proceeding from the lower angle of the cell.
[238] This is a mistake of Sir George Hampson's. It has long been known
that the female of _Heterogynis_ does not leave the cocoon (for
references see p. 392); the larvae, however, do not live in cases, as
those of Psychidae do.
[239] See Westwood, _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_ (2), i. 1877, p. 165, etc.
[240] For habits of some Brazilian Castnia see Seitz, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_,
li. 1890, p. 258.
[241] For pupa see Chapman, _Ent. Rec._ vi. 1895, pp. 286, 288.
[242] _Souvenirs entomologiques_, quatrième série, 1891, pp. 39-46.
[243] _Amer. Natural._ xii. 1878, p. 379.
[244] Cotes, "Wild Silk Insects of India," _Ind. Mus. Notes_, ii. No. 2,
1891, 15 plates.
[245] See on this subject Pérez, _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_, xlvii. 1894, p. 236,
etc.
[246] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxvii. 1883, p. 9.
[247] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ ser. 2, ii. 1885, p. 421.
[248] _Psyche_, vi. 1893, p. 385.
[249] Bar and Laboulbène, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, (v.) iii. 1873, p. 300.
[250] _Op cit._ (5), vii. 1877, p. 181; and _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxxix.
1878, p. 221; and xliv. 1883, p. 402.
[251] _Ann. New York Ac._ viii. 1893, p. 48.
[252] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, n.s. iii. 1854, p. 1.
[253] Dyar says, "We may surmise that it is to present a terrifying
appearance toward small enemies." He calls the Insect both
_Perophora_ and _Cicinnus_, _melsheimeri_, and states that it belongs
[according to the larva] to Tineidae; the appendages he considers to
be enormously developed setae. _J. N. York ent. Soc._ iv. 1896, p.
92.
[254] _Tijdsch. Ent._ xxxviii. 1895, p. 56, Pl. 4.
[255] _Ann. New York Ac._ viii. 1893, p. 48.
[256] Weyenbergh, _Tijdschr. Ent._ xvii. 1874, p. 220, Pl. xiii.
[257] Jones, _P. Liverpool Soc._ xxxiii. 1879, p. lxxvii.
[258] _Studies in the Theory of Descent_, part 2, London, 1881.
[259] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1885 and 1886.
[260] _Tijdschr. Ent._ xl. 1897, pp. 27-103, 4 plates.
[261] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 351.
[262] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1887, p. 297, Pl. x.
[263] See Poulton, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, etc.
[264] _Op. cit._ 1895, p. 399.
[265] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1880, p. iii.
[266] _Ent. Monthly Mag._ xiii. 1877, p. 231.
[267] _Entomologist_, xxiii. 1890, p. 92.
[268] _Mem. Ac. Washington_, vii. 1895, 290 pp., 49 plates.
[269] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1878, p. 121, Pl. v.
[270] _Op. cit._ 1889, pp. 1-40, 6 plates.
[271] Walsingham, _Op. cit._, 1889. c. p. 21.
[272] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, lvi. 1895, p. 233.
[273] _Op. cit._ li. 1890, p. 261.
[274] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, li. 1890, p. 263.
[275] For details as to habits, etc., see Rambur, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_,
v. 1836, p. 577; and Graslin, _op. cit._ xix. 1850, p. 396.
[276] Monograph of European Psychidae, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxv.
1881, p. 29, etc.
[277] Heylaerts, _op. cit._ p. 55.
[278] _Zool. Anz._ xx. 1897, p. 473. This is probably _Apterona
crenulella_, or one of its varieties.
[279] _Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. Ent._ x. 1887, p. 22.
[280] _Ann. New York Ac._ viii. 1893, p. 54.
[281] Kalender, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxxv. 1874, p. 203.
[282] _Ent. Tidskr._ xvi. 1895, p. 116.
[283] On larvae of Hepialidae, _J. New York ent. Soc._ iii. 1895, p. 69,
Plates III. IV.
[284] Olliff, _Australian Hepialidae, Entomologist_, xxviii. 1895, p. 114.
[285] _Ent. Mag._ xiii. 1876, p. 63; and xxiii. 1886, p. 164.
[286] Weir, _Entomologist_, xiii. 1880, p. 249, plate; King, _Ent. Record_,
vii. 1895, p. 111.
[287] Bertkau, _SB. Ver. Rheinland_, xxxvi. 1879, p. 288; and _Arch.
Naturg._ xlviii. i. 1882, p. 362.
[288] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 186.
[289] It is much to be regretted that, as in so many other Lepidoptera, no
satisfactory agreement as to names has been attained; our British _A.
testudo_ is variously styled _Limacodes testudo_ (by Chapman and most
naturalists), _Apoda limacodes_ (by Meyrick), or _Apoda avellana_
(Kirby, _Catalogue of Moths_). The family is called either
Limacodidae, Apodidae, Cochliopodidae, or Heterogeneidae.
[290] See Chapman, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1894, p. 345, Plate VII., for
our British species; for North American forms, Dyar, _Life-histories
of the New York Slug-caterpillars_ (in progress, with numerous
plates), _J. New York ent. Soc._ iii. etc., 1895.
[291] See Packard, _P. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xxxi. 1893, pp. 83, 108, Plates.
(He uses the term Cochliopodidae instead of Limacodidae); also Dyar,
as above.
[292] _Insects affecting the Orange_, Washington, 1885, p. 143.
[293] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1894, p. 348.
[294] _Op. cit._ 1876, p. 522; and 1877, p. 433.
[295] _P. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xxxii. 1894, p. 275.
[296] Revision of the Thyrididae; Hampson, _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1897, p.
603.
[297] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1891, p. xv.
[298] This moth is known under several generic names—_Psilura_, _Liparis_,
_Ocneria_, _Lymantria_; there is now a very extensive literature
connected with it. A good general account by Wachtl may be found in
_Wien. ent. Zeit._ x. 1891, pp. 149-180, 2 Plates.
[299] Wachtl and Kornauth, _Mitt. forst. Versuchswesen Österreichs_, Heft
xvi. 1893.
[300] Crahay, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxvii. 1893, p. 282.
[301] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 801.
[302] _Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera_, i. 1892.
[303] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), iv. 1864, p. 689.
[304] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 188.
[305] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1892, pp. 53-140; for criticism on the
nomenclature, see Rebel, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, liii. 1892, p. 247.
[306] See Poulton, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 51; _op. cit._ 1892, p.
293; and Bateson, p. 213; Gould, p. 215.
[307] Giraud, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), v. 1865, p. 105; Fauvel, _l.c._
_Bull._ p. liii.
[308] For a table, see Meyrick, _l.c._
[309] Barrett, "Increasing Melanism in British Geometridae," _Ent. Monthly
Mag._ 1895, p. 198.
[310] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 192.
[311] Although this term is widely used in North America, it is not in use
in England, though it may possibly have originated in Scotland. See
Slingerland, _Bull. Cornell University Exp. Stat._ 104, 1895, p, 555.
[312] _Fourth Rep. U.S. Ent. Commission_, 1885, p. 3.
[313] _Insect Life_, vi. 1894 p. 6.
[314] See Chapman, _The Genus_ Acronycta _and its Allies_, London, 1893.
[315] _Insects Injurious, etc._, Ed. 1862, Boston, p. 437.
[316] See Westwood, _Tr. Zool. Soc. London_, x. pp. 507, etc., for
discussion of this question and for figures; also E. Reuter, _Act.
Soc. Sci. Fenn._ xxii. 1896, p. 202.
[317] _Congr. Internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. 2, p. 180.
[318] Ragonot, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1890 and 1891; and Meyrick, _Tr.
ent. Soc. London_, 1890, p. 429.
[319] _Ent. Mag._ xii. 1876, p. 210, and xvii. 1881, p. 249.
[320] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ vi. 1892, p. 617.
[321] _Nat. Hist. Aquatic Insects_, London, 1895.
[322] For Bibliographic references connected with the divisions of
Pyralidae see Ragonot, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (6), x. 1890, pp. 458,
etc.
[323] Monograph, by Ragonot, in Romanoff, _Mem. Lep._ vii. 1893.
[324] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, 1878, p. 230.
[325] Howard, _Insect Life_, vii. 1895, p. 402.
[326] Monograph by Hampson, _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 897-974.
[327] Disqué, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, li. 1890, p. 59. Cf. also Rebel, _Zool.
Jahrb. Syst._ xii. 1898, p. 3.
[328] Classification; Meyrick, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. 1.
[329] _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_ (2), vi. 1881, p. 410.
[330] _Handbook Brit. Lep._ 1895, p. 493.
[331] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 495.
[332] _Zool. Anz._ v. 1882. p. 262.
[333] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), x. 1870, p. 1, pl. vii.
[334] For table of the larvae, according to number of feet and other
characters, see Sorhagen, _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ xxvii. 1883, pp. 1-8.
[335] _P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_ (2) vii. 1892, p. 593.
[336] Durrant, _Ent. Mag._, xxxi. 1895, p. 107.
[337] "The Yucca moth and Yucca Pollination," _Rep. Missouri Botanical
Garden_, 1892, pp. 99-158.
[338] The maxillary tentacle is considered by Prof. J. B. Smith to be a
prolongation of the stipes, cf. _antea_, p. 309; also _Insect Life_,
v. 1893, p. 161.
[339] Chapman, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1894, p. 366.
[340] Walter, _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ xviii. 1885. He did not distinguish
_Eriocephala_ as a genus, as we have explained on p. 308.
[341] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, pp. 636 and 803.
[342] Wood, _Ent. Mag._ xxvi. 1890, p. 148.
[343] See Chapman, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 255.
[344] Osten Sacken, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 501, and _Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 423, etc.
[345] Osten Sacken has recently discussed the intermediate conditions, and
proposed the name "pseudholoptic" for some of them, _Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr._ xli. 1896, p. 367.
[346] Girschner, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1887, p. 155.
[347] It may be well to remark that this name was formerly applied to all
Diptera except Nemocera.
[348] _Zool. Anz._ xvii. 1894, p. 35, and _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xiii. 1894,
p. 372; _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lviii. 1895, p. 475.
[349] Cf. Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxviii. 1893; and Becher,
_Wien. ent. Zeit._ i. 1882, p. 49. For an account of the condition,
with diagrammatic figures, of the fly emerging from the pupa, cf.
Sasatti, _J. Coll. Japan_, i. 1887. p. 34, pl. vi.
[350] It is frequently said that one sex of a single species may be
dimorphic in this respect, but we shall subsequently mention (in
Blepharoceridae) that this is not yet sufficiently established.
[351] _Fluernes Munddele, Copenhagen_, 1881, 91 pp. 6 plates; _Ent.
Tidskr._ i. 1879, p. 150; Becher having given (_Denk. Ak. Wien._ xlv.
1882, p. 123) an interpretation different from that of Meinert, this
author set forth his general views in _Zool. Anz._ v. 1882, pp. 570
and 599.
[352] The reader should not suppose that there are only two views as to the
Dipterous mouth, for actually there are several; our object is here
only to give a general idea of the subject.
[353] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_ (2) v. 1892, p. 271.
[354] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 497.
[355] Osten Sacken, although making use of the terms tegula and antitegula,
suggested the propriety of using squama and antisquama, as we have
done.
[356] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ li. 1891, p. 55.
[357] Brandt, _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xiv. 1878, p. vii.; xv. 1879, p. 20.
Brauer, _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlvii. 1883, pp. 12-16. Künckel, _C.R. Ac.
Paris_, lxxxix. 1879, p. 491.
[358] _Blow-fly_, 1895: in two vols. For Anatomy of _Volucella_, see
Künckel d'Herculais, _Recherches sur l'org. des Volucelles, Paris_,
1875 and 1881.
[359] _Tijdschr. Ent._ xxxviii. 1895, pp. 65-100.
[360] _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlvii. 1883, pp. 1-100, pls. i.-v.
[361] Since our brief and imperfect sketch of metamorphosis appeared in
Vol. V. of this series, Packard has treated the subject more fully in
his _Text-book of Entomology_, New York, 1898; and Pratt has
summarised the state of knowledge as to imaginal discs in _Psyche_,
viii. 1897, p. 15, etc.
[362] Monograph of Oestridae, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, 1863, and other papers
_op. cit._ 1864, 1867, 1869; also _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlii. 1880,
xlvii. 1883.
[363] Becher, _Wien. Ent. Zeit._ i. 1882, p. 49; for observation on
connecting forms see Brauer, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xl. 1890, p. 272.
[364] The palpi are said to be of only one segment in some genera of
Cecidomyiidae. The Cecidomyiidae are easily distinguished by the
minute size—body not more than a line long—and by there not being
more than six nervules at the periphery of the wing. _Aëdes_
(Culicidae) has also short palpi.
[365] It is said by Schiner that in the anomalous genus _Nemestrina_ the
palpi are of three segments.
[366] For tables of the families of flies the student may refer to Loew,
_Smithson-Misc. Coll._ vi. Art. i. 1862; to Brauer, _Denk. Ak. Wien_,
xlii. 1880, p. 110 (Orthorrhapha only); to Williston, _Manual of N.
American Diptera_, 1896; to Schiner, _Fauna austriaca, Diptera,
Vienna_, 1860, etc.
[367] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 365, and xli. 1897, p. 365.
[368] _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ iii. 1871, p. 345.
[369] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1893, p. lxxx.
[370] _Naturhist. Tidskr._ (3) viii. 1874, p. 34, pl. xii.
[371] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) vii. 1849, p. 346.
[372] _Trans. New Zealand Inst._ xxiii. 1890, p. 48.
[373] Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 442; and
Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) vii. 1849, p. 202.
[374] See Guérin-Méneville, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) iv. 1846; _Bull._
p. 8; and Nowicki, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xvii. 1867, _SB._ p. 23.
[375] For details as to the family cf. Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr._ xl. 1895, p. 148; and for the larvae F. Müller, _Arch.
Mus. Rio-Jan._ iv. 1881, p. 47. The name "Liponeuridae" was formerly
applied by some authorities to this family, but it is now generally
recognised that Blepharoceridae is more legitimate.
[376] _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ xxv. 1881, p. 61; and cf. Brauer, _Wien. ent.
Zeit._ i. 1882, p. 1.
[377] _Natural History of Aquatic Insects_, London, 1895, chap. ii.
[378] _Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond._ (2) ii. 1884, p. 367.
[379] For an extremely interesting account of _Chironomus_ refer to Miall's
book, already cited, and, for the larva, to the valuable work of
Meinert on Eucephalous larvae of Diptera, _Danske Selsk. Skr._ (6)
iii. 1886, p. 436.
[380] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (4) viii. 1871, p. 31.
[381] _Ibid._ (6) xv. 1895, p. 133.
[382] For metamorphoses of aquatic species of _Ceratopogon_, see Miall and
Meinert, already quoted: for examples of the terrestrial species, and
their illustrations, refer to Mik, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ vii. 1888, p.
183.
[383] Monograph, Eaton, _Ent. Mag._ xxix. and xxx. 1893, 1894: supplement
_op. cit._ 1896, etc.
[384] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 141.
[385] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 479.
[386] _A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica_, London, 1853, p. 284.
[387] _Bull. Illinois Lab._, iv. 1895, p. 193.
[388] Miall's _Aquatic Insects_, 1895, p. 174.
[389] "Studies," etc., _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1887.
[390] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1897, p. 362.
[391] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1897, pp. 343-361.
[392] _Acta Univ. Lund._ xxxiii. (2) No. 7, 1897.
[393] "Studies," etc., _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxx. 1886, p. 153.
[394] Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 450.
[395] _Entomologist_, xiv. 1881, p. 287. This observation has never, we
believe, been confirmed.
[396] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) v. 1847, p. 46.
[397] Perris, in _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) v. 1847, p. 37, pl. i.
[398] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5) i. 1871, _Bull._ p. lxvii.
[399] _Rep. Dep. Agric. Ent. Washington_, 1886, p. 492.
[400] Cf. Réaumur, _Mem._ v. 1740, p. 21; and Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent.
France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 190.
[401] _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xxx. 1880, p. 343.
[402] _Arch. Naturges._ xli. i. 1875, p. 48.
[403] _Bull. Illinois Lab._ iv. 1895.
[404] _Ent. Mag._ xxiii. 1886, p. 51.
[405] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, ii. 1833, p. 492.
[406] _Wien. ent. Zeit._ ii. 1883, pp. 11 and 24, pl. i.
[407] _Ent. Mag._ xiv. 1878, p. 196.
[408] For figures, etc., cf. Westwood, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1876, p.
507, pls. v. vi.
[409] _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 737, pl. xiii.
[410] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_ (3) i. 1862, p. 338, pl. xi.
[411] _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 941.
[412] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 221.
[413] _SB. Ak. Wien_, xci. 1885, p. 392.
[414] _Ent. Mag._ xiv. 1877, p. 226; for a discussion of the subject see
Mik, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ xiii. 1894, p. 273.
[415] _Amer. Natural._ xxviii. 1894, p. 35.
[416] Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 321, pl. 4; and
Laboulbène, _op. cit._ (5) iii. 1873, p. 50, pl. v.
[417] Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 354.
[418] _Ent. Meddelelser_, ii. 1890, p. 213.
[419] Frauenfeld, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xx. p. 37, pl. iii.
[420] For monograph of Pipunculidae, see Becker, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._
xlii. 1897, pp. 25-100.
[421] _Ofv. Ak. Forh._ xi. 1854, p. 302, pl. v., since confirmed by others,
see Giard, _C.R. Ac. Sci._ cix. 1889, pp. 79 and 708.
[422] _Natural History of Aquatic Insects_, 1895, p. 198.
[423] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, vi. 1845, p. 384, pl. i.
[424] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (6) iii. 1883, p. 23, pl. i.
[425] _Ent. Nachr._ xviii. 1892, p. 13.
[426] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 330.
[427] See on this difficult subject, Becher, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ i. 1882, p.
49.
[428] _Loudon's Magazine_, v. 1832, p. 302; _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1871, p.
x.
[429] Baron von Osten Sacken informs the writer that this statement has
since been withdrawn by Portschinsky as being erroneous.
[430] _Ent. Amer._ iii. 1887, p. 126.
[431] _J. Coll. Japan_, i. 1886, pp. 1-46, plates i.-vi.
[432] _Souvenirs entomologiques_, 1879, pp. 246-254.
[433] A list of the Insects known to be attacked by Dipterous parasites has
been given by Brauer and Bergenstamm, _Denk. Ak. Wien_, lxi. 1895.
[434] _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ xxx. 1886, p. 135.
[435] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1887, p. 17.
[436] _Biol. Centralbl._ vii. 1887, p. 521.
[437] For an account of the habits of this fly, see Kirk, _J. Linn. Soc._
viii. 1865, pp. 149-156; and for a bibliographic list, Wulp,
_Tijdschr. Ent._ xxvii. 1884, p. xci. and pp. 143-150.
[438] _Preliminary Report on the Tse-tse Fly Disease_, 1895.
[439] _P. Liverpool Soc._ xxxiii. 1878, p. 13, note.
[440] We may specially mention the monograph of Oestridae, published in
1863 by the _K. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien_, and supplements in _Wien.
ent. Zeit._ v. vi. 1886, 1887; these include copious bibliographic
lists.
[441] Riley, _Insect Life_, iv. 1892, p. 302.
[442] See Blanchard, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (7) ii. 1892, pp. 109, 154.
[443] See Bigot, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (6) ii. 1882, p. 21, Brauer,
_Monograph_, 1863, p. 51, and _Wien. ent. Zeit._ vi. 1887, p. 75.
[444] _Arch. Naturgesch_. lviii. i. 1892, pp. 287-322, pls. xv. xvi.
[445] Stein, _Deutsche ent. Zeit._ xxi. 1877, p. 297.
[446] _Abh. Ges. Halle_, iv. 1858, p. 145.
[447] _Arch. Naturgesch._ lix. i. 1893, p. 151.
[448] _SB. Ak. Wien._ cv. 1896, _Abtheil._ i. p. 400.
[449] _Arch. Naturges._ lviii. i. 1892, p. 287.
[450] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ ii. 1863, p. 90.
[451] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 360.
[452] The best general description of the external anatomy of the flea is
to be found in Taschenberg, _Die Flöhe_, 1880. The morphology is
better elucidated, though still incompletely, in Wagner's valuable
"Aphanipterologische Studien," _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xxiii. 1889,
pp. 199-260, 5 plates, and _op. cit._ xxxi. 1897, pp. 555-594, 3
plates. Cf. also N. C. Rothschild, _Nov. Zool._ v. 1898, pp. 533-544,
3 plates.
[453] Howard, _Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent._ N.S. No. 4, 1896.
[454] Schimkewitsch, _Zool. Anz._ vii. 1884, p. 673.
[455] _P. Boston Soc._ xxvi. 1894, pp. 312-355.
[456] _Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera_, Königgrätz, 4to, 1895.
[457] _Bull. Essex Inst._ xxii. 1890, p. 24; also _Amer. Natural._ xxx.
1896, p. 591.
[458] Jordan in an interesting paper, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvii. 1888,
p. 573, says that in the division "Terebrantia" there are only three
pairs of stigmata.
[459] _Insect Life_, i. 1888, p. 138.
[460] See Lindeman, _Bull. Soc. Moscou_, lxii. 1886, No. 2, p. 296, and
Uzel, _Mon._ 1895, pp. 397, 398.
[461] _Entomological Magazine_, iii. 1836, p. 439, and iv. 1837, p. 144.
[462] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xvi. 1866, p. 389.
[463] _Arb. Inst. Wien_. iv. 1882, p. 415.
[464] _Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xix. 1896, p. 176.
[465] _P. ent. soc. Washington_, iii. 1895, p. 241.
[466] _Ent. Nachr._ xxii. 1896, p. 173.
[467] _Zool. Anz._ 1897, No. 527, p. 73.
[468] _Arch. Anat. Physiol._ 1874, p. 313, and 1875, p. 309.
[469] For the structure and development of the Hemipterous trophi, see
Mayer, _Arch. Anat. Physiol._ 1874 and 1875; Mecznikow, _Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool._ xvi. 1866, p. 389; Geise, _Arch. Naturgesch._ xlix. 1,
1883, p. 315; Wedde, _op. cit._ li. 1, 1885, p. 113; Mark, _Arch.
mikr. Anat._ xiii. 1877, p. 31: Smith, _Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xix.
1896, p. 176.
[470] _Ent. Nachr._ xix. 1893, p. 369.
[471] _Naturhist. Tidskr._ (3) vi. 1896; translated in _Ann. N. Hist._ (4),
vi. 1870, p. 225.
[472] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxvii. 1866, p. 321.
[473] _Ent. Nachr_. xix. 1893, p. 375.
[474] On this subject, see Reuter, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5) v. 1875, p.
225.
[475] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) vii. 1867, p. 45.
[476] The chief work on the internal anatomy of Hemiptera is still Dufour's
_Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Hémiptères, Mem.
Savans Étrangers_, Paris, iv. 1833, p. 129.
[477] Künckel, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) vii. 1867, p, 45, and _C.R. Ac.
Paris_, cxx. 1895, p. 1002.
[478] In Slingerland's _Cornell Univ. Bull._ No. 58, 1893, p. 222.
[479] _SB. Ak. Wien._ xci. 1 Abth., 1885, p. 275.
[480] _Les Insectes fossiles, etc._, 1894, p. 452.
[481] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (4) vi. 1870, p. 225.
[482] A table of the families is given by Ashmead, but does not work out
quite satisfactorily, _Entom. Americana_, iv. 1888, p. 65; a brief
table of the characters of the British families is given by Saunders,
_Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands_, 1892, p. 12.
[483] Those who wish to see tables of the families are referred to Ashmead,
_loc. cit._; to Pascoe, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) ix. 1882, p. 424; to
Stål's _Hemiptera Africana_, vol. iv. 1866; and for the families
found in Britain to Edwards, _Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British
Islands_. For a discussion in Danish on the value of the characters
used, cf. Hansen, _Ent. Tidskr._ xi. 1890, pp. 19-76.
[484] _Ent. Mag._ vii. 1870, p. 53.
[485] _Insect Life_, i. 1889, p. 234.
[486] _C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 1282.
[487] _Verh. Ges. Wien._ iii. 1858, p. 157.
[488] _Ent. Mag._ xxix. 1893, p. 227.
[489] _Wien. ent. Zeit._ xi. 1892, p. 169.
[490] _Monograph of Phymatidae_: Handlirsch, _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, xii.
1897, p. 127.
[491] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, li. 1890, p. 281.
[492] _Naturalist's Voyage_, ed. 1884, p. 330; chap. xv.
[493] _Thesaurus ent. Oxoniensis_, 1874, p. 197.
[494] _Ind. Mus. Notes_, iii. No. 5, 1894, p. 53.
[495] Ferrari, Monograph of _Nepa, Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, iii. 1888, p. 171.
[496] _Bull. Soc. Philomat._ (8) v. 1893, p. 57. There is some diversity of
opinion as to the respiratory orifices, and some authorities say that
thoracic stigmata exist even in the imago.
[497] _Acta Ac. German._ li. 1887, p. 224, and _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._
xliii. 1886, p. 537.
[498] Korschelt, _Acta._ _t.c._ p. 245. Compare the remarks we have made on
p. 559 as to the peculiarities of eggs of many other Hemiptera.
[499] _Bull. Mus. Paris_, 1896, p. 238.
[500] See Carpenter, _Irish Naturalist_, iv. 1895, p. 59.
[501] See remarks on pp. 543, 544.
[502] We must refer those who may wish for further information as to this
complex and difficult question to the writings of the late Professor
Riley, especially to Bulletin No. 8, 1885, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, division of entomology; and to the more recent report by
Marlatt, _Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent._, N.S. No. 14, 1898.
[503] Some entomologists consider that this "railway-whistle" note is the
result of the combined efforts of several individuals. Cf. Mathew,
_Ent. Mag._ xi. 1875, p. 175.
[504] It is unnecessary to say that the poet was not Sappho, but one of the
baser sex, named Xenarchus.
[505] Swinton claims that one of the membranes in the vocal apparatus is an
auditory organ; if so, the male would be deafened by his own noise,
while the females, not possessing the organ, should not hear the
song.
[506] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 20.
[507] A considerable variety of these extraordinary creatures are figured
in _Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhynch. Homopt._ ii.
[508] Riley, _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, iii. 1895, p. 88. For the younger
stages of _Membracis foliata_, see _Tijdschr. Ent._ (2) iv. 1869, pl.
viii.
[509] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. 329.
[510] _Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien_, xxvi. 1876, p. 167.
[511] _Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. station Bulletin_, 44, 1892, and _Bull._
108, 1896.
[512] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, pp. 569-638.
[513] _Zeitschr. Naturw._ (2) xii. 1875, p. 438.
[514] Réaumur, Mém. iii. 1737, _Dixiéme Mémoire_.
[515] _P. ent. soc. Washington_, iv. 1897, p. 66.
[516] For list see Scott, _Ent. Mag._ xviii. 1882, p. 253.
[517] There is some doubt on this point, as the earlier observers seem to
have supposed that a winged individual appearing in a generation
chiefly apterous was _ipso facto_, a male; it seems, however, to be
certain that perfect winged males appear in some species in
generations producing no perfect sexual females. Speaking generally,
the course of events seems to be that in summer there exist only
wingless and winged parthenogenetic females, and that the sexually
perfect forms appear for the first time in autumn.
[518] _Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ iv. 1876, p. 529.
[519] The term pseudovum is applied, as a matter of convenience, to the
earlier condition of the viviparously-produced form, and the term
pseudovarium to the ovary producing it.
[520] Balbiani, _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (5) xi. 1869, p. 29. For concise
recent remarks on the early embryonic states, see Lemoine, _Bull.
Soc. ent. France_, 1893, p. lxxxix.
[521] _Acta Ac. German._ xxxiii. 1869, No. 2, p. 81.
[522] _Seventeenth Rep. Insects Illinois_, 1891, p. 66.
[523] Kessler, _Acta Ac. German._ li. 1887, pp. 152, 153.
[524] In connection with this the absence of a functional mouth in the
imago state of numerous Lepidoptera, and of Oestrid Diptera, should
not be forgotten.
[525] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xxiv. 1890. p. 386.
[526] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxxvi. 1875, p. 368.
[527] _Zool. Anz._ xv. 1892, p. 220.
[528] _Arb. Inst. Wien_, iv. 1882, Heft iii. p. 397; see on this organ also
Mordwilko, _Zool. Anz._ xviii. 1895, p. 357.
[529] _Biol. Centralbl._ xi. 1891, p. 193.
[530] See, _inter alia_, Webster, _J. New York ent. Soc._ i. 1893, p. 119.
[531] _J. New York Ent. Soc._ i. 1893, p. 120. See also as to knowledge on
the part of ants, Forbes, _Eighteenth Rep. Insects Illinois_, 1894,
pp. 66, etc.
[532] Monograph by Buckton, _Ray Society_, 4 vols. 1879-1883.
[533] _Tr. New Zealand Inst._ xxviii. 1895.
[534] A catalogue of Coccidae has recently been published by Mr. T. D. A.
Cockerell in _Bull. Illinois Lab._ iv. 1896, pp. 318-339.
[535] Signoret's papers are to be found in eighteen parts in _Ann. Soc.
ent. France_, 1868 to 1876: the most considerable subsequent
systematic papers are those by Maskell in the _Transactions of the
New Zealand Institute_ from 1878 to the present time.
[536] _Coccidae of Ceylon_, pt. 1, 1896, p. 16.
[537] _C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, civ. 1887, p. 449.
[538] _Arch. Naturgesch._ li. i. 1885, p. 169.
[539] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xliii. 1886, p. 156.
[540] For summary as to our present knowledge of this curious condition of
Insect life, see Mayet, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1896, p. 419.
[541] For additional information as to useful Coccidae, see Blanchard,
_Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, viii. 1883, p. 217.
[542] Rubsaamen's paper on these Insects gives references to most of the
previous literature, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxix. 1894, p. 199.
[543] _Ent. Meddel._ iii. 1891, p. 82.
[544] Cf. Graber, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxii. 1872, p. 165, and Landois
in the same Journal, xiv. 1864, p. 24.
[545] _Ann. Nat. History_ (3), xvii. 1866, p. 213.
[546] _N. York Ent. Soc._ vii. March 1899, p. 45.