[98] _Ibid._, 31st January.
[99] _Chapter House Books_, vol. 7.
[100] _Aug. Office Bk._, No. 316.
[101] _Aug. Office Bk._, No. 316, f. 147.
[102] Eu, on the Norman coast.
[103] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 2nd Dec. 1493.
[104] Smalhithe, the town for Reding creek, was then tidal and had long
been a shipbuilding port. Men-of-war were built there as late as 1545.
[105] Sir Rich. Guldeford.
[106] _Chapt. House Books_, vol. vii, f. 35.
[107] 60,000 marvedis = 160 ducats of account, that is ducats of 375
maravedis each. The coined ducat was of 365 marvedis or ten reals
twenty-five maravedis, estimated as equivalent to forty-five reals and
forty-eight maravedis now (Shaw, _Hist. of Currency_). The real of 1492
contained 51.23 grains of silver (Del Mar, _Money and Civilisation_, p.
93). A century later the Spanish or Portuguese ducat passed for 5s 6d
English (Arber, _An English Garner_, iii, 184).
[108] Fernandez Duro, _Viajes Regios por Mar_, pp. 36, 63. It is doubtful
however whether any of these ships belonged to the crown or, in fact,
whether there was any Spanish Royal Navy, exclusive of the galley
service, before the commencement of the seventeenth century.
[109] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 29th Nov.
[110] _Exch. War. for Issues._
[111] _Ibid._, 19th Jan. 1496.
[112] _Ibid._, 7th Apr.
[113] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 7th Mar.
[114] _Aug. Office Bk._, No. 316, ff. 49-64.
[115] Appendix A.
[116] Cf. Jal, _Glossaire Nautique_, s.v. _Sabord_ and _Porte_.
[117] _Aug. Office Bk._, No. 317, f. 15.
[118] Blue and green.
[119] Ashen colour.
[120] _Aug. Office Bk._, No. 317, f. 24.
[121] A woollen cloth.
[122] _Tellers’ Rolls_, No. 63.
[123] _Aug. Office Bk._, No. 316, f. 72.
[124] _Ibid._, f. 70.
[125] 4 Hen. VII, cap. 10.
[126] H. Harrisse, _John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America, and
Sebastian his Son_. Lond. 1896, p. 138.
[127] Herbert, _Life of Henry VIII_, p. 125, ed. 1870.
[128] When Charles V sailed from Flushing to Spain in 1517 we read that
the operation of lowering a boat took two hours, (Fernandez Duro, _Viajes
Regios por Mar_, p. 94). The fleet was made up of 52 vessels drawn from
Holland, Zealand and Spain, but this can scarcely refer to the Dutch
vessels.
[129] _Royal MSS._ 13, B ii, 56.
[130] Brewer, _Reign of Henry VIII_, i, 21.
[131] _State Papers Ven._, Oct. 1515, and _Letters and Papers of the
reign of Henry VIII_, 6th Nov. 1515. Among his jewels was ‘a chayne of
golde of threefolde with a whistell and a pece of a unycornes home at it
inclosed in gold,’ (_Cott. MSS. App._ xxviii, f. 29). The whistle was the
badge of the sea officer.
[132] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 29th Jan. 1510 and _Letters and Papers_,
i, 3422, viii.
[133] _Ibid._ The pomegranate was a part of the arms of the city of
Granada. The capture of Granada and the destruction of the Moorish
kingdom had resounded through Christendom, and after Katherine of
Aragon’s arrival in England the pomegranate was frequently used as a
badge.
[134] _Ibid._ The name referred to Mary Tudor, sister of Henry VIII.
[135] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A. Doubtless the ‘carrack of Jene called
the _Mary Loret_,’ of _Stowe MSS._ 146, f. 29, and the ‘_Gabriel Royal_
or Carrack of Genoa,’ of _Letters and Papers_, 15th Dec. 1512. In the
absence of other evidence the authoritative dates given in the _Royal
MS._ must be accepted, but there is no trace in other papers of the
existence between 1509-12, of some of the vessels assigned by it to 1509,
and some of the dates can be shown to be wrong.
[136] _Roy. MSS._ 14 B xxii A. Perhaps the _James_ of Hull, for which
£260 was paid in July 1512 (_Kings Book of Payments_). Rebuilt about
1524, (_Chapter House Book_, vol. vi).
[137] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A. In March 1512 Sir Ed. Howard was paid
£666, 13s 4d for the _Mary Howard_, bought of him (_King’s Book of
Payments_), and probably the same vessel.
[138] Captured from Barton, the Scotch privateer.
[139] _Ibid._
[140] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A. The _John Hopton_, or ‘John Hopton’s
Ship’ of 1512. In Jan. 1513 he received £1000 ‘for his great ship bought
by the king’ (_King’s Book of Payments_).
[141] Bought from Wm. Gonson and others, (_Letters and Papers_, 24th
Apr., 1513).
[142] Certainly a king’s ship, but whether bought or built only probable
by collation.
[143] _Ibid._
[144] _Ibid._ First called the _Christ_ of Lynn.
[145] First mention of _Lizard_ and _Swallow_, _Letters and Papers_, 15th
Dec. 1512. Described as new ships, 22nd Mar. 1513 (_Cott. MSS. Calig._ D.
vi, 101).
[146] _Letters and Papers_, 15th Dec. 1512. A Genoese carrack.
[147] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 15th Dec. 1512.
[148] _Ibid._
[149] _Ibid._
[150] _Ibid._
[151] _Ibid._ The _Kateryn_, _Rose_, and _Henry_ are described as new in
_Letters and Papers_, 27th March 1513.
[152] _Letters and Papers_, 15th Dec., 1512, and July 1513, and _Fœdera_
xiii, 326.
[153] ‘The _Great Barbara_, before called the _Mawdelyn_.’ First
mentioned July, 1513.
[154] Elsewhere ‘the _Marc Fflorentyne_, otherwise called the _Black Bark
Christopher_.’
[155] Probably ‘the carrack of Hampton’ bought in March 1513 for 6000
ducats from Fernando de la Sala (_King’s Book of Payments_).
[156] The _Salvator_ of Lubeck, bought for £2333, 6s 8d, _Letters and
Papers_, 8th Aug. and 25th Oct. 1514; _Exch. Var._ 244/6.
[157] Commenced 4th Dec. 1512; ‘hallowed’ at Erith 13th June 1514
(_King’s Book of Payments_).
[158] Probably the ‘new galley’ of _Letters and Papers_, 6th Nov. 1515,
and replaced or rebuilt, _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A.
[159] Bought of John Hopton for £500 (_King’s Book of Payments_).
[160] _Chapter House Book_, vol. xi, f. 72.
[161] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A.
[162] ‘The _Great Mary and John_, the Spaniard Ship,’ (Q.R. _Anc. Misc.
Navy_ 616c, 6), or ‘the great Spaniard that the emperor gave the king’
(_Letters and Papers_, iii, 3214). The earlier _Mary and John_ had
disappeared by this time.
[163] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A.
[164] _Ibid._ Zabra was used both in Italian and Spanish for pinnace.
[165] _Ibid._
[166] _Ibid._
[167] _Ibid._
[168] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_ July 1524, also _Aug. Office
Book_, No. 317, but probably the _Mary_ of Homflete, a prize, and taken
into the service.
[169] According to _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A, dating from 1511, but the
name does not occur in the State Papers before 1522.
[170] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A.
[171] _Cott. MSS. Vesp._ C. ii, and _Letters and Papers_, 12 Apr. 1523.
Rebuilt as a 300 ton ship about 1536 (_Letters and Papers_, x, 1231).
[172] _Letters and Papers_, 3rd June 1523 and _Q.R. Misc. Navy_ 867/5,
2nd Feb. 1524.
[173] _Ibid._
[174] Occurs in several men-of-war lists from 1523; assigned by _Roy.
MSS._ 14, B xxii A to 1513, in all probability an error.
[175] _Roy. MSS._ 14, B xxii A. Doubtless named in compliment to the
Guildford or Guldeford family, persons of importance during the first two
Tudor reigns. Both the first and second wives of Sir Henry Guldeford,
Comptroller of the Household to Henry VIII, were named Mary.
[176] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, x, 1231.
[177] This vessel occurs in a list calendared under 1522 (_Letters
and Papers_, iii, 2014), but the date assigned is wrong by at least
twenty-five years. She was built in or before 1536, captured by the
Scotch, and described as English in a Scotch fleet, (_Ibid._ xi, 631);
recaptured by Lord Clynton in Sept. 1547, and resumed her place in the
English navy (Holinshed, p. 989).
[178] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 31st Dec. 1539.
[179] Or _Mathew Gonson_; first mentioned 10th June 1539.
[180] First mentioned 10th June 1539; an entirely different vessel from
the preceding of the same name.
[181] Or _Less Bark_ and _Great Bark_. They were Hamburg ships (_Letters
and Papers_, 15th Nov. 1544), and are first mentioned 10th June 1539.
[182] The _Salamander_ and _Unicorn_ were captured at Leith in May 1544,
(Holinshed, p. 962). The _Salamander_ (a Salamander was the badge of
Francis I) had been presented to James V of Scotland by the French king
when the former married Madeline of France.
[183] Or _Pansy_. First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 18th Apr. 1544.
[184] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 15th Nov. 1544. A Hamburg
ship.
[185] _Ibid._
[186] _Ibid._ Of Dantzic.
[187] _Ibid._, or _L’Artigo_. Qy. from the French _artichaut_, in
military terminology, a spiked fence.
[188] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 18th Apr. 1544.
[189] _Ibid._
[190] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 15th Nov. 1544.
[191] Probably the true year as there is a payment (_Pipe Office Declared
Accounts_, 2193), to five Venetians for fitting her, as being more
experienced in galley work. According to _Add. MSS._ 22047, she was of
200 tons.
[192] Or _Merlion_; a prize of 1544 or 1545 (_Letters and Papers_, 19th
Apr. 1545).
[193] _Ibid._
[194] _Ibid._
[195] _Ibid._
[196] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, 3rd Aug. 1545. Probably the
‘great shallop’ in building (_Letters and Papers_) 19th Apr. that year.
[197] _Ibid._ Probably the ‘great galleon’ building at Smalhithe on 19th
April. There was a _Grand Mistress_ in the French navy at this time.
[198] _Ibid._ Probably the ‘second galleon’ building at Smalhithe on 19th
April.
[199] _Ibid._ Probably the ‘new gallyot’ building at Deptford 19th April.
[200] _Ibid._ Probably the ‘middle shallop’ building at Deptford 19th
April. Saker was the name of a piece of ordnance or of the peregrine hawk.
[201] _Ibid._ Probably the ‘small shallop’ building at Dover on 19th
April.
[202] _Ibid._ Probably the ‘less Spanish pinnace’ of 19th April.
[203] _Ibid._
[204] _Ibid._ Captured by the French 2nd Sept. 1547 (Stow p. 594).
[205] _Ibid._ Of Dantzic.
[206] Captured from the French 18th May (Stow).
[207] First mentioned _Letters and Papers_, Mar. 1546. Of Bremen.
[208] The _Phœnix_ and the _George_ are first mentioned as royal ships in
Anthony’s list of 1546; probably merchantmen of those names in the list
of 10th Aug. 1545, and bought into the service.
[209] The _Antelope_, _Tiger_, _Bull_ and _Hart_ first occur in Anthony’s
list of the navy in 1546; in that year (_Letters and Papers_, Mar. 1546,
uncalendared) there were ‘the four new ships a making at Deptford 1000
tons,’ with which tonnage these correspond.
[210] Twenty tons each.
[211] As in the case of the _Mary Rose_, (_King’s Book of Payments_).
[212] _State Papers, Spain_, ii, 144.
[213] Fernandez Duro, _Disquisiciones Nauticas_, Lib. V, 11, 354. The
Spanish ship ton, or ‘tonelada de arqueo,’ was rather smaller than the
English; ‘esta tonelada de arqueo es un espacio de 8 codos cúbicos cada
codo tiene 33 dedos ó pulgadas de 48 que tiene la vara de Castilla,’
(_Ibid._ p. 161, quoting Veitia). This works out at 53.44 cubic feet
against the 60 cubic feet allowed in the fifteenth and sixteenth century
English ships. The measurement by tonelada was Sevillean, or South
Spanish; the Biscayan builders calculated by the tonel, ten of which
equalled twelve toneladas (Fernandez de Navarrete, _Coleccion de Viages_
II, 86).
[214] Lodge, _Illustrations of British History_, i, 14.
[215] See Appendix A.
[216] _State Papers_, (1830), 6th Aug. 1545.
[217] _Chapter House Bks._ vol. vi.
[218] _Ibid._ vol. xiii. It should be stated that these figures are from
an inventory of stores and fittings remaining on board the ships in 1515,
and do not necessarily represent the full equipment. They may, however,
be taken to indicate its distribution.
[219] It has been mentioned that the weight of the serpentine was about
250 lbs.; double serpentines were presumably heavier. Serpentines and
other small pieces were fitted with one or two removable chambers for
loading.
[220] All that is known of slings is that they were ‘bigge peces of ship
ordenance,’ (_Letters and Papers_, uncalendared, 1542). ‘Bigge’ must be
understood relatively as they were fired with chambers.
[221] The French _Pierrier_, used for stone shot.
[222] Murderers, half a century later, were small swivel guns, but at
this date perhaps larger. These two are described as ‘two grete murderers
of brasse.’
[223] According to another paper (_Letters and Papers_, i, 5721) the
upper forecastle deck carried eight serpentines and eight smaller guns.
[224] She also had six serpentines and a stone gun in the main and mizen
tops. In the fifteenth century darts were flung from the tops; now most
large vessels carried guns in them.
[225] _Letters and Papers_, i, 5721.
[226] _Ibid._ and _Chapt. House Bks._, vol. xiii. Eighty-four guns
according to the latter.
[227] Low Latin _petra_, stone shot; the name subsequently defined a
particular weight or shape, and remained in use although iron shot were
fired from what was still called a stone cannon.
[228] _Add. MSS._ 22047, and _State Papers of Henry VIII_, (ed. 1830),
xvii, 736, (old numbering).
[229] _Letters and Papers_ i, 4379. The soldiers, sailors, and gunners
are from _Letters and Papers_ i, 3977, of April 1513. The soldiers were
obtained and forwarded by various persons responsible, _e.g._, the 350 of
the _Gabriel Royal_ were made up of 100, being the retinue or immediate
followers of Sir Thomas Courtenay and Sir William Cornwall, her captains,
100 from the Bishop of Exeter, 100 from Lord Arundel, and 50 from Lord
Stourton.
[230] To defend archers in the field. This is the only instance, so far
as is yet known, in which ships carried them as part of their equipment,
and here probably it was only in connection with the invasion of France.
[231] Armour.
[232] It should be noticed that when these schedules were drawn up,
the _Henry_ was not yet launched, the figures therefore were purely
conjectural and not requisites shown by experience to be necessary.
[233] _Letters and Papers_, i, 5276; the _Peter Pomegranate_. Quarrels or
quarreaux were used with crossbows.
[234] Stone shot.
[235] _Letters and Papers_, i, 5721. The _Sovereign_, _Great Nicholas_
and _Kateryn Fortileza_.
[236] _Chapter House Bks._, vol. ii, f. 102.
[237] _Ibid._, f. 72.
[238] _Ibid._, ff. 80, 88.
[239] _Archæologia_, vi, 218.
[240] _Chapter House Bks._, vol. xiii.
[241] _Letters and Papers_, i, 4376, f. 213.
[242] _Chapter House Bks._, vol. xii, f. 510.
[243] _Ibid._, f. 306.
[244] Quoted by Derrick, _Memoirs of the Royal Navy_, p. 303.
[245] _Add MSS._ 22047. The other vessels drawn he calls galleasses.
[246] _Letters and Papers_, 17th April 1523.
[247] _State Papers, Spain_, 16th July.
[248] _State Papers, Venetian, Report of England._ Also Soranzo’s
_Report_ of 1554, ‘They do not use galleys.’
[249] _Add. MSS._ 22047.
[250] Bed and table covers.
[251] _Cott. MSS._, Calig. D. vi, f. 107.
[252] _Ibid._ 101.
[253] _Cott. MSS._ Otho, E. ix. f. 64.
[254] _Letters and Papers_, 4th June.
[255] Heraldically in gold and silver.
[256] _Letters and Papers_, 28th July 1514. Banners were square or nearly
square, somewhat resembling the Royal Standard of to-day. Standards
were long, narrow, and split at the end. Streamers were still longer
and narrower, now represented by pennants, (N. H. Nicolas, _Excerpta
Historica_, p. 50).
[257] _Letters and Papers_, 10th April 1514.
[258] _Ibid._ i, 5721; _Chapter House Bks._, vol. xiii; and _Stowe. MSS._
146, f. 114.
[259] _Letters and Papers_, ii, 3549.
[260] _Harl. MSS._ 309, f. 10.
[261] _Coleccion de Viages_, i, 412.
[262] Fernandez Duro, _Viajes Regios por Mar_, p. 128.
[263] _Harl. MSS._ 309. Audley, afterwards Lord Chancellor and Lord
Audley of Walden was Speaker in 1529 and knighted. In this paper he is
called simply Thos. Audley so that it may be presumed to be earlier than
1532, the year of knighthood.
[264] Cf. Le Fleming MSS. p. 8, 12th _Report Hist. MSS. Com. App._ Part
vii.
[265] _State Papers_, (ed. 1830) 10th Aug. 1545.
[266] Cf. _State Papers_, (ed. 1830), letters of 15th, 16th, and 18th
Aug. 1545. He seems to have been completely outmanœuvred.
[267] _Ibid._, 12th Aug., 1545.
[268] _Ibid._, 17th Sept. 1545.
[269] Cf. Duro, _La Marina de Castilla_, App. No. 26. Patent of Don
Alonso Enriquez. For purposes of reference it may be well to append
a list of the Admirals of England during the fifteenth century: John
Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, 23rd Dec. 1406; Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent,
8th May 1407; Thomas Beaufort, 1st Sept. 1408; John, Duke of Bedford,
26th July 1426; John Holland, Duke of Exeter, 2nd Oct. 1435; William de
la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, 1447 (acting); Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter,
29th July 1450; Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, 1462; William Neville,
Earl of Kent, 30th July 1462; Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 12th Oct.
1462; Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, 2nd Jan. 1471 (defeated and
killed at Barnet and his appointment not recognised by the Yorkists);
John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 25th July 1483; and John de Vere, Earl of
Oxford, 21st Sept. 1485.
[270] _Chapter House Books_, vol. v, f. 153.
[271] Stow, p. 497, and _Chronicle of Calais_, Cam. Soc. p. 16.
[272] _Infra._ p. 127.
[273] _Infra._ p. 80.
[274] Blocks.
[275] _State Papers_, (ed. 1830) 1 Aug. 1545, Brandon to Paget.
[276] _Ibid._, Lisle to Paget.
[277] _Ibid._, 7th Aug., Suffolk to Paget.
[278] _Ibid._, 9th Aug., Lisle to Paget.
[279] _Pipe Office Declared Accounts_, 2477.
[280] _Ibid._, 2587. But £559, 8s 7d, according to _State Papers, Dom.
Ed. VI_, xv, 11.
[281] _Pipe Office Decld. Accts._, 2588, and _Acts of the Privy Council_,
17th May 1547.
[282] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 3rd Aug., 1549.
[283] _Chapter House Bks._, vol. i, ff. 23, 28.
[284] ‘Estland or parties of Spruse.’
[285] _Chapter House Book_, vol. 1, ff. 30, 33, 46. The character of
jorgnet is doubtful; cf. Planché _Cyclopædia of Costume_, s.v. _Jornet_.
[286] _Chapter House Book_, vol. xi, f. 107.
[287] _Letters and Papers_, i, 4225 and Q.R. _Anc. Misc. Navy_, 616, c.
[288] _Letters and Papers_, i, 3445, ‘when divers of the French ships of
war lay there.’
[289] _Ibid._, iii, 2296.
[290] _Ibid._, i, 3422—i.
[291] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 29th Jan., 1510.
[292] Leland, _Itinerary_.
[293] _Letters and Papers_, 18th Jan. 1525.
[294] _Chapter House Books_, vol. vi.
[295] _Ibid._, f. 40.
[296] _Letters and Papers_, 28th Feb., 1527, and _Aug. Office Book_, No.
317, (second part), f. 22.
[297] _Chapter House Books_, vol. v, f. 133.
[298] _Rot. Claus._ 10, Henry VIII, m. 6, and _Lansd. MSS._ 16, f. 120.
[299] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 15th Jan. and 14th Mar. 1546.
[300] _Chapter House Books_, vol. xi, f. 107.
[301] _Ibid._, f. 44. The principal men employed about dock construction
are always called ‘marshmen,’ probably persons with special experience of
work in swampy ground, and ‘inning,’ from the Romney Marsh district.
[302] _Add. Charters_ (B.M.), 6289.
[303] _Letters and Papers_, i. 4387, (3rd Aug).
[304] Stakes and brushwood.
[305] _Chapter House Books_, vol. xi, ff. 9, 14.
[306] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2588.
[307] _Q.R. Misc. Navy_, 867/5. According to a modern writer (C. J.
Smith, _Erith_ Lond. 1872, p. 61), the storehouse ‘stood a little
eastward of the point where the road from the railway station meets West
Street at right angles. A considerable portion remains.’
[308] _Chapter House Books_, vol. xii, f. 115.
[309] _Roy. MSS._, 14 B xii D.
[310] _Chapter House Books_, vol. xi, f. 3.
[311] _Ibid._, f. 65.
[312] _Aug. Office Book_, No. 317, (second part), ff. 27, 29.
[313] _Chapter House Books_, vol. xii, ff. 71, 365.
[314] _Chapter House Books_, vol. vi, ff. 53, 57.
[315] _Ibid._, ff. 61-3.
[316] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 22nd April 1548.
[317] _Ibid._, 21st August 1545.
[318] _Tellers’ Rolls_, No. 64.
[319] N. Dews, _History of Deptford_.
[320] _Cott. MSS._ Vesp. C. vi, 375.
[321] _Letters and Papers_, i, 3977.
[322] _Ibid._, i, 5112.
[323] _Letters and Papers_, 19th April 1545, (uncalendared).
[324] _Fœdera_, xiii, 326, 8th April 1512.
[325] _Letters and Papers_, i, 5017.
[326] _Ibid._, 25th April 1544, (uncalendared).
[327] _Exch. Accts._ (Q.R.), Bdle. 57, No. 2.
[328] The Spanish West Indian fleets were not ordered to have an
apothecary and medicines on board till 1556, (_Real Cedulas_ 29th July
and 9th September 1556).
[329] _Letters and Papers_, 9th March, 1545-6, (uncalendared), and _State
papers_, (ed. 1830) 12th August 1545.
[330] _Letters and Papers_, i, 3422—ii.
[331] _Roy. MSS._ 7 F xiv-75.
[332] _Cott. MSS._, Galba B iii-137.
[333] _Chapter House Books_, vol. ii, f. 3.
[334] _Ibid._, vol. iii, f. 4.
[335] _Letters and Papers_, 28th May 1545, (uncalendared).
[336] _Ibid._, i, 5762.
[337] _Letters and Papers_, i, 4475.
[338] _State Papers_, (ed. 1830), 2nd August 1545, Lisle to King. The
summer of 1545 was unusually hot. Lisle then described symptoms which
point to dysentery and scurvy, (_Ibid._, 1st August).
[339] _Ibid._, 15th September 1545, Lisle to Council. Only three men were
killed in what little fighting there was at Treport.
[340] _Aug. Office Book_, No. 315, f. 1.
[341] _Chapter House Books_, vol. ii, f. 17.
[342] The least important.
[343] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830), 7th Aug. 1545, Lisle to Paget.
[344] Old French, _meien_.
[345] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 14th April 1546.
[346] Spanish, _forsado_.
[347] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830), 15th July 1546, Lisle to Paget.
[348] _Roy. MSS._ 14 B xxxiii.
[349] _Letters and Papers_, i, 5762, Council to Wyndham.
[350] _Ibid._, 14th Sept. 1539.
[351] _Harl. MSS._, 309. f. 10. These rules were based on the ordinances
issued by Richard I, themselves grounded on customs reaching back to the
dawn of Mediterranean navigation.
[352] Probably on ‘look out’ is meant, still the most serious offence of
which a sailor can be guilty.
[353] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830), March 1546.
[354] _Exch. Accts._ (Q.R.), Bdle. 57, No. 2.
[355] Trin from the old English _tryndelle_ or _trendelle_, a wheel;
dryngs are halliards. Both trin and dryngs were used in connection with
the mainsail.
[356] Ropes.
[357] Capstan, Spanish, _cabrestante_.
[358] Great boat, cockboat, and jollyboat.
[359] Hooker’s _Life of Sir Peter Carew_, pp. 34-5.
[360] _Tellers’ Rolls_, No. 63.
[361] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 12th July, 1512, and _Letters and Papers_,
i, 3445.
[362] Ellis, _Original Letters_, I, 147, Series III.
[363] _Cott. MSS._ Calig. D. vi, 104-7.
[364] _Letters and Papers_, 21st May, 1513. Fox and Dawtrey to Wolsey.
[365] _Ibid._, i, 4474.
[366] _Ibid._, iii, 2337. Surrey to King.
[367] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830) 20th Aug., 1545.
[368] _Letters and Papers_, i, 3445, 5747, and 27th March, 1513. _Chapter
House Books_, vol. vi. _Pipe Office Declared Accounts_, 2193. Prices
varied a great deal, being much higher at Portsmouth for instance than at
Yarmouth.
[369] _Letters and Papers_ 19th April 1545 (uncalendared) and _State
Papers_ (ed. 1830) 12th Aug., 1545.
[370] _Letters and Papers_ iii, 2362. Surrey to Wolsey.
[371] _State Papers, Dom., Ed. VI_, xv, 11.
[372] _Letters and Papers_, 9th March 1545-6 (uncalendared) and Q.R.
_Anc. Misc. Navy_, 616 d., 2.
[373] _Rot. Pat._ 14th of Henry VIII, Pt. II, m. 26. ‘Embezzlement,’ in
these pardons, had not the particular meaning attached to the word now.
They were meant to protect the holder against accusations he might not,
from lapse of time, have sufficient evidence to refute.
[374] _Aug. Off. Bk._ No. 315, f. 3.
[375] _Letters and Papers_, 26th May 1513.
[376] _Cott. MSS._, App. xviii, f. 10. Undated, but before 1529, when
Spert was knighted.
[377] _Letters and Papers_, iv, 2362.
[378] _Ibid._, 25th Sept. 1524.
[379] _Ibid._, 2nd March 1526, and _Aug. Office Book_, No. 317 Part ii,
f. 1.
[380] _Letters and Papers_, 14th July 1533.
[381] _Arundel MSS._, 97. On Spert’s monument in the chancel of
St Dunstan’s Stepney, he is called ‘comptroller of the navy.’ The
designation was not in use until long after his death, in September 1541,
and the monument itself is a seventeenth century one.
[382] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830), 8th Jan. 1544-5, and xvi, 441 (old
numbering).
[383] Son of Wm. Gonson.
[384] _Letters Patent_, 24th April.
[385] _Add. MSS._ 9297, f. 13.
[386] _Letters and Papers_, i. 3977, 3978. Eight were from Topsham, and
eight from Dartmouth.
[387] _Ibid._, i, 4533, 31st October 1513.
[388] _Ibid._, 15th May 1513. Dawtrey to Wolsey.
[389] _Ibid._, 18th July 1513.
[390] _Letters and Papers_, i, 5112.
[391] _Ibid._, 25th April 1544 (uncalendared).
[392] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830), 18th April 1544.
[393] _Ibid._, xvii, 552 (old numbering).
[394] Stow, p. 588. War was declared on 3rd August, 1544.
[395] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 17th July 1522.
[396] _Ibid._, 7th Feb. 1544.
[397] _Letters and Papers_, 16th Jan. 1513.
[398] _Letters and Papers_, iv, 5101.
[399] _Ibid._, vi, 1380.
[400] _Letters and Papers_, 1540 (uncalendared).
[401] _Ibid._, 15th May 1544; March 1545; and 19th April 1545
(uncalendared).
[402] Somerset.
[403] _State Papers, Venetian_, Falier’s Report.
[404] _Ibid._, Barbaro’s Report.
[405] _Ibid._, Soranzo’s Report.
[406] _Voyages_, v, 256. (Ed. 1885).
[407] _State Papers, Spain_, 2nd January 1541.
[408] The facts relating to this doubtful voyage are fully discussed
by H. Harrisse in _John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America, and
Sebastian his Son_, London 1896, p. 157 et seq.
[409] _Ibid._, p. 340.
[410] Herbert, _Life of Henry VIII._, p. 651, ed. 1870.
[411] It is said £80,000.
[412] _Letters and Papers_ 19th March, 1513.
[413] _Ibid._, xi, 943.
[414] Gasquet, _Henry VIII and the English Monasteries_, ii, 534-5.
[415] _Letters and Papers_, Preface to vol. ii, p. 194.
[416] _Ibid._, i, 4533.
[417] _Chapter House Books_, vol. i, f. 23.
[418] _Chapter House Books_, vol. iii, f. 68. Cf. _Letters and Papers_,
xiii, (Pt. 1), 1777, where the dates and amounts differ somewhat.
[419] _Pipe Office Declared Accounts_, 2587.
[420] _State Papers_ (ed. 1830), 6th April 1546.
[421] _Ibid._, xvii, 683 (old numbering), Wriothesley to Council.
[422] _State Papers, Dom. Ed. VI_, xv, 11.
[423] Any kind of movable fittings.
[424] _State Papers, Spain_, 30th January 1532. Chapuys to Emperor.
[425] _Letters and Papers_, ii, 235.
[426] _Cott. MSS._ Calig. D., viii, 150.
[427] _Letters and Papers_, 29th March 1532.
[428] _Ibid._, xii, 782.
[429] _Ibid._, xiii, 158.
[430] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 14th April 1546.
[431] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 8th August 1546.
[432] 27 Hen. viii, c. 4.
[433] _Stowe MSS._ 146, f. 41.
[434] _Nomenclator Navalis._
[435] _Chapter House Books_, vol. xii, f. 91.
[436] _Letters and Papers_, 23rd Feb. and 25th Nov. 1514, and i, 5024.
The last was 2400 lbs. The prices for serpentine and bombdyne powder are
probably only for manufacture.
[437] _Chapter House Books_, vol. x, f. 32.
[438] _Ibid._, vol. v, f. 110.
[439] _Ibid._, vol. vi, f. 58.
[440] Arrows of inferior quality.
[441] _Letters and Papers_, x, 299.
[442] _Chapter House Books_, vol. vi, f. 41. The ton contained 40 cubic
feet of dry, and 50 of green, timber.
[443] Probably Olonne (Vendée).
[444] 28 ells: the English ell is five—the French six-fourths of a yard;
as the canvas was French, the ells are most likely French.
[445] Probably Vitré (Brittany).
[446] A bale.
[447] A Breton canvas. There was a ‘poll davye baye’ on the Breton coast
(_State Papers_, ed. 1830, xiv, 325), and a small village named Poldavid
is situated in Douarnenez Bay. At a later date it is frequently called
‘Dantzic Polldavy’ and then probably means a canvas of Breton type
obtained from Dantzic.
[448] Printed in full in _Archæologia_, vi, 218.
[449] _Lansd. MSS._ 2, f. 66.
[450] Probably the _Moon, Seven Stars, and Swift_.
[451] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2194.
[452] _Harl. MSS._, 354, f. 9. Printed in full in Derrick’s _Memoirs of
the Royal Navy_, pp. 16, 17.
[453] Edward was present at the launch of the _Primrose_ and _Mary
Willoby_ on the 4th July 1551 (_Journal_).
[454] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 7th February 1551.
[455] _Acts of the Privy Council._
[456] _Ibid._
[457] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2355.
[458] _Acts of the Privy Council._
[459] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2194 and 2588. War with France and Scotland
continued until 24th March 1550.
[460] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2194.
[461] Hakluyt, _Voyages_, iii, 53 (ed. 1885) and Fernandez Duro _Armada
Espanola_, p. 121.
[462] _State Papers, Dom. Ed. VI_, iv, 39.
[463] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 31st January 1552.
[464] _Chronicle of King Henry VIII_, edited by Major Martin Hume, Lond.
1889, pp. 161-3.
[465] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 20th November 1552.
[466] _Ibid._, 22nd September 1551.
[467] _Ibid._, 18th February 1550.
[468] _State Papers, Dom. Ed. VI_, 7th Sept. 1548.
[469] _Journal of Edward VI_, April 1550.
[470] _Ibid._, 2nd July 1551.
[471] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 17th May 1552.
[472] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2194.
[473] 2 and 3 Ed. VI, c. 6.
[474] _State Papers, Dom. Mary_ i, 23. Although calendared under the
first year of Mary the return goes on with a list of those ‘decayed since
the death of Edward VI to the present time,’ numbering sixty-two of 9170
tons. The date assigned to this document cannot therefore possibly be
correct and it probably belongs to the reign of Elizabeth.
[475] _Journal of Edward VI_, 14th February 1552.
[476] 2 and 3 Ed. VI, c. 19.
[477] _State Papers, Dom. Ed. VI_, xv, 41.
[478] _Ibid._, xv, 11.
[479] Supra p. 94.
[480] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2195. According to _State Papers, Dom.
Eliz._, ii, 30, the _Primrose_ had been sold for £1800, but only £1000
had ever been paid.
[481] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 4th October 1553.
[482] Machyn’s _Diary_, Camd. Soc.
[483] _Cecil MSS._ Cal. Pt. I, No. 846. The credit to be attached to this
paper is discussed in the _English Historical Review_, ix, 711.
[484] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2356.
[485] _Ibid._, 2357.
[486] _State Papers, Dom. Mary_, xii, 36, 65.
[487] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 23rd April, 2nd and 3rd of Philip and Mary.
[488] _Ibid._, Oct.
[489] _Ibid._, 30th March, 3rd and 4th of Philip and Mary.
[490] _Rot. Pat._
[491] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 11th January 1556.
[492] _Ibid._, 3rd June 1557.
[493] Paulet, Marquis of Winchester.
[494] _State Papers, Dom. Mary_, x, 1, 2.
[495] Supra, p. 110.
[496] Hakluyt, _Voyages_, iii, 20, ed. 1885.
[497] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2591.
[498] _State Papers Dom., Mary_, xiii, 64.
[499] With the exception of the galley establishments at Seville and
Barcelona there were no royal dockyards in Spain. There was no difference
made, in building, between merchantmen and men-of-war, and in 1584 Martin
de Recalde petitioned to be allowed to fly the royal standard because
without it his fleet would be taken for merchantmen. In return for the
large bounty given and the advances made to builders the crown seized
their vessels on every occasion and for every purpose where, in England,
the royal ships would have been employed. The system was the same as that
by which Edward III had destroyed English shipping. In 1601 the Duke
of Medina Sidonia wrote plainly that the remedy for the impoverishment
fallen on Spanish shipowners was ‘that the King should build the vessels
he required and not take them from private individuals, ruining them.’
In the fleet of the Marquis of Santa Cruz at Terceira in 1583 only three
belonged to the crown, and in the Armada only twenty-five. Sometimes
contracts were made with admirals who undertook to serve with a certain
number of ships, and at other times with towns who engaged to supply
them. There was no Admiralty as in England. There had been an Admiral
of Castile from the beginning of the thirteenth century, but the civil
portion of his duties was confined to the headship of the courts of
law deputed to hear maritime causes. If a fleet or squadron was to be
equipped officials, who may or may not have had previous experience,
were temporarily entrusted with the duty at the various ports and their
functions ceased with the completion of their work (Fernandez Duro, _La
Armada Invencible_; _Disquisiciones Nauticas_, Lib. V.; _Hist. de la
Marina_).
[500] _Lives of the Devereux_ I, 375.
[501] No information available.
[502] The whole navy except the _Popinjay_ in Ireland. And in this year,
as in many others, the same vessel was sometimes in commission more
than once. This was especially the case with the fourth- fifth- and
sixth-rates and is an unavoidable source of error.
[503] _State Papers, Dom. Eliz._, 20th February 1558-9.
[504] _Ibid._, 24th March 1559.
[505] _Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 1.
[506] _State Papers, Dom._, iii, 44.
[507] Machyn’s _Diary_, 3rd July 1559; _State Papers, Dom._, iii, 44, and
xcvi, p. 295.
[508] _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 295; _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2358,
and _Cecil MSS._, Cal. No. 846.
[509] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 14th Mar. 1560; _Pipe Office Accounts_,
2358, and _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 295.
[510] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2358.
[511] _Ibid._
[512] _Ibid._ and _Cecil MSS._, Cal. No. 846.
[513] _Ibid._
[514] _Cecil MSS._, Cal. No. 846, and _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2198.
[515] According to _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 295, built in 1560,
but she is not mentioned in the accounts till 1563, and was first in
commission in December 1562.
[516] First mentioned this year and noted as French, probably from Havre.
There were also eleven small French ships taken in the port of Havre
in 1562, and carried on the navy list till 1564, after which year they
disappear. They may have been returned on the conclusion of peace in
April; there was some discussion to that effect.
[517] Four small brigantines. _Exch. War. for Issues_, 4th July 1563, and
_Pipe Office Accounts_, 2360.
[518] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2200 and 2361.
[519] _Ibid._, 2364, and _Exch. War. for Issues_, 12th Aug. 1567.
[520] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2206 and 2367.
[521] _Ibid._, 2206 and 2208.
[522] _Ibid._
[523] _Ibid._, 2209 and 2370.
[524] _Ibid._
[525] _Ibid._
[526] _Ibid._
[527] _Ibid._, 2213 and 2374.
[528] _Ibid._
[529] _Ibid._, 2376. Or _Marlion_.
[530] _Ibid._, 2217.
[531] _Ibid._, 2218.
[532] _Ibid._, 2219.
[533] _Ibid._, 2220. The _Philip and Mary_, rebuilt and renamed.
[534] _Ibid._, 2381. The Galley _Ellynor_ rebuilt and renamed. She had a
‘gondello’ as a boat.
[535] _Ibid._, 2221.
[536] _Ibid._
[537] _Ibid._
[538] _Ibid._, 2223 and 2383.
[539] _Ibid._
[540] _Ibid._
[541] _Ibid._
[542] _Ibid._
[543] _Ibid._
[544] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2223 and 2383.
[545] _Ibid._
[546] _Ibid._
[547] _Ibid._
[548] _Ibid._
[549] _Ibid._, 2224. Possibly bought of Ralegh, or originally built for
him.
[550] _Ibid._, 2385.
[551] Flagship of Don Pedro de Valdes; carried on the effective till 1594.
[552] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2226.
[553] _Ibid._, 2227.
[554] _Ibid._ Or _Guardland_.
[555] _Ibid._
[556] _Ibid._
[557] _Ibid._
[558] _Ibid._
[559] _Ibid._
[560] _Ibid._, 2388. Lost at sea, 17th May 1591.
[561] _Ibid._
[562] _Ibid._, 2503.
[563] _Ibid._, 2228.
[564] _Ibid._, 2390.
[565] _Ibid._, and 2229.
[566] _Ibid._, 2230 and 2390. The _Eagle_ of Lubeck bought for £70, and
‘made into a hulk for taking ordnance out of ships.’
[567] _Ibid._, 2231.
[568] _Ibid._, 2393.
[569] _Ibid._, 2232 and 2394.
[570] _Ibid._ Or _Dieu Repulse_.
[571] Taken at Cadiz.
[572] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2239. Bought of the Lord Admiral.
[573] _Ibid._, 2239. Two galleys.
[574] _Ibid._
[575] _Ibid._, 2240. Two galleys.
[576] _Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 1.
[577] _Egerton MSS._ 2642, f. 150.
[578] Found by Mr E. Fraser in a _Rawlinson MS._ at Oxford.
[579] _Harl. MSS._ 167, f. 1. That in papers kept by different officials
the time of the change of name should not exactly correspond is not
strange.
[580] _State Papers, Dom._, clx, 60, and _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2211.
[581] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxlii, 21.
[582] _Ibid._, cclxxxvi, 36, and _Add. MSS._, 9336, f. 10.
[583] Hakluyt, _Voyages_, xi, 354, ed. 1885.
[584] _Infra_ p. 157.
[585] J. Edye, _Calculations relating to the displacement of ships of
war_, Lond. 1832.
[586] _State Papers, Dom._ ccix, 85.
[587] Rowing seat.
[588] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxix, 77.
[589] By 39 Eliz. c. 4. (1597-8) ‘dangerous rogues’ were to be sent to
the galleys, but it is the only statute so directing and does not seem
to have been acted on (Turner, _History of Vagrants and Vagrancy_, p.
129). Nor am I aware of any allusion to an English galley service in the
literature of the time.
[590] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxliii, 110.
[591] _Works_, II, 78, ed. 1751.
[592] _Cecil MSS._ Cal. ii, 222.
[593] W. Bourne, _Inventions or Devises_, Lond. 1578. Bourne’s book was
possibly the origin of the fireships used at Calais in 1588; it must have
been well known to the leading seamen of the fleet.
[594] _State Papers, Dom._, cxlvi, 97.
[595] _Cecil MSS._ Cal. No. 846.
[596] The Elizabethans called any ship comparatively low in the water a
galleass, or said that she was built ‘galleas fashion,’ irrespective of
oars.
[597] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2218, 2220, and 2221.
[598] _Ibid._, 2223.
[599] _State Papers, Dom._ cclxxvi, 57.
[600] _Ibid._, ccxxiii, 45.
[601] Ralegh, _Invention of Ships_.
[602] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2232. The distinction between overlop
and deck is not always clear. Sometimes overlop appears to mean a deck
running the whole length of the ship, as distinguished from a forecastle
or poop deck, and at other times a slight lower deck not intended to
carry guns. This last became its ultimate meaning, and it is used in this
sense in relation to the _Defiance_ and _Warspite_.
[603] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2200.
[604] _Ibid._, 2204.
[605] Trailboard, a carved board reaching from the stem to the figure
head.
[606] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2238.
[607] Bulkheads.
[608] Poop.
[609] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2236.
[610] _Add. MSS._, 20,043. _Treatise concerning the Navy of England_, f.
6. By James Montgomery.
[611] _State Papers, Domestic_, clii, 19.
[612] Compare the measurements of the two men-of-war, as given here, with
those on p. 124.
[613] ‘Esloria,’ _i.e._, the keel length added to the fore and aft rakes.
[614] Duro, _Dis. Nauticas_, Lib. V, p. 152. If this is tried with the
above ships the feet must first be reduced to cubits; it will be found
that the Spanish method makes the tonnage much heavier, the _Elizabeth_
is 996 net and 1196 gross.
[615] _State Papers, Venetian_, Surian’s Report.
[616] _Calendar of Letters and Papers relating to English affairs at
Simancas_, 10th May 1574.
[617] _Ibid._, 3rd Aug. 1566.
[618] _Ibid._, 8th Jan. 1569.
[619] _Ibid._, 1st June 1569.
[620] _Ibid._, 30th March 1586.
[621] _State Papers, Dom._, clii, 19. The Spaniards allowed one seaman to
every five tons of net tonnage.
[622] _Ibid._, clxxxv, 33, ii.
[623] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2233.
[624] _State Papers, Dom._, cclviii, f. 10.
[625] _Lands. MSS._, 166, f. 198.
[626] _Ibid._, 144, 53.
[627] _Ibid._, 73, f. 161.
[628] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2225.
[629] _Ibid._, 2228 and 2231.
[630] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 25th Jan. 1579.
[631] _Ibid._, 28th Jan. 1580. The story is told in full in Hakluyt,
_Voyages_, xi, 9, et seq. (ed. 1885).
[632] _State Papers, Dom._ ccxxxvii, ff. 169, 170.
[633] _State Papers, Dom. Jas. I_, xli, p. 119.
[634] See Appendix B.
[635] _State Papers, Dom. Eliz._, ccxv, 41.
[636] _State Papers Dom._, 26th Aug. 1588. Howard to Walsyngham.
[637] _Lansd. MSS._, 70, f. 183.
[638] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 14th Aug. 1580.
[639] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2233.
[640] _Harl. MSS._, 167, f. 39.
[641] _State Papers, Dom. Eliz._ xvii, 43, and xxvi, 43.
[642] _Ibid._, xxxvii, 61.
[643] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2205, 2206.
[644] _Ibid._, 2358 and _Exch. War. for Issues_, 15th Feb. 1560.
[645] Dried fish.
[646] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2362.
[647] _State Papers, Dom._ cix, 37.
[648] _State Papers, Dom._ clxxxix, 8.
[649] 12,040 lbs.
[650] He was chief clerk of the kitchen, (_Lansd. MSS._, 62, f. 132).
[651] _State Papers, Dom._ ccix, 16.
[652] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxix, 23.
[653] _Ibid._, ccxxvi, 85, and ccxxxi, 80.
[654] _State Papers Dom._, ccxxxix, 109.
[655] _Rot. Pat._ 8th Nov. 1595.
[656] _State Papers, Dom._, clii, 19.
[657] Born in 1532 of a well-known Plymouth mercantile and seafaring
family. He went to sea early, but his voyages of 1562-4-8, and the
diplomatic difficulties to which they led with Spain, first brought him
into prominence. He married Katherine Gonson about 1558.
[658] _State Papers, Dom._, cxi, 33.
[659] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxvi, 57.
[660] _Ibid._, ccxxii, 48.
[661] _Harl. MSS._, ccliii, f. 6.
[662] _Ibid._
[663] _State Papers, Dom._, ccii, 35, Hawkyns to Burghley.
[664] Some of these charges are examined in detail in Appendix C.
[665] _State Papers, Dom._, 28th Oct., 1579.
[666] _State Papers, Dom._, clxx, 57, April 1584.
[667] _Ibid._, ccxxxi, 83.
[668] This probably referred to Borough. Another writer, who was no lover
of Hawkyns, said that Borough did all he could ‘to gett all the keyes to
his owne girdle,’ (_Harl. MSS._ 253, f. 1).
[669] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxlii, 79 and ccxlvii, 27.
[670] _Rot. Pat._, 8th July 1585.
[671] _State Papers, Dom._, 30th May 1594.
[672] _Rot Pat._, 5th May 1596.
[673] _Ibid._, 22nd December 1598.
[674] _Ibid._, 11th July 1589.
[675] _Ibid._, 20th Dec. 1598.
[676] _Ibid._
[677] _Ibid._, 10th Oct. 1560.
[678] _Ibid._, 24th Mar. 1580.
[679] _Ibid._, 6 Nov. 1588.
[680] _Lansd. MSS._, 116, f. 4.
[681] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2204.
[682] _Ibid._, 2210.
[683] _Ibid._, 2215.
[684] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxl, 47.
[685] Hawkyns and Borough to Lord Admiral. _Exch. War. for Issues_, 6th
July 1573.
[686] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxvii, 26.
[687] _Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 58.
[688] ‘Candles spente in nightlie watches of four shippes lying at
Chatham for the better suertie and preservacon of the flete there at
xiiiˢ iiiiᵈ every shippe,’ for the quarter.
[689] _Harl. MSS._ 253, f. 13.
[690] _Ibid._, f. 14.
[691] _Seaman’s Secrets._
[692] Appendix B.
[693] _State Papers, Dom._, clii, 19.
[694] _Ibid._, clxxxvi, 43.
[695] _Ibid._, cclxxxvi, 36.
[696] Quoted by Duro, _Disq. Nauticas_, II, 189. Professor Laughton
considers that the losses of the Armada, in the flight round the west
coasts of Scotland and Ireland, were as much due to bad seamanship as to
the summer gales with which they had to contend.
[697] _State Papers, Dom._, iii, 44.
[698] Slings do not again occur in ordnance papers; these were probably
relics of the reign of Henry VIII.
[699] The ‘pace’ was 5 feet (_Cott. MSS._ Julius F. IV, f. 1, _Arte of
Gunnery_).
[700] _Lansd. MSS._ 113, f. 177.
[701] _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 275 (1577).
[702] _Ibid._, p. 317.
[703] _Ibid._, clxxxvi, 34.
[704] _State Papers, Dom._, ccliv, 43.
[705] _Royal MSS._ 17 A xxxi.
[706] With two chambers.
[707] With three chambers.
[708] Although the _Victory_ was not rebuilt until some years later she
was not at this date upon the effective.
[709] Also two curtalls.
[710] The other three galleys had the same armament.
[711] _State Papers, Dom._, cvi, 58 (1575).
[712] _Add. MSS._ 9297, f. 212.
[713] _La Armada Invencible_, I, 76.
[714] _State Papers, Dom._, cvi, 14.
[715] _Ibid._, cclxxv, 40.
[716] _Ibid._, cclvii, 108.
[717] _Lansd. MSS._, 65, f. 94.
[718] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxliv, 116.
[719] _Ibid._, xcv, 22, 69.
[720] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 19th June 1574.
[721] _State Papers, Dom._, xxi, 56. Corn, or large grain, powder was
used for small arms; serpentine for the heavy guns, but the latter was
going out of use at sea.
[722] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxviii, 35.
[723] _Ibid._, lxxiv, 3.
[724] _Ibid._, cclxxxvii, 59.
[725] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 1st Mar. 1564.
[726] _Ibid._, 21st Feb. 1567.
[727] Until, and including, 1564 the money for victualling is paid by the
Navy Treasurer and contained in his totals.
[728] Comprising wages and tonnage hire.
[729] Timber, ironwork, pitch, tar, etc., and sometimes included in the
dockyard amounts.
[730] Ordinary, comprised wages of clerks and shipkeepers, moorings, and
normal repairs of ships. Extraordinary, building and heavy repairs of
ships, building and repair of wharves, storehouses, and docks, purchase
of stores, and ordinary sea wages.
[731] Accounts wanting.
[732] In 1560 and 1563 some subsidiary charges at Harwich and other ports.
[733] The total spent is now exclusive of the victualling.
[734] Account keeping by dockyards ceases; divided into ordinary and
extraordinary.
[735] From 1st Jan., 1595, to 24th April, 1596.
[736] From 6th May to 31st Dec. 1596.
[737] From 1st Jan. to 31st Dec. exclusive of the Cadiz Fleet.
[738] Of which Cadiz £14,415.
[739] Of which Channel £9945, and ocean service £27,263.
[740] _Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 30.
[741] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxii, 41, 42.
[742] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2221.
[743] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxviii, 16.
[744] _Ibid._, cclxx, 26.
[745] _Burghley Papers_, p. 620.
[746] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxxiv, 72, 75.
[747] _Cott. MSS._ Otho. E IX, f. 192.
[748] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxvii, 71.
[749] _Cott. MSS._ Otho E IX, f. 192.
[750] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 10th May 1560.
[751] _Ibid._, 13th June 1569.
[752] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxxiv, 72.
[753] _Ibid._, ccxl, 14.
[754] _Ibid._, cclvi, 107. But see _supra_ p. 160.
[755] _Pipe Office Accounts_ 2233, but £70,000 according to _State
Papers, Dom._, cclix, 61.
[756] _State Papers, Dom._, cclii, 107.
[757] _State Papers, Dom._, cciv, 46.
[758] _Lansd. MSS._, 70, f. 82. The _Madre de Dios_, the _Bom Jesus_, the
_Santa Cruz_, and the _St. Bartholomeu_, all richly laden left Goa in
company on 10th January 1592. The _Bom Jesus_ was lost in the Mozambique
Channel with all on board, the _Bartholomeu_ parted company about the
same time and was never heard of again, the _Santa Cruz_ was run ashore
and burnt to prevent capture. Nor was the total loss of a Portuguese or
Spanish squadron, from various causes, at all remarkable. The captain
of the _Madre de Dios_, Fernando de Mendoza, had been master of Medina
Sidonia’s flagship in 1588; his maritime interviews with the English must
have become a veritable nightmare to him. The Fuggers of Augsburg, to
whom the cargo was hypothecated, are said to have been the real losers by
the capture, as it was probably not insured. It was difficult to insure
Spanish ships at this time. In 1587 a Spaniard wrote of a vessel in the
West Indies, ‘I have not assured any part thereof and at this present I
do not find any that will assure at any price’ (_Lansd. MSS._, 53, f.
21). The conditions had become much more unfavourable to Spanish seaborne
commerce by 1592.
[759] _Lansd. MSS._, 73, f. 38.
[760] _Harl. MSS._, 598.
[761] _Lansd. MSS._ 73, f. 38. It suited Elizabeth to rate the
_Foresight_ as high as possible, so she now reached her maximum of 450
tons; she had been as low as 260.
[762] _Lansd. MSS._ 70, ff. 55, 187.
[763] _Harl. MSS._, 306, f. 233, 3rd May 1594.
[764] 5 Eliz. c. 5.
[765] _State Papers, Dom._, cvii, 68.
[766] _Ibid._, cxlvii, 21, 22.
[767] _Ibid._, ccl, 33. This paper bears a note by Burghley, ‘Engl.
shippes allowed money for ther tonag sȳce 22 Eliz.’ It has been shown
that the custom, as a mark of royal approbation, was much older than
Elizabeth, but it may have been made a right from about 1580.
[768] _Ibid._, cl, 96.
[769] _State Papers, Dom._, ccliv, 33.
[770] _Ibid._, cclxii, 126.
[771] The Admiralty Court.
[772] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxvi, 35. When the _Pelican_, or as she
was afterwards called, the _Golden Hind_, returned from her famous
voyage round the world she was placed in a dock, filled in with earth at
Deptford, and remained there as one of the shows of London for nearly a
century. There is an estimate for works to the amount of £370 for this
purpose (_Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 68), but it does not appear that this plan,
which included a brick wall, roof, etc., was ever fully carried out. In
the Navy accounts only £67, 7s 10d for her repairs, £35, 8s 8d for a
wall of earth round her, and £14, 13s 4d for preparing the ship for the
Queen’s visit are entered.
[773] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxxviii, 142.
[774] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxi, 61.
[775] _Ibid._, cxlix, 58.
[776] _Ibid._, ccxxxiii, 13, and ccxxxix, 44.
[777] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxiii, 37.
[778] _State Papers, Dom._, cxx, 54.
[779] _Lansd. MSS._ 142, f. 182.
[780] _State Papers, Dom._, cli, 6 (1581).
[781] _Ibid._, ccxlviii, 80.
[782] Malyne, _Lex Mercatoria_ p. 200, (ed. 1622).
[783] _State Papers, Dom._, xi, 27.
[784] _Ibid._, viii, 36. Eventually £100 was remitted.
[785] _Ibid._, xxxviii, 8.
[786] _Ibid._, xxviii, 3.
[787] _Harl. MSS._, 168, f. 248.
[788] _State Papers, Dom., Eliz. Add._ xxii.
[789] _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 267. London is described as, ‘The
river of Thames wherein is contained Maulden, Colchester, Bricklingsey,
Lee, Feversham, Rochester, and the creekes belonging.’
[790] _State Papers, Dom._, cvii, 68.
[791] _Ibid._, clvi, 45.
[792] _Harl. MSS._ 4228, f., 45.
[793] _Cott. MSS._, Otho. E. IX, f., 162.
[794] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxii, 57.
[795] _Lansd. MSS._ 81, f. 88.
[796] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxii, 21.
[797] _Ibid._, xi, 27. This is a return of ‘mariners and sailors’ only,
and does not include fishermen. London is omitted, and from the numbers,
_e.g._, Norfolk 178, Northumberland (with Newcastle) 37, is probably only
of men at that time ashore.
[798] _Ibid._, xxxviii, 8, 9, 14, 23, 28; xxxix, 17. This is also
incomplete but includes fishermen.
[799] _Ibid._, lxxi, 74 1; lxxiii, 15 1, 48.
[800] _Ibid._, clvi, 45. Includes seamen, fishermen, and masters of ships.
[801] And 311 at sea.
[802] Including Liverpool.
[803] Including 957 watermen.
[804] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxiv, Feb.
[805] _State Papers, Foreign_, 29th Dec. 1568, and _Ibid._ 1573-1279.
[806] ‘Releasing them for bribes and billes of dette.’
[807] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 29th April 1576.
[808] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxv, p. 240.
[809] _State Papers, Dom. Add._, xxix, 126.
[810] _Lansd. MSS._, 148, f. 13.
[811] _Add. MSS._, 11405, ff. 91, 103.
[812] _Lansd. MSS._ 148, f. 1 and _State Papers, Dom._, cv, 18.
[813] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxix, 54. In 1603 these owners were still
patiently petitioning James I.
[814] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxv, 13.
[815] Near Vigo.
[816] _Ibid._, cxci, 7.
[817] _Lansd. MSS._, 115, f. 196.
[818] Appendix D.
[819] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxiii, 7.
[820] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxxvi, 11.
[821] _Harl. MSS._, 253, f. 10.
[822] _Ibid._, 253, f. 18, and _Exch. War. for Issues_, 17th Dec. 1597.
[823] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxviii, 1.
[824] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E., VIII, f. 169.
[825] _Lansd. MSS._, 61, f. 184.
[826] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxvii, 1.
[827] Breton.
[828] The last was of 12 barrels of 31½ gallons (old measure).
[829] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxx. Stow says that Hawkyns introduced
nettings. They went out of use for a time.
[830] _Harl. MSS._ 306, f. 68.
[831] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2210, 2212.
[832] _Ibid._, 2232.
[833] The _Jesus of Lubeck_ and the _Revenge_.
[834] Ralegh, _Discourse of Ships_; Monson, _Naval Tracts_; Duro, _Disq.
Nauticas_.
[835] Monson says that in 1599 a fleet was prepared for sea in twelve
days, and ‘the Queen was never more dreaded abroad for anything she ever
did.’
[836] _Add. MSS._ 5752, f. 136.
[837] _Add. MSS._ 19889; _The Jewell of Artes_, 1604, f. 135 et seq.
[838] _Harl. MSS._ 309-51.
[839] _Add. MSS._ 9294, Nov. 1610.
[840] _State Papers, Dom., Jas. I._, cl, 83, 84.
[841] Whole or partial external double planking.
[842] _Harl. MSS._ 2301.
[843] Paul Hentzner.
[844] On 20th July 1613 a warrant was issued to pay wages owing since
1608.
[845] _Add. MSS._ 9302, f. 9.
[846] _State Papers, Dom._, cl, 20.
[847] _Ibid._, xl, f. 70.
[848] _A Dialogical Discourse of Marine Affairs_, by Nath. Boteler,
_Harl. MSS._ 1341. Partly printed in 1685 but of this period.
[849] _Ibid._
[850] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxxii, 29.
[851] _Rot. Pat._, 26th April.
[852] _State Papers, Dom._, xc, 98.
[853] _Ibid._, xxii, 15.
[854] _Ibid._, cxii, 101.
[855] _Ibid._
[856] _State Papers, Dom._, cxvi, 86.
[857] _Ibid._, ciii, 104.
[858] _Ibid._, lxxxix, 33.
[859] _State Papers, Dom._, xli, f. 17.
[860] _Ibid._, xl, 87.
[861] _Cott. MSS._, Julius F. III, f, 15.
[862] _State Papers, Dom._, xli, f. 25. See also Bishop Goodman’s
description of Mansell’s temper in _Court of King James I_, I, 56.
[863] _State Papers, Dom._, cxii, 101.
[864] _Coke MSS._, _Cal. Hist. MSS._, _Com. Report, xii_, App., pt. i, 41.
[865] _Cott. MSS._, Julius F., III, ff. 98, 249, 250, 252.
[866] The report of the commissioners will be found in _State Papers,
Dom. Jas. I_, xli; the sworn depositions on which that report was
based are preserved in _Cott. MSS._, Julius F., III. The evidence in
question is of value for to-day, and may be instructively compared with
the reports of the committee of investigation of 1803-5 on the again
astonishing condition of naval administration. It is to be hoped that the
Navy Records Society will print the _Cottonian MS._
[867] Gardiner, _History of England_, II, 11.
[868] Gardiner, _History of England_, III, 200.
[869] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxxii, 28.
[870] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2257, 2259, 2260.
[871] The Commissioners acted by Letters Patent of 12th February 1619.
They were Sir Lionel Cranfield, Sir Thos. Weston, Sir John Wolstenholme,
Sir Thos. Smith, Nicholas Fortescue, John Osborne, Francis Goston,
Richard Sutton, Wm. Pitt, Sir John Coke, Thos. Norreys, and Wm. Burrell.
[872] _State Papers, Dom._, c and ci, 3.
[873] _State Papers, Dom._, cli, 35.
[874] _Ibid._, clx, 43.
[875] _State Papers, Dom._, clvi, 12.
[876] There are few separate dockyard amounts for these years.
[877] Includes £4734 for a naval pageant on the Thames at the marriage of
the Princess Elizabeth.
[878] Exclusive of Algiers fleet £6446.
[879] Exclusive of Algiers fleet £17,665.
[880] Inclusive of £9667 repairs to Algiers fleet.
[881] A fleet was sent to Spain for Charles, and £9100, owing from 1615,
paid.
[882] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxv, 85, 3000 hammocks were to be supplied
in this fleet.
[883] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E, VIII, f, 316.
[884] _Ibid._
[885] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxvi, 101.
[886] _Ibid._, xc, 24.
[887] R. Playfair, _The Scourge of Christendom_, p. 34.
[888] Monson, _Naval Tracts_.
[889] _State Papers, Dom._, cli, 21.
[890] _State Papers, Colonial_, March 1620.
[891] _State Papers, Dom._, civ, 65.
[892] _England’s Way to Win Wealth_, Lond. 1614, and _The Trade’s
Increase_, Lond. 1615.
[893] The Dutch Company is said to have distributed in twenty-one years,
ending with 1622, dividends of 30,000,000 florins on a capital of some
6,000,000 florins, (Irving, _Commerce of India_).
[894] _Egerton MSS._, 2100.
[895] _State Papers, Dom._, xxii, 22.
[896] _Ibid._, cxix, 118, 1 and 121.
[897] _State Papers, Dom. Jas. I_ cxxxiii, 70; _Ibid._, clviii, 54;
_Ibid., Chas. I_ xiii, 56. _Pipe Office Accounts_; _Add. MSS._, 9294 p.
505; _Ibid._, 9295, Pett’s Autobiography; _Ibid._, 9297, p. 359. As usual
all these dimensions, especially tonnage, differ somewhat in the various
papers.
[898] The _Nonpareil_ rebuilt and renamed.
[899] The _Hope_ rebuilt and renamed. These ships were not completed till
1605.
[900] The _Swiftsure_ rebuilt and renamed.
[901] The _Ark Royal_ rebuilt and renamed.
[902] The _Golden Lion_ rebuilt and renamed.
[903] For convenience the _Merhonour_, _Dreadnought_, and _Defiance_ are
placed under one date, but they were in hand from 1611 till 1614.
[904] Or _Convertive_. This was the _Destiny_ built for Sir Walter Ralegh
before his last voyage, and afterwards bought or confiscated into the
Navy.
[905] The _Rainbow_ and _Antelope_ were in dry dock some three years
(_Pipe Office Accounts_).
[906] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxiv, 56.
[907] _Cott, MSS._ Julius F. III, f. 293.
[908] _Ibid._, Otho E., VII, f. 155. Letter, Pett to Baker, 10th April
1603.
[909] _Coke MSS._, Cal. I, 114.
[910] In the literal but not later sense of ‘three decker.’ She had two
full batteries besides an upper deck armed. In 1634 the authorities of
the Trinity House, who, through a long series of years appear to have
always chosen the wrong view, wrote, ‘The art or wit of man cannot build
a ship fit for service, with three tier of ordnance.’ Three years later
the first ‘three-decker’ was afloat.
[911] _Add MSS._, 9294, Nov. 1610.
[912] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2249.
[913] _State Papers, Dom._, ci, 4.
[914] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2248.
[915] _State Papers, Dom._, xli, f. 39.
[916] _Ibid._, clxi, 68. The classification is that of the _State Paper_.
[917] _State Papers, Dom._, clviii, 56.
[918] _Ibid._, and cviii, 58.
[919] _Harl. MSS._, 2301. About 1625 or earlier, and by Sir Hen.
Manwayring. It was printed in 1644 under the title of _The Sea-man’s
Dictionary_. There is another MS. copy among the State Papers (_S. P.
Dom., Chas. I_, cxxvii), called _A Brief Abstract ... of all Parts and
Things belonging to a Ship_. The three versions differ but little from
each other.
[920] _Add. MSS._, 9299, f. 48.
[921] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2248.
[922] _Ibid._, 2252.
[923] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2261.
[924] _Ibid._, 2256.
[925] _Ibid._, 2257, 2258.
[926] _Ibid._, 2260.
[927] _Ibid._, 2258.
[928] _Ibid._, 2261, 2262.
[929] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2262.
[930] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 25.
[931] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E. VII, ff. 219, 220.
[932] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxvi.
[933] _State Papers, Dom._, cix, 139, 1.
[934] _Ibid._, cxxxiii, 70.
[935] _State Papers, Dom., Eliz._ ccxxxvii, f. 119. Although calendared
under Elizabeth many of the papers in this volume are copies of documents
relating to the reigns of James I and Charles I. See also M. A. Lower,
_Contributions to Literature_, for an article on the Kent and Sussex gun
foundries.
[936] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E, VII, f. 78.
[937] _State Papers, Dom., Jas. I_, cxxviii, 94.
[938] Yonge’s _Diary_, Camd. Soc.
[939] _State Papers, Dom._, xvii, 103.
[940] _Ibid._, cix, 139, I.
[941] _Add. MSS._, 9302. f. 9.
[942] _Coke MSS._, Cal. I, 105.
[943] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E. VII, f. 263.
[944] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E. VII, f. 263.
[945] Mr Del Mar (_Hist. of the Precious Metals_, p. 209), quoting Tooke
and D’Avenant, estimates the stock of gold and silver coin in England and
Wales in 1560 at £1,100,000 and in 1600 at £4,000,000.
[946] Martin, _Hist. de la France_, X, 446.
[947] Kolb, _Condition of Nations_, p. 209.
[948] Gardiner, _Hist. of England_, X, 222.
[949] _Parl. Debates_, 31st Aug. 1660.
[950] A writer of the reign of James I estimated that there were 37,000
Dutch seamen engaged in the North Sea fisheries alone; Ralegh put the
number at 50,000 men.
[951] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, vi, 23. The original purpose had
been to take 2000 English veterans in the service of the States-General,
leaving the recruits in their place; but the men were sent before any
arrangement had been come to with the Dutch, who finally refused to
assent to it. The proceeding was characteristic of Buckingham’s hopeful
belief in the immediate acceptance of his measures.
[952] ‘The number of lame, impotent, and unable men unfitt for actual
service is very great.’ (Ogle to Conway, 18th June 1625.)
[953] _Ibid_., ix, 15, Blundell to Buckingham.
[954] There were twelve king’s ships in the fleet (_Pipe Office
Accounts_, 2425).
[955] _State Papers, Dom._, ix, 39, Cecil to Conway.
[956] _Ibid_., xi, 49.
[957] Levet’s _Relation of Cadiz Voyage_, Coke MSS.
[958] _State Papers, Dom._, viii, 41, Coke to Buckingham.
[959] _Voyage to Cadiz in 1625_ (Camden Society).
[960] Sir Allen Apsley, also lieutenant of the Tower, remained victualler
with Sir Sampson Darrell till 1630.
[961] _State Papers, Dom._, xviii, 63, 1.
[962] _Ibid._, 75.
[963] _Ibid._, xii, 81.
[964] _Ibid._, xx, 25. February 1626.
[965] _State Papers, Dom._, xxii. 33, and _Coke MSS._, 4th March 1626.
[966] _Coke MSS._, 27th February 1626.
[967] _State Papers, Dom._, xiii, 67 and 73.
[968] _Ibid._, xxiv, 9, and _Coke MSS._, 12th April 1626.
[969] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiv, 24.
[970] _Ibid._, xxv, 45.
[971] _Ibid._, xxiv, 33. Pennington to Buckingham.
[972] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiv, 65.
[973] _Ibid._, cxcvi, 32.
[974] _Proc._, April, 1626.
[975] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxv, 19, and _Add. MSS._, 9339, f. 24. Six
rates of vessels are classified. All carry trumpeters, and the first four
drummers and fifers. Both lieutenants and corporals were employed in
1588, but afterwards discontinued; the _Lion_ had a lieutenant in 1587,
and perhaps it was not uncommon for a large ship on war service to carry
an officer of that rank.
[976] According to rate of ship.
[977] Only to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rates—‘a place not formerly allowed.’
[978] ‘Not formerly allowed’; his duties were akin to those of a musketry
instructor of to-day.
[979] _Egerton MSS._, 2541, f. 13.
[980] _State Papers, Dom._, xxx, 48.
[981] _Ibid._, 75.
[982] _Ibid._, xxxiii, 27; July 1626.
[983] _Ibid._, xxxv, 44.
[984] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxv, 102 and 109, 1, Willoughby to Nicholas.
[985] _Ibid._, xxxvi, 60.
[986] _Ibid._, xxxvii, 57.
[987] _Ibid._, xxxix, 78.
[988] _Ibid._, xli, 56, (1626).
[989] _State Papers, Dom._, 8 and 77, Philpott to Nichols.
[990] _Ibid._, xlii, 100.
[991] 12th Dec. 1626.
[992] _State Papers, Dom._, xlii, 137.
[993] _State Papers, Dom._, xlix, 68; January 1627.
[994] _Ibid._, liii, 9 and 10; February 1627.
[995] _Ibid._, lxiv, 76, Mervyn to Buckingham.
[996] _Ibid._, lxxxviii, 62; 1627.
[997] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxv, 61.
[998] _Ibid._, lxxxvi, 42.
[999] _Ibid._, lxxxvii, 37; December 1627.
[1000] _Ibid._, lxxx, 83 and 86.
[1001] _Coke MSS._, 17th September 1627.
[1002] _State Papers, Dom._, xc, 38.
[1003] _Ibid._, 75.
[1004] _Ibid._, xcii, 73; February 1628.
[1005] _State Papers, Dom._, xcviii, 26.
[1006] _Ibid._, 29, March 1628, Gorges to Buckingham.
[1007] _Ibid._, cv, 80; 1628.
[1008] _State Papers, Dom._, cv, 85.
[1009] _Ibid._, cviii, 18.
[1010] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 118.
[1011] _Coke MSS._, 3rd June 1628.
[1012] _State Papers, Dom._, cxiv, 48.
[1013] _State Papers, Dom._, cxx, 27; November 1628.
[1014] _Ibid._, cxviii, 78.
[1015] _Ibid._, cxlix, 90; September.
[1016] _Ibid._, 92.
[1017] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxii, 42; August 1630.
[1018] _Ibid._, clxxv, 75.
[1019] _Ibid._, ccxviii, 52.
[1020] _Ibid._, ccxlvi, 85.
[1021] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxii, 58; July 1634.
[1022] _Ibid._, cclxxix, 106, _Advice of a Seaman_, &c., by Nath. Knott.
[1023] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxcviii, 5; September 1635.
[1024] _Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 54.
[1025] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxxvi, 10.
[1026] _Ibid._, cccxxxvii, 15.
[1027] _Ibid._, cccxxxviii, 39.
[1028] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, s.v. ‘Navy.’
[1029] _State Papers, Dom._, cccliii, f. 95.
[1030] _Ibid._, ccclxv, 28.
[1031] The sale of gunpowder was at this time a crown monopoly (_Fœdera_,
xx, 107). Charles’s sad and picturesque dignity of appearance did not
imply such a delicate sense of honour as to prevent him turning a penny
by forcing contraband of war through the fleet of a friendly power and
supplying the privateers who were the scourge of English commerce.
[1032] In the eighteenth century he would have had a hole-and-corner
trial, undefended and ignorant of the law, before the associates, and
perhaps friends, of the man whom he had assaulted.
[1033] _State Papers, Dom._, lvi, 101, (1627), and ccccvii, 32, (1638).
[1034] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxxxi, 30.
[1035] With the exception of the Amboyna affair, a case once more of
the ‘prancing proconsul,’ the Dutch showed, throughout this century,
exemplary patience and moderation under a long course of provocation,
in affairs of salutes, right of search, and seizures of ships, several
instances of which there will be occasion to mention. The rulers of the
United Netherlands chose to consider wider aims and more urgent needs
than revenge for insults to their flag, however flagrant, but when the
Navigation Act of 1651 brought matters to a crisis the Dutch must have
felt that they had a long score to settle.
[1036] _State Papers, Dom._, cccclxxxii, 13.
[1037] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxciv, 2nd Jan. 1643.
[1038] Public Acts, 17th Charles I.
[1039] Preface to _Calendar of State Papers_, 1652-3, p. xii. In other
prefaces Mrs Green refers to the same point.
[1040] The number eventually serving that year was nearer 20,000, but
this included some thousands of soldiers.
[1041] _Infra_ p. 244.
[1042] _State Papers, Dom._, cii, 72.
[1043] _Ibid._, cclxiv, f. 33.
[1044] _Ibid._, cccvi, 87; 1635. In another copy of this paper (_Add.
MSS._, 9301, f. 57), they suggest the sensible remedy of a register at
each custom house, in which agreements might be entered.
[1045] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxcviii, 23 and 40.
[1046] _Fœdera_, xx, 278; 25th November 1638.
[1047] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxi, 12.
[1048] Digby’s _Voyage_ (Camden Society), p. 9.
[1049] _State Papers, Dom._, clv, 31 and cclxxxii, 135.
[1050] _State Papers, Dom._, xviii, 59.
[1051] But only applicable in port.
[1052] _Add. MSS._, 18772.
[1053] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclii, 78.
[1054] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxii, 90.
[1055] _Ibid._, ccclii, 78.
[1056] _Ibid._, 81.
[1057] _Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 156.
[1058] I am indebted to the courtesy of Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton,
K.C.B., President of the Royal Naval College, for permission to examine
these books.
[1059] In receipt of yearly pensions.
[1060] For eight months ending 4th January 1644.
[1061] For three and a half months.
[1062] For a year.
[1063] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxix, 106.
[1064] _Reasons_, &c., dated 17th June. The officers who sign threaten,
unless terms are made with the King, to blockade the river.
[1065] Various authorities give 9, 10, and 11 ships; the discrepancies
may most probably be explained by supposing that one or two of those
which left the Downs turned back before reaching Holland.
[1066] _Clarendon_, IV, 574, ed. 1888.
[1067] Warburton, _Memoirs of Prince Rupert_, III, 262.
[1068] _Supra_ p. 207. The _Speedwell_ was lost in November 1624, after
this list was drawn up. There were also some worn out Elizabethan ships
remaining, the _Crane_, _Answer_, _Moon_, and _Merlin_, which the
compiler did not consider of sufficient importance to include.
[1069] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2425.
[1070] _State Papers, Dom._, lxvii, 47.
[1071] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2428.
[1072] E.g. the _Sovereign of the Seas_, which, until she was cut down,
was the largest most ornate, and most useless ship afloat.
[1073] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxi, 65. These remarks must be read in
conjunction with those relating to the lack of victuals and stores, and
want of competent and willing service on the part of officers and men,
made in Part I, and for which Buckingham’s incapacity was principally
responsible. But his incapacity was, in this matter, not the only nor
even the main factor, since, when in 1627 he applied to Gyffard, Sir
Sackville Trevor, and Hervey for suggestions as to freeing the narrow
seas from pirates, they agreed that the existing vessels were too slow
to catch any but others of their own type (_State Papers, Dom._, liv, 9,
11-13). In October 1625, the Channel squadron consisted of ten English
men-of-war and merchantmen and four Dutch ships, a larger force than had
probably ever been employed before for merely protective duties. The
conditions were as bad or worse, after his death.
[1074] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxvii, 43.
[1075] _Ibid._, xi, 62, 63. Assuming in these instances the rake, fore
and aft, to have been about three-eighths of the keel length.
[1076] _Ibid._, lvi, 56.
[1077] _Ibid._, lvii, 42.
[1078] _Ibid._, cccxxxviii, 39.
[1079] Other prizes, which were nominally King’s ships, but which only
served during one of the big expeditions or for a few weeks in the
Channel, were the _Mary Roan_, _St George_, _St Peter_, _Pelican_,
_Mackerel_, _Nightingale_, _St James_, _Little Seahorse_, and _Hope_.
Where special references are not given, the general authorities are
_State Papers, Dom._, ccxv, 108; ccxxviii, f, 38; ccxliv, 23; ccclxviii,
121; _Add. MSS._, 9294, f, 505; 9300, f, 54; 9336, ff, 63, 64; 18,037 and
18,772. As in previous instances the measurements frequently differ in
these lists, and can only be taken as approximately correct.
[1080] From greatest breadth to upper edge of keel.
[1081] _State Papers, Dom._, x, 25.
[1082] _Ibid._, xxiv, 4. The _St Mary_ was given to Sir John Chudleigh in
1629.
[1083] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiv, 62.
[1084] _Ibid._, xxi, 72, and _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1699, 64.
[1085] _Ibid._, xxxvii, 95.
[1086] Called the 1st, 2nd-10th whelps. Two differed slightly in size
from the others.
[1087] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1699, 66.
[1088] A Dutch-built ship bought for Richelieu’s newly created fleet, but
taken in the Texel (_State Papers, Dom._, lxxxiii, 20 and lxxxvi, 64).
[1089] Captured Dunkirkers. The measurements of the _Nicodemus_,
_Nonsuch_, _Phœnix_, and _Elizabeth_, are from a paper in the _Pepys
MSS._, quoted in Derrick’s _Memoirs of the Royal Navy_. The _Swan_ was
lost off Guernsey in October 1638.
[1090] Bought in 1642 (_Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1706, 89).
[1091] Built in 1646 as a privateer, and employed as such by Warwick
(half share), Pett, Swanley, and others; bought by the Parliament from
20th Jan. 1649, when she was appraised at £2081 (_State Papers, Dom.,
Interreg._, xxiii, 119). The dimensions are from _Harl. MSS._, 4161. She
is popularly said to have been the first frigate built in an English
yard, but it will be seen from the above list that four others, of a
still more pronounced frigate type, were launched in the same year.
[1092] The first seven vessels were prizes captured during the civil
war and taken into the Navy, in which they remained long enough to be
included in the Commonwealth lists; the _Globe_, and _Hector_ were
merchantmen bought into the service. For the names of others see _Aud.
Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1812, 443 A.
[1093] _State Papers, Dom._, xxi, 72.
[1094] _Supra_, p. 54. Mr R. C. Leslie (_Old Sea Wings, Ways, and Words_,
p. 49 et seq.) believes all the smaller craft of old, and some large
ones, to have been clinker-built.
[1095] _State Papers, Dom._, lviii, 25.
[1096] _Ibid._, cxxi, 41.
[1097] _Ibid._, ccclxv, 17; 1637.
[1098] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclxiii, 29. It is difficult even in these
days of mechanical appliances to keep the ports completely water-tight
in heavy weather. Ports were fastened by a bar of wood passed through a
ring on the inside; but this could not have been very effectual, and it
was usual to drive oakum into the seams of the ports when bad weather was
expected (_Nomenclator Navalis_).
[1099] The Dutchman was probably Cornelius Drebbel, who claimed to have
solved the secret of perpetual motion, and to have invented a submarine
boat. His name occurs several times in the _State Papers_ as receiving
rewards for various inventions and appliances, and in 1628 he was
employed in the preparation of some especial fireships and ‘engines for
fireworks.’
[1100] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1703, 73.
[1101] The original waistcloths of the _Prince_ were of silk; ordinary
waistcloths, the precursors of the later boarding nettings, were still of
red kersey listed with canvas.
[1102] _State Papers, Dom._, ccliv, 25.
[1103] _Ibid._, ccxliv, 77, 78.
[1104] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxvii, 55. Pennington said nothing about
the crew; he was used to such crews. But Sir Hen. Manwayring remarked
that he had never seen a ship so wretchedly manned; that, except the
officers, there was scarcely a seaman on board, and that they were
‘men of poor and wretched person, without clothes or ability of body,
tradesmen, some that never were at sea, a fletcher, glover, or the like,’
(_Add. MSS._, 9294, f. 489).
[1105] _Ibid._, cclxviii, 47.
[1106] _Ibid._, cclxxiii, 49, 1 and 50.
[1107] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxli, 16; 1633.
[1108] _Ibid._, ccxxviii, f. 63a.
[1109] _Ibid._, cclxxviii, 41, I.
[1110] _A True Description of His Majesty’s Most Royal and Stately Ship_,
etc., 2nd edit., London, 1638.
[1111] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxiii, 25.
[1112] _Ibid._, cclxiv, ff. 67 _a_ and 87 _a_.
[1113] Storekeeper at Deptford; one would suppose a most unlikely person
to be consulted on such a point.
[1114] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxxvi, 44.
[1115] _Ibid._, cclxxxvii, 73.
[1116] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1703-77.
[1117] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxcviii, 20.
[1118] _Ibid._, ccclxi, 73.
[1119] In the _Leopard_ and _Swallow_ he had himself ordered that the
ports should be eight feet apart (_State Papers, Dom._, cclx, 86,)
although Pennington and other practical seamen urged that nine feet was
the minimum space that should be allowed.
[1120] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclxxiv, 30, and ccclxxxvii, 87.
[1121] Drakes were fired with full, periers with low, charges of powder.
[1122] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclxxxvii, 87.
[1123] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 345.
[1124] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxix, 27.
[1125] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxix, 4, 15. When ships were in commission
captains were in the habit of cutting windows and scuttles in a vessel’s
side if it suited their convenience.
[1126] _Ibid._, cclxxxiii, 1.
[1127] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1703, 78.
[1128] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxcviii, 48 and 51.
[1129] _Ibid._, xxxiii, 108; 1626.
[1130] _Ibid._, 78.
[1131] _State Papers, Dom., Elizabeth_, ccxxxvii, f. 60 (list of French
and Spanish ships before Rochelle). There were thirty-six Spaniards, and
eleven of them were of 1000 tons apiece, the others being nearly as large.
[1132] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, clxiv; 9th April 1630.
[1133] _Ibid._, cxcviii, 84.
[1134] Barbou, _Hist. de la Marine Française_.
[1135] _State Papers, Dom._, lv, 39; 1627. By John Wells. I cannot
profess to explain how all the figures here given are obtained.
[1136] _I.e._, 63½ x 26⅙ x 11 ÷ 100 = 182 burden and 243 ton and tonnage
(Cf. _supra_, p. 30, note 2, and p. 132.)
[1137] The planks on the inside of a ship’s frame on the floor.
[1138] This method was adopted during the Commonwealth.
[1139] _State Papers, Dom._, xxvii, 67.
[1140] _State Papers, Dom._, xxix, 7.
[1141] Floor, the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson.
[1142] _State Papers, Dom._, xxix, 10.
[1143] Other papers relating to this question will be found in _State
Papers, Dom._, xxxii, 119-121; xxxviii, 30, 1; lv, 36; lvii, 92; and lix,
75.
[1144] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxvi, 74. By the old rule the _Sovereign_
was of 1367 net and 1823 gross tonnage (_ibid._, ccclxi, 71).
[1145] From outside to outside.
[1146] ‘Withinside the plank.’
[1147] Leaving out the false post, _i.e._, a piece bolted to the after
edge of the main stern post.
[1148] _State Papers, Dom._, xvi, and xvii.
[1149] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxi, 56; xxxii, 29, 71, 72, 1; xxxiii, 3,
1, 70, 1, 120, 129; xxxiv, 31, 98-110; xxxix, 28, 50, 1. North Wales has
nothing larger than thirty tons, and ‘not six persons who can take charge
of a barque as far as Dublin or the Land’s End.’
[1150] _State Papers, Dom._, xcii, 45.
[1151] The East India Company possessed this year a fleet of twenty-seven
ships, of 12,250 tons (_ibid._, cxviii, 76).
[1152] _Ibid._, cxxxvii, Feb. 1629.
[1153] _Ibid._, cxxxii, 19, 20; cxxxviii, 4; cclxxxii, 135, (1634).
[1154] _State Papers, Dom._, xlvii, 22.
[1155] _State Papers, Dom._, liii, 62.
[1156] _Ibid._, lxi, 79, 81.
[1157] _Ibid._, 85, 1.
[1158] _Ibid._, lxxx, 77, 1.
[1159] _Harl. MSS._, 1721, f. 642, and 7018, f. 24.
[1160] _State Papers, Dom._, cclvii, 29.
[1161] _Ibid._, cccliii, f. 116.
[1162] _Add. MSS._, 9302, f. 24.
[1163] _State Papers, Dom._, xciv, 1.
[1164] Meaning an order on the Treasurer of the Navy.
[1165] _State Papers, Dom._, iv, July 21.
[1166] _Ibid._, xxx, 53.
[1167] _Specifications relating to Marine Propulsion._ London, 1858.
[1168] _Ibid._
[1169] _Fœdera_, xix, 257.
[1170] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxii, 72. Perhaps the inventor was a Mr
Philip White (_S. P. D. Interreg._ May 25, 1658), in which case it was
patented for fourteen years from the 10th of Charles I.
[1171] _State Papers, Dom._, v, 6, 24, 36. As is well known, several
Englishmen of good family joined the Algerines and other states. It must
have been solely their guidance that brought the Mediterranean corsairs
so far north.
[1172] _Ibid._, xxv, 71.
[1173] _Ibid._, xxx, 17, (1626).
[1174] _Ibid._, xliii, 46, (1626).
[1175] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxiv, 85, (1626); and lvi, 66, (1627).
We have no figures which enable us to even guess at the financial loss
caused by the Dunkirkers during the first half of the seventeenth
century, but M. Vanderest (_Hist. de Jean Bart._ 1844), himself a native
of the town and having access to its archives, estimates the pecuniary
injury they caused to England during forty years of warfare, from 1656,
at 350,000,000 livres. Nor does this computation appear to take into
account the higher value of money during the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
[1176] _State Papers, Dom._, lxx, 8 and 9.
[1177] _Ibid._, clxii, 41, 82.
[1178] _Ibid._, cccxxxi, 7.
[1179] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxxxiv, 16. Stradling to Nicholas.
[1180] _Autobiography of the Rev. Devereux Spratt._ London, 1886. It need
hardly be said that the jealousies of Christian princes were a large
factor in causing the immunity in which these barbarian states so long
rejoiced. Spratt was captured while crossing from Cork to Bristol.
[1181] It does not come within the design of this work to describe the
operations of fleets at sea, but, in this instance, I must venture to
question Mr Gardiner’s depreciatory estimate of William Rainsborow as a
commander. Mr Gardiner considers that such success as was obtained was
due neither to Rainsborow’s skill nor to the efficiency of his men, but
to the existence of civil strife, disorganising what might have been a
united opposition, between the old and new towns of Sallee, situated
opposite each other on the right and left banks of the river Regreb
(_Hist. of England_, viii, 270). When Rainsborow arrived off Sallee on
24th March with four ships, he found that they drew too much water to
close in effectually with the town. Instead of wandering off helplessly
to Cadiz and spending his time in ‘shooting and ostentation,’ as Mansell
did to Malaga under adverse circumstances, Rainsborow, while he sent
to England for lighter vessels, organised a blockade with the boats of
his squadron. So far as I know he was the first of our commanders to
recognise—and almost invent—the possibilities of boat work on a large
scale, in which English seamen afterwards became such adepts, and it
appears rather that his readiness and resource under unexpected and
unfavourable conditions should alone be sufficient to relieve his memory
from the charge of want of skill. That this patrol duty was no child’s
play is shown by the fact that in one night’s work thirty men were killed
and wounded in the boats (John Dunton, _A True Journal of the Sallee
Fleet_. London, 1637). In June he was joined by the _Providence_ and
_Expedition_, which made the task easier; but for the previous three
months, riding on a dangerous lee shore, in a bad anchorage, and exposed
to the heavy Atlantic swell, using the ships by day and the boats by
night, he never relaxed his bulldog grip on the place, in itself a proof
of fine seamanship. That the end came more quickly from the existence of
civil war is very certain, but I think no one who reads Dunton’s account
(he was an officer of the flagship), and Rainsborow’s own modestly
written Journal (_State Papers, Dom._, ccclxix, 72), can doubt that the
result would eventually have been the same, seeing that the blockade grew
closer day by day until at last every vessel which attempted to pass in
or out was captured or destroyed. In August, when the enemy were already
crushed, two more ships joined him, and he was then quite strong enough
to have dealt with both the old and new towns, had they been united, or
to have gone on, as he desired to go on, to settle accounts with Algiers.
It should also be remarked that Rainsborow anticipated Blake in attacking
forts with ships, the _Providence_ being sent in within musket range of
the castle and coming out unscathed from the contest. Looked at from
another point of view, and compared with the French attempts against
Sallee, Rainsborow’s ability and success stand out just as clearly. In
1624 M. de Razilly was sent down with a squadron, but permitted himself
to be driven off by weather; in 1629 he came again, and, after lying
off the port for three months and negotiating on equal terms with these
savages, had to depart without having obtained the release of a single
French captive. A surely significant contrast!
That Charles was satisfied with Rainsborow does not, perhaps, prove
much, although he offered him knighthood and did give him a gold medal
and chain and make him captain of the _Sovereign_, a post then of
high honour. But Northumberland, a very much better judge was equally
well pleased, and in 1639, strongly recommended him to the burgesses
of Aldborough as their member. Northumberland, not then Lord Admiral,
but paramount in naval affairs, is also entitled to a measure of the
credit of success; for had Rainsborow been dependent on the energy and
intelligence of the Principal Officers of the Navy for the supplies which
enabled him to keep his station he would probably have fared but badly.
And doubtless many of the men who under him worked with such courage and
devotion had formed part of the demoralised and useless crews who were
such objects of scorn to Wimbledon and his officers before Cadiz in 1625.
The only difference was in the commander.
[1182] _State Papers, Dom._, cccclix, 8, 60.
[1183] Halliwell’s _Royal Letters_, II, 277.
[1184] The first Commissioners of the Admiralty acted by Letters Patent
of 20th September 1628. They were Richard, Lord Weston, Lord Treasurer;
Robert, Earl of Lindsey, Great Chamberlain; William, Earl of Pembroke,
Lord Steward; Edward, Earl of Dorset, Lord Chamberlain to the Queen;
Dudley, Viscount Dorchester, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household; and
Sir John Coke, Secretary of State. Powers were granted to them or any
three of them. Although in modern phrase they are called Lords of the
Admiralty, they were in reality a committee of the Privy Council,
carrying out the instructions of the King and Council, who retained
the power and exercised the control of an eighteenth century Admiralty
Board. A fresh commission was issued on 20th November 1632, which
omitted Lords Pembroke and Dorchester, and added Lord Cottington, Sir
Francis Windebank, and Sir Henry Vane (the elder). The third and last
commission was of 16th March 1636 to William Juxon, Bishop of London,
Lord Treasurer, Lords Cottington, Lindsey, and Dorset; and Vane, Coke,
and Windebank.
[1185] His patent as Lord Admiral was dated 28th Jan. 1619.
[1186] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, ccxli, 85, 86.
[1187] _Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 110.
[1188] _State Papers, Dom._, ccciv, 9.
[1189] _State Papers, Dom., Elizabeth_, ccxxxvii, f. 138.
[1190] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, ccclxxii, 21.
[1191] _Rot. Pat._, 5th April 1627.
[1192] It will be remembered that during his treasurership he helped
himself to £3000 from the Chatham Chest, and that the money was still
owing in 1644. After his dismissal from office Crowe was ambassador of
the Levant Company at Constantinople, and, in 1646, nearly ruined that
company by, on the one hand, quarrelling with the Porte, and on the other
imprisoning the members and agents of the association. When he returned
in 1648 he was sent to the Tower, but seems to have escaped scatheless.
[1193] _Rot. Pat._, 11th Feb. 1626 (a renewal of his patent of James I),
and 21st Jan. 1630.
[1194] _Rot. Pat._, 12th Jan. 1639.
[1195] _Ibid._
[1196] _Ibid._, 19th Dec. 1632.
[1197] _Ibid._, 26th Sept. 1638.