founded by Herod the Great, 92;
description of, 92;
its completion, 99;
the residence of the procurator, 147;
Pilate resides there, 150;
Philip the Deacon at, 378;
St Paul at, 391;
St Peter’s visit to Cornelius there, 398;
St Paul entertained there by Philip the Deacon, 482;
St Paul imprisoned at, 493, 502
Cæsarea Philippi,
its situation and history, 218
Caiaphas,
appointed High-priest, 149;
his counsel to the Sanhedrin, 253;
the conclave at his palace, 277;
his hostility to the Christians, 353, 359
Calvary,
its meaning, and site, 309
Cana,
supposed site of, 160;
the first miracle at, 161;
the second miracle at, 171
Canon, the,
of the Old Testament, completed by Simon the Just, 9
Capernaum,
doubts as to its site, 162;
nobleman’s son of, healed, 171;
Christ takes up His abode there, 76–181;
call of the Apostles there, 177;
its advantages for His work, 176;
His discourse in the synagogue there, 210
Captain, the,
of the Levitical guard, duties of, 353, 359
Cenchreæ,
situation of, 459
Census,
of the Roman Empire under Augustus, 134;
of Palestine under Herod, 135
Centurion’s slave,
healed, 188
Chaldee,
language used by the Jews, 109
Chazzan, the,
duties of, 111
Children, the,
murder of, by Herod, 141
♦Chiun,
the idol of the Israelites, 369
Christian,
origin of the term, 403
Church, the,
its first ordinances, 349, 363
Chuza,
Herod’s steward, 171, 192
Circumcision,
Christian disputes concerning, 423, 425;
their settlement, 428
Cleopas,
conjectures regarding, 326
Coinage, the,
of Simon Maccabæus, 55
Colossæ,
account of, 517
Colossians,
object of the Epistle to, 517
Coponius,
procurator of Judæa, 147
Corinth,
settlement of Jews in, 108;
St Paul there, 453, 474;
Apollos there, 460;
parties in the Church there, 466;
St Paul’s anxiety about the Church there, 473
Corinthians,
object of the 1st Epistle to, 468;
of the 2nd Epistle, 474
Cornelius the Centurion,
conjectures concerning, 396;
sends for St Peter, 397;
events of his visit, 398
Cos,
situation of, 480
Courts,
the various, in Herod’s Temple, 96
Crassus, prefect of Syria,
enters Jerusalem, 71;
plunders the Temple, 72
Crete,
Titus placed at, 524
Cripple, the,
at the Beautiful Gate, healed by SS. Peter and John, 350
Crosses,
various kinds of, 311
Crown of Thorns, the,
conjectures upon, 306
Crucifixion,
Roman customs regarding, 317
Custody,
various kinds of under the Roman law, 496
Cyprus,
position of, 356;
its advantages for a Christian mission, 411
Cyrenius, or Quirinus,
governor of Syria, explanation of, 134
D.
Dalmanutha,
position of, 217
Damascus,
seized by the Romans, 67;
St Paul there, 384, 388
Darkness, the,
at the Crucifixion, 314
Deacons,
institution of, 365
Decapolis,
cities in the region of, 199
Dedication, Feast of,
institution 96;
attended by Christ, 244
Demas,
with St Paul at Rome, 516;
forsakes him, 525
Demetrius,
hostage at Rome, 19;
seizes the Syrian crown, 39;
opposes the Maccabees, 40;
conspiracy against him, 44;
routed by Balas, 45
Demetrius Nicator,
opposes Balas, 46;
becomes king of Syria, 47;
deposed, 49
Denarius, the,
description of, 269;
its value, 279
Derbe,
conjectures upon, 418;
St Paul and Barnabas at, 421;
St Paul and Silas at, 433
Devil,
his temptation of Christ, 157
Diana, or Artemis,
the temple of, at Ephesus, 463;
account of her image and worship there, 464
Didrachma,
the coin, 226
Disciples,
call of the first five, 159;
their number after the Ascension, 341
Dispersion,
of the Jews, 107
Dorcas,
raised from the dead by St Peter, 395
Drachma,
value of the coin, 466
Drusilla,
wife of Felix, 376, 496
E.
Egypt,
transportation of Jews to, 7, 8, 10, 107;
flight of Mary and Joseph into, 140
Elam,
position of, 344
Eleazar,
brother of Simon the Just, High-priest, 11
Eleazar,
son of Annas, 149
Eliashib,
High-priest, 4
Elisabeth,
wife of Zacharias, 127;
her retirement, 129;
visited by the Virgin, 131;
becomes the mother of St John Baptist, 132
Elymas the Sorcerer,
struck blind, 413
Emmaus,
battle of, 33;
position of, 326;
Christ with the two disciples there, 327
Epaphroditus,
bearer of the Epistle to the Philippians, 519
Ephesians, the,
Epistle to, doubts about, 518
Ephesus,
settlement of Jews there, 108;
St Paul at, 459–461;
importance of the city, 462;
the conversion of the magicians there, 464;
great disturbance at, 470;
Timothy placed there by St Paul, 523
Ephraim,
Christ retires to, 254
Essenes, the,
account of, 118
Ethnarch, the,
office of, 388
Eucharist, the Holy,
institution of, 284;
the first practice of, 349
Eumenes,
King of Pergamus, 19
Eunuch, the Ethiopian,
accosted by Philip, 377;
baptized, 378
Eutychus,
restored by St Paul, 479
F.
Felix the governor,
character of, 493;
St Paul before him, 494, 496;
is recalled, 497
Festus,
succeeds Felix, 497;
St Paul brought before him, 498, 501
Field of blood, the,
site of, 297
Fig-tree,
the barren, cursed, 265
G.
Gabbatha,
meaning of, 304
Gabinius,
prefect of Syria, 70
Gabriel, the angel,
appears to Zachariah, 129;
to the Virgin Mary, 130
Gadarenes, the,
country of, conjectures upon, 196;
the works of Christ there, 197
Galatia,
the district so called, 435;
churches founded there, 436–438
Galatians,
their fickleness, 437;
origin of the Epistle to, 475
Galilee,
geographical account of, 145;
‘of the Gentiles,’ why so called, 145;
Christ’s teaching in, 192, 202;
prophets arisen from, 232
Galilee, sea of.
See Gennesaret, lake of
Gallio,
character of, 458
Gamaliel,
account of, 360;
his advice to the Sanhedrin, 361
Garment,
Christ’s seamless, account of, 312
Gaulanitis,
situation of, 145
Gauls, the,
early invasions of, 435;
character of the race, 437
Gaza of the New Testament,
notice of, 376
Gazara,
position of, 34
Gehenna,
meaning of, 198, 347
Gennesaret,
lake of, 176;
miraculous draught of fishes from, 178;
St Matthew at, 182;
parables delivered from, and scenery suggestive of them,
194, 195;
Christ stills the storm on, 196;
cause of the violent tempests there, 196;
desert character of its eastern side, 206;
Christ walks on its waters, 209;
His appearance there after His Resurrection, 331;
description of the beach, 333
Gentile Greeks,
enquire for Christ, 272
Gentiles, the,
receive the Holy Ghost, 399;
admitted into the Christian Church, 400
Gerizim, Mount,
the rival temple built on, 5, 121;
its destruction by John Hyrcanus, 59
Gethsemane,
the site of, 286;
the Betrayal there, 287
Golgotha,
its meaning and site, 309
Gospel history, the,
chronological table of, 532
Grecian influence,
its effect on the Jews, 20, 114
Greek Gentiles,
enquire for Christ, 272
Greek language,
the general use of, 109;
adopted by the Jews, 110
H.
Hades,
meaning of, 347
Hamath,
Demetrius at, 49
Hebrew Jews,
their disputes with the Hellenists, 363;
their poverty, 364
Heliodorus,
treasurer to Seleucus, 18;
baffled in his attempt on the Temple, 19;
his usurpation and defeat, 19
Hell,
meaning of, 347
Hellenists, the,
why so called, 110;
their disputes with the Hebrew Jews, 364;
introduced into the ministry as deacons, 365
Herod Agrippa I.,
account of, 392;
appointed king of Judæa, 404;
slays St James, 405;
arrests St Peter, 406;
his miserable death, 407
Herod Agrippa II.,
account of, 499;
St Paul brought before him, 500
Herod Antipas,
his dominions, 145;
imprisons St John Baptist, 168;
causes his death, 203;
his desire to see Christ, 205;
his hostility to Him, 246;
Christ brought before him, 301;
his hostilities with Aretas, 388
Herod Philip,
his dominions, 145
Herod the Great,
appointed tetrarch of Galilee, 74;
his energy and successes, 74;
betrothed to Mariamne, 77;
escapes from Jerusalem, 78;
goes to Rome, 79;
nominated King of Judæa, 80;
his marriage, 81;
captures Jerusalem, 81;
his cruelties to the Jews, 82;
causes the death of Aristobulus, 84;
his policy with Octavius, 87;
his anger against Mariamne, 88;
orders her death, 89;
his policy to the Jews, 90;
founds Cæsarea, 92;
his unpopularity, 94;
rebuilds the temple, 95;
discords in his family, 97, 100;
causes his sons to be strangled, 101;
his jealousy of Christ, 139;
his interview with the Magi, 140;
orders the massacre of the Innocents, 141;
his severe illness, 103, 104;
his cruelties and agonizing death, 105
Herodian family, the,
chronological table of, 531;
genealogy of, 535
Herodians, the,
account of, 119;
they question Christ, 268
Herodias,
wife of Herod Antipas, 168;
her anger against St John Baptist, 202;
causes his murder, 203
High-priest, the,
subject to the civil governor, 3
Hillel,
a sect of the Pharisees, 117, 255
Holy Ghost, the,
descent of, 345;
the second descent of, 355;
descends on the Gentiles, 399
Hyrcanus, John,
defeats the Syrians, 56;
succeeds Simon Maccabæus, 57;
besieged in Jerusalem, 58;
his prosperous reign, 60;
his death, 61
Hyrcanus II.,
the succession of, as High-priest, 64;
as King, 65;
his deposition, 66;
nominated by Pompeius to the High-priesthood, 69;
confirmed by Julius Cæsar, 73;
imprisoned by the Parthians, 78;
mutilated by his nephew, 79;
executed by Herod the Great, 87
I.
Iconium,
situation of, 417
Idumæa,
plain of, 34
Illyricum,
position of, 474
Imperial provinces,
the government of, 147
Inscription, the,
placed over Christ, 309, 311
Ipsus,
battle of, 9
Italy,
settlements of the Jews in, 109
Ituræa,
situation of, 145
J.
Jacob’s well,
situation of, 169
Jaddua,
High-priesthood of, 4;
refuses allegiance to Alexander the Great, 5;
the meeting between them, 6
Jairus’ daughter,
restored to life, 199
Jakim, or Joachin,
High-priest, 39.
See Alcimus
James, St, the Great,
call of, 177;
named with his brother Boanerges, 187;
present at the raising of Jairus’ daughter, 201;
at the Transfiguration, 222;
his request to Christ, 257;
with Christ on Mount Olivet, 276;
at Gethsemane, 286;
slain by Herod, 405
James, St, the Less,
call of, 187;
his recognition of St Paul, 389;
notices of him in the Acts, 390;
head of the Church in Jerusalem, 410, 483;
his character, 426;
his address at the Council of Jerusalem, 427;
receives St Paul at Jerusalem, 483;
date of his Epistle, 528
Jamnia,
position of, 34
Jannæus.
See Alexander
Jason, or Joshua, brother of Onias III,
usurps the High-priesthood, 20;
deposed by Onias IV., 21;
favours idolatry, 21;
seizes Jerusalem, 22
Jericho,
Simon Maccabæus murdered at, 57;
Pompeius at, 69;
death of Herod the Great at, 105, 142;
blind man restored at, 257;
sources of its wealth, 258;
Christ entertained there by ♦Zacchæus, 258
Jerusalem,
Bagoses at, 4;
visited by Alexander the Great, 6;
captured by Ptolemy Soter, 8;
by Antiochus Scopas, 14;
by Antiochus Epiphanes, 22;
by his general Apollonius, 26;
deserted by the Jews, 26;
the walls repaired by Jonathan Maccabæus, 45, 50,
and by Simon Maccabæus, 51;
its freedom achieved under Simon Maccabæus, 53;
taken by Pompeius, and its walls demolished, 69;
entered by Crassus, 71;
taken by the Parthians, 79;
by Herod the Great, 81;
number of Synagogues there, 113;
routes to it from Nazareth, 131;
scenes in, during the Passover, 162;
Christ attends the Feast of Tabernacles there, 230,
and the Feast of Dedication, 244;
His triumphal entry into it, 262;
His view of it from the Mount of Olives, 276;
the assembly at the Feast of Pentecost, 344;
St Paul’s first visit to, 389;
the proceedings at the Council of, 425
Jesus,
His birth announced, 130;
meaning of the Name, 130;
is born in Bethlehem, 136;
circumcised, 137;
testimony of Symeon and Anna concerning Him, 138;
Herod’s jealousy of Him, 139;
adored by the Magi, 140;
His flight into Egypt, 140;
returns to Nazareth, 142;
with the Rabbis in the Temple, 144;
baptized by John, 156;
His temptation, 157;
calls His disciples, 159;
His first miracle at Cana, 161;
celebrates His first Passover, 162;
cleanses the Temple, 163;
His interview with Nicodemus, 165;
with the woman of Samaria, 169;
announces Himself the Messiah, 170, 173, 219;
heals the nobleman’s son, 171;
the paralytic at Bethesda, 172;
is forcibly rejected from Nazareth, 175;
abides at Capernaum, 176;
the miraculous draught of fishes, 178;
heals the man with an evil spirit, and St Peter’s wife’s
mother, 179;
the leper, 180,
and the paralytic, 181;
his declarations regarding the Sabbath, 184, 243;
restores the withered hand, 185;
selects His twelve Apostles, 186;
delivers the Sermon on the Mount, 188;
heals the centurion’s slave, 188;
raises the widow’s son, 189;
His testimony to St John Baptist, 191;
anointed by the sinful woman, 192;
cures the deaf and dumb demoniac, 193;
stills the storm on Gennesaret, 196;
His works among the Gadarenes, 197;
cures the woman with an issue, 200;
raises Jairus’ daughter, 201;
feeds five thousand, 206;
walks on the sea, 209;
discourses in the synagogue of Capernaum, 210;
cures the daughter of the Syro-Phœnician, 214;
the deaf and dumb man, 215;
feeds four thousand, 216;
restores the blind man, 218;
foretells His death, 220, 221, 225, 234, 257;
His transfiguration, 222;
cures the lunatic child, 224;
attends the Feast of Tabernacles, 230;
hostility of the Sanhedrin to Him, 231, 236;
dismisses the woman taken in adultery, 233;
restores the man born blind, 235;
sends forth the seventy, 238;
His sojourn at Bethany, 239;
His various discourses and miracles, 239;
raises Lazarus from the dead, 251;
effect of this on the ruling powers, 252;
His death determined upon, 254;
retires to Ephraim, 254;
cleanses the ten lepers, 255;
His reply to the sons of Zebedee, 257;
entertained by Zacchæus, 258;
retires to Bethany, 259;
anointed by Mary, 260;
His triumphal entry into ♦Jerusalem, 262;
curses the barren fig-tree, 265;
second cleansing of the Temple, 265;
questioned by the Herodians, 268;
by the Sadducees, 269;
by the Pharisees, 270;
interrogates the Pharisees, 271;
enquired for by the Gentile Greeks, 272;
foretells the destruction of the Temple, 275;
and the judgments upon Jerusalem, 276;
celebrates the Last Supper, 282;
washes His disciples’ feet, 282;
gives the sop to Judas, 283;
institutes the Eucharist, 284;
His agony in Gethsemane, 286;
Betrayal, 288;
in the house of Annas, 290;
before the Sanhedrin, 293;
sent before Pilate, 296;
His trial before him, 298;
before Herod, 301;
the clamours for His death, 304;
is scourged, 305;
His condemnation, 308;
Crucifixion, 311;
His death, 315;
His side pierced, 318;
His entombment, 319;
His resurrection, 322;
appears to Mary Magdalene and the other women, 324;
to the two disciples at Emmaus, 326;
to Peter, 328;
to the ten disciples, 329;
to the eleven, 330;
reproves Thomas, 330;
appears to disciples at Lake of Gennesaret, 332;
His charge to Peter there, 334;
His appearance on the mountain to five hundred, 336;
his manifestations during the great forty days, 336;
His Ascension, 338
Jews, the,
scanty records of for 250 years, 3;
their loyalty as Persian subjects, 3;
privileges granted to them by Alexander the Great, 5, 107;
their feuds with the Samaritans, 5, 122;
transported to Egypt by Ptolemy Soter, 8, 107;
oppressed there by Ptolemy Philopator, 14;
submit to Antiochus the Great, 15;
become subject to the Syrian kings, 16;
effects of Grecian influence on them, 20, 114;
their persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes, 26;
their revived fortunes under the Maccabees, 49;
their wide dispersion, 107;
gradual changes in their language, 109;
the three Greek words signifying them, 110;
the sects among them, 113;
their expectations of the Messiah, 123;
they revolt against the census of Augustus, 148;
disputes between the Hebrew and Hellenist sects, 364;
chronological table of, under the Persians, 530
♦Joazar,
High-priest, 148
Johanan, or Jonathan,
slays his brother in the Temple, 4
John, St, the Baptist,
his birth announced, 128;
and mission, 129;
events attending his birth, 132;
becomes a Nazarite, 132;
his mode of life, 133;
begins his ministry, 153;
his preaching, 154;
its effect, 155–158;
baptizes Christ, 156;
at Ænon, 167;
his testimony to Christ there, 167;
imprisoned by Herod Antipas, 168;
sends two disciples to Christ, 190;
Christ’s testimony to him, 191;
events causing his death, 202
John, St, the Evangelist,
call of, 159, 177;
named with his brother Boanerges, 187;
present at the raising of Jairus’ daughter, 201;
at the Transfiguration, 222;
his request to Christ, 257;
with Christ on Mount Olivet, 276;
sent to prepare the Passover, 279;
with Christ at Gethsemane, 286;
at the Cross of Christ, 312;
takes charge of the Virgin Mary, 313;
at the sepulchre, 321, 323;
recognises Christ at Gennesaret, 332;
Christ’s announcement to him there, 335;
heals the cripple at the Beautiful Gate, 350;
his mission to Samaria, 375;
his subsequent history, 529
John, surnamed Mark.
See Mark
Joiada,
the High-priest, 4
Joppa,
taken by Simon Maccabæus, 49;
St Peter’s visit there, 395
Jordan, the,
St John Baptist at, 153
Joseph Barsabas,
put forward for the Apostleship, 342
Joseph, nephew of Onias II.,
collector for the king of Egypt, 12;
his powerful family, 13;
the quarrel between his sons, 18
Joseph, the husband of Mary,
his lineage, 130, 136;
an angel appears to him, 132;
accompanies Mary to Bethlehem, 136;
his flight into Egypt, 140
Joseph of Arimathæa,
buries Christ, 318
Joshua,
slain by his brother in the temple, 4
Judæa,
a Persian dependence of Cœlesyria, 3;
conquered by Alexander the Great, 5;
its independence recognised under Simon Maccabæus, 53;
its prosperity, 54, 60;
its decline under Jannæus, 63;
its position at the birth of Christ, 134;
its extent as a Roman province, 144;
its form of government, 147;
oppressiveness of the Roman yoke, 151;
the wilderness of, 153
Judas Iscariot,
the call of, 188;
his complaints at Christ’s anointment by Mary, 260;
inferences as to his character, 260;
his motives for the betrayal of Christ, 278;
his compact with the rulers, 279;
receives the sop from Christ, 283;
his movements after, 288;
betrays Christ, 288;
his remorse, 296;
probable mode of his death, 296;
his suicide, 297;
his place filled by Matthias, 342
Judas of Galilee,
the rising of, 148, 362
Jude, St,
the call of, 187;
conjectures as to his Epistle, 529
Julius Cæsar,
confirms Hyrcanus II. in the High-priesthood, 73
K.
Karaites, or Karæans,
sect of, 115
L.
Language, Jewish,
gradual changes in, 109
Laomedon,
defeated by Ptolemy Soter, 8
Lazarus,
position of the family of, 239;
his death, 248;
is raised from the dead, 251;
at the house of Simon the leper, 259
Levi,
identity of, with Matthew, 182
Libertini, the,
conjectures upon, 366
Lilies of the field,
conjectures upon, 241
Locusts,
as an article of food, 133
Lots,
choosing by, the mode of, 343
Lucius of Cyrene,
notice of, 410
Luke, St,
an instance of his professional knowledge, 179;
becomes the companion of St Paul, 439;
with him at Cæsarea, 496;
his Gospel probably composed there, 497;
with St Paul during his first imprisonment at Rome, 516;
and at his second imprisonment, 526
Lydda,
the position of, 394
Lydia,
settlement of Jews there, 15, 108
Lydia,
converted by St Paul, 441
Lysias,
Syrian regent, 32;
defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 35;
besieges Beth-Zur, 38;
his death, 39
Lysias, Claudius,
rescues St Paul from the Jews, 486, 490;
sends him to Cæsarea, 492
Lystra,
St Paul and Barnabas at, 418;
the cripple healed there, 418;
St Paul and Silas at, 433
M.
Maccabæus, Jonathan,
succeeds Judas, 42;
deputy governor of Judæa, 43;
becomes High-priest, 45;
his loyalty to Balas, 46;
his dignities confirmed by Demetrius, 47;
his exploits, 47;
overthrown by the treachery of Tryphon, 51;
his death and burial, 52
Maccabæus, Judas,
30;
his exploits, 31, 35, 37;
his successes at Emmaus, 33;
re-dedicates the Temple, 36;
becomes governor of Palestine, 39;
his death, 41
Maccabæus, Simon,
30, 37;
commands the royal forces, 49;
succeeds Jonathan, 51;
confirmed in the High-priesthood, 53;
accomplishes the freedom of Judæa, 53;
his dominion confirmed, 54;
his coinage, 55;
murdered at Jericho, 57
Maccabees,
supposed meanings of, 31
Magdala,
position of, 217, 320
Magi, the,
conjectures concerning them, 139;
they arrive at Jerusalem, 139;
their interview with Herod, 140;
their adoration of Christ, 140
Magnificat, the,
origin of, 131
Malchus,
his ear cut off by St Peter, 289
♦Malichus,
adherent of Hyrcanus II., 75;
the murder of, 76
Manaen,
foster-brother of Herod, conjectures upon, 410
Manasseh,
brother of Jaddua, 4;
becomes first High-priest of Samaria, 5
Manasseh, son of Jaddua,
High-priest, 11
Mariamne,
betrothed to Herod the Great, 77;
married to him, 81;
her anger against him, 85, 88;
put to death by his order, 89
Mark, John,
account of, 410;
accompanies St Paul and Barnabas, 411;
returns to Jerusalem, 414;
again to Antioch, 429;
cause of dissension between St Paul and Barnabas, 432;
accompanies Barnabas, 432;
with St Paul at Rome, 516
Marriage, the,
at Cana, 161
Martha,
sister of Lazarus, 239, 248;
her conduct on the death of her brother, 250, 251;
at the house of Simon the leper, 259
Mary Magdalene,
at the Cross of Christ, 312;
at the entombment, 319;
at the sepulchre, 320, 321, 323;
Christ appears to her, 324
Mary, St,
the Virgin, her lineage, 130, 136;
the birth of Jesus announced to her, 130;
visits Elisabeth, 131;
her journey to Bethlehem, 135;
gives birth to Christ, 136;
her purification, 137;
her flight into Egypt, 140;
finds Christ in the Temple, 143;
at the Cross of Christ, 312;
St John takes charge of her, 313;
the last mention of her in the New Testament, 338
Mary,
sister of Barnabas, 406
Mary,
sister of Lazarus, 239, 248;
her conduct on the death of her brother, 250;
anoints Christ, 260;
His declaration, 261
Mary,
wife of Clopas, at the Cross of Christ, 312, 320;
at the entombment, 319;
at the sepulchre, 320
Masada,
fortress of, its position, 78;
besieged by Antigonus, 80
Mattathias,
his family and descent, 29;
revolts against Antiochus, 29;
his last counsels and death, 30
Matthew, St,
call of, 182, 187;
his identity with Levi, 182
Matthias, St,
chosen an Apostle, 342
Melita,
St Paul at, 510
Mesopotamia,
position of, 344
Messiah, the,
expectation of amongst the Jews, 123, 151;
His supposed attributes, 124;
foretold by St John Baptist, 155, 158;
Christ announces Himself as such to the woman of Samaria, 170;
to the Jews, 173;
to the Apostles, 219
Michmash,
Jonathan Maccabæus at, 43
Miletus,
settlement of the Jews there, 108;
St Paul’s farewell there, 479
Miracle,
four Greek words signifying it in the New Testament, 347
Miraculous draught of fishes,
the first, 178;
the second, 332
Mite,
the coin so called, 272
Mithridates,
king of Parthia, 55
Mizpeh,
the watch-tower near Jerusalem, 6, 33
Mnason of Cyprus,
402, 483
Modin,
the position of, 29;
the burial-place of the Maccabees, 30, 41, 52
Mount of the Beatitudes, the,
188
N.
Nain,
position of, 189;
the widow’s son restored to life there, 190
Nathanael, or Bartholomew,
call of, 159, 187
Nazareth,
its position and aspect, 129, 176;
routes to it from Jerusalem, 131;
Christ in the Synagogue there, 174, 201;
His forcible rejection from, 175
Nicodemus,
his visit to Jesus, 165;
pleads for Him in the Sanhedrin, 232;
at the entombment, 318
Nicopolis,
situation of, 525
Nobleman of Capernaum,
supposition concerning, 171;
his son healed, 171
O.
Officers of the Synagogues,
111
Olives, Mount of,
Christ views Jerusalem from, 276
Onesimus,
account of, 516;
St Paul’s letter to Philemon on his behalf, 517;
bearer of the Epistle to the Colossians, 518
Onesiphorus,
with Paul at Rome, 527
Onias I.,
High-priest, 9
Onias II.,
High-priest, his avarice, 11;
refuses tribute to Egypt, 12
Onias III.,
High-priest, 18;
deposed by his brother, 20;
his death, 22
Onias IV., or Menelaus,
usurps the High-priesthood, 21;
his sacrilege, 21;
his impiety, 23;
his death, 39
Oriental house,
description of, 290
P.
Palestine,
census of, under Herod, 134
Panium, Mount,
battle of, 15;
its results, 16
Paphos,
account of, 412
Parables,
suggested by the scenery of the Lake of Gennesaret, 194, 195
Parthians, the,
capture Jerusalem, 79
Passover,
the first attended by Christ, 162;
the ceremonies at its celebration, 280
Patara,
situation of, 481
Paul, St,
at the martyrdom of St Stephen, 371;
his persecution of the Christians, 372, 382;
his birthplace and education, 379;
his conversion, 383;
baptized by Ananias, 386;
his teaching at Damascus, 386, 388;
withdraws to Arabia, 387;
his escape from Damascus, 389;
his first reception at Jerusalem, 389;
his teaching there, 390;
his teaching at Antioch, 402, 410;
joined by Barnabas, 411;
strikes Elymas blind, 412;
conjectures on the change of his name, 413;
his sermon at Pisidian Antioch, 414;
his proceedings at Iconium, 417;
at Lystra, 418;
is stoned there, 420;
proceedings at Derbe, 421;
disputes at Antioch, 422;
attends the Council of Jerusalem, 425;
withstands St Peter at Antioch, 430;
his contention with Barnabas, 432;
accompanied by Silas, 433;
ordains Timothy, 435;
his tour in Galatia, &c., 435;
his “thorn in the flesh,” 436;
joined by St Luke, 439;
his proceedings at Philippi, 440;
at Thessalonica, 446;
Berœa, 448;
Athens, 449;
Corinth, 453;
Ephesus, 459, 461;
his work there, 462–472;
his anxiety at Troas and Philippi, 473;
his second visit to Greece, 473–480;
his farewell at Miletus, 479;
his visit to Tyre, 481;
with St Philip the Evangelist at Cæsarea, 482;
arrives at Jerusalem, 483;
the tumult in the Temple, 486;
his address to the crowd, 487;
ordered to be scourged, 488;
claims the right of a Roman, 489;
brought before the Sanhedrin, 489;
sent to Cæsarea, 492;
his defence before Felix, 495;
brought before Festus, 498, 501;
appeals to Cæsar, 499;
his defence before Agrippa, 501;
sets out for Rome, 503;
his shipwreck, 508;
reception at Melita, 510;
arrival at Rome, 512;
address to the Jews there, 513;
acts during his first imprisonment, 515;
trial and acquittal, 521;
subsequent travels, 522–525;
his second imprisonment at Rome, 525;
writes for Timothy, 527;
his condemnation and death, 527
Pavement, the,
its use in forms of justice, 303
Pentecost, the Feast of,
strangers assembled at, 343;
descent of the Holy Ghost on, 345
Peræa,
situation of, 145;
Christ’s tour in, 245
Perga,
position of, 443
Pergamus,
settlement of Jews there, 108
Persian Empire, the,
downfall of, 5
Peter, St,
call of, 159, 177, 187;
his wife’s mother healed, 179;
present at the raising of Jairus’ daughter, 201;
sinks in the sea, 208;
his declaration to Christ, 212;
his confession, 219;
present at the Transfiguration, 222;
with Christ on Mount Olivet, 276;
sent to prepare the ♦Passover, 279;
his denial foretold, 285;
cuts off Malchus’s ear, 289;
his denial of Christ, 290;
at the Sepulchre, 321, 323;
Christ reveals Himself to him after the resurrection, 328;
his zeal at the Lake of Gennesaret, 333;
Christ’s charge to him there, 334;
advises the election of an Apostle, 342;
his discourse on the Day of Pentecost, 346;
heals the lame man at the Beautiful Gate, 350;
his discourse afterwards, 351;
his defence before the Sanhedrin, 354, 360;
reproves Ananias and Sapphira, 357;
his mission to Samaria, 375;
reproves Simon Magus, 375;
recognizes St Paul, 389;
restores Æneas at Lydda, 394;
raises Dorcas at Joppa, 395;
his vision there, 397;
his visit to Cornelius, 398;
arrested by Herod, 406;
delivered by an Angel, 406;
his address at the Council of Jerusalem, 425;
his difference with St Paul, 430;
his subsequent history, 528
Pharisees,
the rise of, 60;
their opposition to Jannæus, 63;
account of their doctrines, 115;
their hostility to Christ, 181–186, 193, 213, 232, 240,
246, 267;
try to ensnare Christ, 270;
He interrogates them, 271;
their conduct to the early Christians, 353, 363, 372
Phasael,
governor of Judæa, 74;
his imprisonment, 78;
death, 79
Philemon,
account of, 516;
cause of St Paul’s Epistle to, 517
Philip of Macedon,
ally of Antiochus the Great, 14;
his reverses, 16
Philip, St, the Evangelist,
consecrated a deacon, 365;
preaches in Samaria, 373;
baptizes Simon Magus, 375;
his meeting with the Ethiopian eunuch, 377;
takes up his abode at Cæsarea, 378;
receives St Paul there, 482
Philip, St, the Apostle,
call of, 159, 187;
Christ’s enquiry of him about feeding the five thousand, 206
Philippi,
settlement of Jews in, 108;
description of, 440;
St Paul and Silas there, 441;
St Paul’s second visit to, 473
Philippians,
object of St Paul’s Epistle to, 519;
its contents, 521
Phœbe,
account of, 476
Phrygia,
settlement of Jews in, 15, 108;
geographical meaning of, 435
Pilate, Pontius,
his despotic government of Judæa, 150;
meaning of his names, 150;
ruthlessness of his character, 150, 151;
his outrage on the Galatians, 241;
Christ sent to him by the Sanhedrin, 296;
His trial before him, 298;
his efforts for Christ, 302, 307;
the message from his wife, 304;
condemns Christ to be crucified, 307;
his ultimate fate, 308;
his inscription on the cross, 309, 311;
sets a watch over the sepulchre, 320
Pilate’s wife,
traditions concerning, 304
Place of prayer, the,
or Proseucha, 113
Pompeius,
at Damascus, 68;
in the Temple at Jerusalem, 69
Pontus,
situation of, 344
Potion, the,
offered to Christ, composition of, 310
Prætorium,
meaning of, 493
Priscilla,
friend of St Paul, at Corinth, 454;
accompanies him to Ephesus, 459;
her connection with him, 461, 469, 471;
with him at Rome, 476
Proconsul,
the office of, 147, 412
Proprætor,
the office of, 147, 412
Proselytes,
the various classes of, 118
Proseucha, the,
or place of prayer, 113
Ptolemais,
the position of, 37;
St Paul there, 482
Ptolemies, the,
era of, chronological table of, 530
Ptolemy,
son-in-law of Simon Maccabæus, 57
Ptolemy Epiphanes,
accession of, 14
Ptolemy Euergetes,
the policy of, 12
Ptolemy Philadelphus,
his policy to the Jews, 10, 107;
originates the Septuagint, 11
Ptolemy Philopator,
reign of, 13;
visits the Temple, 13;
his death, 14
Ptolemy Soter,
captures Jerusalem, 8;
transports the Jews to Egypt, 8;
defeats Antigonus, 9
Purple robe, the,
of Christ, conjectures upon, 305
Q.
Quirinus or Cyrenius,
dates of his government of Syria, 134;
carries out the Census, 148
R.
Raphia,
battle of, 13
Remphan,
the Israelites’ idol, 366
Roman Asia,
extent of, 344
Roman yoke in Judæa,
the oppressiveness of, 151
Romans,
origin of the Epistle to, 476
Rome,
settlement of Jews in, 109;
St Paul arrives at, 512;
his first imprisonment there, 515–522;
his second imprisonment, 525;
martyred there, 528
Ruler of the Synagogue,
office of, 111
S.
Sabbath, the,
Christ’s declarations concerning it, 184, 243
Sabbath-feasts,
among the Jews, 259
Sadducees, the,
rise of, 60;
their doctrines, 114, 270;
causes of their pacific feeling towards the Romans, 253;
try to ensnare Christ, 269;
their bitterness against the Apostles, 353, 360, 363;
their hostility to the Christians, 372
Sagan,
the office of, 149
Salamis,
account of, 412
Salim,
position of, 167
Salome,
at the sepulchre, 320
Salome, daughter of Herodias,
asks for St John Baptist’s head, 203
Salome,
queen of Aristobulus, 61;
causes the assassination of Antigonus, 62
Salome,
sister of Herod, 85;
plots against Mariamne, 88;
against Herod’s sons, 98;
her dominions, 146
Samaria, the district of,
the rival temple established there, 5;
conquered by Hyrcanus, 59;
the history of, 120;
Christ’s tour through, 229;
Philip’s preaching there, 373;
Mission of Peter and John to, 375
Samaria, the city of,
destroyed by Hyrcanus, 59;
rebuilt under Herod the Great, 91;
Christ stays there, 170
Samaritans,
their controversy with the Jews, 5, 122, 169;
their religious belief, 121
Samothrace,
situation of, 440
Sanhedrin, the,
Herod’s vengeance on, 82;
account of its constitution, 108;
Nicodemus a member of it, 165;
its hostility to Christ, 231, 236;
effect upon it of the raising of Lazarus, 252;
counsel of Caiaphas to, 253;
it resolves on Christ’s death, 254;
a deputation from, questions Christ, 266;
assembles at the palace of Caiaphas to try Christ, 291;
the trial, 293;
sends Christ to Pilate, 295;
policy of, regarding Christ’s Resurrection, 325;
its trial of Peter and John, 352;
of the Twelve Apostles, 359;
Gamaliel’s advice to, 360;
its trial of Stephen, 367;
and of Paul, 489
Sapha or Mizpeh,
the watch-tower near Jerusalem, 6, 33
Sapphira,
the death of, 358
Sardis,
settlement of Jews in, 108
Saul,
reason of the change in his name, 413.
See Paul
Scopas,
retakes Jerusalem, 14;
defeated by Antiochus the Great, 15
Scourging by the Romans,
its torture, 305
Scribes, the,
account of, 116
Scythopolis,
the ancient Beth-shan, 13, 50;
captured by Hyrcanus, 59
Sects,
among the Jews, 113
Seleucia,
founded by Seleucus, 9;
advantages of its position, 10, 411
Seleucidæ, the,
era of, chronological table of, 430
Seleucus,
king of Syria, the empire of, 9;
numerous cities founded by him, 10
Seleucus Philopator,
accession of, 18
Senatorial provinces,
the Government of, 147
Septuagint, the,
originated by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 11
Sepulchral caves,
among the Jews, 251
Sepulchre, the,
of Christ, 319
Sergius Paulus,
the conversion of, 413
Sermon on the Mount, the,
traditional scene of its delivery, 188;
differences in the narrative of, 188
Seventy, the,
mission of, 238;
meaning of the number, 238
Shammai,
a sect of the Pharisees, 117, 255
Shechem,
Samaritan temple at, 121;
Jacob’s well at, 168
Shekel, the coin,
description of, 55;
its scarcity at the time of Christ, 225;
its value, 279
Sheliach,
officer of the Synagogue, 111;
duties of, 112
Silas,
derivation of his name, 429;
accompanies St Paul, 433;
imprisoned at Philippi, 443;
remains at Berœa, 449;
rejoins Paul at Corinth, 445;
remains at Jerusalem, 459
Siloam pool,
the blind man sent to wash in, 235
Siloam, tower of,
the fall of, 242
Simon, surnamed Niger,
notice of, 410
Simon II.,
High-priest, 14
Simon Magus,
account of, 374;
baptized by St Philip, 375;
rebuked by St Peter, 375;
his subsequent history, 376
Simon of Cyrene,
account of, 310
Simon Peter.
See Peter
Simon, St,
call of, 187
Simon the Just,
High-priest, 9;
completes the canon of the Old Testament, 9;
his death, 11
Simon the leper,
entertains Christ at Bethany, 259
Simon the Pharisee,
entertains Christ, 192
Simon the tanner,
St Luke’s visit to, 396
Solomon’s porch,
in the temple, 96;
why so called, 244
Spikenard,
costliness of, 260
Stater,
the coin, 227
Stephen, St,
consecrated a deacon, 365;
his teaching, 366;
brought before the Sanhedrin, 367;
his defence, 368;
the forerunner of St Paul, 368;
his martyrdom, 371
Strato’s tower,
its position, 92;
Cæsarea built there, 92
Sychar,
Jacob’s well at, 168
Sychem,
captured by Hyrcanus, 59
Symeon,
his testimony to Christ, 138
Synagogues,
origin of, 110;
their arrangement, 110;
their chief officers, 111;
the form of worship in them, 112;
their wide dispersion, 113
Syrian tongue,
used by the Jews, 109
Syrophœnician woman, the,
214
T.
Tabernacles, the feast of,
attended by Christ, 230
Tabitha,
raised by St Peter, 395
Tarsus,
position of, 379
Taxation,
of Roman empire under Augustus, 134
Temple, the,
profaned by Bagoses, 4;
Alexander’s sacrifice in, 6;
enriched by Simon the Just, 9;
attempted profanity of Ptolemy Philopator, 14;
attempt on by Heliodorus, 19;
profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes, 23;
cessation of the daily sacrifice in, 26;
heathen abominations in, 27;
re-dedicated by Judas Maccabæus, 36;
its fortifications strengthened by Simon Maccabæus, 53;
captured by Pompeius, 69;
plundered by Crassus, 72;
rebuilt by Herod the Great, 95;
description of it, 96;
Christ with the Rabbis in, 143;
its profanation by ♦merchandise, 163;
cleansed by Christ, 164;
second cleansing of, 265;
the heavenly voice in, 274;
Christ foretells its destruction, 275;
the veil rent at the death of Christ, 315;
the cripple healed at the Beautiful Gate, 350;
the tumult against St Paul in, 485
Temple, the rival,
on Mount Gerizim, 5;
heathen dedication of, 27;
its destruction by Hyrcanus, 59
Temptation, the,
of Christ, its traditional site, 156
Therapeutæ, the,
account of, 119
Thessalonians,
reasons for St Paul’s epistles to, 456
Thessalonica,
settlement of Jews in, 108;
description of, 446
Theudas,
conjectures concerning, 361
Thief,
the penitent, 313
Thirty pieces of silver,
value of, 279
Thomas, St,
call of, 187;
his character, 249;
his doubts concerning the Resurrection, 330;
their removal, 331
Thyatira,
situation of, 441
Tiberias, Sea of.
See Gennesaret
Tiberius,
the Emperor, 149, 152
Timothy,
conversion of, 421;
conjectures concerning him, 433;
ordained by St Paul, 435;
remains at Philippi, 445;
rejoins Paul at Corinth, 455;
accompanies him to Ephesus, 459;
meets him at Philippi, 473;
with him at Rome, 516;
placed at Ephesus, 523;
causes of St Paul’s first Epistle to him, 523;
of the second, 527
Title, the,
placed by Pilate, on the Cross, 309, 311
Titus,
accompanies Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem, 424, 428;
the probable companion of Paul to Ephesus, 459;
his mission to Corinth, 472, 474;
placed at Crete, 524;
objects of Paul’s epistle to, 524
Tongues of fire, the,
at the Pentecostal effusion, 345
Town-clerk of Ephesus,
office of, 470
Trachonitis,
situation of, 145
Transfiguration, the,
of Christ, 222
Treasure-chests,
in the Temple, 234
Tribute-money,
the purpose of, 95;
Peter takes it from the fish’s mouth, 226
Tribute to Cæsar,
Christ questioned on, 269
Troas,
account of, 438;
St Paul at, 472
Trophimus,
accompanies Paul to Troas, 471;
remains at Miletus, 525
Tryphon,
revolts against Demetrius, 48;
his treachery to Jonathan Maccabæus, 50;
and to Simon, 52;
murders Antiochus, 52;
his reverses and death, 55
Tychicus,
accompanies Paul to Troas, 471;
with him at Rome, 516;
bearer of the Epistle to the Colossians, 517;
to the Ephesians, 518
Tyre,
St Paul at, 481
V.
Via Appia,
the account of, 511
Voice, the heavenly,
at the Jordan, 156;
at the Transfiguration, 223;
in the Temple, 274
W.
Watches,
the Jewish, periods of, 208
Widow’s offering, the,
272
Wilderness of Judæa, the,
153
Woman of Samaria, the,
Christ’s interview with, 169
Woman, the sinful,
anoints Christ, 192
Woman, the,
of Syrophœnicia, 214
Woman, the,
taken in adultery, 232
Worship of the Synagogue,
account of, 112
Z.
Zacchæus,
entertains Christ, 258
Zacharias,
the priestly office of, 127;
the promise of a son to him, 128, 129;
names him John, 132
Zebedee,
his social position, 177
THE END.
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Footnotes.
1 ‒ The Edition of the _Synopsis Evangelica_ of Tischendorf
referred to is the First Edition, 1854; that of Wieseler’s
_Synopsis of the Four Gospels_ is the English Translation
by Venables, 1864; that of Conybeare and Howson’s _Life
and Travels of St Paul_ is the People’s Edition, 2 Vols.,
1864; that of Dean Stanley’s _Sinai and Palestine_, the
3rd, 1856.
2 ‒ Milman’s _History of the Jews_, I. 443.
3 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XI. 8. 2. Comp. Article _Jerusalem_ in Smith’s
_Bibl. Dict._ I. 998, and note.
4 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XI. 8. 7.
5 ‒ Probably Dan. vii. 6; viii. 3–8, 20, 21, 22; xi. 3.
6 ‒ Curtius, IV. 5. 13; IV. 8. 10.
7 ‒ See Thirlwall’s _Greece_, VI. 265; Raphall’s _History of
the Jews_, I. 42–50.
8 ‒ “The _Great Assembly_ or _Synagogue_, whose existence
has been called in question on insufficient grounds,
was the great council of the nation during the Persian
period, in which the last substantive changes were made
in the constitution of Judaism. It was organized by Ezra,
and, as commonly happens, the work of the whole body was
transferred to its representative member. Ezra probably
formed a collection of the prophetic writings; and the
Assembly gathered together afterwards (as the Christian
Church at a later period in corresponding circumstances)
such books as were still left without the Canon, though
proved to bear the stamp of the Spirit of God.” Westcott’s
_Bible in the Church_, Appendix A.
9 ‒ Prideaux’s _Connection_, I. 545.
10 ‒ “By its harbour of Seleucia it was in communication
with all the trade of the Mediterranean; and through
the open country behind the Lebanon it was conveniently
approached by the caravans from Mesopotamia and Arabia. It
united the inland advantages of Aleppo with the maritime
opportunities of Smyrna.” Conybeare and Howson, _Life and
Epistles of St Paul_, I. 118; Smith’s _Dict. Geog._ Art.
_Antiochia_.
11 ‒ “Few princes have ever lived with so great a passion for
the building of cities as Seleucus. He is said to have
built in all 9 Seleucias, 16 Antiochs, and 6 Laodiceas.
This love of commemorating the members of his family was
conspicuous in his works by the Orontes. Besides Seleucia
and Antioch, he built, in the immediate neighbourhood, a
Laodicea in honour of his mother, and an Apamea in honour
of his wife.” Conybeare and Howson, I. 119; Merivale,
III. 368.
12 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XII. 3. 1; _Contr. Apion._ II. 4.
13 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XII. 2. 10.
14 ‒ The Beth-shan of the Old Testament; see _Class-Book of Old
Testament History_, p. 316, and 445 note, 2nd ed.
15 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XII. 3. 3.
16 ‒ One of the branches of the Lebanon, containing a cave
sacred to Pan, whence it derived its name. See below,
p. 218, n.
17 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XII. 3. 3.
18 ‒ See Mommsen’s _History of Rome_, II. 264.
19 ‒ In the valley of the Hermus, not far from Smyrna. See Livy,
XXXVII. 37, foll.; Tac. _Ann._ II. 47.
20 ‒ Strabo, XVI. 744; Justin, XXXII. 2. 1.
21 ‒ Livy, XLI. 19, 20.
22 ‒ See above, p. 17.
23 ‒ See above, p. 19.
24 ‒ Livy, XLV. 12.
25 ‒ Polyb. XXVI. 10; Livy, XLI. 19, 20.
26 ‒ Milman’s _History of the Jews_, I. 457.
27 ‒ Identified with the half-ruined village of Latrôn, the
_Castellum boni Latronis_ of the Mediæval writers, from
the tradition that it was the residence of the penitent
thief Dysma. Porter’s _Handbook_, I. 285.
28 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XII. 6. 4.
29 ‒ Hepworth Dixon’s _Holy Land_, I. 64.
30 ‒ _Class-Book of Old Testament History_, p. 212 and note.
31 ‒ See _Class-Book of Old Testament History_, p. 275.
32 ‒ An important stronghold (comp. 1 Macc. ix. 52; xiii. 53;
xvi. 1) in all probability the same as the ancient
Gezer or Gazer (Josh. x. 33; xii. 12), between the lower
Beth-horon and the sea. Thither we find David pursued the
Philistines (2 Sam. v. 25; 1 Chr. xiv. 16), and the place
was fortified by Solomon as commanding the communication
between Egypt and Jerusalem. See _Class-Book of Old Test.
Hist._ p. 361.
33 ‒ During the Captivity the Idumæans advancing westward had
occupied the whole territory of the ancient Amalekites
(Jos. _Ant._ II. 1. 2), and even took possession of many
towns in Southern Palestine, including Hebron (Jos. _Ant._
XII. 8. 6; _B. J._ IV. 9. 7). The name Edom, or rather
its Greek form Idumæa, was now given to the country
lying between the valley of Arabah and the shores of the
Mediterranean; and Roman authors sometimes give the name
Idumæa to all Palestine, and even call the Jews Idumæans.
Virgil, _Georg._ III. 12; Juvenal, VIII. 160.
34 ‒ The ancient Ashdod. See _Class-Book of Old Testament
History_, pp. 259, 263, 272.
35 ‒ The Greek form of the ancient Jabneel (Josh. xv. 11), the
modern _Yebna_, 11 miles S. of Jaffa, 4 from Ekron. In
the time of the Maccabees it was a strong place. After
the fall of Jerusalem it became one of the most populous
places in Judæa, was the seat of a famous school, and
according to an early Jewish tradition, the burial-place
of the great Gamaliel.
36 ‒ Beth-sura, or Beth-zur, _house of rock_, is named between
Halhul and Gedor in Josh. xv. 58, and was fortified by
Rehoboam for the defence of his new kingdom (2 Chr. xi. 7).
It occupied a strong position, and commanded a great road,
the road from Beer-sheba and Hebron, which has always been
the main approach to Jerusalem from the south.
37 ‒ The ancient Accho (Judg. i. 31). During the period that
Ptolemy Soter was in possession of Cœlesyria, it received
the name of _Ptolemais_ from him, by which it was long
distinguished.
38 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 2. 1.
39 ‒ According to some, he was a natural son of Antiochus
Epiphanes (Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 2. 1), but he was more
generally looked upon as an impostor who falsely laid
claim to the connection. Justin, XXXV. 1; Polyb. XXXIII.
16.
40 ‒ Comp. Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 4. 3.
41 ‒ Comp. 1 Macc. xi. 33; Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 5. 3.
42 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 5. 6.
43 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 5. 8.
44 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 5. 11; Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._, Art.
_Jerusalem_.
45 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 6. 1.
46 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 6. 7; Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._, Art.
_Jerusalem_.
47 ‒ “Nehemiah mentions a palace, or rather fortress, which
appertained to the Temple (Neh. ii. 8); and in the Hebrew
Birah we have probably the origin of the Greek Baris,
which Josephus tells us was the name of the fortress
subsequently called _Antonia_. It was the fortress of the
Temple, as the Temple was of the city.” Porter’s _Handbk._
I. 128, 129.
48 ‒ Milman’s _History of the Jews_, II. 21.
49 ‒ Comp. Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 7. 2.
50 ‒ By this king the privilege of a national coinage was
granted to Simon, 1 Macc. xv. 6. “Numerous examples of
them are extant, bearing the dates of the first, second,
third and fourth years of the ‘liberation of Jerusalem;’
and it is a remarkable fact confirming their genuineness,
that in the first year the name Zion does not occur, as
the citadel was not recovered till the second year of
Simon’s supremacy, while after the second year Zion alone
is found. The emblem which the coins bear have generally
a connexion with Jewish history――a vine-leaf, a cluster
of grapes, a vase (of manna?), a trifid flowering rod, a
palm-branch, surrounded by a wreath of laurel, a lyre, a
bunch of branches symbolical of the feast of Tabernacles.”
Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._, Art. _Maccabees_.
51 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 8. 1.
52 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 8. 2.
53 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 8. 3.
54 ‒ Samaria itself was now razed to the ground, the hill on
which it had stood being full of springs, was pierced with
trenches, and the site of the city flooded and converted
into a pool of water. Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 10. 3.
55 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 10. 6.
56 ‒ Raphall’s _History of the Jews_, II. 103.
57 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 16. 3.
58 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 1. 2.
59 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 2. 1.
60 ‒ Milman, _History of the Jews_, II. 42.
61 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 2. 3; _B. J._ I. 6. 3.
62 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 3. 1.
63 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 6. 6.
64 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 7. 3.
65 ‒ Liv. _Epit._ 102.
66 ‒ Comp. Cic. _pro Flacco_, c. xxviii.; Tac. _Hist._ V. 5.
67 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 8. 5; _Ant._ XIV. 5. 2–4.
68 ‒ Merivale’s _Romans under the Empire_, I. 381, 382.
69 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 7. 2; _B. J._ I. 8. 8, 9; Milman, II. 51.
70 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 7. 4.
71 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 8. 1; _B. J._ I. 9. 5.
72 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 8. 3; _B. J._ I. 9. 5.
73 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 10. 2, 3; _Ant._ XIV. 8. 5.
74 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 9. 2.
75 ‒ Merivale, III. 377.
76 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 9. 2; _B. J._ I. 10. 5.
77 ‒ See Merivale, III. 375.
78 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 9. 4.
79 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 11. 1.
80 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 11. 2.
81 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 11. 3; _Ant._ XIV. 11. 2.
82 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 12. 4; _Ant._ XIV. 12. 2.
83 ‒ See above, p. 71.
84 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 12. 6; _Ant._ XIV. 13. 1, 2.
85 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 13. 4–6.
86 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 13. 6; _Ant._ XIV. 13. 7–9.
87 ‒ Masada, now called _Sebbeh_, was situated at the S.W. end
of the Dead Sea, on a rock from 1200 to 1500 ft. in height,
separated from the adjoining range of mountains by deep
ravines on the N. and S., and only attached to them on the
W. by a narrow neck about two-thirds of its height. The
fortress was first built by Jonathan Maccabæus, but Herod
the Great added to it and made it an impregnable place of
refuge for himself in case of danger. The rock on which it
was built overhung the Dead Sea, and was only accessible
by two rock-hewn paths, one on the W., the other on the
E. side, carried up from the shore by a zigzag cut in
the precipice, and called “the Serpent.” The summit of
the rock was not pointed, but a plain of 7 stadia in
circumference, surrounded by a wall of white stone, 12
cubits high and 8 thick, fortified with 37 towers of 50
cubits in height, and adorned with a palace and baths.
The interior being left free for cultivation, so that the
garrison might partially raise their own food. Traill’s
_Josephus_, II. 109–115; Porter’s _Handbk. of Syria and
Palestine_, p. 239.
88 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 13. 8.
89 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 14. 2; _Ant._ XIV. 14. 2, 3.
90 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 13. 9; _Ant._ XIV. 13. 10.
91 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 14. 4. See above, p. 73.
92 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 14. 4; _Ant._ XIV. 14. 5.
93 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 18. 3. “Antonius was the first of the
Romans who consented to smite a king with the axe.”
Merivale, III. 382.
94 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIV. 16. 4.
95 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 2. 2.
96 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 3. 4.
97 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 3. 5.
98 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 6. 6; _B. J._ I. 20. 1.
99 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 20; Merivale, III. 356.
100 ‒ He at the same time bestowed upon him the 400 Gauls, who
had formed the bodyguard of Cleopatra. Jos. _Ant._ XV.
7. 3; _B. J._ I. 20. 3.
101 ‒ Milman’s _Hist. of the Jews_, II. 70; Jos. _Ant._ XV. 7. 7;
Merivale, III. 386.
102 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 7. 9. 10.
103 ‒ Jan. 13, A.U.C. 727, B.C. 27. Dion LIII. 16; Liv. _Epit._
134; Merivale’s _Romans under the Empire_, III. 417.
104 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 8. 5; _B. J._ I. 21. 2.
105 ‒ In B.C. 22 he contracted another marriage, and united
himself with a second Mariamne, the daughter of one Simon,
an obscure priest of Jerusalem, whom he raised to the
dignity of high-priest, after deposing Joshua, the son of
Phaneus, thus again throwing discredit on an office which
he persisted in depriving of all political weight and
influence.
106 ‒ The full name was Cæsarea Sebaste, Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 5. 1,
but it was sometimes called Cæsarea Stratonis, or Cæsarea
Palestinæ, or the “City by the Sea,” Jos. _B. J._ III. 9;
VII. 1. 3. Its modern name is _Kaisariyeh_. It became
the official residence of the Herodian kings, as also of
Festus, Felix, and other Roman procurators. Tacitus calls
it “the head of Judæa,” _Hist._ II. 79. In the centre of
the city rose a vast temple, conspicuous from the sea,
dedicated to Octavius, and adorned with two colossal
statues, one of the Emperor, the other of the Imperial
city. The foundations were laid in B.C. 21, and the work
was completed in B.C. 10. Jos. _Ant._ XV. 9. 6; Lewin’s
_Fasti Sacri_, p. 89.
107 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 20. 4.
108 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 10. 1.
109 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 10. 3; _B. J._ I. 20. 4.
110 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 21. 3.
111 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 10. 4.
112 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 11. 2.
113 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 11. 2.
114 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 11. 6.
115 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XX. 9. 7.
116 ‒ For the maintenance of the service the half-shekel claimed
by the Law (Ex. xxx. 13) from every male Israelite above
twenty years old was religiously executed. This is the
tribute-money mentioned Matt. xvii. 24, under the name
δίδραχμα, and according to Josephus, was collected from
all Jews even in foreign countries, their foreign coins
being exchanged by the κολλυβισταί for the half-shekels of
the temple-money (Matt. xxi. 12; Mk. xi. 15; Jn. ii. 15).
117 ‒ Dixon’s _Holy Land_, II. 47, 48; Raphall’s _History of the
Jews_, II. 335–337; Milman, II. 77.
118 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XV. 11. 6.
119 ‒ On the way he gave proof of his ardent zeal for Grecian
customs, stopping at Elis to witness the Olympic games,
and settling an annual revenue on the inhabitants. Jos.
_B. J._ I. 21. 12.
120 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 2. 1.
121 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 1. 2.
122 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 3. 3; _B. J._ I. 23. 1.
123 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 4. 6; Comp. _Ant._ XV. 9. 6.
124 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ I. 24. 1.
125 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 5. 1.
126 ‒ Built on the site of the more ancient town of _Caphar
Saba_, sixteen Roman miles from Joppa, and twenty-six
from Cæsarea. The old name lingers under the modern form
_Kefr-Saba_.
127 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 11. 1–6. Berytus was a town of Phœnicia,
identified by some with the Berotha, or Berothai of
Scripture (2 Sam. viii. 8; Ezek. xlvii. 16). After its
destruction by Tryphon B.C. 140, it was reduced by Agrippa,
and colonised by the veterans of the V. Macedonica Legio,
and VIII. Augusta, and became a Roman colony under the
name of _Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus_. See Smith’s
_Dict. Geog._, Art. _Berytus_.
128 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVI. 11. 7.
129 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 2. 4.
130 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 4. 2.
131 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 5. 1; _B. J._ I. 31. 4.
132 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 6. 2. 3.
133 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 6. 5; _B. J._ I. 33. 5.
134 ‒ On the eastern side of the Jordan, and not far from the
Dead Sea. Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 6. 5.
135 ‒ Probably some day between the 13th March and 4th April
A.U.C. 750 = B.C. 4. See Wieseler’s _Synopsis_, p. 51.
136 ‒ Westcott’s _Introduction to the Gospel History_, pp. 47, 48.
137 ‒ Conybeare and Howson, _Life and Travels of St Paul_, I. 16;
Merivale, III. 358.
138 ‒ See above, p. 7.
139 ‒ See above, pp. 8, 9.
140 ‒ See above, p. 10.
141 ‒ See above, p. 15.
142 ‒ See above, p. 54. This was probably Lucius Calpurnius Piso,
consul in B.C. 139.
143 ‒ The _Sanhedrin_, or supreme court of judicature amongst
the Jews, in things spiritual and temporal, consisted
of seventy, seventy-one, or seventy-two members, chosen
from the chief priests, scribes, elders, and some of the
inferior members of the priestly order. Its President,
generally but not always the high-priest, was called
_Nasi_; the vice-president, _Ab Beth Din_, its place of
meeting (βουλή, βουλευτήριον) was the chamber _Gazith_ in
the temple, where the members sat in a half-moon.
The Jews traced back its origin to the time of Moses
(Deut. xvii. 8), but it is only after the return from the
Captivity, and especially during the Asmonean era, that we
find it first mentioned.
Its decrees were of binding force not only in Palestine,
but amongst the extensive colonies of Jews in Egypt,
Babylonia, and Asia Minor, and related to the worship
of the temple, offences against the state, the levying
of war, claims to the prophetical office, and questions
appertaining to the high-priest’s functions. Ordinary
cases came before the _Lesser Sanhedrin_, of which
courts there were two at Jerusalem, and one in every town
containing more than 120 inhabitants.
The jurisdiction and authority of the Sanhedrin were
much curtailed, first by Herod, see above, p. 82, and
afterwards by the Romans (Comp. Jn. xviii. 31; xix. 6;
Jos. _Ant._ XX. 9. 1).
144 ‒ Comp. Hor. _Sat._ I. ix. 69 sq.; Juvenal, III. 296;
XIV. 96; Cic. _pro Flacco_, ch. XXVIII.
145 ‒ Merivale’s _Romans under the Empire_, III. 369. “We
find that at Tyre, at Sidon, and at Ascalon, the Romans
published their decrees in the Latin and the Greek idioms;
in the Latin, in token of their own supremacy; in the
Greek, as the language most generally understood by the
conquered people. Ascalon became famous for its Greek
writers in philosophy, history, and grammar. Gadara, a
city of Greek foundation, is celebrated by Strabo for its
contributions to Hellenic science.”
146 ‒ The three words for the elect nation used in the New
Testament are
i. Ἰουδαῖος = a Jew as regards his nation, in
opposition to Ἕλλην, a Gentile;
ii. Ἑβραῖος = a Jew in respect to his language and
education, in opposition to Ἑλληνιστής, a Jew of the
Grecian speech;
iii. Ἰσραηλίτης = a Jew in respect to his religious
privileges, the sacred name. Trench, _N. T.
Synonyms_.
147 ‒ Compare with this the assemblies for prayer and worship
held by the prophets or their scholars in the kingdom of
the Ten Tribes, 2 K. iv. 33.
148 ‒ Generally they were erected and maintained by the
congregation, but sometimes were built by private
individuals: Comp. Lk. vii. 5.
149 ‒ Godwyn’s _Moses and Aaron_, p. 71.
150 ‒ The officers of the synagogue exercised a judicial power.
And in the building itself could (i) bring an offender
to trial (Lk. xii. 11; xxi. 12); and (ii) scourge (Matt.
x. 17; Mark xiii. 9; Acts ix. 2).
151 ‒ Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._, Art. _Synagogue_.
152 ‒ The service was held on Sabbaths and feast-days, later on
the Mondays and Thursdays also.
153 ‒ This would be the case at least in the Palestine
synagogues.
154 ‒ Godwyn’s _Moses and Aaron_, pp. 69–73; Conybeare and
Howson, I. 59.
155 ‒ Comp. Juv. III. 296, _in quâ te quæro proseuchâ?_
156 ‒ See above, p. 20. Comp. Merivale, III. 370.
157 ‒ See above, p. 9.
158 ‒ See Raphall’s _History of the Jews_, Vol. I. pp. 160, 162.
159 ‒ Others, however, derive their name from Tsadikim, ‘the
righteous,’ but its origin appears uncertain.
160 ‒ See above, p. 60.
161 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. 1. 4.
162 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 10. 6; XVIII. 1. 4.
163 ‒ The later sect of the Karaites, or _Karæans_,
‘Scripturists,’ succeeded to the Sadducees, but chiefly
in respect of the rejection of tradition, and their strict
adherence to the letter of the law.
164 ‒ See above, p. 30.
165 ‒ The _Scribes_ (γραμματεῖς) are often mentioned in
the Gospels in connection with the Pharisees and
elders. Originally they appear to have been employed
in transcribing the Jewish Scriptures, but subsequently
became interpreters of the Law and teachers of the people.
The majority of them probably belonged to the sect of the
Pharisees, but not all, see Acts xxiii. 9.
166 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 5. 9, and see above, p. 60.
167 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. 1. 3.
168 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 10. 5; _B. J._ I. 5. 2, 3.
169 ‒ Comp. above, p. 63, and Luke xi. 43.
170 ‒ See above, pp. 60, 62.
171 ‒ The Jews of later times were very zealous in making
_proselytes_ (Comp. Horace, _Sat._ I. iv. 143), and
succeeded to a great extent, especially among the women.
They are said, though it does not appear absolutely
certain, to have been divided into two classes; (i)
_Proselytes of righteousness_, who were admitted to all
the privileges of Judaism after submitting to circumcision,
and baptism, and offering sacrifice: (ii) _Proselytes
of the gate_, who were not circumcised, but simply
bound themselves to observe what were called ‘the seven
precepts of Noah,’ i.e. (1) to renounce idolatry, (2) to
worship the one true God, (3) to abstain from bloodshed,
(4) incest, (5) robbery, (6) to be obedient to the
magistrates, (7) to abstain from eating flesh with the
blood. Josephus calls such Proselytes οἱ σεβόμενοι, _the
worshippers_, and they are supposed to be meant by the
same word, rendered in our Version _devout men_ in such
passages as Acts xiii. 50; xvi. 14; xvii. 4, 17; xviii. 7.
172 ‒ Analogous to the Essenes were the _Therapeutæ_, who lived
in Egypt, were bound by even stricter rules, and spent
their time in still greater seclusion, Godwyn’s _Moses and
Aaron_, I. 12.
173 ‒ Conybeare and Howson, I. 33; Godwyn, Lib. I. 13.
174 ‒ _Class-Book of O. T. History_, p. 427.
175 ‒ Compare for a notice of such a process, Herod. III. 149;
VI. 21, quoted in Trench, _Miracles_, p. 311, note.
176 ‒ Comp. Jos. _Ant._ X. 9. 7; IX. 14. 3.
177 ‒ See above, p. 5.
178 ‒ ‘The Samaritans have a firm belief in the coming of
Messiah. They found this upon the words of Moses (Deut.
xviii. 15). They differ, however, with regard to the
character of the Messiah, as well from Jews as from
Christians. They ridicule the Jewish idea of his being
a king and a great conqueror. His mission, they say, is
not to shed blood, but to heal the nations; not to make
war, but to bring peace. He is to be, according to Moses’
promise, a great Teacher, a Restorer of the Law, one that
will bring all the nations, by the illumination of his
teaching, to unite in one service to one God. Therefore
his common name with them is _Taebah_ (תהבה), though the
better known name is _Hatah_ or _Hashah_, the Restorer,
or the Arabic equivalent, Al Mudy, because it is he whose
mission it is to turn the ungodly and unbelieving unto the
Lord.’ Mill’s _Modern Samaritans_, 215, 216.
179 ‒ Westcott’s _Introduction to the Study of the Gospels_,
148, 9.
180 ‒ Godwyn’s _Moses and Aaron_, Lib. I. p. 48; Trench,
_Miracles_, p. 311.
181 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XX. 6. 1; _B. J._ II. 12. 3.
182 ‒ Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. 2. 2.
183 ‒ See _Class-Book of Old Testament History_, p. 483.
184 ‒ Ebrard’s _Gospel History_, p. 487; Westcott’s
_Introduction to the New Testament_, pp. 92, 95.
185 ‒ So Grotius, Lightfoot and others. Reland and Robinson
identify it with Juttah in the mountain-region of Judah,
near Maon and Carmel (Josh. xv. 55), allotted to the
priests (Josh. xxi. 16), now _Yŭtta_. The traditions of
the Greek and Latin Churches point on the other hand to
_Ain Karim_, a village near Jerusalem. Thomson’s _L. and
B._ 664.
186 ‒ See _Class-Book of O. T. History_, p. 123. For the
composition of the Incense, _Ibid._ p. 135.
187 ‒ See Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._, Art. _Incense_.
188 ‒ Hebrew Jochanan = _God is gracious_.
189 ‒ The number present appears to indicate that it was the
Sabbath-day.
190 ‒ It is one peculiarity of the Galilæan hills, as distinct
from those of Ephraim or Judah, that they contain or
sustain green basins of table-land just below their
topmost ridges; forming marked features in any view
from the summit of Tabor, or further north from the
slopes of Hermon.... Such above all is Nazareth. Fifteen
gently rounded hills “seem as if they had met to form an
enclosure” for this peaceful basin――“they rise round it
like the edge of a shell to guard it from intrusion. It
is a rich and beautiful field in the midst of these green
hills――abounding in gay flowers, in fig-trees, small
gardens, hedges of the prickly pear; and the dense rich
grass affords an abundant pasture. The expression of
the old topographer, Quaresmius, was as happy as it is
poetical: ‘Nazareth is a rose, and, like a rose, has the
same rounded form, enclosed by mountains as the flower by
its leaves.’” Stanley’s _Sinai and Palestine_, p. 365.
191 ‒ As the first leader of the hosts of Israel was called
first Hoshea, a _Saviour_, and afterwards Jehoshua or
Joshua, _God the Saviour_ or _God’s Salvation_, in Greek,
ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, JESUS, and saved the Israelites from their enemies
the Canaanites, so the second Joshua was to save His
people from enemies no less real――even _their sins_ (Matt.
i. 21). Compare the title of Conqueror so often applied to
our blessed Lord in the Book of Revelation, as ii. 7, 11;
iii. 5, 12, 21; v. 5; vi. 2, &c., as also in St John’s
Gospel, xvi. 33, and in 1 Jn. ii. 13, 14; iv. 4. See
Pearson _On the Creed_, Art. II.; _Class-Book of O. T.
History_, pp. 173, 223.
192 ‒ The distance from Nazareth to Jerusalem is about 80
miles, and if Zacharias lived at Hebron 17 miles south
of Jerusalem, the whole journey would occupy four or five
days. (i) The most direct route was by Nain and Endor,
and through Samaria and southward by Bethel. (ii) If for
any cause Samaria was to be avoided, the Jordan would be
crossed near Scythopolis, and the way followed through
Peræa along its eastern bank. This was the common route
with the Jews in their journeyings to the feasts, if they
wished specially to avoid Samaria. (iii) Still a third way
was by Dor on the sea-coast, passing through Lydda, and
thence over the mountains of Ephraim. Andrews, p. 64.
193 ‒ See _Class-Book of O. T. History_, p. 158.
194 ‒ Locusts were frequently used as an article of food (comp.
Levit. xi. 21, 22), being sometimes ground and pounded
and then mixed with flour and water and made into cakes,
sometimes salted and then eaten, or prepared in many other
ways. See Kitto’s _Bible Illustrations_, VII. 191, 2;
Kirby and Spence’s _Entomology_; Thomson’s _Land and the
Book_, pp. 419, 20.
195 ‒ Merivale’s _Romans under the Empire_, III. 401, smaller
edition.
196 ‒ From Suetonius (_Aug._ Chap. XXVII.) we learn that
Augustus three times held a census for Italy, A.U.C. 726,
746, and 767; and Strabo speaks of one in Gaul and another
in Spain. Tacitus (_Ann._ I. 11) tells us that he had
a little book written out in his own hand treating of
the numbers of his soldiers, the taxes, imposts, &c.,
of his empire, which is also alluded to by Suetonius and
Dion Cassius, and must have been based on surveys of all
parts of the empire. It is also well established that he
commenced, if he did not carry out, a complete geometrical
survey of the empire (see Merivale’s _Romans_, III. 404).
Though these facts do not absolutely _prove_ the holding
of a general census, they go far to _confirm_ the
Evangelist’s statement.
197 ‒ St Luke relates that _this taxing or enrolment took place
as a first one, when Cyrenius was governor of Syria_ (Lk.
ii. 1). But Josephus states that Cyrenius was sent as
governor of Syria after the deposition of Archelaus and
the annexation of Judæa as a Roman province to Syria,
and that he then instituted a census. This could not be
earlier than A.U.C. 758 or 760; but the Saviour was born
before Herod’s death in A.U.C. 750. Various explanations
have been offered of the Evangelist’s words:
i. Some would throw the emphasis on the ἐγένετο, and
translate, “This enrolment first _took effect_ when
Cyrenius was governor of Syria,” i.e. the enrolment,
enumeration of persons, _descriptio capitum_, was made
at the time of our Lord’s birth, but its actual execution
was deferred some nine or ten years, till Judæa was made a
Roman province, when (Acts v. 37) the rebellion took place
against the actual levying of the taxes.
ii. Others would render πρώτη _before_, as in the somewhat
parallel passages in Jn. i. 15, 30, where it is used as
= πρότερος, and translate, “This enrolment took place
_before Cyrenius was governor of Syria_.”
iii. It appears, however, almost certain, Merivale says
_demonstrated_, that Publius Sulpicius Quirinus (Cyrenius)
was _twice_ governor of Syria, _first_ from A.U.C. 750–753,
or B.C. 4–1, and _secondly_ from A.U.C. 760–765, or A.D.
6–11. It is true that Cyrenius does not appear to have
been governor till the autumn of A.U.C. 750, but the
enumeration may have begun or been appointed under Varus
the preceding governor, and being suspended in consequence
of Herod’s death and the disturbances that followed it,
was reserved for execution to Cyrenius, with whose name
it was connected. Merivale, IV. 457; Ellicott, p. 58 n.;
Andrews, 5–8; and see the results of Zumpt’s dissertation
_De Syriâ Romanorum provinciâ_ in Wieseler’s Synopsis,
129–135.
198 ‒ On Herod’s completely tributary relation to Rome, see
Wieseler, _Chronol. Synop._ pp. 84, 85.
199 ‒ “In the kingdoms of their allies the Romans adopted at
first a milder, and even when circumstances dictated it,
an exceedingly lenient form of census. This we may be sure
would have been the case in the census of Palestine under
Herod, who reigned over the entire nation of the Jews, a
people so much inclined to revolt. It is probable that the
forms for holding the census, issued by Rome, were adapted
as closely as possible to the conditions of the country,
while the execution of it was, as far as practicable,
entrusted to the sole management of Herod and his officers.”
Wieseler, p. 82.
200 ‒ Under purely Roman law “Joseph might _perhaps_ have been
enrolled at Nazareth,” but the fact that he is described
by the Evangelist as journeying to Bethlehem to be
enrolled at the town of his forefathers, is in remarkable
accordance with “the perplexed political relations of the
intensely national yet all but subject Judæa.” Ellicott’s
_Lectures_, p. 60.
201 ‒ On the reasons why this journey was often taken by the
Jews, see above, pp. 122, 123.
202 ‒ It is not impossible that these Magi were acquainted with
Balaam’s prophecy respecting a star to rise out of Jacob
(Num. xxiv. 17; _Class-Book of O. T. History_, 191, 192),
and very probable that they were not ignorant of the
Prophecies of Daniel. The general expectation in the East
at this time that a king should arise in Judæa to rule
the world, is mentioned in Suetonius, _Vesp._ c. IV.,
Tac. _Hist._ V. 13.
203 ‒ The Magi were a tribe of the Medes, like that of Levi
among the Jews, to whom were entrusted all the priestly
functions connected with the practice of their religion,
the chief feature of which was a worship of the elements,
as also the study of astrology, and the interpretation of
dreams.
204 ‒ Though the terrible disorder which carried him off was
already afflicting him, and it wanted probably but a few
days of the period when he sought relief in the baths
of Callirhoe; see above, p. 104, Ellicott’s _Lectures_,
p. 75, n.
205 ‒ The customary gifts of subject nations, see Gen. xliii. 11;
Ps. lxxii. 15; 1 Kings x. 2, 10; 2 Chron. ix. 24; Cant.
iii. 6; iv. 14.
206 ‒ Under any circumstances the number of children thus
ruthlessly murdered could not have been large. “In
peaceful times such an act as this, even if executed,
as this probably was, in secresy, would have excited
general indignation when it became known; but now the
Jewish people had so long ‘supped with horrors,’ and were
so engrossed in the many perils that threatened their
national existence, that this passed by comparatively
unnoticed. Such a deed, from a man of whom Josephus says
that ‘he was brutish and a stranger to all humanity,’ ...
could have awakened no surprise. It was wholly in keeping
with his reckless and savage character, but one, and by no
means the greatest of his crimes. It is therefore possible
that it may never have come to the knowledge of the Jewish
historian, writing so many years after the event.” Andrews,
p. 89, Rawlinson’s _Bampton Lectures_, pp. 352, 3 and note.
207 ‒ Compare the execution of the zealots for pulling down the
Golden Eagle, above, p. 104.
208 ‒ See above, p. 82.
209 ‒ See above, p. 105.
210 ‒ See above, p. 105.
211 ‒ He was the son of Herod by his Samaritan wife Malthace
(Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 8. 1; _B. J._ I. 28. 4). He was guilty
of great cruelty and oppression. Not long after his
accession he put to death in the Temple 3000 of the Jews,
letting loose upon them his entire army during the Paschal
Festival (Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 9. 3; _B. J._ II. 1. 3). The
Samaritans also suffered terribly from his cruelties
(_B. J._ II. 7. 3).
212 ‒ Andrews’ _Life of our Lord on Earth_, p. 91; Ellicott,
p. 81.
213 ‒ The attendance of women at the great feasts was not
_required_ by the Law. Ellicott, p. 89.
214 ‒ “As is well known, the first day’s journey of a company
of eastern travellers is always short. On that day it
is not customary to go more than six or eight miles, and
the tents are pitched, for the first night’s encampment,
almost within sight of the place from which the journey
commences.” Hackett, _Script. Ill._ 12, quoted in Andrews,
p. 96.
215 ‒ This we may compute in two ways; either (i) the _first_,
that of their departure from Jerusalem; _second_, the day
of their return; _third_, the day when He was found; or
(ii) excluding the day of departure; _first_, the day of
their return; _second_, the day of search in Jerusalem;
_third_, the day when He was found. _Ibid._
216 ‒ See above, p. 96; comp. Lightfoot _Hor. Heb._ on Lk. ii. 46.
217 ‒ This was the general opinion of the early Fathers; is in
accordance with the settled custom of the Jews to bring up
their sons to some trade; and is implied in the question
of the inhabitants of Nazareth, “_Is not this the
carpenter?_” (Mtt. xiii. 55, Mk. vi. 3).
218 ‒ The _Roman province of Judæa_ extended from the plain of
Esdraelon southwards to the desert, and in our Lord’s time
_included Samaria_, which had now no separate political
existence. On Idumæa, see above, p. 32 and note.
219 ‒ Galilee, from the Hebrew form _Galil_ or _Galilah_
(comp. Jos. xx. 7; 1 Kings ix. 11; Is. ix. 1), denoting
“a circle” or “region,” and “implying the separation of
the district from the more regularly organized tribes
or kingdoms of Samaria and Judæa,” extended from the
region of Lebanon to the southern border of the plain
of Esdraelon. It thus comprised the district formerly
occupied by the tribes of Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun,
Issachar, and part of Manasseh, and was divided into two
sections: (i) _Lower Galilee_, which included the rich
plain of Esdraelon and the whole region from the plain
of Akka to the shores of the Lake of Gennesaret. (For
the fertility of this region, see _Class-Book of O. T.
History_, pp. 219, 220.) (ii) _Upper Galilee_, which
“embraced the whole mountain-range lying between the Upper
Jordan and Phœnicia,” and was also called _Galilee of the
Gentiles_ (Matt. iv. 15; 1 Macc. v. 15), for twenty of its
towns were given by Solomon to Hiram king of Tyre (1 K.
ix. 11), and were then or afterwards colonised by strangers
(Is. ix. 1), who increased in number during the Captivity
and the times of the Maccabees (1 Macc. v. 20–23), and
chiefly consisted of Syrians, Phœnicians, Arabs, and
Greeks. It was probably from contact with this large body
of foreigners that the pronunciation of the Jews residing
in Galilee became peculiar (Mtt. xxvi. 73; Mk. xiv. 70).
220 ‒ A region extending from the Arnon to the Hieromax.
221 ‒ _Auranitis_ was the Greek form of the old name Hauran
(Ezek. xlvii. 16), and was the name of the district in the
upper valley of the Hieromax.
222 ‒ _Gaulanitis_ derived its name from the ancient Levitical
city of refuge (Jos. xx. 8; xxi. 27), Golan, in the
territory of Manasseh (Deut. iv. 43), and included the
district immediately east of the lake of Gennesaret, and
the Upper Jordan. Its principal cities were Golan, Hippos,
Gamala, Bethsaida-Julias (Mark viii. 22) and Seleucia.
223 ‒ _Trachonitis_ was the Greek form of the Hebrew Argob =
_stony_. See _Class-Book of O. T. History_, p. 185.
224 ‒ _Batanæa_, the Græcized form of the Hebrew Bashan,
included, probably, the mountain-district east of
Auranitis.
225 ‒ _Ituræa_ was a little province lying between Gaulanitis
on the south, Trachonitis on the east, Hermon on the
west, and the plain of Damascus on the north. It derived
its name from _Jetur_, a son of Ishmael, who colonised
it (Gen. xxv. 15, 16). His descendants were conquered
by the half-tribe of Manasseh (1 Chr. v. 19–23) but
not annihilated, for, as we have seen, above, p. 61,
♦Aristobulus re-conquered their colony, then called
Ituræa, and gave them their choice between Judaism or
banishment (Jos. _Ant._ XIII. 11. 3). Remnants, however,
still survived, and retiring to the neighbouring rocky
fastnesses “became known as skilful archers and daring
plunderers” (Virgil, _Georg._ II. 448; Cic. _Phil._ II. 24;
VIII. 19; XLIV. 112; V. 18). When Pompeius came into Syria
it was ceded to the Romans, and was heavily taxed by M.
Antonius; it then fell into the hands of a chief called
Zenodorus, but about B.C. 20 was bestowed by Augustus on
Herod the Great (see above, p. 93), who bequeathed it to
his son Philip. Jos. _Ant._ XVII. 8. 1; Smith’s _Bibl.
Dict._ and _Dict. Geog._
226 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ II. 6. 3.
227 ‒ According to Dion Cassius he was banished by Augustus
to Vienne in Gaul, in the consulship of Marcus Æmilius
Lepidus and L. Arruntius, after reigning from A.U.C. 750
to A.U.C. 759, Wieseler, _Chronol. Synop._ p. 50.
228 ‒ Jos. _B. J._ II. 7. 3; Lewin’s _Fasti Sacri_, p. 146.
229 ‒ From the time of Augustus (B.C. 27) the provinces
subject to the Roman sway were divided into two classes,
(i) _Senatorial_, and (ii) _Imperial_.
(i) _Senatorial_ provinces were governed by a _Proconsul_,
called in Greek Ἀνθύπατος (Acts xiii. 7; xviii. 12;
xix. 38), who was appointed by lot, held his authority
for a year, carried with him the lictors and fasces,
the insignia of a consul, but had no military power.
(ii) _Imperial_ provinces were governed by a _Proprætor_,
in Greek Ἀντιστράτηγος, or as he was sometimes termed
“Legatus,” or Πρεσβευτής, the representative or
“Commissioner” of the emperor. He was appointed by
the emperor himself, held his authority as long as
the latter wished, and went from Italy with all the
pomp of a military commander.
Syria was an _imperial_ province, and therefore was
governed by a Legatus, or “Commissioner” of the emperor,
and Judæa, partly on account of its remoteness from
Antioch, partly from the peculiar character of its
inhabitants, was ruled by a special procurator, subject to
the governor of Syria, but vested within his own province
with the power of a Legatus. Hence we never find the title
Proconsul applied to Quirinus, Pilate, Festus, or Felix,
but Ἡγεμών, a general term = the Latin _præses_ (Comp. Lk.
ii. 2; iii. 1; Acts xxiii. 24). The procurator of Judæa
(a) had his head-quarters at Cæsarea (Acts xxiii. 23);
(b) was assisted by a council consisting of assessors
(Acts xxv. 12); (c) was attended by six lictors, wore the
military dress, and had a cohort as a body-guard (Matt.
xxvii. 27); (d) came up to Jerusalem at the time of the
great festivals, when, according to Josephus, he resided
in the palace of Herod (_B. J._ II. 14. 3); (e) had an
audience-chamber (Acts xxv. 23), and a judgment-seat
(Acts xxv. 6); (f) had the power of life and death (Matt.
xxvii. 26), and sent appeals to the emperor (Acts xxv. 12).
230 ‒ During his procuratorship occurred the pollution of the
temple by the Samaritans, related above, p. 123. Up to
this time they had been admitted to the temple, but were
now excluded.
231 ‒ “Sebaste and Jerusalem being far from Antioch, the
mountains difficult and the people turbulent, Quirinus was
allowed to treat these new districts of the empire as a
sub-province, placing them under a procurator of their own,
with a provincial capital at Cæsarea on the sea-coast.”
H. Dixon’s _Holy Land_, I. 236.