bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16, 21, 22. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.
_a._ GLOBIFEROUS (_Globiferæ_). When the setigerous joint is larger
than the preceding one, and globose. PLATE XII. FIG. 12.
_b._ ANGUSTATE (_Angustatæ_). When the setigerous joint is not
conspicuously larger than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG.
14, 15.
2. ARISTATE (_Aristatæ_). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped
flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one,
laterally setigerous. PLATE XII. FIG. 21, 22.
_a._ SETARIOUS (_Setariæ_). When the awn or bristle is _naked_.
PLATE XII. FIG. 21. _a._
_b._ PLUMATE (_Plumatæ_). When the awn is _feathered_. PLATE XII.
FIG. 22. _a._
3. FILATE (_Filatæ_). When inversatile antennæ have neither a
terminal nor a lateral bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 17-20.
_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the last joint is _exarticulate_.
PLATE XII. FIG. 17, 18, 20.
_b._ COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When the last joint is itself
obsoletely _jointed_. PLATE XII. FIG. 19. _a._
i. PUBESCENCE.
1. VERTICILLATE (_Verticillatæ_). Antennæ beset with hair in
whorls. PLATE XII. FIG. 27.
2. PLUMOSE (_Plumosæ_). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine
long hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 24.
3. CILIATE (_Ciliatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on
_each_ side. PLATE XI. FIG. 16.
4. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on
_one_ side.
5. BARBATE (_Barbatæ_). Antennæ hairy on _one_ side. PLATE XII.
FIG. 26.
6. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculatæ_). Antennæ having several bundles of
hair. PLATE XXV. FIG. 32.
7. SCOPIFEROUS (_Scopiferæ_). When they are furnished with one or
more dense brushes of hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 25. _a._ PLATE XXV.
FIG. 17.
k. ARTICULATION.
1. EXARTICULATE (_Exarticulatæ_). Without visible articulations.
2. BIARTICULATE (_Biarticulatæ_). Consisting of _two_ joints.
3. TRIARTICULATE (_Triarticulatæ_). Consisting of _three_ joints.
4. QUADRIARTICULATE (_Quadriarticulatæ_). Consisting of _four_
joints.
5. MULTIARTICULATE (_Multiarticulatæ_). Consisting of _many_
joints.
l. JOINTS.
1. CAMPANULATE (_Campanulatæ_). Bell-shaped. When the joints are
obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.
2. PATERIFORM (_Pateriformes_). When the joints are somewhat
dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow _bowl_.
3. PATELLATE (_Patellatæ_). When the whole joint is dilated and
shaped something like a _patella_ or platter.--Ex. _Prosopis
dilatata_ (_Melitta_ *. b. K.) PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. _a._
4. LOBATE (_Lobatæ_). When they are expanded at the tip into a
lobe.--Ex. _Belostoma_, _Cerocoma_. PLATE XI. FIG. 21, 22.
5. TORULOSE (_Torulosæ_). When they are a little tumid.
m. APPENDAGES.
1. AURICULATE (_Auriculatæ_). When they have an ear-like process
at their base.--Ex. _Gyrinus_, _Parnus_. PLATE XII. FIG. 29. a.
PLATE XXV. FIG. 28. _a._
2. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculatæ_). When they have one or two
antenniform processes at their base.--Ex. _Otiocerus_. PLATE
XXV. FIG. 29. _b._
III. TRUNK (_TRUNCUS_).
1. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When the trunk has _no_ suture or
segment.--Ex. _Araneidea_.
2. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When the trunk consists of _two_ greater
segments.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.
3. TRIMEROUS (_Trimerus_). When the trunk consists of _three_
greater segments.--Ex. _Neuroptera_, &c.
4. ISTHMIATE (_Isthmiatus_). When an isthmus is formed between the
_Prothorax_ and _Elytra_, either in consequence of the former
being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum
not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or
the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the
prothorax.--Ex. _Clerus_, _Passalus_, and _Spondylis_.
i. MANITRUNK (_MANITRUNCUS_).
a. PROTHORAX.
1. CLYPEIFORM (_Clypeiformis_). When the prothorax by its
magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most
conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly
to represent the whole _thorax_; the mesothorax and metathorax
being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for
flight.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG.
1, 10.
2. COLLIFORM (_Colliformis_). When the prothorax is short and
narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the
trunk.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 6.
3. CERVICULATE (_Cerviculatus_). When the prothorax is elongate,
attenuate, and distinguished from the _Antepectus_ by no
suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long _neck_. PLATE
III. FIG. 6.
4. EVANESCENT (_Evanescens_). When no distinct prothorax is
discoverable or it is only represented by _membrane_.--Ex. Most
_Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_, &c.
5. MARGINATE (_Marginatus_). When an impressed line or channel
separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its
surface, and so forms a _margin_.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.
6. IMMARGINATE (_Immarginatus_). When it has _no_ such
margin.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.
7. EXPLANATE (_Explanatus_). When its sides are so depressed and
dilated as to form a _broad_ margin.--Ex. _Necrophorus_,
_Silpha_.
8. EMARGINATE (_Emarginatus_). When a segment of a circle is taken
out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.
9. AMBIENT (_Ambiens_). When this sinus is so large as to receive
the _whole_ head.--Ex. _Chilocorus_.
10. CIRCUMAMBIENT (_Circumambiens_). When its sides are elongated
anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each
other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior
part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see
objects above them.--Ex. _Heleus_.
11. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When it quite covers and overshadows
the head.--Ex. _Lampyris_, _Cassida_, _Cossyphus_.
12. CUCULLATE (_Cucullatus_). When it is elevated into a kind
of ventricose _cowl_ or hood which receives the head.--Ex.
_Dictyonota crassicornis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a_[1100].
13. ALATE (_Alatus_). When its sides are expanded into a kind of
_wing_.--Ex. _Dictyonota crassicornis_.
14. AURICULATE (_Auriculatus_). When it expands on each side into
two processes resembling _ears_.--Ex. _Ledra aurita_.
15. ANGULATE (_Angulatus_). When its sides or base jut out into one
or more _angles_.--Ex. _Copris_.
16. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatus_). When it has two elevated longitudinal
obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in
its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's _cross_.--Ex.
_Locusta_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.
17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolvens_). When there are neither ora nor suture
to separate it from the antepectus.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Curculio_ L.
18. PULVINATE (_Pulvinatus_). When in consequence of being
depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.--Ex.
_Aleochara canaliculata_, _picea_, &c.
19. PRODUCTED (_Productus_). When behind it terminates in a
long scutelliform process which covers the _Mesothorax_,
_Metathorax_, and great part of the _Abdomen_.--Ex. _Acrydium_,
_Centrotus_.
b. ANTEPECTUS.
1. TRACHELATE (_Trachelatum_). When of itself it forms a neck, the
prothorax being represented only by membrane.--Ex. _Xiphydria_.
2. UNARMED (_Inerme_). When it has _no_ prosternum.--Ex. The
_Rhyncophorous beetles_.
3. ARMED (_Armatum_). When it _has_ a prosternum. N.B. _These
two last terms may be extended also to the_ Medipectus _and_
Postpectus. _And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was
no_ Sternum _at all, it should be called_ Pectus inerme; _and
if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would
be_ Pectus armatum.
c. ARM (_Brachium_).
α. CUBIT (_Cubitus_).
1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to
the outside of the cubit.--Ex. _Crabro clypeatus_, _scutatus_,
&c. ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 3. _a._
2. PALMATE (_Palmatus_). When towards the apex the cubit is armed
laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.--Ex.
_Scarites_, _Clivina_. PLATE XV. FIG. 5.
3. DIGITATE (_Digitatus_). When the apex of the cubit is divided
into several long teeth or fingers.--Ex. _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV.
FIG. 6.
4. DOLABRATE (_Dolabratus_). When the apex of the cubit is dilated
and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. PLATE XV. FIG. 4.
β. HAND (_Manus_).
1. PATELLATE (_Patellata_). When several joints of the hand are
dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath
either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.--Ex. _Dytiscus_
♂, _Staphylinus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 9.
2. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). When a single joint of the hand is
dilated into a broad scutiform plate.--Ex. _Hydrophilus piceus_
♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 8.
3. STRIGILATE (_Strigilata_). When on the inner side of the first
joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken
out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often
pectinated with spines.--Ex. _Apis_[1101]. PLATE XXVII. FIG.
36. _a._
4. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When any of the joints are
externally dilated into an auriform process.--Ex.
_Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 6. _t´´_.
ii. ALITRUNK (_ALITRUNCUS_).
1. BURIED (_Sepultus_). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly
covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of
flight[1102].--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_.
2. REVEALED (_Revelatus_). When it is not so covered, but is
equally conspicuous with the _Prothorax_, or even more so.--Ex.
_Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. _Atractocerus_ in
_Coleoptera_.
3. COALITE (_Coalitus_). When it is not separable into two
segments, the _Medipectus_ and the _Postpectus_ forming one
piece.--Ex. _Cimex_ L.
4. BISECTED (_Bisectus_). When it is separable into two
segments.--Ex. _Lamellicorn beetles_.
a. MESOTHORAX.
α. COLLAR (_Collare_).
1. UNCOVERED (_Apertum_). When it is _not_ concealed by the
shield of the prothorax.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
2. COVERED (_Tectum_). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.
3. AREATE (_Areatum_). When it is larger than the prothorax, and
terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed
by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.--Ex.
_Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _g^., a._ N.B. _The space
between these_ areas _is fitted with a membrane capable of
tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach
to and recede from each other._
4. AMPLECTENT (_Amplectens_). When posteriorly it is so curved as
to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.--Ex. _Vespa_
L. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _g^._.
5. PHONETIC (_Phoneticum_). When its posterior angles, approaching
the wings, cover the _vocal_ spiracles[1103].--Ex.
_Hymenoptera_.
β. DORSOLUM.
1. THORACIFORM (_Thoraciforme_). When it forms the principal part
of the upper surface of the trunk.--Ex. _Bombus_, _Apis_,
_Vespa_ &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _i^._.
γ. SCUTELLUM.
1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When it is separated from the dorsolum
by a suture.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11,
19, &c. _k´_.
2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is _not_ separated from the
dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG.
3. _k´_.
3. SCUTELLATE (_Insectum scutellatum_). An insect having a visible
_scutellum_.--Ex. _Melolontha_.
_a._ REJECTED (_Rejectum_). When, though visible, it does not
intervene between the elytra at their base.--Ex. _Passalus_.
_b._ RECEIVED (_Receptum_). When it intervenes between the elytra
at their base.--Ex. Most scutellate _Coleoptera_.
4. EXSCUTELLATE (_Insectum exscutellatum_). When an insect
has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the
_Prothorax_.--Ex. _Copris_.
5. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). When it curves upwards from the
dorsolum.--Ex. _Sagra_.
6. TABULAR (_Tabulare_). When it is elevated on a footstalk above
the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.--Ex.
_Elater_.
7. OBUMBRANT (_Obumbrans_). When it overhangs the metathorax.--Ex.
_Musca_. PLATE IX. FIG. 19. _k´_.
δ. BASE-COVERS (_Tegulæ_).
1. CONCHIFORM (_Conchiformes_). When they are a semicircular
concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a
bivalve shell.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 12. _g´´_.
2. LACINIFORM (_Laciniformes_). When they are long, of an
irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the
trunk.--Ex. _Lithosia_, &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 5.[1104]
ε. ELYTRA.
1. BASE (_Basis_). The part next the _Prothorax_.
2. APEX (_Apex_). The part next the _Anus_.
3. HUMERAL ANGLE (_Angulus Humeralis_). The _exterior_ basal angle.
4. SCUTELLAR ANGLE (_Angulus Scutellaris_). The _interior_ basal
angle.
5. COLEOPTRA (_Coleoptra_). The two elytra spoken of together.
6. SPINIGEROUS (_Spinigera_). When the _Coleoptra_ have a spine
common to them both.--Ex. _Cassida bidens_.
7. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When the _Elytra_ have an elongate
process at the shoulders.--Ex. _Cassida bicornis_, _Taurus_, &c.
8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When they have neither abbreviations nor
incisions.
9. FASTIGIATE (_Fastigiata_). When of equal or greater length than
the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
10. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). When they are shorter than the abdomen,
and transverse at the end.
11. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). When they are shorter than the
abdomen, but cover _more_ than _half_ its length. PLATE I. FIG.
4.
12. DIMIDIATE (_Dimidiata_). When they are about _half_ the length
of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 5.
13. VERY SHORT (_Brevissima_). When they are _not_ half the length
of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 2, 3, 7.
14. MUTILATE (_Mutilata_). When they appear _unnaturally_ short or
curtailed as if mutilated.--Ex. _Acrydium_.
15. SUBULATE (_Subulata_). When they are attenuated towards the
end.--Ex. _Sitaris humeralis_.
16. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). When they extend beyond the anus.--Ex.
_Trox_.
17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolventia_). When their _Epipleuræ_ cover a
considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. PLATE
XXVIII. FIG. 7.
18. COMPLICANT (_Complicantia_). When they lie a little over each
other.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE I. FIG. 6.
19. DEHISCENT (_Dehiscentia_). When they diverge a little at the
apex.--Ex. _Pyrochroa_.
20. AMPLIATE (_Ampliata_). When they are disproportionably wide at
the end.--Ex. _Lycus fasciatus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.
21. PLICATE (_Plicata_). When they have two or three contiguous
abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.--Ex.
_Pselaphidæ_.
22. PERFORATE (_Perforata_). When a little hole appears drilled
through them.--Ex. _Cassida perforata_.
N.B. _Many of the above terms will apply to_ Tegmina, Hemelytra,
Wings, &c.
_A._ Side-covers (_Epipleuræ_).
1. MARGINAL (_Marginales_). When they are only an inflexed
continuation of the margin.--Ex. _Buprestis_.
2. DISCOIDAL (_Discoidales_). When they are a process from the
disk of the under surface of the elytra.--Ex. _Lampyris_,
_Cossyphus_, _Cassida_, _Notoclea_[1105].
ζ. TEGMINA.
1. FENESTRELLA (_Fenestrella_). A transparent eye-like spot in the
_Anal Area_ of the Tegmina of _Acrida_ ♂[1106].
2. CONVOLVENT (_Convolventia_). When the _Anal Area_ is
horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a
right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and
covers the sides.--Ex. _Locusta_. N.B. _In this case the_ Anal
Area _of one_ Tegmen _covers that of the other._
3. ALIFORM (_Aliformia_). When their substance approaches to
membrane, and they nearly resemble _Wings_.--Ex. Most
_Homopterous Hemiptera_.
η. HEMELYTRA.
1. OBTECTED (_Obtecta_). When the Hemelytra are covered by a
scutelliform mesothorax.--Ex. _Scutellera_.
2. DETECTED (_Detecta_). When they are not so covered.--Ex. Most
_Heteropterous Hemiptera_.
θ. WINGS (_Alæ_).
_A._ Denomination.
1. ANTERIOR (_Anticæ_). The fore or upper wings.
_a._ SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). The anterior wings are so denominated
if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.--Ex.
_Hymenoptera_.
_b._ PRIMARY (_Primores_). The anterior wings are so denominated if
when at rest they are _not_ placed upon the posterior.--Ex.
_Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.
2. POSTERIOR (_Posticæ_). The hind or lower wings.
_a._ INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). The posterior wings are so
denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed
upon them.
_b._ SECONDARY (_Secundariæ_). The posterior wings are so
denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are _not_
placed upon them.--Ex. _Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.
_B._ Magnitude.
3. EQUAL (_Æquales_). When the four wings are of _equal_
length.--Ex. _Libellulina_.
4. UNEQUAL (_Inæquales_). When they are _not_ of equal
length.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
_C._ Complication.
5. PLANE (_Planæ_). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor
tumid.--Ex. _Apis_.
6. TUMID (_Tumidæ_). When the membrane between the nervures that
form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it
convexity.--Ex. _The Serrifera_ or _saw-flies_. N.B. _The
object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the
action of the air._
7. PLICATILE (_Plicatiles_). When the wings at rest are folded in
one or more longitudinal plaits.--Ex. _Vespa_ L.
8. DUPLICATILE (_Duplicatæ_). When they are folded
transversely.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.
9. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When the wings so envelope the body as
to give it a cylindrical form.--Ex. _Crambus_.
10. INCUMBENT (_Incumbentes_). Wings which when at rest cover the
back of the insect.--Ex. The _Noctuidæ_, _Geometra_.
11. CRUCIATO-COMPLICATE (_Cruciato-complicatæ_). Wings crossed and
folded.--Ex. _Pentatoma_, &c.
12. CRUCIATO-INCUMBENT (_Cruciato-incumbentes_). Wings crossed but
not folded, and covering the back.--Ex. _Apis_.
13. EXTENDED (_Extensæ_). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon
the body.--Ex. _Libellula_, _Æshna_, &c.
_a._ EXPANDED (_Patentes_). Wings that when at rest are
horizontally extended and do not cover each other.--Ex.
_Libellula_, &c.
_b._ HORIZONTAL (_Horizontales_). Very narrow wings which when
at rest are extended _horizontally_ forming a right angle
with the body, and covering the posterior wings.--Ex.
_Pterophorus_[1107].
_c._ ERECT (_Erectæ_). Wings which when at rest are extended
vertically.--Ex. _Vanessa_, _Agrion_.
_d._ ERECTO-PATENT (_Erecto-patentes_). When the primary wings at
rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.--Ex. _Hesperia_.
_e._ CONNIVENT (_Conniventes_). When erect wings are so closely
applied to each other that the corresponding margins
touch.--Ex. _Vanessa_.
_f._ DIVARICATE (_Divaricatæ_). When wings at rest are somewhat
erect but diverge from each other.
14. PATULOUS (_Patulæ_). When wings at rest partly cover each other.
15. APPLICANT (_Applicantes_). When wings at rest are parallel with
the abdomen.--Ex. _Tipula_.
16. DIVERGENT (_Divergentes_). When wings at rest recede from the
abdomen.
17. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When wings at rest covering each other
are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their
interior margin forms the ridge.--Ex. _Homopterous Hemiptera_.
18. REVERSED (_Reversæ_). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so
that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the
anterior margin of the superior.--Ex. _Gatropacha quercifolia_.
PLATE XIV. FIG. 2.
19. BROAD (_Latæ_). When the interior margin is shorter than the
posterior.--Ex. _Papilio_.
20. NARROW (_Angustæ_). When the posterior margin is shorter than
the interior.--Ex. _Heliconius_.
_D._ Shape.
1. FALCATE (_Falcatæ_). Wings having their posterior margin
concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.--Ex.
_Attacus Atlas_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.
2. DIGITATE (_Digitatæ_). Wings cleft to the base into several
subdivisions.--Ex. _Pterophorus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.
_a._ RADIUS (_Radius_). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.
3. CAUDATE (_Caudatæ_). When wings terminate in a tail-like
process.--Ex. _Papilio Machaon_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _s._
_a._ BICAUDATE (_Bicaudatæ_). Having _two_ such tails. _Tricaudatæ_
having _three_, &c.
_E._ Surface.
1. SQUAMATE (_Squamatæ_). Wings covered with minute scales.--Ex.
_Lepidoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 16. _a, b, c, d_, &c.
2. DENUDATE (_Denudatæ_). When the wings of _Lepidoptera_ appear
more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either
partially or generally.--Ex. _Heliconius_, _Sesia_, _Zygæna_,
_Nudaria_.
3. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratæ_). When one or two definite spaces in a
Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.--Ex. _Attacus Atlas_,
&c.
4. BARE (_Nudæ_). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor
scales.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.
_F._ Margin.
1. ANTERIOR or EXTERIOR (_Anterior_ or _Exterior_). The _outer_
margin of the wing, or that _from_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
a.
2. INTERIOR (_Interior_). The _inner_ margin of the wing, or that
_next_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. b.
3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). The _terminal_ margin of the wing, or
apex. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. c.
4. PLECTRUM (_Plectrum_). A marginal bristle stronger than the
rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out
from it.--Ex. Many _Muscidæ_.
_G._ Angles.
1. HUMERAL (_Humeralis_). Basal angle next the _head_. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. d.
2. SCUTELLAR (_Scutellaris_). Basal angle next the _scutellum_ or
its region. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. e.
3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). _Outer_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG.
1. f.
4. ANAL (_Analis_). _Inner_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. g.
_H._ Nervures.
1. NERVULET (_Nervulus_). A little nervure diverging obliquely
from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.
_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When the nervulet does _not_ terminate in
a round punctum.--Ex. _Eulophus_.
_b._ CORONATE (_Coronatum_). When it terminates in a round
punctum.--Ex. _Ichneumon penetrans_[1108].
2. NEUROSE (_Neurosæ_). Wings that have nervures besides the
marginal ones.
3. ANEUROSE (_Aneurosæ_). Wings that have no nervures besides the
marginal ones.--Ex. _Psilus_.
4. CIRCUMSEPTED (_Circumseptæ_). Wings whose margin is every where
strengthened by a nervure.--Ex. _Tabanus_.
5. VARICOSE (_Varicosæ_). When the nervures are disproportionably
swelled in any part.--Ex. _Forficula auricularia_. PLATE X.
FIG. 5.
6. SERPENTINE (_Serpentinæ_). Nervures that run in a serpentine
direction.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_ K. M.S[1109]. PLATE X. FIG.
4.
7. INSULATE (_Insulatæ_). Discoidal nervures that are entirely
unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.--Ex.
_Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG. 4. a, b.
8. UNCINATE (_Unicinatæ_). Nervures, that after running from the
base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards
the base, form a hook.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG.
4. _i^._.
9. RECURRENT (_Recurrentes_). When a nervure, or a branch of it,
after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs
towards the base.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_, &c. PLATE X. Fig 4.
_l^._.
10. CONNECTING (_Connectentes_). Nervures that running transversely
or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the
areolets.
_I._ Areolets.
1. RADIATED (_Radiatæ_). When the areolets are chiefly formed by
radiating longitudinal nervures.--Ex. _Forficula_, _Psychoda_.
PLATE X. FIG. 5, 13.
2. AREATE (_Areatæ_). Radiated with a large basal area.--Ex.
_Papilio_ and many other _Lepidoptera_[1110]. PLATE X. FIG. 6.
3. AREOLATE (_Areolatæ_). When the surface of the wing is divided
into various areolets.--Ex. _Diptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and most
_Neuroptera_. PLATE X. FIG. 7-14.
4. RETICULATE (_Reticulatæ_). When the areolets are extremely
small and infinitely numerous.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE III.
FIG. 5.
5. OPEN (_Apertæ_). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the
wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.
_a._ MARGINAL (_Marginales_). Open areolets that terminate in the
margin.--Ex. _Tenthredo_. PLATE X. FIG. 8.
_b._ INCOMPLETE (_Incompletæ_). Open areolets that terminate short
of the margin.--Ex. _Apis_.