name), Shanwappoms (Lewis and Clark). K̔′tătäs signifies “a shoal,”
_‘lĕ′ma_ being a tribal suffix, and Pshwană-pûm in the Yakima language
signifies “shoal people,” the name referring to a shoal in Yakima river
at Ellensburg.
2. +Ska′utăl+, or Skaddal (of Lewis and Clark). About Boston creek and
Kahchass lake, at the head of Yakima river.
3. +W‛shä′nătu+, or Shallattoos (of Lewis and Clark). The word means
“huckleberry” in Yakima, and is applied to a site on Yakima river just
above Ellensburg.
4. +Skwa′nănă+, or Squannaroos (of Lewis and Clark). A Yakima word
meaning “whirlpool,” and applied to a point on Yakima river about
opposite the entrance of Selah creek, the village being on the west
bank of the river. This band may possibly speak the language of the
Ätanûm, a Shahaptian tribe, whose territory adjoins them.
5. +Qamĭl-‘lĕma+ or Kahmiltpah. The name is Yakima, and signifies
“people of Qamĭ′lh.” Qamĭ′lh, or “Watching for Fish,” was a chief who
formerly lived with his band about Saddle mountain, on the east side of
the Columbia, above Priest rapids. They are called Kahmiltpah in the
Yakima treaty of 1855. They now live with the other tribes last named
in Kittitas county.
6. +Si′ăpkat+ or Seapcat. They reside now in Kittitas county, but
probably lived originally at a place of the same name on the east bank
of the Columbia, about Bishop rock and Milk creek, below Wenatchee
river. They are called Seapcat in the Yakima treaty of 1855. The word
is of the Piskwaus language.
+Yä′kĭmâ+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_: Cutsahnim (Lewis and Clark),
Eyackimah, Pa′‛kiut-‛lĕ′ma, Stobshaddat (by Puget sound tribes,
_Tolmie_), Waptai′lmĭm, Yackamans, Yookoomans. The Yakima are the most
important tribe of the Shahaptian stock, excluding the Nez Percés.
They occupied the country of Natchess and middle Yakima rivers, in
the present Yakima county, Washington, and are now on a reservation
within the same county. Stevens says the name signifies “black bear”
in the Wallawalla language, but Yakima informants state that it is a
nickname signifying “coward” or “runaway,” and say that the proper
name of the tribe is Waptai′lmĭm, people of the “narrow river,” or
Pa′‛kiut-‛lĕ′ma, “people of the gap,” both names referring to the
narrows in Yakima river at Union gap, near Yakima bridge. Their old
village was on the west side of the river, just below the gap. They
are the Cutsahnim of Lewis and Clark. This name may possibly come from
the same root as Kû′tsano′t, “Lying Alongside,” the name of an old
Yakima chief who died about 1880. In 1854, according to Stevens, they
were “divided into two principal bands, each made up of a number of
villages and very closely connected, the one owning the country on the
Natchess and lower Yakima, the other on the Wenass and its main branch
above the forks.” These latter, however, were chiefly of the Piskwaus
connection. They had then several chiefs, of whom Kamaiakan was the
most important. Like all the other Columbia tribes east of the Cascade
range, they formerly crossed the Rocky mountains annually to hunt the
buffalo on the waters of the Missouri. In 1855 the government made a
treaty with the Yakima, Piskwaus, Pälus, and other tribes by which
they were to cede a territory on both sides of the Columbia, extending
generally from the Cascade range eastward to Palouse and Snake rivers,
and southward from above Chelan lake to the Columbia, excepting a small
portion between the Columbia and the lower Yakima. At the same time
the Yakima reservation was established and an arrangement was made
by which all the tribes and bands concerned were to be confederated
under the title of the “Yakama Nation,” with Kamaiakan as head chief.
Shortly afterward the Yakima war broke out, and the treaty remained
unratified until 1859. As already stated, the Pälus and several other
tribes have never recognized it or come on the reservation, and their
objection to such removal has become a religious principle of the
Smohalla doctrine. In the original treaty of 1855 fourteen tribes are
named as participating, as follows: Yakama (Yäkima), Palouse (Pä′lus),
Pisquouse (Pi′skwaus), Wenatshapam (another name for Piskwaus),
Klikatat (Klûkatät), Klinquit (not identified), Kowwassayee (K′kasawi),
Liaywas (not identified), Skinpah (Skinpä), Wish-ham (Wushqûm), Shyiks
(not identified), Ochechotes (Uchi′chol), Kahmiltpah (Qamil′lĕma), and
Seapcat (Si′apkat). Among these were represented at least six languages
and three linguistic stocks. The majority of these Indians west of the
Columbia, including the Yakima proper and others on the reservation,
are Catholics, with also a number of adherents of the Shaker and
Smohalla doctrines. Those on the reservation numbered 1,200 in 1892,
with an estimated 1,500 outside the boundaries. Beside the principal
band of Yakima, the Waptailmĭm already mentioned, there are also the
Sĕ′tăs-‛lĕma, or “people of the rye prairie,” on Setass creek, a
western tributary of the Yakima in the eastern part of the reservation,
and the Pĭsko, or people of the “river bend,” in a village also on the
south side of the Yakima, between Topinish and Setass creeks. (See
_Pishquitpah_.) Their dialects are said to differ slightly from that of
the Waptailmĭm.
+Ä′tănûm-‛lĕma+ (Shahaptian stock) or “people (_‛lĕma_) of Ätanûm
creek.”—A small tribe on Atahnam creek, in Yakima county, Washington,
on the northern boundary of the reservation. They are said to speak a
language distinct from Yakima or Klûkatät, but cognate. They have no
official recognition now or in the treaty of 1855. The name Ä′tănûm is
Yakima, and refers to a stream “ascended” (by salmon).
+Klû’kătät+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_: Clickahut, Clickitat,
Klikatat, Qwû′lh-hwai-pûm, Weyehhoo, Whulwhypum. The name by which
this tribe is commonly known is from the Wasko language and signifies
“beyond (the mountain)”—that is, east of the Cascade range—with
reference to the Chinookan tribes on the lower Columbia. The same
name was also at times extended to the Yakima. They call themselves
Qwûlh-hwai-pûm, “prairie people;” from _qwûlh-hwai_, “prairie,” and
_pûm_, “people,” referring particularly to their occupancy of Camass
prairie. They formerly occupied the southern slopes of Mount Adams
and Mount Helens, with the country of Klikatat and Lewis rivers, in
the present Klickitat and Skamania counties, Washington. East of them
were the Yakima and west were the Salishan and Chinookan tribes. At
one time they lived farther east, but were driven west by the Cayuse.
(_Stevens._) About sixty years ago they crossed the Columbia and
overran the Willamet country, and even penetrated as far south as the
Umpqua, but afterward withdrew again to their proper country. Although
but a small tribe, they were aggressive and enterprising and were the
trade medium between the tribes west of the mountains and those east.
They joined in the Yakima treaty of 1855 and are now chiefly on Yakima
reservation, but a few are still on White Salmon river, in Klickitat
county. Their number is unknown. The Taitinapam and Topinish speak the
same language and may be considered as branches of this tribe.
+Qa′pnĭsh-‛lĕma+ or +Topinish+ (Shahaptian stock).—A small tribe
on Topinish river in Yakima county, Washington, within the present
limits of the reservation. They speak the Klûkatät language. The name
signifies “people (_‛lĕma_) of the trail coming from the foot of the
hill.”
+Taitinapam+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonym_: Tai-kie-a-pain (misprint).
A small tribe speaking the Klûkatät language, formerly living on the
western slopes of the Cascade mountains, between the heads of Lewis and
Cowlitz rivers, in Skamania county, Washington, being the westernmost
tribe of Shahaptian stock. If any are left, they are probably
incorporated with the Klûkatät on Yakima reservation. They never had
official recognition.
+Chämnä′pûm+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_: Chimnahpum, Chimnapoos,
Cuimnapum. A tribe which occupied the bend of the Columbia below Yakima
river, together with the country on the lower Yakima, chiefly in the
present Yakima county, Washington. They are the Chimnahpum of Lewis and
Clark, and speak a dialect of the language of the Pä′lus and Wanapûm,
with which tribes the few survivors are incorporated. A few are also
still living on the west side of the Columbia, opposite Pasco. The name
is of their own language and means “people (_pûm_) of Chämnä′,” their
old village about opposite Wallula.
+Pishquitpah+ (Shahaptian stock).—This name occurs only in the
narrative of Lewis and Clark as that of a tribe in 1805, “residing
at the Muscleshell rapid and on the north side of the Columbia to
the commencement of the high country, wintering on the borders of
the Tapteal.” The Tapteal (properly Waptail or Waptailmĭm) is Yakima
river. This would locate them in eastern Klickitat and Yakima counties,
Washington. They are probably identical with the Pĭsko band of the
Yakima. In the name Pishquitpah the final _pah_ is the Yakima or Pä′lus
locative _pä_, “at.”
+K̔ka′săwi+ or +Kowwassayee+ (Shahaptian stock).—A small tribe speaking
the Tenino language and formerly occupying a village of the same name,
K̔ka′săwi, on the north bank of the Columbia, in Klickitat county,
Washington, about opposite the mouth of the Umatilla. The full name is
K̔ka′săwi-‛lĕ′ma, “people (_‛lĕma_) of the arrow-making place,” the
local form being from _k̔ka′so_, “arrow.” They took part in the Yakima
treaty of 1855 under the name of Kowwassayee, and are now on Yakima
reservation.
+Hăhau′pûm+ or +Wahowpum+ (Shahaptian stock).—A small tribe speaking
the Tenino language and occupying a village, Hăha′u, on the north bank
of the Columbia, about the mouth of Olive creek, in Klickitat county,
Washington. The word means “willow people,” from _hăha′u_, a species of
willow, and _pûm_, “people.” They are the Wahowpum of Lewis and Clark.
They have never had official recognition.
+Uchi′chol+ or +Ochechotes+ (Shahaptian stock).—A small tribe speaking
the Tenino language, living now, or formerly, on the north bank of
the Columbia in Klickitat county, Washington. They are mentioned as
Ochechotes in the Yakima treaty of 1855, and may now be incorporated
with other tribes on Yakima reservation. The name, from the Tenino
language, signifies the “hind dorsal-fin” (of a salmon), and is the
name of a rock on the north side of the Columbia, opposite the upper
end of the island, at the mouth of the Des Chutes. See _Tapänäsh_.
+Skĭ′npä+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_: Sawpaw (?), Skien, Skin,
Skinpah. A small tribe speaking the Tenino language and formerly having
a village on the north bank of the Columbia in Klickitat county,
Washington, at the falls opposite Celilo. They took part in the Yakima
treaty of 1855 under the name of Skinpah, and are now incorporated
with the other tribes on Yakima reservation. The name is Tenino, and
means “cradle place,” or “at the cradle,” from _skĭn_, “cradle,” and
_pä_, the locative, and refers to a prominent rock at the site of
their former village having some resemblance to an Indian cradle. See
_Tapänäsh_.
+Täpanä′sh+ or +Eneeshur+ (Shahaptian stock).—A small tribe speaking
the Tenino language, having a village on the north bank of the Columbia
in Klickitat county, Washington, about opposite the mouth of Des
Chutes river and a little above Celilo. The name is identical with
the Eneeshur of Lewis and Clark, these explorers in 1805 having also
included under this name the various bands speaking the Tenino language
on both sides of the Columbia about the mouth of the Des Chutes. The
Tapänäsh have no official recognition. See _Tenino_.
+Tlaqluit+ or +Wŭshqûm+ (Chinookan stock).—_Synonyms_: Echebool,
Echeloot, Eloot, Helwit, Niculuita, Ouichram, Tchilouit, Tilhulhwit,
Wisham, Wishham, Wishram, Wisswham. The Tlaqluit, with the Wasko, are
the easternmost tribes of Chinookan stock on the Columbia, having
immediately above them the Shahaptian tribes, speaking the Tenino
language. The Tlaqluit territory lies along the north bank of the
Columbia in Klickitat county, Washington, from Tenino, about 6 miles
above The Dalles, down to the neighborhood of White Salmon river.
They call themselves Tlaqluit (Echeloot of Lewis and Clark), and are
called Wŭshqûmă-pûm, or “Wŭshqûm people,” by the tribes speaking the
Tenino language, Wŭshqûm being the name of their chief village near
South Side at The Dalles, the great fishing and trading resort for
the tribes of this section. The name appears also as Wishram. Both
Tlaqluit and Wŭshqûm refer to a species of louse or flea abounding in
that neighborhood. They took part in the Yakima treaty of 1855 under
the name of Wishham, but most of them have probably never gone on the
reservation. See _Wasko_.
There is a tradition in the tribe that long before the coming of the
whites to the Columbia a band of Tlaqluit left their people on account
of a petty quarrel as to whether a goose made a certain noise with its
bill or with its wings, and went up the Columbia and the Spokane, and
are supposed to be now about the headwaters of the latter stream and
still retaining their language, although under a different tribal name.
+Chilû′ktkwa+ or +Chilluckittequaws+ (Chinookan stock).—A tribe
formerly extending along the north bank of the Columbia in Klickitat
and Skamania counties, Washington, from about White Salmon river down
to some distance below the Cascades. They are called Chilluckittequaws
in 1805 by Lewis and Clark, who speak also of a separate band of the
same tribe under the name of Smackshop, a name which can not now be
identified. The tribe now numbers less than 100. Until recently the
remnant lived about the mouth of White Salmon river, but removed about
thirteen years ago to the Cascades. Their language is nearly the same
as that of the Wasko. They have never had official recognition.
+Kwikwû′lĭt+ or +Dog River+ (Chinookan stock).—_Synonyms_: Cascade
Indians, Kigaltwalla, Upper Chinook, Wahclellah, Watlala. A small tribe
formerly living at the Cascades and about Dog river, a small stream
coming into the Columbia about half-way between the Cascades and The
Dalles, in Wasco county, Oregon. They are identical, in part at least,
with the Wahclellahs of Lewis and Clark (mentioned as a part of the
“Shahala nation”), and are the “Ki-gal-twal-la band of the Wascoes”
and the “Dog River band of the Wascoes” of the Wasco treaty of 1855.
The “Dog River or Cascade Indians” were reported to number 80 souls in
1854. In the next year they, with other tribes, entered into the Wasco
treaty, by which they agreed to remove to Warmspring reservation, where
some of them now are, while the others are still about the Cascades.
Their language is nearly the same as that of the Wasko.
+Wasko+ (Chinookan stock).—_Synonyms_: Dalles Indians, Wascopum. A
tribe formerly claiming the country about The Dalles, on the south
bank of the Columbia, in Wasco county, Oregon. They, with the Tlaqluit
on the opposite bank, are the easternmost extension of the Chinookan
stock, and speak the same language. The name is said to be a Tenino
word, meaning “grass,” or “grass people.” It has sometimes been made
to include several cognate bands about The Dalles and Cascades, on
both sides of the Columbia. Under the name of “The Dalles band of the
Wascoes,” they entered into the Wasco treaty of 1855, and are now on
Warmspring reservation in Oregon. They numbered 260 in 1892.
+Waiäm+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_: (Lower) Des Chutes,
Waiäm-‛lĕma, Wayyampa, Wyam. A tribe speaking the Tenino language and
formerly living about the mouth of Des Chutes river, in the present
Wasco and Sherman counties, Oregon. Their chief village was on the
Columbia where Celilo now is, and was called Waiäm, whence their
name of Waiäm-‛lĕma or “people of Waiäm.” They joined in the Wasco
treaty of 1855 under the name of “Wyam or Lower Des Chutes band of
Walla-Wallas,” and are now on Warmspring reservation in Oregon. Their
number is not separately reported.
+Tai′-ăq+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_: Taigh, Ta-ih, Tairtla, Tyich.
A tribe speaking the Tenino language and formerly occupying the country
about Tygh and White rivers, in Wasco county, Oregon. The name Tai′-ăq
refers to the stream and denotes “muddy, white water.” They took part
in the Wasco treaty of 1855 under the name of “Ta-ih or Upper Des
Chutes band of Walla-Wallas,” and are now on Warmspring reservation,
Oregon. Their number is not reported.
+Tĭ‛lqûni+ (Shahaptian stock).—A tribe formerly claiming the country
between Tygh valley and Warmspring river, west of Des Chutes river,
in the present Wasco county, Oregon. They are now on Warmspring
reservation, in the same neighborhood. They have never been officially
mentioned under their Indian name, and may be considered the Warmspring
proper, although this name is local rather than tribal. They speak the
Tenino language. See _Tenino_.
+Tenino+ or +Mĕli′-‛lĕma+ (Shahaptian stock).—The most important
Shahaptian tribe of western Oregon. They formerly occupied middle Des
Chutes river, and conquered the present Warmspring reservation from the
Paiute or Snake tribes, but never occupied it until put there by the
Wasco treaty of 1855. Since then they have been known indiscriminately
as Tenino or Warmspring Indians, although this latter designation is
commonly used to include other cognate tribes on the same reservation.
For this reason it is impossible to give their number definitely. The
Tenino language, in various dialects, is spoken, excepting by the
Lohim, by all the tribes formerly living on both banks of the Columbia
and on its tributaries from the country of the Wasko about The Dalles
up to about the mouth of the Umatilla.
Most of this region, on the south or Oregon side of the Columbia,
was formerly held by Shoshonean tribes of Paiute connection, which
have been dispossessed by the Shahaptian tribes and driven farther
back to the south. The only Shoshonean tribe which maintained its
place on the Columbia was the Lohim, on Willow creek. The Tenino
themselves conquered the present Warmspring reservation from the
Snakes. The expulsion was in full progress when Lewis and Clark went
down the Columbia in 1805, but had been practically completed when
the first treaties were made with these tribes fifty years later.
Lewis and Clark state that “on that (the south) side of the river
none of the tribes have any permanent habitations, and on inquiry
we were confirmed in our belief that it was from the fear of being
attacked by the Snake Indians, with whom they are constantly at war.
This nation they represent as being very numerous and residing in a
great number of villages on the Towahnahiook (Wanwaui or Des Chutes),
where they live principally on salmon, ... the first villages of the
Snake Indians being twelve days’ journey on a course about southeast
of this place.” In the appendix, after mentioning various bands of
Snakes on Snake and Willamette rivers, they speak of the main body as
“residing in the fall and winter on the Multnomah (Willamet) river,
southward of the Southwest mountains, and in spring and summer near the
heads of the Towahnahiook (Des Chutes), Lepage (John Day), Yaumalolam
(Umatilla), and Wollawollah rivers, and especially at the falls of the
Towahnahiook, for the purpose of fishing.” In the Wasco treaty of 1855
the Shahaptian tribes were recognized as owners of the whole country
southward to the forty-fourth parallel, from the Cascade range east to
the Blue mountains. See _Tapänäsh_.
+Tûkspû′sh+ or +John Day Indians+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonyms_:
Dock-spus, John Day Rivers, Tûkspûsh-‛lĕma. A tribe speaking the Tenino
language and formerly living along the lower part of John Day river,
Oregon, having their principal village at the falls about 4 miles above
the mouth. They are now on Warmspring reservation, and numbered 59 in
1892, with perhaps others off the reservation. Tûkspûsh is the name of
John Day river in the Tenino language.
+Lohĭm+ or +Willow Creek Indians+ (Shoshonean stock).—A tribe living
on Willow creek, in Gilliam and Morrow counties, Oregon. They are
of Shoshonean connection, being the only Indians of this stock who
have been able to maintain their position on the Columbia against the
inroads of the Shahaptian tribes. They have never made a treaty with
the government, and are generally spoken of as renegades belonging to
the Umatilla reservation. In 1870 they were reported to number 114, but
are not mentioned in the recent official reports.
+Cayuse+ or +Wailĕ′tpu+ (Waiilatpuan stock).—_Synonyms_: Cailloux,
Kayuse, Shiwanish, Skyuse, Wailetma, Yeletpo Chopunnish (of Lewis and
Clark). The Cayuse are a warlike tribe of distinct stock formerly
occupying the mountain country on the heads of Wallawalla, Umatilla,
and Grande Ronde rivers in Oregon and Washington, including the present
Umatilla reservation. Further investigation may yet establish a
linguistic connection with the Shahaptian tribes. The Molala, formerly
on Molalla creek, west of the Cascades, are a separated band, of
whose western migration the Cayuse and their neighbors still have a
tradition. The Cayuse formerly bore a high reputation for intelligence
and bravery, but on account of their fighting propensities, which led
them to make constant war on the Snakes and other tribes to the west,
they were never very numerous. In 1838 a Presbyterian mission, called
Waiilatpu, had been established among the Cayuse, by Dr Whitman, where
now is the town of Whitman, in Wallawalla county, Washington. In 1847
the smallpox, before unknown among them, carried off a large part of
the tribe. The Cayuse, believing that the missionaries were the cause
of it, attacked the mission on November 29, 1847, killed Dr Whitman and
thirteen others, and destroyed the mission. As a matter of fact, there
seems little question that the infection was brought into the country
in supplies intended for the use of the mission or of emigrants
temporarily stopping there. In 1854, according to Stevens, “the tribe,
though still dreaded by their neighbors on account of their courage and
warlike spirit, is but a small one, numbering, according to the census
of 1851, only 126. Of these, individuals of the pure blood are few, the
majority being intermixed with the Nez Percés and the Wallah-Wallahs,
particularly with the former, to such a degree that their own language
has fallen into disuse.” A few years ago only a few individuals, then
living on Umatilla reservation, retained their old language. In 1855
they joined in the treaty by which Umatilla reservation in Oregon was
set apart, and most of those remaining are now there, while a few
others are with the Nez Percés at Lapwai. Joseph, the noted Nez Percé
chief, is himself the son of a Cayuse father. In 1892 the Cayuse on
Umatilla reservation were reported to number 391, but it is evident
that most of these are mixed-bloods of other tribes, particularly the
Umatilla. The name Cayuse is from the Nez Percé language. They call
themselves Wailĕtpu. They are known to the Yakima as Wi′alĕt-pûm or
Wai′lĕtma, and to the Tenino as Shiwanish, or “strangers from up the
river,” a name extended also to the Nez Percés.
+Umatilla+ (Shahaptian stock).—_Synonym_: Utilla. A tribe formerly
occupying the lower portion of the river of the same name, with the
adjacent bank of the Columbia, in Oregon. They speak a distinct
language of the Shahaptian stock. By the treaty of 1855 they agreed to
go on Umatilla reservation in Oregon, where in 1892 they were reported
to number 216. A large proportion of those now called Cayuse on the
same reservation are Umatilla mixed-bloods.