regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that,
under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay
the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of
at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish
Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see
what is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events
will take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain
that these countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and
fanatical rulers, that the march of civilisation _must_ progress, and
its various elements of commercial prosperity _must_ be developed. It is
needless to observe that such will never be the case under the
blundering and decrepit despotism of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria
and Palestine, in a word, must be taken under European protection and
governed in the sense and according to the spirit of European
administration. It must ultimately come to this. What a great advantage
it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, when at length the
Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with this new ray of
light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared to say:
"Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land which you
seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a people. The
sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated and has become
to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again her sons. We
only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels the fate of the
East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing our beloved
country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation and of
crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with all
the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say
it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I
therefore would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm
consideration, upon the consideration of those who, by their position
and influence amongst you are most likely to take the lead in such a
glorious struggle for national existence. I had once intended to have
addressed the Jews here in their Synagogue upon the subject, but I have
reflected that such a proceeding might have awakened the jealousy of the
local Government. I have, however, prepared a rough petition which will
be signed by all the Jews here and in other parts of Syria, and which I
shall then forward to you. Probably two or three months will elapse
first. There are many considerations to be weighed and examined as the
question develops itself--but a _beginning_ must be made--a resolution
must be taken, _an agitation must be commenced_, and where the stake is
"Country and Home" where is the heart that will not leap and bound to
the appeal?
I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order.
Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses,
Yours very faithfully,
CHAS. H. CHURCHILL.
Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further
considerations.
Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly
interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your
ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present
attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as
subjects of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in
Palestine. Your first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers
in your views and to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon
the clear understanding that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part
of Syria and Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great
Powers, that they should have the internal regulation of their own
affairs, that they should be exempt from military service (except on
their own account as a measure of defence against the incursions of the
Bedouin Arabs), and that they should only be called upon to pay a
tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of taxation.
No doubt, such an undertaking will require _Patriotism_ in the fullest
sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large
capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned
after the lapse of a few years.
In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices,
whether of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before
commencing an undertaking and once begun to carry it through,
vanquishing, surmounting, triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy
of man's existence and carries with it its own reward, if the judgment
is sound, the head clear and the heart honest. I humbly venture to give
my opinion upon a subject, which no doubt has already occupied your
thought--and the bare mention of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart
vibrate. The only question is--_when_ and _how_.
The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour.
Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at
hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable
prospect of success put their hands to the glorious work of National
Regeneration. If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your
decision, only begging you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an
ardent desire for the welfare and prosperity of a people to whom we all
owe our possession of those blessed truths which direct our minds with
unerring faith to the enjoyment of another and better world.--C. H. C.
I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish
it.
* * * * *
_15th August, 1842._
MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have delayed until now sending to you a written
statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and Palestine
partly because I knew you were absent last week from England and partly
because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days previous to
committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must in your
eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you have
perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will come to
such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest
support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under
the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion,
perhaps you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have
drawn up in the shape of an "address," translated into German and
forwarded to your friends in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe
that were the Jews as a body, both in England and on the Continent of
Europe, to so arrange as to present a joint application to the British
Government in the sense I propose, they would have reason to rejoice
hereafter that they had taken such a step.
I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will
express to you all I can say upon the subject.
The only question that remains for your personal consideration is
whether you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the
leading Jews, abroad as well as in England for their deliberate
judgment.
May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and believe
me to be,
Dear Sir Moses,
Yours most sincerely,
CHAS. H. CHURCHILL.
* * * * *
_Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract)._
Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole
history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such
then be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may
not in all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope
direct your most strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers
with the view of doing all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of
your brethren now residing there and with heartfelt aspiration of being
approved by Almighty God whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to
render that Land once more a refuge and resting-place to such of your
brethren scattered throughout the world as may resort to it.
Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort to
accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by
ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but
the dread of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so
long upon the soil of "Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the
accomplishment of their natural desire.
My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their
brethren on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the
British Government through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out
a fit and proper person to reside in Syria for the sole and express
purpose of superintending and watching over the interests of the Jews
residing in that country. The duties and powers of such a public officer
to be a matter of arrangement between the Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs and the Committee of Jews conducting the negotiations. It is, I
hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon the incalculable benefit which
would accrue to your nation at large were such an important measure to
be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly to the spirit of
confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts of your
fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and
acknowledged agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and
Palestine under the auspices and sanction of Great Britain....
..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people.
...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."...
* * * * *
_Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews._
_November 8th, 1842._
That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the
effect that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special
duties and deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to
the several congregations it represents, is precluded from originating
any measures for carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill
respecting the Jews of Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that
much good would arise from the realisation of Colonel Churchill's
intentions, but is of opinion that any measures in reference to this
subject should emanate from the general body of the Jews throughout
Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the Jews of other
countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain would be
ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous support.
* * * * *
_Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies._
BEYROUT, _Jany._ 8_th_, 1843.
SIR,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official
Communication which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been
pleased to address to me.
It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews
would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in
endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of
Jews in Syria and Palestine.
I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will still
continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it
inexpedient to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the
Jews in the rest of Europe on a question so interesting and important,
one in which is necessarily involved that of the prospective
regeneration of their long-suffering and afflicted country.
I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to the
Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to
receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are
ever at its command.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
CHAS. CHURCHILL.
(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.)
* * * * *
THE ENTENTE POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1917.
_Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated
February 21, 1917._
"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente
Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish
territory and subjected to a special régime to be determined by
agreement between Russia, France and England."
(_Manchester Guardian_, January 19, 1918.)
* * * * *
GREAT BRITAIN AND ZIONISM, 1917.
_Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild._
FOREIGN OFFICE,
_November 2nd, 1917_.
DEAR LORD ROTHSCHILD,--I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on
behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of
sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to,
and approved by, the Cabinet:--
"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their
best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being
clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any
other country."
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the
knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
Yours sincerely,
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR.
(_Times_, November 9, 1917.)
* * * * *
APPENDIX.
INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN 1498.
The earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international European
politics--or rather the earliest reference to it in the British State
Papers--happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of the Jews
from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain sent a mission
to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's marriage. The
mission was apparently instructed to deal with the Jewish Question. The
envoys expressed to the King their sorrow that, while Spain had been
purged of infidelity, Flanders and England were infested by that
scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch from the chief of the
mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his breast, swore that he would
persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic that the King or Queen of
Spain might point out in his dominions.
DOCUMENT.
* * * * *
_De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz
to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract._
* * * * *
Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo....
Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos
conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la
Inquisicion y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que
los sobredichos siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello,
holgo mucho de tal avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la
fe de su coraçon que no decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno
si contra lo que yo le decia algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia
por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar si en su tierra hay algun
judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los castigaria bien. Fue
esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga mucho el Rey de
Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales....
(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.)
* * * * *
INDEX.
Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 96
Aberdeen, Earl of, 18, 123
Adler, Cyrus, 67, 70, 71
Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), 106
Alexander I, Tsar, 12, 15
Alexander II, Tsar, 78
Alexander III, Tsar, 55
Alexander, Bishop, 106
Alexander, D. L., 51, 52, 54
Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 54, 88;
Protocols, 98-99
Allenby, General, 104
Alliance Israélite, 59, 60, 89
Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, 98
American-Jewish Committee, 89
American House of Representatives, Resolution, 79
American Senate, Resolution, 79-80
American-Swiss Treaty (1855), 74
"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," 103
Anarchists, 57
Ancona, Jews of, 63
Andrássy, Count, 30, 93
Anglo-French Entente, 56
Anglo-Jewish Association, 45, 51, 69, 89
Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), 78, 83, 87
Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), 106
Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), 80
Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), 73
Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), 84
Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, 57-62
Appleton, John, 75
Austria, 64, 65
Austrian Instruction (1815), 71
Austrian Jews, 7
Balance of Power, The, 54
Balfour, Arthur James, 124, 125
Baltimore, Jews of, 74
Bartholomey, Mr., 77
Baruch, Jacob, 12
Baxter, Nadir, 101
Beaconsfield, Earl of, 30, 103
Beauvale, Lord, 106, 116, 117
Belgium and Holland, Union of, 2
Benchimol Family, 88, 89, 90, 91
Berlin, Congress of (1878), 23-36, 52
Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 24, 33
Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," 74, 80, 83, 84, 87
Bernstorff, Count, 16
Bertie, Francis, 44, 45
Bethlehem, 105
Bismarck, Prince, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32
Bjoerkoe interview, 56, 62
Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), 54, 70, 78
"Blue Laws," 77
Boerne, Ludwig, 12
Bohemia, Jews of, 7-11
Brisac, J., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73
Broglie, Duc de, 66
Brothers, Richard, 101
Bucharest Commission, 20
Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 50
Bulgaria, 26, 33
Bülow, Baron, 105, 114, 116
Bund, Jewish, 57, 59
Bunsen, Baron, 106
Buzaglo, David, 89, 91
Canovas Del Castillo, Señor, 93, 94
Capitulations, 3, 4, 83, 100
Capodistrias, Count, 16
Carathéodory Pacha, 26, 27, 31, 32
Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 64, 71, 100
Cassini, Count, 99
Castlereagh, Viscount, 12, 13, 16
Catharine of Braganza, Queen, 6
Catherine of Russia, Empress, 76, 78
"Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," 66
Charlemagne, Emperor, 3
Charles II, King of England, 6
Charles X, King of France, 65
Chevalier, Michel, 67
China, religious liberty in, 3
Choate, Joseph H., 44
Christendom, Peace of, 2
Christian Missions, protection of, 3
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 6
Churchill, Colonel, C. H., 103, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124
Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), 44
Clarendon, Earl of, 19, 67
Clanricarde, Marquis of, 113
Cobden, Richard, 67
Cohn, Albert, 19
Conferences:--
Algeciras (1906), 54, 88
Bucharest (1913), 45, 47, 48, 49
Constantinople (1856), 20, 21, 23
London (1830), 17, 52
London (1912), 13, 45, 47
Madrid (1880), 54, 88
Ryswick (1697), 103
St. Petersburg (1912-13), 45-47
_See also_ Protocols and Treaties
Congresses:--
Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 15, 16
Berlin (1878), 23, 25-33, 36
Paris (1856), 18-23
Vienna (1815), 3, 12-15
_See also_ Protocols and Treaties
Consistoire Israélite, 66
Consular Protection, 4, 82-85, 86-88
Convention, Cyprus (1878), 107
Convention of Paris (1858), 20, 21, 23
Crémieux, Adolphe, 18, 102
Cromwell, Oliver, 4, 6, 102
Crowe, Sir Eyre, 51, 83
Cyprus, 103
Cyprus Convention (1878), 107
Damascus, 120
Daudet, Ernest, 55
"Décade Philosophique et Littéraire," 104
De Card, "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc," 88
Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), 124-5
De Launay, Count, 29, 32, 53
De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, 6
Deschamps, Emile, 59
Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), 38
Desprez, M., 26, 32, 33
Dicey, Professor A. V., 5, 54
D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," 101
Dobrudja, 50
Dohm, C. W., 15
Eastern Roumelia, 26, 79
Edict of Sultan of Morocco, 89, 92
El Arish, 104
Esterhazy, Prince, 117
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 126
Finch, Sir Henry, 100, 101
Finn, James, 86, 102;
"Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," 85
Fogg, Mr., 75
Foreign Jews Protection Society, 64
Foster, J. W., 70
France, 65, 66
Franchi, Cardinal, 93
Franco-Moorish Règlement (1863), 88
Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), 71
Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), 73
Franks, Aaron, 7, 8, 9
Freemasons, 59, 60, 62
Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," 100
George II, King of England, 7-9
German Jews, 12, 13
Goldsmid, Sir Julian, 82
Gortchacow, Prince, 28, 29, 30, 33
Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," 103
Granville, Earl, 69;
despatch of, 81-82
Greece, Jews of, 17
Grey, Sir Edward, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82
Grey, Viscount (_see_ Sir Edward)
Guizot, 66, 105, 107
Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., 101
Hammond, J., 86
Hardenberg, Prince, 12, 13, 16
Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, 3
Harrington, Lord, 11
Hart, Moses, 7, 8, 9
_Hatti-Humayoun_ (1856), 19-22
Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), 37, 38, 43, 44;
despatch on Rumania, 38-43
Hay, Sir John Drummond, 85, 88
Haymerle, Baron, 30
Henry VII, King of England, 126
Hervaille, 59
Herzl, Theodor, 104
"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," 55
Holland, 7
Holland, Jews of, 2, 3
Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," 18, 21, 22
Holy Alliance, 12
Holy Roman Empire, 100
Hoskier, M., 55
_Izviestia_, 56
Izvolsky, A., 56, 62
Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), 47
Jaffa, 85
James I, King of England, 101
Jerusalem, 101, 104, 108, 109, 115, 117
Jewish Board of Deputies, 12, 45, 47, 51, 69, 86, 89, 103, 123, 124
Jewish Bund, 57
Jewish Conjoint Committee, 24, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 82, 83
"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," 37
Jewish Nationalism, 16
"Jews and the War," 24, 45
Jews in Bohemia, 7-11
Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, 63-83
Jews in Morocco, 83-85, 87-99
Jews in Rumania, 28-48
Jews in Russia, 54
Jews in Russia, American Despatch, 76-78, 81-83
Jews in Switzerland, 72-73
"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," 70
Jews, National Restoration of, 100-125
Jews of Baltimore, 74
Joostens, Baron, 99
Kamarowsky, 105, 106
Klüber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," 14
Kohler, Max, 37
Koutzo-Vlachs, 50
Lamsdorf, Count, 55, 56, 62
Lansdowne, Marquis of, 37, 38
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 59
"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," 54
Lemoine, "Napoléon et les Juifs," 104
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 17
Leven, Narcisse, 24, 85
Lewisohn, Leon, 69, 81
Lieven, Count, 18
Loeb, Isidor, 24
Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," 89, 92
London, Treaty of (1840), 106
Louis Philippe, King of France, 66;
speech of (1835), 73
Ludolf, Count, 95
Madrid, Conference of (1880), 54, 88;
Protocols, 90-98
Madrid, Treaty of (1880), 91
Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), 46, 47, 49, 50
Maria Theresa, Empress, 7-11
Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), 63, 64
Marx, Karl, 59
Mehemet Ali, 102
"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," 69
"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), 45
Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), 111-113;
(1841), 117-119
Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), 114-116
Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), 107-110
Menasseh ben Israel, 6
Mendes da Costa, Fernando, 6
Metternich, Prince, 12, 13, 16, 113, 116, 117, 118
Milan, Prince, 30
Mohammed Vargas, Cid, 96, 97
Moldavia, Jews in, 19, 21
Moldavians and Wallachians, 23
Montefiore, Claude G., 51, 52, 54
Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, 86
Montefiore, Lady, 122
Montefiore, Sir Moses, 18, 89, 95, 102, 103, 119, 121
Montenegro, 30, 33
Montmoren y Laval, 18
Moravia, Jews of, 7
Morocco, Jews of, 70
Morocco, Religious Liberty in, 89-99
Mount Athos, 31
Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, 97, 98
Nahon, Moses, 89, 91
Napier, Lord, 81
Napoleon I, Emperor, 102, 104
Napoleon III, Emperor, 19
Nasi, Donna Gracia, 6, 63
Nasi, Don Joseph (_see_ Naxos, Duke of)
"National Treatment," 65, 68
Nationality, Jewish, 64
Naxos, Duke of, 63
Nazareth, 105
Neapolitan prison horrors, 5
Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, 58
Nesselrode, Count, 16, 113
Nicholas II, Tsar, 56, 62
Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 98
"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, 55
Nina, Cardinal, 94
Oliphant, Lawrence, 103
Omar, Mosque of, 116
Ottoman Empire, Jews in, 3, 4
Palestine Declaration, British (1917), 124-125
Palestine, Jews in, 70
Palestine Question, 100-125
Palestine, Russian Jews in, 84, 85
Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), 107, 124
Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), 111-113; (1841), 117-119
Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), 114-116
Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), 107-110
Palmerston, Viscount, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 117
Paris, Convention of (1858), 23
Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 71, 100
Passport Question in Russia, 68
Paul IV, Pope, 63, 64
Paulli, Holger, 103
Peace of Christendom, 2
Peace of Westphalia, 2, 3, 6
Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, 7-11
Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," 84
Pogroms, 62
Poland, Jews of, 6
Poland, Protestants of, 4
Ponsonby, Lord, 106
Pope, the, 93, 95
Portugal, Jews of, 6
Prince of Wales (Arthur), 126
Protocols:--
Anti-Anarchist (1904), 56
Algeciras Conference (1906), 98-99
Conference of Bucharest (1913), 47
Conference of Constantinople (1856), 20, 23
Conference of London (1830), 17, 18
Conference, Madrid (1880), 90-98
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 16
Congress of Berlin (1878), 25-33
Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, 2, 3
_See also_ Conferences, Congresses and Treaties
Prussia, Jews of, 6
Prussia, King of, 114
Radowitz, Herr von, 99