PAGE 80
[109] From _The Holy Fair_.
PAGE 81
[110] From _Epistle: To a Young Friend_.
[111] From _Address to the Unco' Quid, or the Rigidly Righteous_.
[112] From _Epistle: To Dr. Blacklock_.
[Footnote 4: See his _Memorabilia_.][Transcriber's note: The reference
for this footnote is missing from the original text.]
PAGE 83
[113] From _Winter: A Dirge_.
PAGE 84
[114] From Shelley's _Prometheus Unbound_, III, iv, last line.
[115] _Ibid._, II, v.
LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
PAGE 87
[116] Reprinted (considerably revised) from the _Nineteenth Century_,
August, 1882, vol. XII, in _Discourses in America_, Macmillan & Co.,
1885. It was the most popular of the three lectures given by Arnold
during his visit to America in 1883-84.
[117] Plato's _Republic_, 6. 495, _Dialogues_, ed. Jowett, 1875, vol. 3,
p. 194.
[118] ~working lawyer~. Plato's _Theoetetus,_ 172-73, _Dialogues_, IV,
231.
PAGE 88
[119] ~majesty~. All editions read "majority." What Emerson said was
"majesty," which is therefore substituted here. See Emerson's _Literary
Ethics, Works_, Centenary ed., I, 179.
PAGE 89
[120] "His whole soul is perfected and ennobled by the acquirement of
justice and temperance and wisdom. ... And in the first place, he will
honor studies which impress these qualities on his soul and will
disregard others."--_Republic_, IX, 591, _Dialogues_, III, 305.
PAGE 91
[121] See _The Function of Criticism, Selections_, p. 52.[Transcriber's
note: This approximates to the section following the text reference for
Footnote 61 in this e-text.]
[122] Delivered October 1, 1880, and printed in _Science and Culture and
Other Essays_, Macmillan & Co., 1881.
[123] See _The Function of Criticism, Selections_, pp. 52-53.
[Transcriber's note: This approximates to the section following the text
reference for Footnote 61 in this e-text.]
PAGE 92
[124] See _L'Instruction supérieur en France_ in Renan's _Questions
Contemporaines_, Paris, 1868.
PAGE 93
[125] ~Friedrich August Wolf~ (1759-1824), German philologist and
critic.
PAGE 99
[126] See Plato's _Symposium, Dialogues_, II, 52-63.
PAGE 100
[127] ~James Joseph Sylvester~ (1814-97), English mathematician. In
1883, the year of Arnold's lecture, he resigned a position as teacher in
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, to accept the Savilian Chair of
Geometry at Oxford.
PAGE 101
[128] Darwin's famous proposition. _Descent of Man_, Part III, chap.
XXI, ed. 1888, II, 424.
PAGE 103
[129] ~Michael Faraday~ (1791-1867), English chemist and physicist, and
the discoverer of the induction of electrical currents. He belonged to
the very small Christian sect called after ~Robert Sandeman~, and his
opinion with respect to the relation between his science and his
religion is expressed in a lecture on mental education printed at the
end of his _Researches in Chemistry and Physics_.
PAGE 105
[130] Eccles. VIII, 17.[Arnold.]
[131] _Iliad_, XXIV, 49.[Arnold.]
[132] Luke IX, 25.
PAGE 107
[133] _Macbeth_, V, iii.
PAGE 109
[134] A touching account of the devotion of ~Lady Jane Grey~ (1537-54)
to her studies is to be found in Ascham's _Scholemaster_, Arber's ed.,
46-47.
HEINRICH HEINE.
PAGE 112
[135] Reprinted from the _Cornhill Magazine_, vol. VIII, August, 1863,
in _Essays in Criticism_, 1st series, 1865.
[136] Written from Paris, March 30, 1855. See Heine's _Memoirs_, ed.
1910, II, 270.
PAGE 113
[137] The German Romantic school of ~Tieck~ (1773-1853), ~Novalis~
(1772-1801), and ~Richter~ (1763-1825) followed the classical school of
Schiller and Goethe. It was characterized by a return to individualism,
subjectivity, and the supernatural. Carlyle translated extracts from
Tieck and Richter in his _German Romance_ (1827), and his _Critical and
Miscellaneous Essays_ contain essays on Richter and Novalis.
PAGE 114
[138] From _English Fragments; Conclusion_, in _Pictures of Travel_, ed.
1891, Leland's translation, _Works_, III, 466-67.
PAGE 117
[139] ~Heine's~ birthplace was not ~Hamburg~, but ~Düsseldorf~.
[140] ~Philistinism~. In German university slang the term _Philister_
was applied to townsmen by students, and corresponded to the English
university "snob." Hence it came to mean a person devoid of culture and
enlightenment, and is used in this sense by Goethe in 1773. Heine was
especially instrumental in popularizing the expression outside of
Germany. Carlyle first introduced it into English literature in 1827. In
a note to the discussion of Goethe in the second edition of _German
Romance_, he speaks of a Philistine as one who "judged of Brunswick mum,
by its _utility_." He adds: "Stray specimens of the Philistine nation
are said to exist in our own Islands; but we have no name for them like
the Germans." The term occurs also in Carlyle's essays on _The State of
German Literature_, 1827, and _Historic Survey of German Poetry_, 1831.
Arnold, however, has done most to establish the word in English usage.
He applies it especially to members of the middle class who are swayed
chiefly by material interests and are blind to the force of ideas and
the value of culture. Leslie Stephen, who is always ready to plead the
cause of the Philistine, remarks: "As a clergyman always calls every one
from whom he differs an atheist, and a bargee has one or two favorite
but unmentionable expressions for the same purpose, so a prig always
calls his adversary a Philistine." _Mr. Matthew Arnold and the Church of
England, Fraser's Magazine_, October, 1870.
[141] The word ~solecism~ is derived from[Greek: soloi], in Cilicia,
owing to the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian
colonists of that place.
PAGE 118
[142] The "~gig~" as Carlyle's symbol of philistinism takes its origin
from a dialogue which took place in Thurtell's trial: "I always thought
him a respectable man." "What do you mean by 'respectable'?" "He kept a
gig." From this he coins the words "gigman," "gigmanity," "gigmania,"
which are of frequent occurrence in his writings.
PAGE 119
[143] _English Fragments, Pictures of Travel, Works_, III, 464.
PAGE 120
[144] See _The Function of Criticism, Selections_, Note 2, p. 42.
[Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 42 in this e-text.]
PAGE 121
[145] _English Fragments_, chap. IX, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_,
III, 410-11.
[146] Adapted from a line in Wordsworth's _Resolution and Independence_.
PAGE 122
[147] ~Charles the Fifth~. Ruler of The Holy Roman Empire, 1500-58.
PAGE 124
[148] _English Fragments, Conclusion_, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_,
III, 468-70.
[149] A complete edition has at last appeared in Germany.[Arnold.]
PAGE 125
[150] ~Augustin Eugène Scribe~ (1791-1861), French dramatist, for fifty
years the best exponent of the ideas of the French middle class.
PAGE 126
[151] ~Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte~ (Napoleon III), 1808-73, son of
Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I, by the _coup d'état_ of
December, 1851, became Emperor of France. This was accomplished against
the resistance of the Moderate Republicans, partly through the favor of
his democratic theories with the mass of the French people. Heine was
mistaken, however, in believing that the rule of Louis Napoleon had
prepared the way for Communism. An attempt to bring about a Communistic
revolution was easily crushed in 1871.
PAGE 127
[152] ~J.J. von Goerres~ (1776-1848), ~Klemens Brentano~ (1778-1842),
and ~Ludwig Achim von Arnim~ (1781-1831) were the leaders of the second
German Romantic school and constitute the Heidelberg group of writers.
They were much interested in the German past, and strengthened the
national and patriotic spirit. Their work, however, is often marred by
exaggeration and affectation.
PAGE 128
[153] From _The Baths of Lucca_, chap. X, in _Pictures of Travel,
Works_, III, 199.
PAGE 129
[154] Cf. _Function of Criticism, Selections_, p. 26.[Transcriber's
note: This approximates to the section following the text reference for
Footnote 27 in this e-text.]
[155] Job XII, 23: "He enlargeth the nations and straiteneth them
again."
PAGE 131
[156] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, book I, 135: "he stands the shadow of a great
name."
PAGE 132
[157] From _Ideas_, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_, II, 312-13.
[158] ~Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh~ (1769-1822), as Foreign
Secretary under Lord Liverpool, became the soul of the coalition against
Napoleon, which, during the campaigns of 1813-14, was kept together by
him alone. He committed suicide with a penknife in a fit of insanity in
August, 1822.
[159] From _Ideas_, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_, II, 324.
[160] From _English Fragments_, 1828, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_,
III, 340-42.
PAGE 133
[161] Song in _Measure for Measure_, IV, i.
[162][Transcriber's note: "From _The Dying One_: for translation see p.
142." in original. Please see reference in text for Footnote 180.]
PAGE 135
[163] From _Mountain Idyll, Travels in the Hartz Mountains, Book of
Songs. Works_, ed. 1904, pp. 219-21.
[164] Published 1851.
[165] ~Rhampsinitus~. A Greek corruption of _Ra-messu-pa-neter_, the
popular name of Rameses III, King of Egypt.
[166] ~Edith with the Swan Neck~. A mistress of King Harold of England.
[167] ~Melisanda of Tripoli~. Mistress of Geoffrey Rudel, the
troubadour.
[168] ~Pedro the Cruel~. King of Castile (1334-69).
[169] ~Firdusi~. A Persian poet, author of the epic poem, the
_Shahnama_, or "Book of Kings," a complete history of Persia in nearly
sixty thousand verses.
[170] ~Dr. Döllinger~. A German theologian and church historian
(1799-1890).
[171] _Spanish Atrides, Romancero, Works_, ed. 1905, pp. 200-04.
[172] ~Henry of Trastamare~. King of Castile (1369-79).
PAGE 137
[173] ~garbanzos~. A kind of pulse much esteemed in Spain.
PAGE 138
[174] Adapted from Rom. VIII, 26.
PAGE 139
[175] From _The Baths of Lucca_, chap. IX, in _Pictures of Travel,
Works_, III, 184-85.
[176] _Romancero_, book III.
PAGE 140
[177] ~Laura~. The heroine of Petrarch's famous series of love lyrics
known as the _Canzoniere_.
[178] ~Court of Love~. For a discussion of this supposed medieval
tribunal see William A. Neilson's _The Origins and Sources of the Court
of Love, Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature_, Boston, 1899,
chap. VIII.
PAGE 142
[179] _Disputation, Romancero_, book III.
[180] _The Dying One, Romancero_, book II, quoted entire.
PAGE 143
[181] Written from Paris, September 30, 1850. See _Memoirs_, ed. 1910,
II, 226-27.
MARCUS AURELIUS.
PAGE 145
[182] Reprinted from _The Victoria Magazine_, II, 1-9, November, 1863,
in _Essays in Criticism_, 1865.
[183] ~John Stuart Mill~ (1806-73), English philosopher and economist.
_On Liberty_ (1859) is his most finished writing.
[184] The _Imitation of Christ_ (_Imitatio Christi_), a famous medieval
Christian devotional work, is usually ascribed to Thomas à Kempis
(1380-1471), an Augustinian canon of Mont St. Agnes in the diocese of
Utrecht.
PAGE 146
[185] ~Epictetus~. Greek Stoic philosopher (born c. A.D. 60). He is an
earnest preacher of righteousness and his philosophy is eminently
practical. For Arnold's personal debt to him see his sonnet _To a
Friend_.
PAGE 147
[186] ~Empedocles~. A Greek philosopher and statesman (c. 490-430 B.C.).
He is the subject of Arnold's early poetical drama, _Empedocles on
Etna_, which he later suppressed for reasons which he states in the
Preface to the _Poems_ of 1853. See _Selections_, pp. 1-3.
[Transcriber's note: This approximates to the section following the text
reference for Footnote 1 in this e-text.]
[187] _Encheiridion_, chap. LII.
[188] Ps. CXLIII, 10; incorrectly quoted.
[189] Is. LX, 19.
[190] Mal. IV, 2.
[191] John I, 13.
[192] John III, 5.
PAGE 148
[193] 1 John V, 4.
[194] Matt. XIX, 26.
[195] 2 Cor. V, 17.
[196] _Encheiridion_, chap. XLIII.
[197] Matt. XVIII, 22.
[198] Matt. XXII, 37-39, etc.
PAGE 149
[199] ~George Long~ (1800-79), classical scholar. He published
_Selections from Plutarch's Lives_, 1862; _Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius_,
1862; etc.
[200] ~Thomas Arnold~ (1795-1842), English clergyman and headmaster of
Rugby School, father of Matthew Arnold.
PAGE 150
[201] ~Jeremy Collier~ (1650-1726). His best-known work is his _Short
View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage_, 1698, a
sharp and efficacious attack on the Post-Restoration drama. _The Emperor
M. Aurelius Antoninus, his Conversation with himself_, appeared in 1701.
PAGE 151
[202] _Meditations_, III, 14.
PAGE 152
203. ~Antoninus Pius~. Roman Emperor, A.D. 138-161, and foster-father of
M. Aurelius.
[204] To become current in men's speech.
[205] The real name of ~Voltaire~ was ~François Marie Arouet~. The name
Voltaire was assumed in 1718 and is supposed to be an anagram of Arouet
le j(eune).
PAGE 154
[206] See _Function of Criticism, Selections_, p. 36.[Transcriber's
note: This approximates to the section following the text reference for
Footnote 36 in this e-text.]
[207] ~Louis IX of France~ (1215-70), the leader of the crusade of 1248.
PAGE 155
[208] ~The Saturday Review~, begun in 1855, was pronouncedly
conservative in politics. It devoted much space to pure criticism and
scholarship, and Arnold's essays are frequently criticized in its
columns.
[209] He died on the 17th of March, A.D. 180.[Arnold.]
PAGE 156
[210] ~Juvenal's sixth satire~ is a scathing arraignment of the vices
and follies of the women of Rome during the reign of Domitian.
[211] See Juvenal, _Sat._ 3, 76.
[212] Because he lacks an inspired poet (to sing his praises). Horace,
_Odes_, IV, 9, 28.
PAGE 157
[213] ~Avidius Cassius~, a distinguished general, declared himself
Emperor in Syria in 176 A.D. Aurelius proceeded against him, deploring
the necessity of taking up arms against a trusted officer. Cassius was
slain by his own officers while M. Aurelius was still in Illyria.
[214] ~Commodus~. Emperor of Rome, 180-192 A.D. He was dissolute and
tyrannical.
[215] ~Attalus~, a Roman citizen, was put to death with other Christians
in A.D. 177.
[216] ~Polycarp~, Bishop of Smyrna, and one of the Apostolic Fathers,
suffered martyrdom in 155 A.D.
PAGE 159
[217] ~Tacitus~, _Ab Excessu Augusti_, XV, 44.
PAGE 161
[218] ~Claude Fleury~ (1640-1723), French ecclesiastical historian,
author of the _Histoire Ecclésiastique_, 20 vols., 1691.
PAGE 163
[219] _Med._, I, 12.
[220] _Ibid._, I, 14.
[221] _Ibid._, IV, 24.
PAGE 164
[222] _Ibid._, III, 4.
PAGE 165
[223] _Ibid._, V, 6.
[224] _Ibid._, IX, 42.
[225] ~Lucius Annæus Seneca~ (c. 3 B.C.-A.D. 65), statesman and
philosopher. His twelve so-called _Dialogues_ are Stoic sermons of a
practical and earnest character.
PAGE 166
[226] _Med._, III, 2.
PAGE 167
[227] _Ibid._, V, 5.
[228] _Ibid._, VIII, 34.
PAGE 168
[229] _Ibid._, IV, 3.
PAGE 169
[230] _Ibid._, I, 17.
[231] ~Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Domitian~. Roman Emperors, 14-37 A.D.,
37-41 A.D., 54-68 A.D., and 81-96 A.D.
[232] _Med._, IV, 28.
[233] _Ibid._, V, 11.
PAGE 170
[234] _Ibid._, X, 8.
PAGE 171
[235] _Ibid._, IV, 32.
[236] _Ibid._, V, 33.
[237] _Ibid._, IX, 30.
[238] _Ibid._, VII, 55.
PAGE 172
[239] _Ibid._, VI, 48.
[240] _Ibid._, IX, 3.
PAGE 173
[241] Matt. XVII, 17.
[242] _Med._, X, 15.
[243] _Ibid._, VI, 45.
[244] _Ibid._, V, 8.
[245] _Ibid._, VII, 55.
PAGE 174
[246] _Ibid._, IV, 1.
[247] _Ibid._, X, 31.
[248] _Ibid._
PAGE 175
[249] ~Alogi~. An ancient sect that rejected the Apocalypse and the
Gospel of St. John.
[250] ~Gnosis~. Knowledge of spiritual truth or of matters commonly
conceived to pertain to faith alone, such as was claimed by the
Gnostics, a heretical Christian sect of the second century.
[251] The correct reading is _tendebantque_ (_Æneid_, VI, 314), which
Arnold has altered to apply to the present case.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CELTS TO ENGLISH LITERATURE
PAGE 176
[252] From _On The Study of Celtic Literature_, London, 1867, chap. VI.
It was previously published in the _Cornhill Magazine_, vols. XIII and
XIV, March-July, 1866. In the Introduction to the book Arnold says: "The
following remarks on the study of Celtic literature formed the substance
of four lectures given by me last year and the year before in the chair
of poetry at Oxford." The chapter is slightly abridged in the present
selection.
PAGE 177
[253] _Paradise Lost_, III, 32-35.
[254] _Tasso_, I, 2, 304-05.
[255] ~Menander~. The most famous Greek poet of the New Comedy (342-291
B.C.).
PAGE 179
[256] ~Gemeinheit~. Arnold defines the word five lines below.
[257] See _The Function of Criticism, Selections_, Note 2, p. 42.
[Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 42 in this e-text.]
[258] ~Bossuet~. See _The Function of Criticism, Selections_, Note 2, p.
49.[Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 60 in this e-text.]
[259] ~Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke~ (1678-1751), English
statesman and man of letters, was author of the _Idea of a Patriot
King_. Arnold is inclined to overestimate the quality of his style.
PAGE 180
[260] ~Taliessin~ and ~Llywarch Hen~ are the names of Welsh bards,
supposedly of the late sixth century, whose poems are contained in the
_Red Book of Hergest_, a manuscript formerly preserved in Jesus College,
Oxford, and now in the Bodleian. Nothing further is known of them.
~Ossian~, ~Ossin~, or ~Oisin~, was a legendary Irish third century hero
and poet, the son of Finn. In Scotland the Ossianic revival was due to
James Macpherson. See Note 1, p. 181.[Transcriber's note: This is
Footnote 262 in this e-text.]
[261] From the _Black Book of Caermarthen_, 19.
PAGE 181
[262] ~James Macpherson~ (1736-96) published anonymously in 1760 his
_Fragments of Ancient Poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland and
translated from the Gaelic or Erse language_. This was followed by an
epic _Fingal_ and other poems. Their authenticity was early doubted and
a controversy followed. They are now generally believed to be forgeries.
The passage quoted, as well as references to Selma, "woody Morven," and
"echoing Lora" (not _Sora_), is from _Carthon: a Poem_.
PAGE 182
[263] ~Werther~. Goethe's _Die Leiden des jungen Werthers_ (1774) was a
product of the _Sturm und Drang_ movement in German literature, and
responsible for its sentimental excesses. Goethe mentions Ossian in
connection with Homer in _Werther_, book II, "am 12. October," and
translates several passages of considerable length toward the close of
this book.
[264] ~Prometheus~. An unfinished drama of Goethe's, of which a fine
fragment remains.
PAGE 183
[265] For ~Llywarch Hen~, see Note 1, p. 180.[Transcriber's note: This
is Footnote 260 in this e-text.] The present quotation is from book II
of the _Red Book_. A translation of the poem differing somewhat from the
one quoted by Arnold is contained in W.F. Skene's _The Four Ancient
Books of Wales_, Edinburgh, 1868.
[266] From _On this day I complete my thirty-sixth year_, 1824.
[267] From _Euthanasia_, 1812.
PAGE 184
[268] ~Manfred, Lara, Cain~. Heroes of Byron's poems so named.
[269] From _Paradise Lost_, I, 105-09.
PAGE 185
[270] Rhyme,--the most striking characteristic of our modern poetry as
distinguished from that of the ancients, and a main source, to our
poetry, of its magic and charm, of what we call its _romantic element_--
rhyme itself, all the weight of evidence tends to show, comes into our
poetry from the Celts.[Arnold.] A different explanation is given by J.
Schipper, _A History of English Versification_, Oxford, 1910: "End-rhyme
or full-rhyme seems to have arisen independently and without historical
connection in several nations.... Its adoption into all modern
literature is due to the extensive use made of it in the hymns of the
church."
[271] Lady Guest's _Mabinogion, Math the Son of Mathonwy_, ed. 1819,
III, 239.
[272] _Mabinogion, Kilhwch and Olwen_, II, 275.
PAGE 186
[273] _Mabinogion, Peredur the Son of Evrawc_, I, 324.
[274] _Mabinogion, Geraint the Son of Erbin_, II, 112.
PAGE 187
[275] ~Novalis~. The pen-name of ~Friedrich von Hardenberg~ (1772-1801),
sometimes called the "Prophet of Romanticism." See Carlyle's essay on
Novalis.
[276] For ~Rückert~, see _Wordsworth, Selections_, Note 4, p. 224.
[Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 356 in this e-text.]
[277] Take the following attempt to render the natural magic supposed to
pervade Tieck's poetry: "In diesen Dichtungen herrscht eine
geheimnissvolle Innigkeit, ein sonderbares Einverständniss mit der
Natur, besonders mit der Pflanzen-und Steinreich. Der Leser fühlt sich
da wie in einem verzauberten Walde; er hört die unterirdischen Quellen
melodisch rauschen; wildfremde Wunderblumen schauen ihn an mit ihren
bunten sehnsüchtigen Augen; unsichtbare Lippen küssen seine Wangen mit
neckender Zärtlichkeit; _hohe Pilze, wie goldne Glocken, wachsen
klingend empor am Fusse der Bäume_"; and so on. Now that stroke of the
_hohe Pilze_, the great funguses, would have been impossible to the tact
and delicacy of a born lover of nature like the Celt; and could only
have come from a German who has _hineinstudirt_ himself into natural
magic. It is a crying false note, which carries us at once out of the
world of nature-magic, and the breath of the woods, into the world of
theatre-magic and the smell of gas and orange-peel.[Arnold.]
~Johann Ludwig Tieck~ (1773-1853) was one of the most prominent of the
German romanticists. He was especially felicitous in the rehandling of
the old German fairy tales. The passage quoted above is from Heine's
_Germany_, Part II, book II, chap. II. The following is the translation
of C.G. Leland, slightly altered: "In these compositions we feel a
mysterious depth of meaning, a marvellous union with nature, especially
with the realm of plants and stones. The reader seems to be in an
enchanted forest; he hears subterranean springs and streams rustling
melodiously and his own name whispered by the trees. Broad-leaved
clinging plants wind vexingly about his feet, wild and strange
wonderflowers look at him with vari-colored longing eyes, invisible lips
kiss his cheeks with mocking tenderness, great funguses like golden
bells grow singing about the roots of trees."
[278] _Winter's Tale_, IV, iii, 118-20.
[279] Arnold doubtless refers to the passage in _The Solitary Reaper_
referred to in a similar connection in the essay on Maurice de Guérin,
though Wordsworth has written two poems _To the Cuckoo_.
[280] The passage on the mountain birch-tree, which is quoted in the
essay on Maurice de Guérin, is from Sénancour's _Obermann_, letter 11.
For his delicate appreciation of the Easter daisy see _Obermann_, letter
91.
PAGE 188
[281]. Pope's _Iliad_, VIII, 687.
[282] Propertius, _Elegies_, book I, 20, 21-22: "The band of heroes
covered the pleasant beach with leaves and branches woven together."
[283] _Idylls_, XIII, 34. The present reading of the line gives[Greek:
hekeito, mega]: "A meadow lay before them, very good for beds."
[284] From the _Ode to a Grecian Urn_.
PAGE 189
[285] That is, _Dedication_.
[286] From the _Ode to a Nightingale_.
[287] _Ibid._
PAGE 190
[288] Virgil, _Eclogues_, VII, 45.
[289] _Ibid._, II, 47-48: "Plucking pale violets and the tallest
poppies, she joins with them the narcissus and the flower of the
fragrant dill."
[290] _Ibid._, II, 51-52: "I will gather quinces, white with delicate
down, and chestnuts."
[291] _Midsummer Night's Dream_, II, i, 249-52.
[292] _Merchant of Venice_, V, i, 58-59.
[293] _Midsummer Night's Dream_, II, i, 83-85.
PAGE 191
[294] _Merchant of Venice_, V, i, 1 ff.
GEORGE SAND
PAGE 192
[295] Reprinted from the _Fortnightly Review_ for June, 1877, in _Mixed
Essays_, Smith, Elder & Co., 1879. ~Amandine Lucile Aurore Dudevant~,
née ~Dupin~ (1804-76), was the most prolific woman writer of France. The
pseudonym ~George Sand~ was a combination of George, the typical
Berrichon name, and Sand, abbreviated from (Jules) Sandeau, in
collaboration with whom she began her literary career.
[296] ~Indiana~, George Sand's first novel, 1832.