| | |No. of Persons| Per Cent.
|Total for| Annual | who signed | above and
+--------+--------+--------+--------+10 years.|Average.| with Marks in| below the
| 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. | | | every 100 | Average.
| | | | | | | married. |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+----------
| 1,095 | 1,124 | 957 | 1,003 | 10,454 | 1,045 | 56 | †40·0
| 1,070 | 1,137 | 1,118 | 1,164 | 10,970 | 1,097 | 42 | † 5·0
| 975 | 1,074 | 906 | 999 | 9,479 | 948 | 49 | †22·5
| 1,471 | 1,398 | 1,213 | 1,328 | 13,546 | 1,355 | 45 | †12·5
| 2,777 | 2,608 | 2,121 | 2,503 | 24,017 | 2,408 | 46 | †15·0
| 2,338 | 2,407 | 2,102 | 2,146 | 22,156 | 2,216 | 45 | †12·5
| 581 | 647 | 520 | 350 | 5,203 | 520 | 25 | *37·5
| 1,642 | 1,544 | 1,382 | 1,377 | 14,144 | 1,414 | 39 | * 2·5
| 3,312 | 3,224 | 2,782 | 1,981 | 27,484 | 2,748 | 32 | *20·0
| 1,033 | 905 | 941 | 923 | 8,488 | 849 | 36 | *10·0
| 2,375 | 2,378 | 2,376 | 2,327 | 20,866 | 2,087 | 36 | *10·0
| 2,246 | 2,163 | 1,977 | 1,963 | 20,960 | 2,096 | 50 | †25·0
| 2,578 | 2,698 | 2,215 | 2,304 | 23,879 | 2,388 | 35 | *12·5
| 598 | 576 | 424 | 488 | 5,206 | 521 | 41 | † 2·5
| 1,153 | 1,102 | 947 | 1,013 | 10,581 | 1,058 | 54 | †35·0
| 434 | 466 | 438 | 440 | 4,385 | 439 | 49 | †22·5
| 2,944 | 2,855 | 2,569 | 2,481 | 25,684 | 2,568 | 32 | *20·0
| 22,177 | 20,709 | 16,588 | 18,161 | 178,231 | 17,823 | 52 | †30·0
| 1,518 | 1,579 | 1,329 | 1,441 | 14,256 | 1,426 | 41 | † 2·5
| 2,232 | 2,166 | 2,159 | 2,436 | 21,359 | 2,136 | 39 | * 2·5
| 6,456 | 6,163 | 5,666 | 5,433 | 56,265 | 5,627 | 18 | *55·0
| 1,722 | 1,982 | 1,720 | 1,574 | 15,053 | 1,505 | 59 | †47·5
| 3,120 | 2,964 | 2,783 | 2,855 | 28,042 | 2,804 | 46 | †15·0
| 1,504 | 1,467 | 1,253 | 1,332 | 13,825 | 1,383 | 43 | † 7·5
| 1,214 | 1,244 | 1,190 | 1,328 | 11,286 | 1,129 | 28 | *30·0
| 2,000 | 1,834 | 1,635 | 1,760 | 17,650 | 1,765 | 42 | † 5·0
| 831 | 880 | 869 | 843 | 8,936 | 894 | 39 | * 2·5
| 73 | 99 | 152 | 118 | 1,039 | 104 | 49 | †22·5
| 1,428 | 1,544 | 1,532 | 1,661 | 15,298 | 1,530 | 48 | †20·0
| 2,598 | 2,632 | 2,183 | 2,360 | 25,326 | 2,533 | 41 | † 2·5
| 2,181 | 2,185 | 2,019 | 1,875 | 19,570 | 1,957 | 34 | *15·0
| 5,091 | 4,920 | 6,423 | 5,263 | 43,517 | 4,352 | 52 | †30·0
| 2,436 | 2,389 | 2,325 | 2,354 | 22,857 | 2,286 | 48 | †20·0
| 2,473 | 2,451 | 2,134 | 2,039 | 22,184 | 2,218 | 21 | *47·5
| 1,594 | 1,534 | 1,512 | 1,371 | 14,577 | 1,458 | 34 | *15·0
| 2,670 | 2,958 | 2,870 | 2,855 | 24,612 | 2,461 | 38 | * 5·0
| 237 | 321 | 220 | 135 | 2,079 | 208 | 27 | *32·5
| 1,685 | 1,642 | 1,481 | 1,528 | 15,520 | 1,552 | 48 | †20·0
| 3,744 | 4,192 | 1,871 | 1,643 | 28,773 | 2,877 | 52 | †30·0
| 13,395 | 12,688 | 11,797 | 11,930 | 118,446 | 11,845 | 44 | †10·0
| 2,916 | 3,219 | 2,904 | 1,951 | 28,395 | 2,840 | 55 | †37·5
| 4,978 | 5,565 | 4,703 | 4,811 | 46,249 | 4,625 | 57 | †42·5
+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+----------
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|118,894 |117,633 |104,306 |105,937 |1,050,907|105,091 | 40 |
+========+========+========+========+=========+========+==============+==========
LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR IGNORANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE
NUMBER WHO SIGNED THE MARRIAGE REGISTER WITH MARKS IN EVERY 100
PERSONS MARRIED.
_Counties above the Average, or most Ignorant._
Monmouth 59
South Wales 57
Bedford 56
North Wales 55
Hertford 54
Lancaster 52
Stafford 52
Worcester 52
Essex 50
Bucks 49
Hunts 49
Rutland 49
Salop 48
Suffolk 48
Wilts 48
Chester 46
Norfolk 46
Cambridge 45
Cornwall 45
York 44
Northampton 43
Berks 42
Nottingham 42
Hereford 41
Leicester 41
Somerset 41
_Counties below the Average, or least Ignorant._
Derby 39
Lincoln 39
Oxford 39
Warwick 38
Dorset 36
Durham 36
Gloucester 35
Southampton 34
Sussex 34
Devon 32
Kent 32
Northumberland 28
Westmorland 27
Cumberland 25
Surrey 21
Middlesex 18
Average for England and Wales 40
THE CRIME AND IGNORANCE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.
| Percentage above and below
| the Average.
+-------------+--------+---------
| | In No. |In No. of
| In No. |signing |Criminals
|of Criminals.|Register|unable to
| | with |read and
_Counties having great_ | | Marks. | write.
_Crime and great Ignorance._ +-------------+--------+---------
| | |
Worcester | †52·4 | †36·0 | † 8·5
Chester | †37·8 | †15·0 | † 9·4
Hereford | †45·1 | † 2·5 | †41·5
Bucks | †24·4 | †22·5 | † 6·9
Somerset | †21·3 | † 2·5 | † 7·2
Essex | †16·4 | †25·0 | †24·2
Lancaster | †12·8 | †30·0 | †22·0
Hertford | † 6·7 | †35·0 | †29·8
Norfolk | † 4·2 | †15·0 | †19·1
| | |
_Counties having little _ | | |
_Crime and little_ | | |
_Ignorance._ | | |
| | |
Cumberland | *56·7 | *37·5 | *15·4
Westmorland | *50·6 | *32·5 | *38·6
Northumberland | *50·0 | *30·0 | *19·1
Derby | *36·0 | * 2·5 | *23·5
Lincoln | *22·0 | * 2·5 | *14·8
Devon | *14·0 | *20·0 | *12·9
Sussex | * 6·7 | *15·0 | * 4·0
Surrey | * ·6 | *47·5 | *13·8
| | |
_Counties having great _ | | |
_Crime, and in which the_ | | |
_Ignorance Tests_ | | |
_are contradictory._ | | |
| | |
Warwick | †31·7 | * 5·0 | † 9·7
Wilts | †15·2 | †20·0 | *20·4
Monmouth | † 9·7 | †47·0 | *12·2
Stafford | † 9·1 | †30·0 | * 3·4
Leicester | † 4·2 | † 2·5 | *11·6
| | |
_Counties having great Crime_| | |
_and little Ignorance._ | | |
| | |
Gloucester | †59·1 | *12·5 | *11·9
Middlesex | †49·4 | *55·0 | *21·7
Oxford | † 8·5 | * 2·5 | * ·9
Southampton | † 7·9 | *15·0 | *13·5
| | |
_Counties having little _ | | |
_Crime and great Ignorance._ | | |
| | |
North Wales | *56·1 | †37·5 | †20·4
South Wales | *48·7 | †42·5 | †14·7
Hants | *14·0 | †22·5 | † 1·9
Northampton | *13·4 | † 7·5 | † 1·5
Salop | * 9·1 | †20·0 | †25·8
Bedford | * 7·3 | †40·0 | †28·3
Suffolk | * 4·2 | †20·0 | † 8·1
| | |
_Counties having little_ | | |
_Crime,and in which the_ | | |
_Ignorance_Tests are_ | | |
_contradictory._ | | |
| | |
Durham | *51·8 | *10·0 | † 1·5
Cornwall | *51·2 | †12·5 | * 6·9
York | *30·5 | †10·0 | * 8·5
Nottingham | *28·0 | † 5·0 | * 5·6
Berks | *21·4 | † 5·0 | * 4·7
Rutland | *15·2 | †22·5 | * 2·5
Cambridge | *10·3 | †12·5 | * 2·5
Dorset | *10·0 | *10·0 | † 4·7
Kent | | *20·0 | † 6·3
TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF IGNORANCE AMONGST THE CRIMINALS IN THE
DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.
---------------+--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
COUNTIES. |Average Annual|
| Number | Number of Criminals who could
| of Criminals | neither read nor write.
| from +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 1839-1848. | 1839. | 1840. | 1841. | 1842. | 1843. | 1844. |
---------------+--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | | | | | | |
Bedford | 181 | 39 | 72 | 90 | 110 | 80 | 81 |
Berks | 313 | 103 | 121 | 97 | 113 | 48 | 75 |
Bucks | 285 | 89 | 107 | 87 | 112 | 113 | 91 |
Cambridge | 249 | 79 | 65 | 90 | 78 | 80 | 77 |
Chester | 904 | 285 | 370 | 334 | 333 | 336 | 259 |
Cornwall | 294 | 81 | 95 | 82 | 80 | 82 | 65 |
Cumberland | 130 | 39 | 30 | 26 | 45 | 37 | 41 |
Derby | 263 | 74 | 48 | 66 | 92 | 77 | 61 |
Devon | 755 | 143 | 154 | 146 | 144 | 204 | 235 |
Dorset | 258 | 84 | 107 | 96 | 75 | 95 | 73 |
Durham | 260 | 70 | 33 | 56 | 88 | 96 | 138 |
Essex | 638 | 213 | 297 | 302 | 295 | 290 | 219 |
Gloucester | 1067 | 326 | 322 | 370 | 414 | 330 | 211 |
Hereford | 229 | 102 | 120 | 121 | 107 | 107 | 83 |
Hertford | 288 | 147 | 133 | 146 | 119 | 98 | 111 |
Hunts | 77 | 20 | 33 | 21 | 22 | 26 | 27 |
Kent | 942 | 348 | 251 | 353 | 371 | 330 | 301 |
Lancaster | 3462 | 1143 | 1391 | 1556 | 1947 | 1423 | 992 |
Leicester | 419 | 141 | 159 | 135 | 141 | 137 | 135 |
Lincoln | 458 | 117 | 119 | 99 | 133 | 131 | 134 |
Middlesex | 4230 | 927 | 882 | 980 | 800 | 1033 | 933 |
Monmouth | 272 | 83 | 94 | 112 | 73 | 79 | 67 |
Norfolk | 727 | 285 | 266 | 258 | 308 | 284 | 290 |
Northampton | 291 | 96 | 92 | 118 | 111 | 92 | 90 |
Northumberland | 214 | 24 | 57 | 45 | 58 | 75 | 96 |
Nottingham | 333 | 104 | 108 | 91 | 102 | 112 | 115 |
Oxford | 308 | 113 | 134 | 106 | 99 | 117 | 84 |
Rutland | 29 | 4 | -- | 1 | 11 | 13 | 8 |
Salop | 367 | 136 | 176 | 182 | 173 | 215 | 164 |
Somerset | 935 | 281 | 410 | 352 | 363 | 333 | 360 |
Southampton | 664 | 215 | 207 | 188 | 186 | 159 | 126 |
Stafford | 1017 | 233 | 271 | 324 | 465 | 313 | 304 |
Suffolk | 511 | 187 | 201 | 184 | 188 | 195 | 198 |
Surrey | 1026 | 315 | 320 | 274 | 300 | 223 | 233 |
Sussex | 498 | 173 | 173 | 176 | 191 | 143 | 111 |
Warwick | 959 | 293 | 396 | 403 | 363 | 392 | 267 |
Westmorland | 41 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 3 |
Wilts | 462 | 132 | 145 | 146 | 127 | 116 | 100 |
Worcester | 594 | 169 | 275 | 244 | 250 | 242 | 204 |
York | 1878 | 553 | 572 | 531 | 776 | 621 | 444 |
North Wales | 274 | 84 | 110 | 92 | 122 | 116 | 107 |
South Wales | 435 | 108 | 136 | 135 | 138 | 174 | 188 |
+--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
TOTAL FOR | | | | | | | |
ENGLAND | 27,542 | 196 | 9058 | 9220 | 10,128| 9173 | 7901 |
AND WALES | | | | | | | |
+--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+----------------
| | |No. of Criminals|Per Cent. above
| |Average | who can | and below the
|Total for| Number | neither read | Average.
+-------+-------+-------+-------+10 years.|per Year.| nor write |† denotes above.
| 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. | | | in every 100. |* „ below.
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+----------------
| | | | | | | |
| 64 | 66 | 64 | 79 | 745 | 74 | 40·8 | †28·3
| 79 | 88 | 100 | 127 | 951 | 95 | 30·3 | * 4·7
| 95 | 89 | 105 | 82 | 970 | 97 | 34·0 | † 6·9
| 69 | 78 | 75 | 81 | 772 | 77 | 30·9 | * 2·5
| 230 | 296 | 336 | 371 | 3,150 | 315 | 34·8 | † 9·4
| 90 | 89 | 125 | 86 | 875 | 87 | 29·6 | * 6·9
| 21 | 46 | 32 | 37 | 354 | 35 | 26·9 | *15·4
| 53 | 63 | 41 | 64 | 642 | 64 | 24·3 | *23·5
| 211 | 248 | 307 | 295 | 2,087 | 209 | 27·7 | *12·9
| 83 | 64 | 93 | 84 | 864 | 86 | 33·3 | † 4·7
| 66 | 78 | 97 | 120 | 842 | 84 | 32·3 | † 1·5
| 188 | 242 | 254 | 224 | 2,524 | 252 | 39·5 | †24·2
| 210 | 235 | 293 | 276 | 2,987 | 299 | 28·0 | *11·9
| 96 | 64 | 112 | 115 | 1,027 | 103 | 45·0 | †41·5
| 90 | 82 | 121 | 148 | 1,195 | 119 | 41·3 | †29·8
| 32 | 14 | 21 | 36 | 252 | 25 | 32·4 | † 1·9
| 301 | 267 | 305 | 368 | 3,195 | 319 | 33·8 | † 6·3
| 1023 | 1097 | 1283 | 1389 | 13,444 | 1344 | 38·8 | †22·0
| 87 | 96 | 66 | 82 | 1,179 | 118 | 28·1 | *11·6
| 112 | 125 | 136 | 137 | 1,243 | 124 | 27·1 | *14·8
| 1230 | 1177 | 1280 | 1322 | 10,564 | 1056 | 24·9 | *21·7
| 34 | 45 | 81 | 95 | 763 | 76 | 27·9 | *12·2
| 254 | 271 | 293 | 247 | 2,756 | 276 | 37·9 | †19·1
| 107 | 86 | 56 | 93 | 941 | 94 | 32·3 | † 1·5
| 44 | 45 | 49 | 57 | 550 | 55 | 25·7 | *19·1
| 79 | 88 | 95 | 106 | 1,000 | 100 | 30·0 | * 5·6
| 93 | 64 | 90 | 73 | 973 | 97 | 31·5 | * ·9
| 12 | 8 | 15 | 17 | 89 | 9 | 31·0 | * 2·5
| 104 | 89 | 112 | 119 | 1,470 | 147 | 40·0 | †25·8
| 298 | 224 | 266 | 313 | 3,200 | 320 | 34·1 | † 7·2
| 153 | 193 | 213 | 194 | 1,834 | 183 | 27·5 | *13·5
| 212 | 263 | 354 | 387 | 3,126 | 313 | 30·7 | * 3·4
| 113 | 159 | 159 | 179 | 1,763 | 176 | 34·4 | † 8·1
| 223 | 218 | 348 | 340 | 2,824 | 282 | 27·4 | *13·8
| 97 | 151 | 136 | 168 | 1,519 | 152 | 30·5 | * 4·0
| 237 | 234 | 324 | 440 | 3,349 | 335 | 34·9 | † 9·7
| 11 | 20 | 5 | 9 | 78 | 8 | 19·5 | *38·6
| 85 | 101 | 118 | 104 | 1,174 | 117 | 25·3 | *20·4
| 210 | 195 | 229 | 232 | 2,250 | 225 | 34·5 | † 8·5
| 378 | 453 | 528 | 619 | 5,475 | 547 | 29·1 | * 8·5
| 81 | 79 | 126 | 136 | 1,053 | 105 | 38·3 | †20·4
| 183 | 108 | 187 | 240 | 1,593 | 159 | 36·5 | †14·7
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+----------------
| | | | | | | |
| 7438 | 7698 | 9050 | 9691 | 87,553 | 8755 | 31·8 |
| | | | | | | |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+----------------
CRIMINALS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO COULD NEITHER READ NOR
WRITE IN EVERY 100 CRIMINALS.
_Counties above the Average._
Hereford 45·0
Hertford 41·3
Bedford 40·8
Salop 40·0
Essex 39·5
Lancaster 38·8
North Wales 38·3
Norfolk 37·9
South Wales 36·5
Warwick 34·9
Chester 34·8
Worcester 34·5
Suffolk 34·4
Somerset 34·1
Bucks 34·0
Kent 33·8
Dorset 33·3
Hunts 32·4
Durham 32·3
Northampton 32·3
----
Average for England and Wales 31·8
_Counties below the Average._
Oxford 31·5
Rutland 31·0
Cambridge 30·9
Stafford 30·7
Sussex 30·5
Berks 30·3
Nottingham 30·0
Cornwall 29·6
York 29·1
Leicester 28·1
Gloucester 28·0
Monmouth 27·9
Devon 27·7
Southampton 27·5
Surrey 27·4
Lincoln 27·1
Cumberland 26·9
Northumberland 25·7
Wilts 25·3
Middlesex 24·9
Derby 24·3
Westmorland 19·5
THE COUNTIES ARRANGED CRIMINALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY (_to show the
local association of crime_).
DIVISION I.--_Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties._
No. of
Criminals
in 10,000.
Cumberland 7·1
Durham 7·8
Westmorland 8·1
Northumberland 8·2
North Wales 7·2
South Wales 8·4
Cornwall 8·0
DIVISION II.--_York and N. Midland Counties._
York 11·4
Derby 10·5
Nottingham 11·8
Lincoln 12·8
Rutland 13·9
DIVISION III.--_S. Midland & Eastern Counties._
Hunts 14·1
Northampton 14·2
Cambridge 14·7
Bedford 15·2
Suffolk 15·7
Norfolk 17·1
Essex 19·1
Oxford 17·8
Herts 17·5
Bucks 20·4
DIVISION IV.--_South Eastern and South Western._
Berks 12·9
Devon 14·1
Dorset 14·8
Sussex 15·3
Surrey 16·3
Kent 16·4
Hants 17·7
Wilts 18·9
Somerset 19·9
Monmouth 18·0
DIVISION V.--_Western and North Western._
Shropshire 14·9
Leicestershire 17·1
Stafford 17·9
Lancaster 18·5
Chester 22·6
Warwick 21·6
Hereford 23·8
Worcester 25·0
Gloucester 26·1
DIVISION VI.--_Metropolitan._
Middlesex 24·5
The Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties range in criminality from
7·1 to 8·4 in 10,000.
York and the N. Midland Counties, from 11·4 to 13·9.
The S. Midland and Eastern Counties, from 14·1 to 20·4.
The S. Eastern and S. Western, from 12·9 to 19·9.
The Western and N. Western, from 14·9 to 26·1.
The Metropolitan, 24·5.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE CRIMINALITY AND IGNORANCE
OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES, ARRANGED ACCORDING
TO THE OCCUPATION OF THEIR INHABITANTS.
+------------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| |No. of Criminals |No. of Persons |
| |in every |who signed with |
| |10,000 of Pop. |Marks in every |
| | |100 married. |
+ +-------------------+-----------------+
| _Agricultural Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Lincoln | 12 | 39 |
| Rutland | 13 | 49 |
| Huntingdon | 14 | 49 |
| Cambridge | 14 | 45 |
| Essex | 19 | 50 |
| Sussex | 15 | 34 |
| Hereford | 23 | 41 |
| | | |
|_Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing_| | |
|_Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Westmorland | 8 | 27 |
| Norfolk | 17 | 46 |
| Suffolk | 15 | 48 |
| Hertford | 17 | 54 |
| Bedford | 15 | 56 |
| Buckingham | 20 | 49 |
| Northampton | 14 | 43 |
| Oxford | 17 | 39 |
| Berks | 12 | 42 |
| Hants | 17 | 34 |
| Wilts | 18 | 48 |
| Dorset | 14 | 36 |
| Somerset | 19 | 41 |
| | | |
| _Sub-Agricul. and Sub-Manufact._ | | |
| _County._ | | |
| | | |
| Gloucester | 26 | 35 |
| | | |
| _Manufacturing Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Lancaster | 18 | 52 |
| Yorkshire | 11 | 44 |
| Chester | 22 | 46 |
| Nottingham | 11 | 42 |
| Leicester | 17 | 41 |
| Warwick | 21 | 38 |
| Worcester | 25 | 52 |
| | | |
| _Mining Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Durham | 7 | 36 |
| Cornwall | 8 | 45 |
| | | |
| _Manufacturing and Sub-Mining_ | | |
| _Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Derby | 10 | 39 |
| Stafford | 17 | 52 |
| | | |
| _Agricultural and Sub-Mining_ | | |
| _Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Salop | 14 | 48 |
| North Wales | 7 | 55 |
| South Wales | 8 | 57 |
| | | |
| _Sub-Agricultural and_ | | |
| _Sub-Mining Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Northumberland | 8 | 28 |
| Cumberland | 7 | 25 |
| Monmouth | 18 | 59 |
| | | |
| _Metropolitan County._ | | |
| | | |
| Middlesex | 24 | 18 |
| | | |
| _Sub-Metropolitan Counties._ | | |
| | | |
| Surrey | 16 | 21 |
| Kent | 16 | 32 |
For definition of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Mining Counties, see
Table of Density of Population, No. 37.
[Illustration: TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE DEGREES OF CRIMINALITY AND
IGNORANCE IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES.
THE AVERAGE TAKEN FOR TEN YEARS.
_The thin line represents Ignorance. The thick line represents Crime._]
EDUCATION OF CRIMINALS (ENGLAND AND WALES).
TABLE SHOWING THE DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES
COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.
------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------+--------
Years.|Unable to| Able to | Able to | Superior |Instruction |
| read or | read and | read and |Instruction.| could | Total.
| write. | write | write | | not be |
| |imperfectly.| well. | |ascertained.|
------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------+--------
1839 | 8,196 | 13,071 | 2462 | 78 | 636 | 24,443
1840 | 9,058 | 15,109 | 2253 | 101 | 666 | 27,187
1841 | 9,220 | 15,732 | 2053 | 26 | 629 | 27,760
1842 | 10,128 | 18,260 | 2121 | 69 | 731 | 31,309
1843 | 9,173 | 17,045 | 2371 | 140 | 862 | 29,591
1844 | 7,901 | 15,735 | 2165 | 111 | 639 | 26,542
1845 | 7,438 | 14,179 | 2037 | 89 | 560 | 24,303
1846 | 7,698 | 14,942 | 1936 | 85 | 446 | 25,107
1847 | 9,050 | 16,980 | 2245 | 82 | 476 | 28,833
1848 | 9,691 | 17,111 | 2984 | 81 | 482 | 30,349
------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------+--------
TABLE SHOWING THE CENTESIMAL DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL
AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.
------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------
Years.|Unable to| Able to | Able to | Superior |Instruction
| read or | read and | read and |Instruction.| could
| write. | write | write | | not be
| |imperfectly.| well. | |ascertained.
------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------
1839 | 33·53 | 53·48 | 10·07 | 0·32 | 2·60
1840 | 33·32 | 55·57 | 8·29 | 0·37 | 2·45
1841 | 33·21 | 56·67 | 7·40 | 0·45 | 2·27
1842 | 32·35 | 58·32 | 6·77 | 0·22 | 2·34
1843 | 31·00 | 57·60 | 8·02 | 0·47 | 2·91
1844 | 29·77 | 59·28 | 8·42 | 0·42 | 2·41
1845 | 30·61 | 58·34 | 8·38 | 0·37 | 2·30
1846 | 30·66 | 59·51 | 7·71 | 0·34 | 1·78
1847 | 31·39 | 58·89 | 7·79 | 0·28 | 1·65
1848 | 31·93 | 56·38 | 9·83 | 0·27 | 1·59
------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------
⁂ “The instruction of the offenders,” say the Criminal Returns of
1848, “has been without much variation, exhibiting, on a comparison
of the last ten years, a _decreased_ proportion of those entirely
uninstructed;” and it may be added a corresponding _increase_ of those
who are able to read and write imperfectly.
THE STATE OF EDUCATION AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE SEVERAL
COUNTIES COMPARED.
---------------+-------------------+----------------+-------------------
| Percentage | | Percentage
| above and below | | above and below
| the Average. | | the Average.
_Counties_ +---------+---------+ _Counties_ +---------+---------
_having great_ | In No. |In No. of| _having little_| In No. |In No. of
_Ignorance_ | signing | Persons | _Ignorance_ | signing | Persons
_and great_ | register| to 100 | _and great_ | register| to 100
_density of_ | with | Acres. | _density of_ | with | Acres.
_Population._ | Marks. | | _Population._ | Marks. |
+---------+---------+----------------+---------+---------
Monmouth | †47 | † 9 | Middlesex | *55 | †2030
Lancaster | †30 | †270 | Surrey | *47 | † 189
Stafford | †30 | † 72 | Kent | *20 | † 28
Worcester | †30 | † 13 | Gloucester | *12 | † 6
Chester | †15 | † 31 | Durham | *10 | † 21
Nottingham | †5 | † 12 | Warwick | * 5 | † 70
|
_Counties having little Ignorance_ |_Counties having great Ignorance_
_and little density of Population._|_and little density of Population._
|
Cumberland | *37 | *59 | South Wales | †42 | *55
Westmorland | *32 | *75 | Bedford | †40 | *12
Northumb | *30 | *48 | North Wales | †37 | *60
Devon | *20 | *30 | Hertford | †35 | *12
Sussex | *15 | *25 | Essex | †25 | *29
Southampton | *15 | *20 | Bucks | †22 | *37
Dorset | *10 | *43 | Hunts | †22 | *49
Oxford | * 2 | *26 | Rutland | †22 | *49
Lincoln | * 2 | *51 | Salop | †20 | *42
Derby | * 2 | *20 | Suffolk | †20 | *26
| Wilts | †20 | *44
| Norfolk | †15 | *32
| Cambridge | †12 | *28
| Cornwall | †12 | *16
| York | †10 | * 2
| Northampton | † 7 | *33
| Berks | † 5 | *15
| Hereford | † 2 | *63
| Leicester | † 2 | * 7
| Somerset | † 2 | *10
⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the _most_ ignorant
in which the population is the _least_ dense.
THE CRIME AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES
COMPARED.
---------------+--------------------+----------------+--------------------
| Percentage | | Percentage
| above and below | | above and below
| the Average. | | the Average.
_Counties_ +---------+----------+ _Counties_ +----------+---------
_having great_ | |In No. of| _having great_ | |In No. of
_Crime_ |In Number | Persons | _Crime_ |In Number | Persons
_and great_ | of | to 100 | _and little_ | of | to 100
_density of_ |Criminals.| Acres. | _density of_ |Criminals.| Acres.
_Population._ | | | _Population._ | |
+----------+---------+----------------+----------+---------
Gloucester | †59·1 | † 6·4 | Hereford | †45·1 | *63·4
Worcester | †52·4 | † 13·3 | Bucks | †24·4 | *37·0
Middlesex | †49·4 | †2030·8 | Somerset | †21·3 | *10·9
Chester | †37·8 | † 31·2 | Essex | †16·4 | *29·6
Warwick | †31·7 | † 70·0 | Wilts | †15·2 | *44·1
Lancaster | †12·8 | † 270·6 | Oxford | † 8·5 | *26·8
Monmouth | † 9·7 | † 9·9 | Southampton | † 7·9 | *20·7
Stafford | † 9·1 | † 72·2 | Hertford | † 6·7 | *12·5
| Leicester | † 4·2 | * 7·4
| Norfolk | † 4·2 | *32·6
_Counties having little Crime and_ | _Counties having little Crime and_
_little density of Population._ | _great density of Population._
|
Cumberland | *56·7 | *59·6 |Durham | *51·8 | † 21·9
North Wales | *56·1 | *60.4 |Nottingham | *28·0 | † 12·7
Cornwall | *51·2 | *16·3 |Surrey | * ·6 | †189·7
Westmorland | *50·6 | *75·9 |Kent | | † 28·0
Northumb | *50·0 | *48·1 |
South Wales | *48·7 | *55·1 |
Derby | *36·0 | *20·9 |
York | *30·5 | * 2·0 |
Lincoln | *22·0 | *51·7 |
Berks | *21·4 | *15·5 |
Hunts | *14·0 | *49·9 |
Devon | *14·0 | *30·0 |
Rutland | *15·2 | *49·9 |
Northampton | *13·4 | *33·4 |
Cambridge | *10·3 | *28·2 |
Dorset | *10·0 | *43·1 |
Salop | * 9·1 | *42·9 |
Bedford | * 7·3 | *12·3 |
Sussex | * 6·7 | *25·0 |
Suffolk | * 4·2 | *26·6 |
⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the least criminal in
which the population is the least dense.
N.B. The † prefixed to a number denotes that it is _above_, the * that
it is _below_ the average by the percentage which it expresses.
[Illustration: MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN IN EVERY
1000 BIRTHS, IN EACH COUNTY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.
⁂ The counties printed _black_ are those in which the number of
Illegitimate Births is _above_ the Average.
The counties left _white_ are those in which the number of Illegitimate
Births is _below_ the Average.
The Average is taken for four years (as long as the returns will allow).
_The Average for all England and Wales is 67 in every 1000._]
A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN ENGLAND AND WALES
IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.
⁂ _The average is calculated for as long a series of years as the
returns of the Registrar General will permit._
--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | |
| | Number of Illegitimate Births |
| Total Number +---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
COUNTIES. | of Birth for | Average | | | | |
| 4 Years, from|per Year.| 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. |
| 1845-48. | | | | | |
--------------+--------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Bedford | 17,384 | 4,346 | 355 | 349 | 302 | 338 |
Berks | 23,195 | 5,799 | 463 | 472 | 438 | 470 |
Bucks | 17,984 | 4,496 | 328 | 329 | 296 | 306 |
Cambridge | 25,546 | 6,386 | 441 | 407 | 442 | 404 |
Chester | 51,396 | 12,599 | 1188 | 1190 | 1064 | 1072 |
Cornwall | 45,017 | 11,254 | 576 | 537 | 515 | 508 |
Cumberland | 23,541 | 5,885 | 647 | 641 | 629 | 638 |
Derby | 32,295 | 8,074 | 672 | 670 | 674 | 610 |
Devon | 64,802 | 16,200 | 789 | 889 | 758 | 837 |
Dorset | 20,529 | 5,132 | 364 | 331 | 309 | 366 |
Durham | 54,916 | 13,729 | 804 | 821 | 812 | 859 |
Essex | 41,356 | 10,339 | 588 | 673 | 590 | 634 |
Gloucester | 49,444 | 12,361 | 811 | 855 | 720 | 767 |
Hereford | 10,984 | 2,746 | 273 | 305 | 254 | 263 |
Hertford | 21,590 | 5,397 | 402 | 414 | 368 | 367 |
Hunts | 8,179 | 2,045 | 116 | 100 | 80 | 98 |
Kent | 73,836 | 18,459 | 1015 | 1008 | 976 | 995 |
Lancaster | 293,023 | 73,256 | 5929 | 5897 | 5477 | 5384 |
Leicester | 29,512 | 7,378 | 640 | 624 | 531 | 536 |
Lincoln | 49,546 | 12,386 | 843 | 845 | 773 | 821 |
Middlesex | 217,523 | 54,381 | 2048 | 2254 | 2201 | 2298 |
Monmouth | 21,995 | 5,499 | 247 | 266 | 253 | 309 |
Norfolk | 52,387 | 13,097 | 1424 | 1440 | 1295 | 1336 |
Northampton | 27,674 | 6,918 | 440 | 420 | 395 | 411 |
Northumberland| 37,523 | 9,381 | 668 | 678 | 715 | 679 |
Nottingham | 35,244 | 8,811 | 895 | 827 | 775 | 736 |
Oxford | 20,886 | 5,221 | 368 | 468 | 386 | 361 |
Rutland | 2,825 | 706 | 52 | 34 | 30 | 45 |
Salop | 25,899 | 6,475 | 676 | 658 | 593 | 632 |
Somerset | 53,509 | 13,377 | 903 | 860 | 796 | 830 |
Southampton | 46,726 | 11,681 | 704 | 711 | 688 | 709 |
Stafford | 77,972 | 19,493 | 1240 | 1283 | 1409 | 1433 |
Suffolk | 42,055 | 10,514 | 937 | 950 | 849 | 846 |
Surrey | 81,968 | 20,492 | 855 | 911 | 930 | 915 |
Sussex | 38,454 | 9,613 | 657 | 669 | 695 | 626 |
Warwick | 58,938 | 14,734 | 779 | 835 | 830 | 879 |
Westmorland | 7,073 | 1,793 | 179 | 147 | 149 | 149 |
Wilts | 29,008 | 7,252 | 521 | 549 | 485 | 469 |
Worcester | 40,561 | 10,140 | 768 | 885 | 512 | 553 |
York | 231,444 | 57,861 | 4266 | 4317 | 4030 | 4106 |
North Wales | 43,268 | 10,817 | 872 | 854 | 830 | 832 |
South Wales | 72,188 | 18,047 | 1407 | 1256 | 1271 | 1300 |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Total for | 2,219,170 | 554,792 |38,241 |38,259 |36,125 |36,747 |
England and | | | | | | |
Wales | | | | | | |
--------------+--------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+