CHAPTER XXI._A History of the Old English Letter Foundries with Notes, Historical and Bibliographical, on the Rise and Progress of English Typography.

THE MINOR FOUNDERS, 1800–1830.

G. W. BOWER, _circ._ 1810.

This foundry was begun in Sheffield about the beginning of the

present century. In 1810, Mr. Bower issued a price list below those

of the London founders, whose founts he succeeded occasionally in

underselling. Hansard mentions the foundry in 1824, under the style of

Bower, Bacon and Bower. No specimen is known with an earlier date than

1837, when the firm was G. W. Bower, late Bower and Bacon.

A later specimen bears the name of Mr. G. W. Bower alone, and in 1841

the firm was Bower Brothers, who published _Proposals for establishing

a graduated scale of sizes for the bodies of Printing Types, and fixing

their height-to-paper, based upon Pica as the common standard_.[743]

After the death of Mr. G. W. Bower, the foundry was continued by Mr.

Henry Bower till his death about 1851, in September of which year the

plant and stock were sold by auction and dispersed among the other

founders. The Catalogue of this Sale contained about 50,000 punches and

matrices; many of them, however, being obsolete or of small value. {358}

BROWN, 1810.—LYNCH, 1810.

These two individuals are included among the Letter Founders whose

names are given in Mason’s _Printer’s Assistant_[744]—the former having

had his place of business in Green Street, Blackfriars, and the latter

in Featherstone Buildings. They do not appear to have continued long

in business, and their names are not included in the list of Letter

Founders given in Johnson’s _Typographia_ in 1824.

MATTHEWSON, _circ._ 1810.

This man was founding in Edinburgh in 1810, at which date he had some

correspondence with the Associated Founders respecting prices. Hansard

mentions him as an incipient founder even in 1825, and a competitor of

Mr. Miller’s. Nothing is known of the fate of his foundry; nor has any

Specimen of his types come under notice.

ANTHONY BESSEMER, 1813.

Anthony Bessemer was a man of remarkable inventive genius. In his

twentieth year he distinguished himself by the erection at Haarlem

in Holland of pumping-engines to drain the turf pits; and before he

had attained the age of twenty-five, he was elected a member of the

Académie at Paris for improvements in the microscope. He subsequently

turned his attention to letter founding, and established a foundry

at Charlton, near Hitchin. Of the exact date of this undertaking we

are uncertain; but, as his son, the present Sir Henry Bessemer, was

born at Charlton in 1813, it is evident that the father was already

settled there at that date. Hansard states[745] that “Mr. Bessimer” cut

the Caslon Diamond letter. If the person referred to is Mr. Anthony

Bessemer, as is probable, it would appear that during the early years

of his business as a founder, he placed his energies occasionally at

the disposal of his brethren in the art.

In 1821 he issued a specimen of Modern-cut Printing Types, and shortly

afterwards took into partnership Mr. J. J. Catherwood, formerly a

partner of Mr. Henry Caslon II, who, since his retirement from that

business, appears for a short time to have had a foundry of his own at

Charles Street, Hoxton.[746] Messrs. Bessemer {359} and Catherwood

issued a Specimen in 1825, on the title-page of which the new partner

styles himself “late of the Chiswell Street Foundry, London.”

Bessemer’s Romans were, in conformity with the fashion of the day,

somewhat heavy, but finely cut. His chief performance was a Diamond,

which was, as Hansard informs us, cut to eclipse the famous Diamond of

Henri Didot, of Paris, at that time the smallest known. The execution

of this feat, particularly in the Italic, was highly successful. The

partnership between Messrs. Bessemer and Catherwood was not of long

duration, and terminated either by the death or the retirement of the

latter prior to 1830. Mr. Bessemer then removed his foundry to London,

and established it at 54, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, whence, in

1830, he issued his final specimen book, consisting almost entirely of

Roman founts.

In 1832 he retired from the business, and his foundry was put up to

auction and dispersed. The Catalogue of the Sale mentions that the

2,500 punches included in the plant had been collected at an expense of

£4,000, and that not a single strike had been taken from them but for

the proprietor’s own use. From a marked copy of the Catalogue in our

possession, it appears that several of the lots of punches and matrices

fetched high prices. The list of implements and utensils shows that the

foundry employed about seven casters and an equal number of rubbers and

dressers.

Mr. Bessemer’s son, Henry, appears to have been for some time in

his father’s foundry, where he mastered the mechanics of the trade.

In 1838, being then twenty-five years old, he took out a patent for

improvements in type-founding machinery, embodying several ingenious

contrivances, some of which have since been adopted.

SPECIMENS.

1821. Specimen of the last modern cut Printing Types by A.

Bessemer, Letter Founder, Hitchin, Herts. 1821. 8vo. . . . .

(Caxt. Cel., 4400.)

1825. Specimen of the last modern cut Printing Types by A.

Bessemer & J. J. Catherwood, Letter Founders, Hitchin, Herts. (J.

J. Catherwood, late of the Chiswell Street Foundry, London.) 1825.

8vo. . . . . (W. B.)

1830. Specimen of the last modern cut Printing Types by A.

Bessemer, Letter Founder, 54, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell,

London. 1830. 8vo. . . . . (T. B. R.)

RICHARD AUSTIN, _circ._ 1815.

Richard Austin began business as a punch cutter in the employ of

Messrs. S. and C. Stephenson of the British Type Foundry, about the

year 1795. On the Title-page of the specimen issued by that foundry in

1796, his name is {360} mentioned as the cutter of the punches, and

the excellent specimen itself is no mean testimony to his abilities.

The activity prevailing throughout the trade generally at that period,

consequent on the transition of the Roman character from the old style

to the modern, brought the punch cutter’s services into much request,

and Hansard informs us that Mr. Austin executed most of the modern

founts both for Messrs. Wilson of Glasgow and Mr. Miller of Edinburgh.

Prior to the year 1819 he began a foundry of his own at Worship Street,

Finsbury, in which subsequently his son, George Austin, joined him;

and, in the year 1824, succeeded to the business. This foundry was

styled the Imperial Letter Foundry, and carried on under the style of

Austin & Sons. The earliest known specimen was issued in 1827. This

8vo volume is prefaced by a somewhat lengthy address to the Trade,

in which, after criticising the letter founding of the day, the

proprietors boldly claim to be the only letter founders in London who

cut their own punches, which they do in a peculiar manner so as to

insure perfect sharpness in outline. They also announce that they cast

their type in an extra hard metal.

Mr. Austin appears to have been a man of considerable force and

independence of character. It is related of him that once, on

receiving—what to any founder at that day must have been a momentous

mandate—an intimation that _The Times_ wanted to see him, he replied,

with an audacity which sends a shudder even through a later generation,

“that if _The Times_ wanted to see him, he supposed it knew where to

find him!”

On the death of Mr. Austin, his foundry was acquired by Mr. R. M.

Wood, who subsequently, in partnership with Messrs. Samuel and Thomas

Sharwood, transferred it to 120 Aldersgate Street, under the title of

the Austin Letter Foundry. Messrs. Wood and Sharwoods’ first specimen

was issued in 1839. In their preface, reference is again made to the

late Mr. Austin’s hard metal, the superiority of which, it is stated,

“was owing to one peculiar article being used in the mixture which is

unknown to our brethren in the Art.”

Mr. Wood died in 1845, and the firm subsequently became S. and T.

Sharwood, who, in 1854, published two specimens, one of Types, the

other of Polytyped Metal Ornaments.

This latter collection had been begun more than twenty years previously

by Vizitelly, Branston & Co.,[747] who, in 1832, had issued a specimen

of Cast Metal {361} Ornaments, “produced by a new improved method.”

This method appears to have consisted of the soldering of the casts

on metal mounts—at that time a novelty. The Sharwoods subsequently

acquired this collection of blocks and considerably increased it.

On the death of the two Sharwoods, which occurred about the same time

in 1856, the Austin Foundry was thrown into Chancery and put up for

auction, and its contents dispersed among the trade.

SPECIMENS.

1827. Specimens of Printing Types cast at Austin’s Imperial Letter

Foundry, Worship Street, Shoreditch, London. 1827. 8vo. . . . .

(Caxt. Cel., 4407.)

1839. A Specimen Book of the Types cast at the Austin Letter

Foundry, by Wood & Sharwoods. No. 120, Aldersgate Street, London.

1839. 4to. . . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4429.)

* * * * *

1832. Specimen of Vizitelly, Branston & Co.’s Cast Metal Ornaments

produced by a new and improved method, greater in number and

variety, superior in design and execution, and considerably

cheaper in price than any collection hitherto offered to the

notice of printers. 76, Fleet Street, London, January 1832. 4to.

. . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4416.)

LOUIS JOHN POUCHÉE, _circ._ 1815.

This Frenchman started a foundry in Great Wild Street, Lincoln’s Inn.

He had probably been established a few years when his first specimen

was issued in 1819, the most interesting portion of which was a

somewhat lengthy address to the public, setting forth the principles

on which his “New Foundry” was to be conducted. He mentions that “only

four Type Foundries (exclusive of mine) are worked in London at this

time,” and declares his intention of breaking down the monopoly they

assumed. The specimen itself is not remarkable.

In 1823, he took out the patent for this country for Henri Didot’s

system of polymatype[748] which consisted of a machine capable of

casting from 150 to 200 types at each operation, each operation being

repeated twice a minute. This result was to be obtained by means of

a matrix bar which formed one side of a long trough mould into which

the metal was poured; and, when opened, “the types are found adhering

to the break bar like the teeth of a comb, when they are broken off

and dressed in the usual way.” Pouchée became agent in England for

this novel system of casting which, says the editor of the partial

reprint of Hansard’s _Typographia_, writing in 1869, was still used

successfully in France at that date. {362}

The attempt to introduce this system into England went far to ruin

Pouchée; and, according to the above authority, “on his failure to

sustain the competition of the associated founders,[749] Didot’s

machine and valuable tools were purchased by them through their agent,

Mr. Reed, Printer, King Street, Covent Garden, and destroyed on the

premises of Messrs. Caslon and Livermore.”

Despite this unfortunate speculation, Pouchée (who appears for some

time to have had a partner named Jennings),[750] issued another

Specimen Book in 1827, dated from Little Queen Street, London, in the

advertisement of which he again referred to the fact that there were

still only four letter-foundries in London (exclusive of his own), and

took credit to himself for bringing about a reduction of 12 per cent.

in the prices of his opponents. The specimen, which shows Titlings,

Roman and Italic, Egyptians, Blacks and Flowers, is of little merit and

is marked by a great preponderance of heavy faces.

About the same time,[751] he issued a price list of all kinds of

printers’ materials, styling himself “Type Founder and Stereotype

Caster.” In the beginning of 1830 he abandoned the business, which was

sold by auction. The Catalogue included a large quantity of stereotype

ornaments, as well as 20,000 matrices and punches, moulds, presses,

and 35 tons of Type. The lots were variously disposed of at low prices

among the other founders.

SPECIMENS.

1819. Specimen of Printing Types by L. J. Pouchée, at the New

Foundry, Great Wild Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. 1819.

8vo. . . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4397.)

1827. Specimens of Printing Types by Louis J. Pouchée, Little

Queen Street, London. 1827. 8vo. . . . . (Ox. Univ. Pr.)

RICHARD WATTS, _circ._ 1815.

Richard Watts, a printer of Crown Court, Strand, who, from 1802–9,

had held the office of printer to Cambridge University, distinguished

himself towards the close of the first quarter of the present century

as a cutter and founder of Oriental and foreign characters, of which he

accumulated a considerable collection. His first printing office was at

Broxbourne, whence in 1816 he removed to Crown Court, Temple Bar, and

here, chiefly under the patronage of the Bible {363}

Society and the Mission Presses in India and elsewhere, he produced

the punches of a large number of languages hitherto unknown to English

typography. He received the assistance and advice of many eminent

scholars in his work, some of whom personally superintended the

execution of certain of the founts. His collection increased at a rapid

rate, and at the time of his death included almost every Oriental

language in which, at that time, the Scriptures had been printed. His

death occurred in 1844 at Edmonton, in which place his foundry appears

to have been for some time located.

He was succeeded in business by his son, Mr. William Mavor Watts, who

printed a broadside specimen of the founts, numbering 67 languages and

dialects, of which several were shown in different sizes of character.

This number was largely augmented during the following years, and,

in the specimen prepared by Mr. Watts for the Exhibition of 1862,

nearly 150 versions were exhibited. To this specimen was prefixed an

interesting note respecting the origin of many of the founts. The

collection was subsequently acquired by Messrs. Gilbert and Rivington,

in whose possession it still remains and increases.

HUGH HUGHES, 1824.

This artist, described as a very able engraver, was for some time in

partnership with Robert Thorne at the Fann Street Foundry. In 1824, he

commenced a foundry of his own in Dean Street, Fetter Lane, whence he

published a specimen of Book and Newspaper type, without date, which,

besides Romans, Scripts, and Egyptians, included also Saxon, Greek,

Flowers, and Music.

He appears specially to have applied himself to the production of

this last-named character, and attained the reputation of being the

best music type cutter in the trade. Savage, in his _Dictionary of

Printing_, shows a specimen of Hughes music, observing that “the

English musical types have never to my knowledge undergone any

improvement till within a few years, when Mr. Hughes cut two new

founts,” (Nonpareil and Pearl), “which are looked upon as the best we

have and the largest of which I have used for this article (‘Music’).”

Hughes’ system appears to have been that originally introduced by

Breitkopf in 1764, and the scheme of a pair of cases by which his

specimen is accompanied shows that a complete fount comprised as many

as 238 distinct characters. Besides music of the modern notation,

Hughes had matrices for the Gregorian Plain Chant Music, of which a

specimen is also shown by Savage.

After the death of Mr. Hughes, which took place before 1841, the

punches and matrices of his different music founts, Gregorian and

modern, were purchased by Mr. C. Hancock, of Middle Row, Holborn, by

whom they were considerably {364} improved, and who, subsequently,

after his removal to Gloucester Street, Queen Square, issued a

specimen. Of the disposal of the other contents of Mr. Hughes’ foundry

we have no information.

SPECIMENS.

No date. A Specimen of Book and Newspaper Printing Types by Hugh

Hughes, Letter Cutter and Founder, 23 Dean Street, Fetter Lane.

8vo. . . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4398.)

No date. Specimen Sheet of Modern Music Types by H. Hughes, 23

Dean Street, Fetter Lane, together with a scheme of Music Cases.

8vo. . . . . (T. B. R.)

BARTON, 1824.

Hansard states that this founder was early initiated in mechanical

science by Mr. Maudsley, the engineer; he was formerly in partnership

with Mr. Harvey, an engraver, by whom his founts were principally cut.

His foundry was in Stanhope Street, Clare Market, and is mentioned by

Johnson as one of the nine foundries carried on in London in the year

1824. No Specimen has come under observation.

HEAPHY, 1825; SIMMONS, 1825; BLACK, 1825.

To complete the list of minor founders prior to 1830, should be added

the names of these three individuals, who are mentioned by Hansard in

his _Typographia_ as distinct London letter founders in 1825.

[Illustration]

{365}

[Illustration]

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

OF ENGLISH LETTER-FOUNDERS’ SPECIMENS

NOTED IN THIS WORK.

1665–1830.

PAGE

1665. Nicholls 179

1669. Moxon 192

1693. Oxford 162

1695. Oxford 162

1706. Oxford 162

(1708?) Oxford 162

1734. Caslon 256

1749. Caslon 256

1749. Caslon and Son 256

(1752?) Baskerville 287

1753. Anderton 350

(1756?) Baine 350

(1757?) Baskerville 287

(1758?) Baskerville 287

(1762?) Baskerville 287

(1760?) Cottrell 297

1763. Caslon and Son 256

1764. Caslon and Son 256

(1765?) Jackson 329

1766. Caslon 256

(1766?) Cottrell 313

1768. Moore (London) 313

1768. Fougt 351

1768–70. Oxford 163

1770. Caslon 256

1770. Cottrell 297

1770. Moore 313

1772. Wilson 266

(1778?) Oxford 163

1782. James 230

(1783?) Jackson 329

1783. Wilson 266

1784. Caslon and Son 256

1785. Caslon 256

1785. Caslon 297

(1785?) Cottrell 297

1785. Fry and Sons 313

1786. Oxford 163

1786. Caslon 256

1786. Wilson 266

1786. Fry and Sons 313

1787. E. Fry and Co. 313

1787. Baine 350

1788. E. Fry and Co. 313

1789. Wilson 266

1789. Bell and Stephenson 354

1790. Fry and Co 313

(1792) Figgins 344

1793. E. Fry and Co. 314

(1793) Figgins 344

1794. Oxford 163

1794. Thorne 297

1794. Fry and Steele 314

1794. Figgins 344

1795. Fry and Steele 314

1796. S. and C. Stephenson 354

1797. S. and C. Stephenson 354

1798. Thorne 297

(1798?) Jackson 329

1798. Caslon III 329

1800. Fry, Steele, and Co. 314

1801. Fry, Steele, and Co. 314

1802. Figgins 344

(1802?) Figgins 344

1802. Swinney 353

1803. Fry, Steele, and Co. 314

1803. Thorne 297

1803. Caslon III and Son 329

1805. Caslon & Catherwood 256

1805. Fry and Steele 314

(1805?) Fry and Steele 314

1807. Caslon IV 329

1808. Caslon & Catherwood 256

1808. Fry and Steele 314

(1809) Miller 356

(1812?) Caslon and Catherwood 256

1812. Wilson 266

1813. Miller 356

1815. Wilson 266

1815. Figgins 344

1815. Miller 356

1816. Ed. Fry 314

1817. Figgins 344

(1819) Blake, Garnett 329

1819. Pouchée 362

1820. Ed. Fry and Son 314

1821. Thorowgood 297

1821. Figgins 344

1821. Bessemer 359

1822. Thorowgood 297

1822. Miller 356

1823. Wilson 266

1824. Ed. Fry 314

1824. Figgins 344

(1824?) Hughes 364

1825. Bessemer and Catherwood 359

1826. Blake, Garnett 329

1826. Figgins 344

1827. Fry 314

1827. Blake, Garnett 329

1827. Figgins 344

1827. Austin 361

1827. Pouchée 362

1828. Wilson 267

1828. Thorowgood 297

1828. Blake, Garnett 329

1830. Caslon and Livermore 256

1830. Thorowgood 297

1830. Blake and Stephenson 329

1830. Bessemer 359

{366}

[Illustration]

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED OR REFERRED TO.

AMES (JOSEPH), Typographical Antiquities; being an Historical

Account of Printing in England. London, 1749, 4to.

AMES (JOSEPH), Typographical Antiquities; augmented by William

Herbert. 3 vols. London, 1785–90, 4to.

AMMAN (JOST.), Eygentliche Beschreibung aller Stände

und...Handwerker. Frankfurt, 1568, 4to.

ARBER (EDWARD), Transcripts of the Registers of the Stationers’

Company. London, 1875–77, 4 vols. 4to.

ASTLE (THOS.), The Origin and Progress of Writing. London, 1784,

4to.

BELOE (W.), Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books, 6 vols.

London, 1807–12, 8vo.

BERJEAU, (J. PH.), Speculum Humanæ Salvationis: Reproduit en

facsimile. Londres, 1861, 4to.

BERNARD (A. J.), Antoine Vitré et les Caractères orientaux de la

Bible Polyglotte de Paris. Paris, 1857, 8vo.

BERNARD (A. J.), Les Estienne et les types grecs de Francis 1er.

Paris, 1856, 8vo.

BERNARD (A. J.), De l’Origine et des Débuts de l’Imprimerie en

Europe, 2 vols. Paris, 1853, 8vo.

BIBLIANDER (T.), In Commentatione de ratione communi omnium

linguarum et literarum. Tiguri, 1548.

BIGMORE and WYMAN, A Bibliography of Printing, 3 vols. London,

1880–6, 4to.

BLADES (WILLIAM), Life and Typography of William Caxton, 2 vols.

London, 1861–3, 4to.

BLADES (WILLIAM), Some Early Type Specimen Books of England,

Holland, France, Italy and Germany. London, 1875, 8vo.

BODONI (G.), Manuale Tipografico, 2 vols. Parma, 1818, 4to.

BOWERS BROS., Proposals for Establishing a Graduated Scale of

Sizes for the Bodies of Printing Types. Sheffield, 1841, 12mo.

BRITISH MUSEUM, Catalogue of Early English Books to 1640, 3 vols.

London, 1884, 8vo.

BUTLER, (A. J.), Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt, 2 vols. Oxford,

1884, 8vo.

CAILLE (J. DE LA), Histoire de l’Imprimerie et de la Libraire.

Paris, 1689, 4to.

CAXTON CELEBRATION....Catalogue of the Loan Collection at South

Kensington. London, 1877, 8vo.

CHALMERS (ALEX.), The General Biographical Dictionary, 32 vols.

London, 1812–17, 8vo.

CHAMBERS (EPHRAIM), Cyclopœdia, 2 vols., 1728, folio (also

editions, 1738 and 1784–6).

CHEVILLIER (A.), L’Origine de l’Imprimerie de Paris. Paris, 1694,

4to.

COTTON (HY.), A Typographical Gazetteer attempted. 1st series, 2nd

ed., Oxford, 1831, 8vo; second series, 1866, 8vo.

D’ANVERS (Mrs.), Academia, or the Humours of the University of

Oxford, 1691.

DAUNOU (P. C. F.), Analyse des opinions diverses sur l’Origine d

l’Imprimerie. Paris, 1810, 8vo.

DE GEORGE (LÉON), La Maison Plantin à Anvers. 2nd ed. Bruxelles,

1878, 8vo.

DE VINNE (THEODORE), The Invention of Printing. New York, 1877,

8vo.

DIBDIN (T. F.), The Bibliographical Decameron, 3 vols. London,

1817, 8vo.

DIBDIN (T. F.), Introduction to the Knowledge of the rare and

valuable Editions of the Classics. 4th ed., 2 vols. London, 1827,

8vo.

DICKSON (R.), The Introduction of the Art of Printing into

Scotland. Aberdeen, 1885, 8vo.

DIDOT (PIERRE), Epitre sur les Progrès de l’Imprimerie. Paris,

1784, 8vo.

DUNTON (JNO.), The Life and Errors of. London, 1705, 8vo.

DUPONT (PAUL), Histoire de l’Imprimerie, 2 vols. Paris, 1854, 8vo.

DÜRER (ALB.), Unterweissung der Messung. Nuremburg, 1525, folio.

[DUVERGER (E.)], Histoire de l’invention de l’Imprimerie par les

Monuments. Paris, 1840, folio.

EDWARDS (E.), Libraries and Founders of Libraries. London, 1865,

8vo.

[ENCYCLOPÆDIA], Article sur Fonderie en Caractères de

l’Imprimerie. Paris, n. d., folio.

ENSCHEDÉ, Specimen de Caractères Typographiques Anciens. Harlem,

1867, 4to. {367}

ESSAY on the Original, Use, and Excellency of the Noble Art and

Mystery of Printing. London, 1752, 8vo.

EVELYN (JNO.), Diary and Correspondence, 4 vols. London, 1850–2,

8vo.

FAULMAN (C.), Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst. Vienna, 1882, 8vo.

FIGGINS (V.), Facsimile of Caxton’s Game of the Chesse; with

remarks. London, 1855, folio.

FINESCHI (V.), Notizie Storiche sopra la Stamperia di Ripoli.

Fiorenze, 1781, 8vo.

FISCHER (G.), Essai sur les Monumens typographiques de Jean

Gutenberg. Mayence, 1802, 4to.

FOURNIER (P. S.), Manuel Typographique, utile aux gens de lettres,

2 vols. Paris, 1764–66, 8vo.

FRANKLIN (BENJ.), Works of, 2 vols., London, 1793, 8vo; also

Bigelow’s edition, 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1875, 8vo.

FREEMASON’S MAGAZINE. London, 1796, 8vo.

FRY (EDMUND), Pantographia. London, 1799, 8vo.

GAELIC SOCIETY OF DUBLIN: Transactions of, Dublin, 1808, 8vo.

GAND (M. J.), Recherches Historiques et Critiques sur la Vie et

les Editions de Thierry Martens. Alost, 1845, 8vo.

GED (WILLIAM), Biographical Memoirs of. London, 1781, 8vo.

GENTLEMAN’S MAGAZINE. Vols. for 1792, 1793, 1803, 1836.

GOUGH (R.), British Topography, 2 vols. London, 1780, 4to.

GRESWELL (W. P.), A View of the Early Parisian Greek Press, 2

vols. Oxford, 1838, 8vo.

GUIGNES (J. DE), Essai Historique sur la Typographie Orientale et

Grecque de l’Imprimerie Royale. Paris, 1787, 4to.

GUTCH (JNO.), Collectanea Curiosa, 2 vols. Oxford, 1781, 8vo.

HANSARD (T. C.), Typographia. London, 1825, 8vo.

[HANSARD (T. C.), the Younger.] Treatises on Printing and

Type-founding (from the Encycl. Britan.). Edinburgh, 1841, 8vo.

HARLEIAN MSS.—The Bagford Collections.

HARLEIAN MISCELLANY, 8 vols. Lond., 1744–46, 4to. Vol. 3.

HARWOOD (EDW.), A View of the Various Editions of the Greek and

Roman Classics. Lond., 1775, 12mo.

HAWKINS (SIR JOHN), A General History of the Science and Practice

of Music. London, 1776, 4to. Vol. 5.

HEARNE (THOS.), Reliquiæ Hernianæ. Oxford, 1869, 4to, Vol. 2.

HODGSON (T.), An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype

Printing. Newcastle, 1820, 8vo.

IMPRIMERIE ROYALE (de Paris). Specimen: Ancienne Typographic.

Paris, 1819, 4to.

JAMES (JOHN), Catalogue and Specimen of the large and extensive

Printing Type Foundry of. London, 1782, 8vo.

LABORDE (LÉON), Débuts de l’Imprimerie â Strasbourg. Paris, 1840,

8vo.

LA CROIX, FOURNIER ET SERÉ, Histoire de l’Imprimerie, etc. Paris,

1852, 4to.

LAMBINET (PIERRE), Origine de l’Imprimerie, 2 vols. Paris, 1810,

8vo.

LANSDOWNE MSS., No. 231.

LATHAM (H.), Oxford Bibles and Printing in Oxford. Oxford, 1870,

8vo.

LAUD (Arch.), Works of, 7 vols. Oxford, 1847–60, 8vo. Vol. 5.

LEMOINE (HY.), Typographical Antiquities. London, 1797, 12mo.

LINDE (M. A. VAN DER), The Haarlem Legend of the Invention of

Printing by L. J. Coster, critically examined. Lond., 1871, 8vo.

LOMÉNIE (L. DE), Beaumarchais et ses Temps. Edwards’ translation,

4 vols. London, 1856, 8vo. Vol. 3.

LONDON PRINTERS’ LAMENTATION. (London, 1660) 4to.

LONG (J. LE), Discours Historique sur les principales editions des

Bibles Polyglottes. Paris, 1713, 12mo.

LUCE (L.), Essai d’une nouvelle typographie. Paris, 1771, 4to.

[LUCKOMBE (P.)], A Concise History of the Origin and Progress of

Printing. London, 1770, 8vo.

MCCREERY (JNO.), The Press, a Poem. Published as a Specimen of

Typography. Liverpool, 1803–27, 4to.

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MEERMAN (G.), Origines Typographicæ. 2 vols. Hagæ Com., 1765, 4to.

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Handy-Works, 2 vols. London, 1677–83, 4to.

MOXON (JOSEPH), Tutor to Astronomy and Geography, 4th ed. London,

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NICHOLS (JNO.), Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 9

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PALMER (SAM.), A General History of Printing. London, 1732, 4to.

PANIZZI (SIR A.), Chi era Francesco da Bologna? London, 1858, 16mo.

PANZER (G. W.), Annales Typographici, 11 vols. Nuremberg,

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PARR (RICHD.), The Life of James Usher, Archbishop of Armagh.

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PRINTER’S GRAMMAR, The. London, 1787, 8vo.

PSALMANAZAR (GEO.), Memoirs of. London, 1765, 8vo.

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UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE, London, 1750, 8vo.

[WATSON (JAMES)], The History of the Art of Printing. Edinburgh,

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{369}

[Illustration]

INDEX.

_Acta Apostolorum, Gr., Lat. (Laud. Codex)_, Oxford 1715; 321

_Acta Sanctorum Hiberniæ_, Louvain, 1645; 75

Adams (Geo.), successor to Moxon, 192

Advertisement of Caxton, 49, 87

_Ælfredi Res Gestæ_, Lond. 1574; 73, 95, 96, 98, 144, 176

_Ælfric’s Paschal Homily_, Lond. 1567; 73, 95: Lond. 1623; 73

_Æneas Silvius_, Louvain, 1483; 43

_Æsop’s Fables_, Milan, 1480; 57: Louvain, 1513; 59

Aldus Manutius, Specimen, 49, 169; ‘Silver type’, 106; Greek, 58;

Hebrew, 62; Initials, 80; Italic, 50; Ornaments, 82; Roman, 41

Alexandrian Greek, matrices, Grover, 198, 204, 321; James, 228, 303,

321; Fry, 303, 304, 311, 321; Jackson, 321, 322

_Alfieri, Works of_, Kehl, 1786–1809; 286

_Alphabet Irlandais_, Paris, 1804; 76, 191

_Alphabetarium Runic-Swed._, Stockholm, 1611; 72

_Alphabetum, Heb., Gr._, Paris 1507; 62: Paris 1516; 63

Amerbach, Roman type of, 43

America, first letter-founders in, 350

Ames (Jos.) on Caxton’s types, 84, 242; on Caslon’s, 242; inaccuracy

of, 349

Amharic, same as Ethiopic, 69, 177; Castell’s, 177; Oxford, 177; Fry,

309, 311

Amman (Jost), _Book of Trades_, 104

ANDERTON (GEO.) founder, 246, 350; specimen of, 350

ANDREWS (ROB.) 157, 166, 194–197; succeeds Moxon, 194; punches cut by,

74, 157, 196; summary of foundry, 195; foundry sold, 197

——— Matrices: Anglo-Norman, 196; Arabic, 195; Blacks, 194, 196, 312;

Ethiopic, 194, 193; Greek, 195, 197; Hebrew, 194, 195; Irish, 194, 196;

Music, 77, 196; Roman and Italic, 195, 197; Samaritan, 70, 195; Saxon,

74, 157, 196; Secretary, 196; Signs, etc., 196; Syriac, 195, 241

ANDREWS (SYL.) son of above, 149, 195, 209; supplies Baskett, 210;

foundry sold, 211; epitaph, 211

ANDREWS (SYL.) Matrices: Hebrew, 209; Roman and Italic, 209, 210

‘ANONYMOUS FOUNDRY,’ 206

——— Matrices: Anglo-Norman, 207; Arabic, 207; Black, 207; Ethiopic,

207; Gothic, 207; Greek, 207; Roman, 207

Anglo-Norman Matrices: Andrews, 196; ‘Anon,’, 207; James, 223, 228

Anglo-Saxon; _see_ Saxon

_Anthologia, Gr._, Florence 1494; 57

Antimony, discovered, 20; use of in type metal, 20, 117; prices of, 118

Antiqua, German name for Roman, 42; Italian ditto, 42

_Antiques linguæ Brit, rudimenta_, Lond. 1621; 64

Applegarth (A.) type-casting machine of, 121

Apprentice-founders, regulation of, 130, 133; in France, 129

_Aquinas (St. Th.) Summa_, 1462; 54

Arabic, first types of, 65; printed in Black or Hebrew, 65; early in

Italy, 65, 66; Paris, 65; Leyden, 65, 141, 144; Upsala, 66

——— in England, first types, 66; printed in Italic, 66; written by

hand, 66; De Worde’s, 66, 91; Bedwell’s, 66, 145; none at Oxford, 1639,

66: Flesher’s, 66

——— Matrices: Oxford, 66, 147, 148, 155, 161; Polyglot, 66, 173, 174,

177, 198; Andrews, 195; Grover, 198, 235; ‘Anon,’ 207; James, 67, 223,

228, 303; Caslon, 67, 235, 240, 247, 254; Fry, 67, 303, 309, 311;

Caslon III, 326

——— Punches: James, 229

_Arabian Trudgman_, Lond. 1615; 66

_Arba Turim_, Pheibia, 1475; 62

Arber (E.) on early English printers, 125

_Archaionomia_, Lond. 1568; 95

_Areopagitica_ of Milton, 130

_Aristotle_, Venice, 1495; 58

Armenian, first types, 68; at Rome, 68; Paris, 68; Amsterdam, 68;

Marseilles, 68; Constantinople, 68

——— Matrices: Oxford, 62, 148, 153, 161; Caslon, 69, 239, 240, 247,

254; Caslon III, 326

Aspinwall (T.) type-casting machine of, 122

Astle (T.) on early type ‘bills,’ 28; on Day’s Saxon, 96

Atanasia, Spanish type body, 37

Athias (Jos.) Dutch founder, 114, 215; Hebrew type of, 64, 215, 238, 264

_Attempts to convert the Native Irish_, Lond., _n.d._, 190

Augustin, a type body, 32, 37

_Augustini, De Civitate Dei_, Rome, 1474; 37: Basle, 1506; 37

AUSTIN (RICHD.) letter founder, 359; cuts punches for Stephenson, 353,

359; Wilson, 360; and Miller, 355, 360; starts a foundry, 360; specimen

and advertisement, 360; anecdote of, 360; his successors, 360

——— Matrices, Roman and Italic, 360

Baber (H. H.) facs. of Alexandrian _Codex_, 322

Badius Ascensius, French printer, 20; device, 106; Greek, 58; Hebrew,

63; Roman, 43

Bagford (Jno.) notes on printing, 84, 139, 140, 144, 146, 165; on

Oxford Specimen, 154; on Oxford Printing House, 156

Bagster (S.), Polyglot _Bible_ of, 65, 308, 311, 341; Hebrew, cut for,

65, 341; Syriac, 308, 311, 342

BAINE (JNO.) partner with Wilson, 239, 260; begins a foundry in London,

349; in Edinburgh, 349; specimens, 263, 349, 350

Barclay (R.) patent punches of, 119

Barker (Chr.) report on printers, 1582: 126

Barker (F.) printer of ‘Wicked’ _Bible_, 142, 143

Barnes (Jos.) Oxford printer, 140

BARTON—letter founder, 364

Base-Secretary, peculiar type, 55, 56, 289

BASKERVILLE (JNO.) 268–87; early training, 268; first types cut by,

268, 269, 275; letters to Dodsley, 270–2; _Virgil_, 1757, 271, 272,

273; specimens, 271, 276, 277, 287; preface to _Milton_, 275; tribute

to Caslon, 243, 275; employed by Oxford Press, 160, 273, 274; dazzling

impressions of, 275, 279; relics of, at Oxford, 160, 162, 274;

privilege from Cambridge, 276, 278; type bodies, 276; punch-cutters

for, 269, 277, 353; letter to H. Walpole, 278; prejudice against, 278,

279, 280, 284; folio _Bible_, 1763, 279; tries to sell business, 278,

281, 284; correspondence with Franklin, 280, 281; various tributes

to, 263, 272, 277, 280, 284; retires from printing, 281, resumes 281;

death, 281; personal notices of, 282; epitaph and burial, 282, 283;

portrait, 283; his influence on English typography, 284, 299, 305, 310,

332, 333; destination of his types, 287, 286

——— Matrices: Roman, 47, 48, 263, 270, 271, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280,

284; Greek, 61, 160, 273, 274; Initials, 81, 270

Bakerville (Mrs.) notice of, 282, 283; her advertisements, 283; book

printed by, 238

Baskett (Jno.) printer at Oxford, 210; his ‘Vinegar’ _Bible_, 1717–16,

210; inventory of his types, 210; ‘silver initials’ of, 107, 211

Batarde, a class of type, 36, 53, 55

Bay (Jno.) early American founder, 350

Beaumarchais, purchases Baskerville’s foundry, 284; typographical

establishment at Kehl, 285; editions of _Voltaire_, 285, 286

_Beauties of the Poets_, Lond. 1788; 306

Bebel, Hebrew type of, 63

_Bede’s Works_, Camb. 1644; 74

Bedell (Bp.) _A B C. or Catechism_, Dublin, 1631, 188; Irish _Old

Testament_, Lond. 1685; 188

Bedwell (Wm.) buys Arabic abroad, 66, 145

BELL and STEPHENSON, letter founders, 353

_Bellows’ French Dictionary_, Edinburgh, 1873; 356

Bengalee matrices, Jackson, 317, 318; Wilkins, 318

Bensley (T.) printer, employs Figgins, 336

Bernard (A.) on sculpto-fusi types, 8; sand-cast type, 10, 12; ‘getté

en molle,’ 13; on early founts, 27

Berte (A. F.) type-casting machine of, 119, 120

Berthelet (T.) types of, 94; _Boke named the Governour_, 94

BESLEY (ROBT.) partner of Thorowgood, 296

BESSEMER (ANT.) letter founder, 254, 265, 358; starts at Charlton, 358;

joined, by J. J. Catherwood, 358; removes to London, 359; minute types

cut by, 358, 359; foundry sold, 359; specimens, 358, 359

——— Matrices:—Roman and Italic, 359

Bessemer (H.) son of above, type casting machine of, 265, 359

Bettenham (Jas.) printer, 234; assists Caslon, 234

Bewick (T.) wood-engraver, 306, 330, 331

_Bible_ (_Polyglot_), Complutum, 1514–17; 59, 63, 169, 170; Antwerp,

1569–72; 51, 59, 64, 169, 170; Heidelberg, 1586; 170; Hamburg, 1596;

170; Nuremburg, 1599; 170: Paris, 1645; 66, 67, 70, 169, 170, 171;

London, 1657; 47, 66, 68, 69, 70, 98, 136; account of, 168–176; London,

1817–28, &c., 65, 68, 308, 341

——— (_Hebrew_) Soncino, 1488; 62; Basle, 1534: 63; Hamburg, 1587

and 1603; 63, 247; Amsterdam, 1639; 64; Amsterdam, 1667; 64, 215;

Amsterdam, 1705; 64

_Bible_, (_Greek_) Alexandrian Codex, Lond. 1816–21; 322

——— (_Latin_) Mentz _n.d._, 26, 27, 53

——— (_English_) Lond. 1539 (Grafton’s) 124; Edinburgh 1576 (Bassendyne)

46; Lond. 1631 (Barker) 142, 198; Lond. 1653 (Field) 47; Oxford,

1717–16 (Baskett) 210; Cambridge 1763 (Baskerville) 279; Lond. 1774–6

(Moore) 301; Bristol, 1774 (Pine) 301; Lond. 1776 (Pasham) 324; Lond.

1777 (Fry) 302; Lond. 1800 (Macklin) 323, 336

——— (_Armenian_) Amsterdam, 1666; 68

——— (_Irish_) Lond. 1685; 75, 190; Lond. 1690; 190

——— (_Russian_) Prague, 1517–19; 71

——— (_Sclavonic_) Ostrog, 1581; 71: Moscow, 1663; 71

——— (_Syriac_) Lond. 1829; 68

Bible-height at Oxford, 155

Bible-printing, complaints of, 232

Bibliander, on wooden types, 4

_Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana_, Rome, 1591; 65, 67, 68

‘Bill’ of early founders, 28

Bill (Jno.) Hebrew type of, 64

Binneman (H.) types of, 96

BLACK, a founder, 364

Black letter, early use of in England, 54, 97; Caxton’s, 53, 87, 88,

89, 312, 343; De Worde’s, 53, 89, 90, 91, 197, 199, 225, 239; Faques’,

93; fashions in, 54; semi-gothic, 55, 94; mixed with Roman, 45, 80

——— Matrices:—Oxford, 148, 161; Polyglot, 173, 177; Andrews, 196, 312;

Grover, 197, 199, 225; Head, 206, 241; Mitchell, 206, 241; ‘Anon.’,

207; James, 54, 214, 217, 223, 228, 303; Caslon, 54, 239, 240, 248,

254; Wilson, 264; Fry, 303, 310, 311, 334; Thorne, 295; Caslon III,

326; Figgins, 340, 343

Blades (Wm.) on early schools of typography, 9; on page by page

printing, 26; _Life of Caxton_, 83; on early letter-founding, 102

BLAKE, GARNETT & CO., purchase Caslon IV’s foundry, 327; specimen, 328;

Orientals, 328

Blind type: Haüy’s, 78; Lucas, 79; Frere, 79; Moon, 79; Braille, 79;

Carton, 79; Alston, 78, 79, 309; Fry, 78, 79, 308, 309

Block books, not typographical, 2; latest printed, 2

Block-printing, _see_ Stereotype

Bodies, _see_ Type-bodies

Bodman on wooden types, 4

Bodoni (G. B.) notice of, 251, 252; specimens, 50, 252; influence on

English typography, 251, 331; _Manuale Tipografico_, 72, 252; Etruscan

letter of, 72; Greek, 61, 252, 332; Roman, 48, 251; Russian, 72

_Boëthius de Consolatione_, Oxon. 1698; 151

_Boke named the Governour_, Lond. 1531; 94

Bolts (W.) Bengalee type cut for, 317, 318, 319

Bomberg, Hebrew type of, 62

Bourgeoise, a class of type, 32

Bourgeois, an English type-body, 33, 39

Bourgeois (J. de) Rouen printer, 103

BOWER (G. W.) Sheffield founder, 357; specimen, 357; partners of, 357;

attempt to regulate type bodies, 35, 357; foundry sold, 357

Bowyer (Wm.) printer, account of, 234; Saxon type used by, 74, 157,

289; fire of his office, 157, 197, 205, 234; his aid to Caslon, 234,

236, 238, 316

Bowyer (Wm. II) his aid to Jackson, 315, 316, 323

Boydell (Jno.) founder of the Shakespeare press, 330

Boyle (R.) Irish type cut for, 189

Bradshaw (Henry) on the type of the _Mentz Psalter_, 11; on the first

Oxford types, 138

Branston, engraver and maker of cast ornaments, 360; his stereoplates

for music, 360

Breaking off, process in founding, 111, 115, 116, 117, 131

‘Breaks’ of early types, 22

Breitkopf (J. G.) Leipzig founder, 296; German type of, 296; Map type,

296; Music, 78, 296; Russian, 71, 72, 296

Brèves (Sav. de) Arabic cut for, 66; Syriac, 67

_Breviary_ (_Icelandic_), Hoolum, 1531; 73

Brevier, a type body, 32; English, 32, 33, 39, 129; German, 38

Brilliant, an English type body, 356

_British Theatre_, Lond. 1791–2; 52

Brotherly Meeting of Printers, 165, 166, 171, 178, 193, 194, 197, 205

BROWN, letter-founder, 358

Browne (J.) Hebrew used by, 64

Bruce (D.) type-casting machine of, 122

Buchanan (Cl.) Syriac cut for, 342

Buck (T.) Cambridge printer, 141

Buel (Abel) early American founder, 350

_Bullock’s Oratio_, Camb. 1521; 141

Bulmer (W.) fine printer, 330, 331, 333; employs Birmingham cutters,

284, 331; prints for Roxburghe club, 312, 334

Burghers (M.) Oxford University engraver, 151, 210

Bus (J.) Dutch founder, 114, 215

_Cædmon’s Paraphrase of Genesis_, Amsterdam, 1655; 74

_Calasio Concordantiæ_, Lond. 1747; 346

Cambridge University, early printing at, 139, 141; offer to buy the

Paris Greek, 61, 141; Greek types at, 60, 141; borrow type from Oxford,

61, 141; Saxon types of, 74; privilege to Ged for stereotype, 219; to

Baskerville, 276, 278; Orientals, cut by Fry for, 308

_Cambro-brytannicæ . . lingua Institutiones_, Lond. 1592; 64

Canon, a type body, 32, 36; Tory’s definition of, 32

_Carmen Tograi_, Oxon. 1661; 66, 68

Cartlitch (Miss), married Caslon II, 248

CASLON (WM.) the First, 233–246; gunsmith’s apprentice, 233; first

attempts at typography, 233–6; first foundry, 234; early patrons, 234;

Palmer’s conduct to, 235, 238; early difficulties, 237; offers for

Grover’s foundry, 237; reputation of, 237; first specimen, 240, 290;

view of his foundry, 108, 116, 243, 288, 316; specimens, 241, 242, 280;

various tributes to, 158, 241, 242, 243, 275; wager with Ged, 219, 238;

rival to James, 219, 222, 238; buys half Mitchell’s foundry, 206, 221,

241; made a Justice, 243; his workmen, 243, 288, 290, 315, 316, 350,

351; family, 245, 246; retires, 244; anecdote of private life, 245;

dies, 246; influence on English typography, 47, 249, 284, 301, 303, 305

——— Matrices: Armenian, 69, 239, 240, 247, 254; Arabic, 67, 235,

240, 247, 254, 311; Black, 54, 239, 240, 241, 248, 254; Coptic, 70,

236, 237, 240, 234; Ethiopic, 69, 240, 254; Etruscan, 72, 239, 240,

247,254; Flowers, 222, 240, 241, 248; Gothic, 73, 239, 240, 248, 254;

Greek, 240, 241, 247, 254; Hebrew, 65, 236, 240, 247, 254; Initials,

81; Music, 254; Roman and Italic, 47, 48, 52, 159, 197, 236, 240, 247,

254, 284; Samaritan, 70, 240, 241, 247, 254; Saxon, 74, 240, 248, 254;

Syriac, 68, 240, 241, 247, 254

CASLON (WM.) the Second, son of above, enters business, 241; specimens,

246; Mores’ prejudice against, 244, 247; anecdote of, 316; dies, 248;

wife and family of, 248

——— Matrices: Black, 248; Greek, 247; Hebrew, 247; Music, 248;

‘Proscription-type,’ 248; Saxon, 74, 248; Syriac, 246

CASLON (MRS. W.) wife of above, formerly Miss Cartlitch, 248; manages

for her husband, 248; succeeds to the business in 1792, 250; member of

trade Association, 250; death, 251; tributes to, 251; decline in value

of foundry under, 251

CASLON (WM.) the Third, son of W. Caslon II, succeeds to the business,

248; specimens, 248, 249, 250; founder to His Majesty, 249; altercation

with Frys, 249, 303, 304; large sand cast type of, 250; cast ornaments,

254, 326; leaves Chiswell Street, 250; relations with Jackson, 317, 325

——— Matrices (Chiswell Street): Script, 249

——— Buys Jackson’s foundry, 325; uses Chiswell Street Orientals

and Cast Ornaments, 325, 326; specimens, 325, 326; retirement and

character, 326, 327

——— Matrices (Salisbury Square): Arabic, 326; Armenian, 326; Black,

326; Greek, 326; Hebrew, 326; Samaritan, 326; Saxon, 326; Syriac, 326

CASLON (HENRY) the First, son of W. Caslon II, 248; joint heir to

foundry, 248; wife of, 250; death, 250

CASLON (Mrs. HENRY) wife of above, formerly Miss Rowe, 200, 250; joint

proprietor of foundry, 251, 252; sole proprietor, 251; regenerates

foundry, 251; cuts new founts, 251; her partner, 252; marries Mr.

Strong, 252; illness and death, 252; specimen, 252

——— Matrices: Roman and Italic, 251, 252, 253

CASLON (HENRY) the Second, son of above, 250; infant proprietor of

foundry, 251; sole proprietor, 253; partners of, 253, 254; additions to

foundry, 253, 254, 334; state of foundry in 1825, 234; revives the Old

Style, 255; death, 255

——— Matrices: German, 254; Greek, 254; Persian, 254; Diamond Roman,

358; Sanscrit, 254

CASLON (HY. WM.) son and partner of above, 235; unites Glasgow and

Caslon foundries, 253, 263; offers foundry for sale, 255; dies, the

last of his name, 255

CASLON (WM.) the Fourth, son and partner of Wm. Caslon III, 326;

succeeds to Salisbury Square Foundry, 327; improved types, 120, 327;

‘Sanspareil’ matrices, 327; sells foundry to Blake, 327; character, 328

Caslon (Saml.) mould-maker, brother to Wm. Caslon I. 246, 350

Caslon (Thos.) bookseller, son of Wm. Caslon I, 246

Caslon Foundry, type bodies in 1841, 34; changes in the value of, 251,

255; relics preserved at, 245

Cast Ornaments, introduced by W. Caslon III, 250, 326; Fry’s, 306;

Vizitelly, Branston’s, 360, 361

Castell (E.) his _Heptaglot Lexicon_, 176, 177

Casting, primitive methods of, 9; early irregularity of, 18, 25; in

sand, 9, 10, 12; in clay, 11, 12; Moxon’s account of, 111; improvements

in, 119–22

_Castle of Otranto_, Parma, 1791; 251

_Catechism and Articles in Irish_, Dublin, 1571; 75, 187

_Catechism in Irish_, Lond. 1680?; 189

_Catena on Job_, Lond. 1637; 98, 144, 176, 198, 201, 228

CATHERWOOD (NATL.) partner of Mrs. H. Caslon, 252

CATHERWOOD (J. J.) brother to above, 253; partner of Hy. Caslon II,

253; leaves Chiswell Street, 254; notice of, by Johnson, 254; starts a

foundry, 254, 358; joins A. Bessemer, 358; retires, 359

_Catholicon_, Mentz, 1460; 16

Caxton (Wm.) first English printer, 84; early training, 84, 85;

probable methods of type founding, 85, 86, 343; type cast by, 84, 85,

102; mould of, 88; types of, 86–9; Black, 53, 87, 88; Secretary, 55,

86, 87, 88; Initials, 79; type ornaments, 82; first books of, 86; his

advertisement, 49, 87; printed page by page, 26; translation of _Ovid’s

Metamorphoses_, by, 312; employs a foreign printer, 91; facsimiles of

his types, 343, 344

Celtis, his reference to cut types, 7

Certificate, letter founders’, form of, 135

‘Chalcographia,’ derivation of, 15

_Champfleury_, Paris, 1529; 32, 183

Chapel (a founders’), account of, 112, 166, 186

Chapman, prints with Baskerville’s types, 283

Charles II and the _London Polyglot_, 176; on the Alexandrian _Codex_

facsimile, 203

Chevillier (A.) on the _London Polyglot_, 172

Chinese type cast in plaster moulds, 15

_Christian Doctrine_, Dublin 1652; 75, 188

_Christianæ Pietatis prima Institutio_, Lond. 1578; 98

_Chronological account of Irish writers_, Dublin 1820; 190

_Chrysostomi Homiliæ_, Lond. 1543; 60, 95: _Opera_, Oxon. 1586; 60,

140; _Translations from_, Oxon. 1602; 64: _Opera_, Eton 1610–12; 60, 140

Church (W.) Type casting machine of, 121

Cicero’s suggestion of mobile types, 3

Cicero, a type body, 32, 38

_Cicero de Officiis_, Mentz 1465; 38, 57; Rome 1469; 38

——— _de Oratore_, Rome 1465; 40

Civilité, Lettre de, a French cursive, 56; Plantin’s, 56

Clarendon Printing House, Oxford, 156

Clarke (S.) Oxford architypographus, 146

Classical ‘height-to-paper’ at Oxford, 155, 274

Claudin (A.) old Lyonnaise types of, 20; on early type markets, 103

Clayton (Robt.) patent matrices, 16, 121

_Clemens Romanus ad Corinthios_, Oxon. 1633; 143, 201

_Codex Alexandrinus_, history of, 200; attempts to facsimile, 200–5,

321

_Codex Bezæ_, facsimile of, Camb. 1793; 322

_Collection of Hymns_, Bristol 1769; 299

Colonel, a Dutch and German type body, 39

_Commentary on the Pentateuch_, Reggio 1475; 62

_Common Prayer_, Lond. 1550; 77: Cambridge 1760–2; 279

——— (_Irish_) Dublin 1608; 75, 187; Lond. 1712; 190

Complutensian _Polyglot_, types of, 59, 63, 169

Copland (R.) printer, types of, 94

Coptic types of the Propaganda, 69; Voskens, 70; Fournier, 70

——— Matrices: Oxford, 70, 147, 148, 153, 155, 161; Grover, ‘new-hand,’

198, 200; Caslon, 70, 236, 237, 240, 247, 254

Cornish (J. D.) his specimen of Caslon’s types, 246

Corpus, a German type body, 39

Coster legend disposed of by Van der Linde, 2

COTTRELL (THOS.) 221, 288–92; apprentice to Caslon, 243, 288, 290, 316;

starts a foundry, 288, 316; his tribute to Caslon, 244, 290; specimens,

290, 291, 292; repairs the Elstob Saxon, 158, 289; Fournier’s notice

of, 290; private in the Guards, 290, 316; Nichols’ notice of, 291; his

foundry, 292

——— Matrices: Domesday, 74, 291, 292, 294, 320; Engrossing, 56, 289,

290, 291, 292, 295; Flowers, 290, 291, 292; “Proscription,” 291, 292,

317; Roman and Italic, 48, 289, 290, 291, 292; Russian, 72, 291

Court Hand, early English, 55, 289

——— Matrices: Grover, 199, 204; James, 228, 303; Fry, 303

Cromwell (Oliver), his aid to the London _Polyglot_, 172, 175

Cupi, a Dutch punch cutter, 114, 215, 216

Cursiv, a German name for Italic, 51

‘Cut matrices,’ a misnomer, 8

_Cyclopædia_, E. Chambers, Lond. 1728; 38: Lond. 1738; 241: Lond.

1784–6; 250, 203

Danish type at Oxford, 73, 151

Dawks (I.) Script type of, 173

Day (Jno.) printer, account of, 95–101; a letter-founder, 96; his Star

Chamber case _v._ Ward, 124. His types: Greek, 98; Hebrew, 64, 98;

Italic, 51, 96, 97, 98, 144; Music, 77, 98; Roman, 47, 96, 97, 98, 144;

Saxon, 73, 96

_De Antiquitate Britannicæ Ecclesiæ_, Lond. 1572; 97

_De Arte Supputandi_, Lond. 1522; 92

_De Divinâ Proportione_, Venice, 1509; 183

_De Emendatâ Structurâ_, Lond. 1524; 60, 93

_De Linguæ Arabicæ Utilitate_, Oxon, 1639; 66

_De Linguâ Etruriæ_, Oxon. 1735; 239

_De Siglis Arabum_, Lond. 1648; 66

De Vinne (Theo.) on early type moulds, 9, 17

_De Visibili Romanarchiâ_, Lond. 1573; 97

De Worde. _See_ Worde (W. de)

Demetrius of Crete, Greek types of, 57, 58

_Demetrius Phalereus_: Glasgow, 1743; 261

Descendiaen, a Dutch type body, 38

Deva Nagari matrices: Jackson, 319; Wilkins, 318

Diamond, an English type body, 40; a Dutch body, 40, 304; matrices in

Grover’s foundry, 197, 199; founts cut in by Wilson, 264; Fry, 304;

Bessemer, 358, 359

_Diary of Lady Willoughby_, Lond. 1844; 255

Dibdin (T. F.) on Black letter fashions, 54; on Caxton’s types, 84;

Bibliographical Works of, 333

_Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers_, Westminster, 1477; 86

Didot (A. F.) improved Script type, 56, 120, 308, 312.

Didot (F.) on Polytype printing, 13, 220

Didot (F. A.) typographical points of, 35; Roman type of, 48

Didot (H.) Semi-Nonpareil cut by, 40; Diamond, 359; Patent type-casting

machine, 121, 361

_Dilworth’s Spelling Book_, Lond. _n.d._ 306

_Dives et Pauper_, Lond. 1493; 91

_Diurnale Gr. Arab._ Fano, 1514; 65

_Doctrinale_, ‘getté en molle,’ 13

Domesday matrices:—Cottrell, 74, 291, 292, 294, 320; Jackson, 74, 291,

320, 321, 340; Figgins, 339, 340, 343

_Domesday Book_, Lond. 1783; 74, 320, 321, 340

_Domesday Book Illustrated_, Lond. 1788; 321

_Donlevey’s Irish Catechism_, Paris, 1742; 75

Double Pica, an English type body, 33, 36

Dressing, an operation in founding, 111, 115, 116

Drury (J. I.) letter cutter to Mrs. H. Caslon, 251

_Ductor in Linguas_, Lond. 1617; 64, 73, 171

DUMMERS, a letter founder, 345; Samaritan type cut for Caslon, 70, 241,

345

Dürer (A.) on the shape of letters, 32, 183

Dutch Founders, notices of, 113, 213–217; type of, in England, 46, 51,

61, 80, 114, 210, 233; in Scotland, 257, 238; cessation of trade with,

237, 249

Dutch ‘Bloomers,’ 80, 258

Duverger (E.) on early type moulds, 23

East (T.) Music type of, 77

East India Company, types cut for, 318, 319, 339

_Elementa Linguæ Persicæ_, Lond. 1649; 66

Elstob (Eliz.) Saxon works of, 74, 157; account of her, 157, 158: her

_Saxon Grammar_, 157, 158

Elzevirs, types of: Greek, 264; Hebrew, 64; Orientals, 66, 141; Roman,

44, 263

Emerald, an English type body, 34

English, an English type body, 32, 33, 37; a name for Black Letter, 37,

English Two-line, an English type body, 36

_English-Saxon Homily on St. Gregory’s Day_, Lond. 1709; 74, 156

Engrossing matrices; Cottrell, 56, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295

Enschedés, Dutch letter founders, 215; leaden matrices in their

foundry, 15; specimens of their old Italic, 52; Gothic, 53; Flamand,

54; Civilité, 56; Initials, 80

Enschedé (J.) on wooden types, 6

Erasmus at Cambridge, 141

Erpenius, Oriental matrices and types of, 65, 69, 144

_Essai sur l’Education des Aveugles_, Paris, 1786; 78

_Essay on the Original, Use and Excellency of Printing_, Lond. 1752; 242

_Essay towards a Real Character_, Lond. 1668; 191

_Essay on Melody of Speech_, Lond. 1775; 323

Estienne (H.) Greek types of, 58; flowers, 82

Estienne (P.) his compliment to Norton, 140

Estienne (R.) type of, Greek (Royal), 58, 262; Hebrew, 63; Initials, 80

Ethiopic, early founts at Rome, 69, 174; Leyden, 69; Frankfort, 69;

Amsterdam, 69

——— Matrices: Oxford, 69, 151, 154, 155, 161; Polyglot, 69, 173, 174,

177, 195; Andrews, 198; ‘Anon.’, 69, 207; James, 228, 303; Caslon, 69,

240, 247, 254; Fry, 303, 309, 311

——— Punches: James, 229

Eton, Greek printing at, 60, 140

Etruscan type at Rome, 72, Parma, 72

——— Matrices: Caslon, 72, 239, 240, 247

_Eusebii Præparatio_, Venice, 1470; 41

_Eusebius_, Paris, 1544; 59

Everingham (R.) printer in Irish, 189, 190; works printed by his widow,

190

_Exposicio Simboli_, Oxon. ‘1468’; 137, 138

_Exposition on St. John_, Wesel? 1557; 45

Facsimile types, the earliest, 200, 204

Faques (W.) printer, trained at Rouen, 93, 103; types of, 93; used by

De Worde, 94

Fann Street Foundry, 294, 295, 313

Farley (Abr.) Domesday type cut for, 320

Fell (Jno.) his services to Oxford Press, 146, 150; gift of matrices,

&c., 148; report on Oxford printing, 149; his printing house, 150;

Moxon’s compliment to, 150, 183

Fenner (W.) partner of Ged, 218, 219

FENWICK (Jos.) founder, account of, 351

——— Matrices:—Scriptorial, 351

Fergusson’s proposal for regulating type bodies, 35, 357

_Fidelis Servi Responsio_, Lond. 1573; 97

FIFIELD (Alex.) founder, nominated, 130, 165; account of, 166

_Fifteen O’s_, Westminster, 1490; 82, 85

FIGGINS (VINCENT) the First, apprentice and foreman to Jackson, 324,

335, 338; fails to succeed to that foundry, 325, 335; Nichols’ aid

to, 335, 336; his first foundry, 336, 341; facsimile Romans cut by,

336, 337; employed by Oxford Press, 338; cuts type for the Record

Commission, 339, 340; for Bagster, 341; various tributes to, 340, 342,

343.

——— Matrices:—Black, 340, 343; Domesday, 339, 340, 343; German Text,

340, 342, 343; Greek, 338, 343; Hebrew, 65, 341, 342, 343; Irish, 76,

342, 343; Persian, 339, 343; Roman and Italic, 48, 336, 337, 340;

Saxon, 74, 343; Syriac, 68, 342, 343; Télegú, 339, 343

FIGGINS (VINCENT) the Second, son of above, enters business, 343; his

anecdote of a punch-cutter, 338; his facsimile of Caxton’s type, 87,

343; body-standards in his foundry in 1841, 34

FIGGINS (JAMES) the First, son of V. Figgins I, 343

FIGGINS (JAMES) the Second, son of above, 343

Filosofia, an Italian type body, 38

Finance (Lettre de) a Script letter, 56

Fischer (G.) on wooden types, 4

Flamand, a Dutch Black-letter, 54

Flemish school of typography, 102

Flesher (Jas.) printer, 171, 178; Arabic type of, 66; Polyglot specimen

of, 171

Flesher (Miles) printer, Arabic type of, 66

Flowers, early type-, 82; H. Estienne’s, 82; Day’s, 98

——— Matrices:—Oxford, 148; Grover, 199; James, 222, 303; Caslon, 222,

240; Cottrell, 290, 291, 292; Thorne, 293, 295; Fry, 303, 307

Forme, (Lettre de) Black-letter, 36, 53, 87, 88

FOUGT (H.) Founder of music type, 78, 350; Specimen, 350

——— Matrices:—Music, 350

Foulis (R. and A.) Scotch printers, 261; to Glasgow University,

261; employ Wilson, 261; their Glasgow _Homer_, 261, 262; beautiful

impressions of, 261; the poet Gray’s tribute to, 263

Foulis (Andrew), son of above Robert, 261; his patent for stereotype,

230, 261

Founts of early printers, size of, 26, 27

Fournier, (P. S.), on wooden types, 5; typographical points of, 35;

notes on English founders, 242, 290; account of founding in France,

117; his types; Coptic, 70; Etruscan, 72; Irish, 75, 191; Music, 78;

Roman, 48; Russian, 72

FOX (BENJ.) partner in Fann Street Foundry, 296

Fractur, a German Black-letter, 54

France, first Gothic type in, 53; Letter Founding in, 114, 116; control

of founders in, 129; typographical superiority of, 124

Francesco da Bologna, cut Aldine punches, 51

Frankfort, Letter founding at, in 1568, 105, 106

Franklin (Benj.), a journeyman in London, 218, 233, 235; experiments

in casting, 15; letters to Baskerville, 280, 281; starts foundry in

America, 350

Frères de la Vie Commune, Roman type of, 41, 42

Froben (J.) his supposed acquaintance with Pynson, 91; his types;

Greek, 59; Hebrew, 63; Initials, 80; Roman, 43

Froschouer (Chr.) Roman type of, 43;

Froschouer (Jno.) Music type of, 76

FRY (JOSEPH) begins a foundry in Bristol, 298; imitates Baskerville’s

Romans, 284, 299, 305, 310; first specimens, 299; removes to London,

299; _Bibles_ printed by, 301, 302; his partners, 299, 300, 302; adopts

Caslon models, 284, 301, 305, 310; purchases at James’ sale, 230, 302,

303; quarrel with Caslon III, 249, 304; retirement and death, 304, 305

——— Matrices: Roman, 48, 284, 299, 300, 301, 310

FRY (EDMUND) son and partner of above, 302; philological talents, 302;

specimens, 305, 306, 307, 308, 313; removes foundry to Type Street,

305; his types used by Millar Ritchie, 306; his _Pantographia_, 306,

307; his partners, 306, 307, 308; new Romans of, 307, 310; dislike

to ornamented type, 307 310; letter founder to the King, 307; cuts

Orientals for Cambridge, 308; contents of foundry, 309; retires, 310;

his Address to the Public, 310; sells foundry to Thorowgood, 296, 313

FRY (EDMUND) Matrices: Alexandrian Greek, 303, 304, 309, 311; Amharic,

309, 311; Arabic, 303, 309, 311; Black, 303, 310, 311; Blind, 78, 79,

308, 309; Cast Ornaments, 306; Ethiopic, 303, 309, 311; Flowers, 303,

307; German, 309, 312; Greek, 303, 309, 311; Guzerattee, 309, 311;

Hebrew, 303, 304, 309, 311; Irish, 76, 303, 306, 309, 312; Malabaric,

309, 311; Music, 78, 310; Roman, 303, 305, 306, 307, 310; Russian, 72,

309, 312; Samaritan, 70, 303, 309, 311; Saxon, 74, 309, 312; Script,

308, 312; Syriac, 68, 303, 308, 310, 311, 342

FRY (HENRY) brother and partner of above, 302; becomes a printer, 306

FRY (WINDOVER) son and partner of Edmund Fry, 308

Fust and Schoeffer, music types of, 76; Initials, 79, 80

‘Fusus,’ use of word in colophons, 8

Fyner (C.), Hebrew type of, 62

Gaillarde, a French type-body, 39

_Galenus de Temperamentis_, Camb. 1521; 141

_Gallicantus_, Lond. 1498; 92

Gallie (Jno.) manager to Wilson, 266; partner with Dr. Marr, 266

_Game and Play of the Chesse_ (facs.), Lond. 1855; 87, 343

Garamond (Cl.) mould of, 23; Roman cut by, 44; Greek, 58

Garmond, a foreign type body, 39

Ged (Wm.) inventor of Stereotype, 218, 219, 258; misfortunes and

failure of, 219, 238; _Biographical Memoirs of_, 219

Gem, an English type body, 356

Gering, first Paris printer, Greek type of, 58; Roman, 43

German matrices: Caslon, 254; Thorne, 295; Thorowgood, 296; Fry, 309,

312

German-Text matrices: Figgins, 340, 342, 343

Geschreven Schrift, a German Script, 56

‘Getté en molle’, signification of, 13, 14

Glasgow University; fine printing at, 261

Glosa, a class of type, 32

Glosilla, a Spanish type body, 32, 39

Goes (H.) York printer, used De Worde’s types, 89

_Golden Legend_, Westminster, _n. d._; 88

_Goldsmith and Parnell_, Lond. 1795; 331

GORING (THOS.) letter-founder, 193; nominated 133, 193; notice of, 166

Gothic letter, origin of, 53; Petrarch’s aversion to, 53; Prevost’s

eulogy of, 53

Gothic language; types of at Amsterdam, 73

——— Matrices: Oxford, 73, 150, 151, 155, 161; ‘Anon.’, 207; James, 73,

225, 228; Caslon, 73, 239, 240, 248, 254

Gough (Jno.) his anecdotes of Jackson, 321, 323; of Ilive, 348

Gourmont (G. de) Greek type of, 58; Hebrew, 62, 63

Graff (Baltus de), partner of Cottrell, 288

Grafton (Rd.) Bible printed by, 124; Music type of, 77; Dibdin’s

tribute to, 101

_Grammar of the Bengal Language_, Hoogly, 1778; 318

_Grammar of the Sanskrita Language_, Lond. 1808; 319

Granjon (N.) French, letter-cutter, Greek types of, 59; Music, 77;

“Civilité”, 56

_Gray’s Poems_, Glasgow, 1768; 263: Parma, 1793; 251

_Great Charter_, Oxford, 1759: 159

Great Primer, an English type body, 33, 37, 86

Greek: earliest, Schoeffer’s, 57; early founts, Italy, 57, 58;

France, 58, 59, 60, 61; Netherlands, 59, 61; Spain, 59; Germany, 60;

Switzerland, 59; Lascaris “litteræ majusculæ,” 57; French “Characteres

Regii,” 59, 60, 61, 141, 262

——— In England: De Worde’s, 60, 91; Siberch’s, 60, 141; Pynson’s, 60,

93; Day’s, 98; Wolfe’s, 60, 95; Mierdman’s, 60; Oxford, 60, 140, 141;

Eton, 60, 140, 145; Royal founts, 60, 142, 144, 167, 201, 202; borrowed

by Cambridge from Oxford, 60, 141; Dutch founts in England, 61;

Cambridge offers for Paris Greek, 61, 141; large number of ligatures,

61; minute sizes, 61, 62, 254; fashions in, 61, 274; Porson’s

improvement in, 62, 342

——— Matrices: Oxford, 61, 148, 160, 161, 273, 274; Polyglot, 173, 174;

Andrews, 61, 195, 197; Grover, 61, 198, 200; Head, 206; Mitchell, 206,

241; “Anon.”, 207: James, 195, 197, 213, 214, 217, 221, 223, 228,

303; Caslon, 240, 241, 247, 254; Wilson, 61, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265;

Baskerville, 61, 160, 273, 274; Thorowgood, 296; Fry, 303, 307, 309,

311; Jackson, 61, 311, 317, 321, 322; Caslon III, 326; Martin, 61, 332;

Figgins, 338, 343; Ilive, 347

——— Punches: James, 229

Greek, Alexandrian; _see_ Alexandrian Greek

Grierson (G.) Irish printer, his patent, 260; establishes

letter-founding, 261

Grierson (Boulter), son of above, his petition, 260

GRISMAND (JOHN) Star Chamber founder, 130, 165; notices of, 165, 166

Gromors, Arabic types of, 65

Gros Bâtarde, a French Secretary type, 55; Colard Mansion’s, 55, 86, 87

Gros Romain, a French type body, 37

GROVER (JAS.) letter-founder, 166, 197

GROVER (THOS.) son of above, letter-founder, 157, 166, 197–205; Royal

founts in his foundry, 197, 203; Caslon offers for foundry, 205, 237;

disposal of it, 205

——— Matrices: Alexandrian Greek, 198–205; Arabic, 198; Blacks, 197,

109, 225; Cursives, 199; Greek, 198; Hebrew, 198; Music, 77, 199;

Roman and Italic, 197, 198, 199; Samaritan, 70, 198; Saxon, 199;

Scriptorials, 199; Signs, 199; Syriac, 198, 241

Gutenberg’s types, migrations of, 28

Guzerattee matrices: Fry, 309, 311

Hahn (Ul.) Roman type of, 41; his _Cicero_, 38; his _St. Augustine_, 37

Halhed (N. B.) his _Bengal Grammar_, 318; his account of C. Wilkins, 318

Hanbey (Mr.) son-in-law of Caslon I, 246

Hancock (C.) buys Hughes’ Music matrices, 363

Handy (J.) a punch-cutter employed by Baskerville, 269, 353

Hansard (T. C.) on type fashions, 48; notices of founders from his

_Typographia_, 251, 253, 254, 258, 264, 296, 309, 310, 312, 326, 328,

332, 336, 342, 343, 352, 355, 361, 364

Hare (Bp.) transactions with Caslon, 238

Harris (Messrs.) use Baskerville’s types, 286

Hautin, Music type of, 77

Haüy, Blind type of, 78

Hawkins (Sir J.) his anecdote of Caslon, 245

Hazard, Bath printer, notice of, 307

HEAD (GODFREY) letter founder, 133, 166, 205

——— Matrices: Black, 206; Greek, 206

HEAPHY, letter founder, 364

Hebrew type, first use of, 62; early founts in Italy, 62; France, 62,

63; Spain, 63; Germany, 63; Netherlands, 63, 64, 65

——— in England: De Worde’s, 64, 91; Day’s, 64, 98; at Oxford, 64;

London, 64

——— Matrices: Oxford, 64, 147, 148, 154, 160, 161; Polyglot, 64, 171,

173, 174, 177, 194; Andrews, 195; Grover, 198; James, 64, 65, 223, 227,

303; Caslon, 65, 236, 238, 240, 246, 247, 254; Wilson, 264, 265; Fry,

303, 304, 309, 311; Jackson, 317; Caslon III, 326; Figgins, 65, 341,

342, 343; Thorowgood, 296; Jalleson, 346

_Hebrew Dictionary_, Louvain, 1520? 63

_Hebrew Grammar_, Paris, 1508; 63; Leipsic, 1520, 63; Paris, 1520; 63:

Louvain, 1528; 63

Height-to-paper of sand-cast types, 10; of old Lyons types, 21; of old

Cologne types, 25; varieties of at Oxford, 155

Heilman, Gros Bâtarde type of, 55

Henfrey (J.) type-casting machine of, 121

Herbert (W.) his account of Caxton’s types, 84; on early use of Roman

and Italic, 91, 97

_Herodotus_, Oxford, 1590; 60, 140

Hibernian type, _see_ Irish

_Hickes’ Thesaurus_, Oxon. 1703–5; 72, 73, 74, 150, 156

——— _Saxon Grammar_, Oxon. 1711; 74

_History of England_ (Hume’s) Lond. 1806; 323, 336

Hogarth and Baskerville’s types, 47

_Homeri Opera_, Florence, 1488; 58: Glasgow, 1756–58; 62, 261, 262:

Parma, 1808; 251: Lond. 1831; 62, 254

——— _Batrachomyomachia_, Venice, 1486; 58: Paris, 1507; 58

Hooght (Van der) Hebrew types of, 64

_Horæ_ (_Greek_), Louvain, 1516; 59

_Horatii Opera_, Sedan, 1627; 46: Glasgow, 1744; 261: Birmingham, 1762;

277

Horman (W.) his indenture with Pynson, 92

Hostingue, a Rouen printer, 103

HUGHES (HUGH) partner with Thorne, 294, 363; starts a foundry, 363;

specimen, 363; his music type, 363

——— Matrices: music, 78, 363

Hunte (Thos.) early Oxford printer, 137, 138

Hutter, curious Hebrew type of, 63, 247; his Polyglot _Bible_, 170

_Iberno-Celtic Society’s Transactions_, Dublin, 1820; 190

Iceland, early printing in, 73

Icelandic matrices at Oxford, 73, 151, 155

ILIVE (JACOB) letter founder, 346–9; his eccentricities, 347, 348;

forged _Book of Jasher_, 348; heads schism in Stationers’ Company, 348;

his foundry bought by James, 221, 347

——— Matrices: Greek, 221, 347; Roman, 347

IMISSON, letter founder, 352

Imprimerie Royale, Paris, establishment of, 58; Greek type of, 58, 59,

60, 61; Roman, 44, 48

Initials of Mentz _Psalter_, 79; early cutters of, 79, 80; Caxton’s,

79; Day’s, 98; ‘Two-line letters,’ 80; Pictorial, 80; Dutch, 80; Bible,

80; Armorial, 80; pierced, 81; Oxford copperplate, 80, 159; fashions

in, 81; Baskett’s ‘Silver initials,’ 107, 211

_Introductio ad Lectionem Ling. Oriental._ London, 1655; 172

Ireland, letter foundry in, 260, 265; printing patent for, 260; Scotch

and English type supplied to, 260, 265. Vernacular printing in, 75, 76,

186, 187, 188

Irish type in Dublin, 75, 186, 187; Antwerp, 75; Louvain, 75, 188, 191;

Rome, 75, 191; Paris, 75, 76, 191; revival of Irish printing, 76, 191

——— Matrices: Moxon, 75, 76, 155, 186, 189, 190, 194, 306; Andrews,

194, 196; James, 229, 303; Fry, 229, 303, 306, 309, 312; Figgins, 342,

343

——— Punches: James, 229

Iron, an ingredient in type metal, 21, 112

Irregular type bodies, origin of, 33

Isla (Lord) patron of Wilson, 258

Italic, first cut by Aldus, 50; early foreign founts, 51; Van Dijk’s,

52; various uses for, 52

——— In England, fashions in, 52; De Worde’s, 52, 91; Day, 52, 96,

97, 98, 144, 176; Vautrollier, 51, 98; James, 214, 217; Caslon, 52;

Baskerville, 275

——— See also _s.v._ Roman and Italic

Italy, first Roman type in, 40; first Gothic type in, 53

JACKSON (JOS.) apprentice to Caslon I, 243, 288, 315; first punch

cut by, 315; dismissed, 243, 288, 316; partner with Cottrell, 288,

291, 316; goes to sea, 289, 316; starts a foundry, 291, 316; first

specimens, 316, 317; Bowyer’s aid to 317, 323; removes to Salisbury

Square, 317; makes a hollow square, 317; his foundry, 317; employed by

Nichols, 320, 321; Bensley, 323; Oxford Press, 338; fire of foundry,

324; elegy on, 324; death and tributes to, 324, 325; portraits of, 288,

316, 325

——— Matrices: Alexandrian Greek, 321; Bengalee, 317; Black, 317;

Codex-Bezæ Greek, 322; Deva Nagari, 319; Domesday, 74, 320, 321, 340;

Greek, 61, 311, 317, 323; Hebrew, 317; Music symbols, 323; Persian,

317; ‘Proscription’ letter, 317; Roman, 48, 317, 323; Script, 56, 317

JALLESON, letter founder, 346; his system of type bodies, 346; Hebrew

type, 346

JAMES (THOS.) letter founder, 157, 212–220; his family, 212; apprentice

to R. Andrews, 196, 212; his letters from Holland, 113, 213–17; his

foundry, 217; buys Greek of Grover, 195, 197; rivalry with Caslon, 218,

220; transactions with Ged, 218, 219; second visit to Holland, 219;

decline of his business, 220; buys Andrews’ foundry, 197, 211, 220;

death, 220; advertisement by his widow, 220

JAMES (THOS.) Matrices: Black, 214, 217; Greek, 213, 214, 217: Roman

and Italic, 46, 213, 214, 217

JAMES (JNO.) son and successor of above, 220; buys half Mitchell’s

foundry, 206, 221; Ilive’s, 221, 347; Grover’s, 205, 221; his projected

specimen, 222, 224; dies, 222; last of the Old English Founders, 221,

230

——— Matrices and Punches: Anglo-Norman, 228; Arabic, 67, 228, 229, 303;

Black, 91, 228. 303; Court Hand, 228, 303; Ethiopic, 228, 229, 303;

Flowers, 229, 303; Gothic, 73, 228; Greek, 220, 228, 229, 303; Hebrew,

65, 220, 227, 303; Irish, 229, 303; Runic, 72, 228; Samaritan, 70, 227,

229, 303; Saxon, 220, 228; 229; Scriptorial, 228, 303; Secretary, 228;

Syriac, 228, 229, 241

James (Dr. T.) first Bodleian Librarian, 212

James (Elianor) aunt of Thos. James the founder, 212

James (George) son of above, City Printer, 212

James (Jno.) architect, brother of Thos. James the founder, 212;

partner with Ged, 218

James’ Foundry acquired by Mores, 222; arranged for sale, 223;

catalogue and specimen, 226–30, 303; matrices lost,223, 227, 228;

punches lost, 229; obsolete founts, 224, 225; leaden matrices, 16, 228;

moulds, &c., 229, 230; sale of, 230, 302

Jannon, Sedan printer, Roman type of, 46, Greek, 61

Jansson, Hebrew type of, 64, 65

_Jasher, Book of_, Lond. 1751; 348

_Jason_, Westminster (1477), 86

Jenson, Greek type of, 58; Roman, 41

Jerome’s suggestion of mobile types, 3

Joly, a Dutch type body, 40

Journeyman founders, regulation of, 131, 133

Jungfer, a German type body, 39

Junius (Fr.) his gift to Oxford, 150, 151; Dr. Nicholson’s note on,

151; portrait of, 151

Junius (Pat.) _see_ Young (Pat.)

Jurisson, _see_ Imisson

Justifying of matrices, 10, 111, 186; a secret operation, 117

_Justinian_, Mentz, 1468; 49

Kehl, typographical establishment at, 285, 286; _Voltaire’s Works_,

printed at, 285, 286; Works by _Alfieri_ at, 286

Kerning, a process in founding, 22, 111

‘King’s House,’ Roman types, 197, 199, 203

Kipling (T.) his facsimile of _Codex Bezæ_, 322

Kirkpatrick (W.) Sanscrit type cut for, 319

KNOWLES (G.) a partner of Ed. Fry, 307

_Koran_, Venice, 1518; 65

Laborde (Leon) on wooden types, 5

Lackington (Jas.) bookseller, 325

_Lactantius_, Subiaco, 1465; 40, 57

_La Lèpre morale_, Cologne, 1476; 24

Lambinet (P.) on early polytype printing, 12

_Lascaris Anthologia_ (in Greek Capitals), Florence, 1494; 57: _Greek

Grammar_, Milan, 1476; 57

_Last Judgment_, Irish poem on, Dublin, 1571; 187

Laud (Archbp.) his services to Oxford press, 142–5, 166; letter to,

from King Charles I, 143

Le Bé (G.) cuts punches for Plantin, 107; his Arabic, 64; Hebrew, 59;

Music, 77

LEE (JOS.) letter founder, 166, 193

Lee (Dr. S.) Orientals cut for by Dr. Fry, 308

L’Estrange (R.) Surveyor of Imprimery, 132

Le Tailleur, Rouen printer for Pynson, 92

Letter-cutting by eye, not by rule, 184

Letter Founders, one named in 1597, 128, 164; regulations of, in

1622, 129, 164; in 1637, 130; in 1662, 132; in 1674, 133; in 1693,

134; called to account, 133, 134, 193, 205; petition and ‘Cause of

Complaint’ of one, in 1637, 167; To His Majesty, 178, 249, 296, 307,

329, 356; limited number of, 118, 134; Association of, 118, 250, 352,

353, 358

Letter Founding of the first printers, 9, 12, 14, 18; early secrecy of,

28; spread of, 28

——— In France: State control of, 129; Thiboust’s account of, 114; views

of in _Encyclopædia_, 116; Fournier’s account of, 117

——— In Germany: at Frankfort, in 1568, 105

——— In Netherlands: Plantin’s Foundry, 106; James’ account of Dutch

founders, 113, 213–7

——— In England: came after printing, 84; earliest record of, 93;

early practice of, 103; curious cut in the Bagford MSS., 105; divorce

from printing, 164; practised by Day, 96; early unlicensed, 128; the

London _Polyglot_ a land-mark of, 175; Moxon’s account of, 1683,

107–13, 183–6; at Oxford, in 1695, 113; custom of lending casters and

matrices, 113, 216; division of trades in, 114, 184; trade jealousies

in, 114, 118; _Universal Magazine_, 1750, account in, 108, 116; secret

operations in, 117, 288, 315, 338; rules of Thorne’s Foundry, 1806,

117, 294; conservatism of, 118; competition in, 118; State-control of,

123–136; liberty of, 134; final emancipation of, 135

Lettres Tourneures, initials, 79

Lettres de Forme, 36, 53, 87, 88

Lettres de Somme, 53, 54

Lettou and Machlinia, types of, 89

Leusden, simplified Greek types of, 61

Lever-mould, introduced, 120

_Lexicon Heptaglotton_, Lond. 1669; 176

_Liber de laudibus Mariæ_, Cologne? 1478? 24

_Life of Jewell_, Lond. 1573; 64, 98

Ligatures in old founts, 10, 27, 41, 50, 224

_Liguarum XII AIphabeta_, Paris, 1538; 67

Linde (A. Van der) on the essence of typography, 2; on ‘getté en

molle,’ 13

Literæ Florentes, initials, 79

_Littleton Tenures_ (Pynson’s), Lond. 1527; 93; (Redman’s), Lond. _n.

d._, 94

LIVERMORE (MARTIN) partner to Henry Caslon II, 254; retires from

Chiswell Street, 255

_Logique d’Okam_, 1488, contractions in, 51

_London Printer’s Lamentation_, 1660: 127, 130, 165

Long Primer, an English type-body, 32, 33, 38

Long ſ, disappearance of, 52

Louvain, Irish type at, 75, 188, 191

Lübeck, leaden matrices at, 16

Lucas (M.) printer of the ‘Wicked’ _Bible_, 142, 143

Luce (L.) Roman type of, 40, 48

_Lucerna Fidelium_, Rome, 1676; 75

Luckombe (P.) his _History of Printing_, Lond. 1770; 246, 291, 301

Ludolf, Ethiopic type used by, 69

_Ludolph’s Grammatica Russica_, Oxon. 1696; 71

LYNCH, letter founder, 358

_Lyndewode Constitutiones_, Oxon. _n.d._; 139

Lyons, early printing at, 20; fifteenth century types at, 20; nicks

used at, 120

Lyons (Israel) Hebrew type cut for, 247

_McCuirtin’s Irish Dictionary_, Paris, 1732; 75

McCreery (J.) prints with Martin’s types, 333, his poem on _The Press_,

277, 333

Machine for type casting, first, 122, 265

Machlinia and Lettou, types of, 89

McPHAIL, letter founder, 351

Madden (J. P. A.) on 15th Century type, 24; on the Wiedenbach

typographers, 41

Malabaric matrices:—Fry, 309, 311

Mansion (Colard) Caxton’s master, 84, 85, 86, 87, Gros Bâtarde type of,

55, 86, 87

Marcel (J. J.) his _Oratio Dominica_, 72, 76; his _Alphabet Irlandais_,

76, 191; Russian type of, 72; Irish, 76

_Marprelate Tracts_, types of, 127

MARR (DR. J.) acquires part of Glasgow Foundry, 266

Martens (Th.) Greek type of, 59; Hebrew, 63

Martin (Robert) agent and manager for Baskerville, 281, 330; works

printed by, 281

MARTIN (WM.) brother to above, 330; cuts punches in London, 330; starts

foundry, 330; employed by Shakespeare Press, 331–3; tributes to, 331,

332, 333; supplies McCreery, 333; foundry sold to Caslon, 254, 334;

Orientals of, 332

——— Matrices:—Greek, 332; Roman and Italic, 332, 333

Mascall (W.) proposal to register founders, 134

Mathematical signs in type, 98, 148, 191, 196, 199, 217, 342

Matrices, early forms of, 14; of lead, 14, 15, 16, 228; of clay, 15;

of wood, 16, 121; justification of, 16; struck inverted, 204; without

sides, 208; of steel, 312; ‘Sanspareil,’ 327

MATTHEWSON, letter founder in Edinburgh, 358

Maynyal, Paris printer for Caxton, 91

Mediaan, a Dutch type body, 38

Meerman on sculpto-fusi types, 7

Mentelin, Roman type of, 42

Mentz, Sack of, 28; school of typography of, 9

Meres (Jno.) son-in-law of T. Grover, 205

Metals used in type alloy, 19, 106, 112, 121; softness of, in early

types, 26; Moxon’s directions for mixing, 112

Meurs (Dr. Van) on ‘getté en molle,’ 13

Mierdman, Greek types of, 60

Miller (Peter) American printer, anecdote of, 17

MILLER (WM.) manager for Wilson, 264, 355; starts foundry, 355; his

early founts, 355; employed by the _Times_, 356; specimens, 355, 356;

partner and successors of, 356

——— Matrices:—Roman and Italic, 355, 356

MILNE & Co., founders, 266

Milton (Jno.) _Areopagitica_, 130; _Works_, Birmingham, 1758; 275;

Lond. 1794–7; 331; _Paradise Lost_, Lond. 1796; 337, 338

Minion, an English type body, 33, 39, 210; a foreign body, 39

Minsheu’s _Ductor in Linguas_, Lond. 1617; 64, 73, 171

Missal, a German type body, 36

_Missal_, printed at Lyons, 1485; 76

MITCHELL (ROBT.) founder, 206; partition of his foundry, 206, 221, 241

——— Matrices; Black, 206, 241; Greek, 206, 241; Music, 78, 206, 241;

Roman and Italic, 206; Signs, 206

Mitchelson, first American founder, 350

Mittel, a German type body, 37

Model types for clay or sand moulds, 11; as punches for lead or clay

matrices, 15, 16

Moderne, Italian name for Black letter, 43

Molloy’s _Lucerna Fidelium_, Rome, 1676; 75: _Irish Grammar_, Rome,

1677; 75

_Monasticon_, Lond. 1655; 74

MOORE (ISAAC) manager and partner of Fry and Pine, 299; specimens of,

299; inventions of, 300; retires, 302

Moreau, Script type of, 56

Mores (Ed. Rowe) account of, 222; possessor of James’ foundry, 222,

223; his _Dissertation_, 222, 223; account of early printers by, 84,

90, 92, 94; of Miss Elstob, 157; his correspondence as to her Saxon

matrices, 158, 159; his account of James’ foundry, 223; strictures on

Oxford specimen, 160; allusion to Coster, 225; prejudice against Caslon

II; 244, 247; against Baskerville, 274, 280; notice of Fry’s specimen,

300; as a compositor, 347

Morton (Dr.) Domesday type cut for, 291, 320

_Moses Choronensis_, Lond. 1736; 69, 239

Motteroz (M.) ideal Roman letter of, 48

Mould, _see_ Type-mould

MOXON (JOS.) letter founder, 180–192; specimen, 181; a printer, 182;

his offices, 181, 182; his _Regulæ Trium Ordinum_, 182; his _Mechanick

Exercises_, 107–112, 183–186; his standards of type bodies, 33, 34;

employed by Boyle, 189

——— Matrices: Irish, 75, 76, 186–191; Roman and Italic, 47, 181

_Musæus, Hero and Leander_, Lond. 1797; 332

Music; De Worde’s, 76,91; early printing abroad, 76, 77; improvements

in, 78; Grafton’s, 77; Day’s, 77, 98; Vautrollier’s, 77; East’s, 77;

‘new-tyed note’, 77; at Aberdeen, 77

——— Matrices: Oxford, 77, 148, 161; Walpergen, 77, 148, 153, 208;

Andrews, 77, 196; Grover, 77, 199; Mitchell, 78, 206, 241; Caslon, 77,

241, 248; Fry, 78, 310, 312; Fougt, 78, 350; Branston’s (stereo), 360;

Hughes, 78, 363; Jackson’s symbols, 323

Myllar (A.) Scotch printer, types of, 103

Negus (S.) list of printers by, 346

_Neilson’s Irish Grammar_, Dublin, 1808; 76, 191

_New Testament_ (_Greek_), Basle, 1516; 59: Sedan, 1628; 61: Cambridge,

1632; 60, 141: Oxford, 1763; 61, 160, 273, 274: Lond. 1786 (_Codex

Alex._); 321

——— (_Latin_), Lond. 1574; 46, 51

——— (_Arabic_), Lond. 1727; 67, 235

——— (_Coptic_), Oxon. 1716; 70, 237

——— (_Ethiopic_), Rome, 1548; 69: Lond. 1826 (_Gospels_); 69

——— (_Irish_), Dublin, 1602; 75, 187; Lond. 1681; 75, 189

——— (_Russian_), St. Petersburg, 1819–23; 72

——— (_Saxon_), Lond. 1571 (Gospels), 95

——— (_Sclavonic_), Ugrovallachia, 1512 (_Gospels_), 71: Moscow, 1564

(_Acts and Epistles_), 71

——— (_Syriac_), Paris, 1539; 67: Vienna, 1555; 67: Cothon, 1621; 67:

Hamburg, 1663; 67: Lond. 1816; 68, 342

——— (_Tamulic_), Tranquebar, 1714–19; 234

NICHOLLS (ARTHUR) letter founder, nominated, 130, 165; petition to

Archbishop Laud, 166, 167; ‘Cause of Complaint,’ 167

NICHOLLS (NICHOLAS) son of above, letter founder, 166, 177; his

father’s account of, 168; his petition to the king, 178; his specimen,

178, 181; letter founder to the king, 178

NICHOLS, an Oxford letter founder, 148, 178

Nichols (Jno.) his _Anecdotes of Bowyer_, 233; _Domesday_, facsimile

of, 320, 321; assists Figgins, 335, 336

Nicholson (W.) patent for type casting, 119, 327

Nicks, origin of, 120; early substitutes for, 22

Nicol (Geo.) founder of the Shakespeare Press, 330; employs W. Martin,

330

Nicol (W.) son of above, succeeds to the Shakespeare Press, 330

_Nomenclator Syriacus_, Rome, 1622; 67

Nonpareil, an English type body, 32, 33, 39, 129; a foreign body, 39

Norfolk (Duke of) employs Jackson, 317

A History of the Old English Letter Foundries with Notes, Historical and Bibliographical, on the Rise and Progress of English Typography. · 第 21 / 23 章