§ 210. Adverbs of Manner ar formd from adjectivs. (a) The commonest
adverbial suff. is =-ba= which is added to the stem of the adjectiv.
Thus, from =a=-stems (§§ 123. 124); e. g., =ubilaba=, _evilly_;
=baírhtaba=, _brightly_; from a =ja=-stem (§ 125 et seq.): =sunjaba=,
_truly_.--The original =i-= and =u=-stems (§§ 129-131) also show
here their real stem-endings; e. g., =analaugniba=, _secretly_;
=anasiuniba=, _visibly_; =arniba=, _surely_; =gatêmiba=, _fitly_;
--=harduba=, _hard, severely_; =manwuba=, _redily_; =glaggwuba=,
_accurately_.
NOTE. =a= for =u= is found onse each in =hardaba=; II. Cor. XIII,
10 (in Cod. A, =harduba= in B); =glaggwaba=; Lu. XV, 8.--Cp.
=brôþra-lubô= (in A), § 88ᵃ, n. 2.
§ 211. (b) Another class of adverbs formd from adjectivs hav the suffix
=-ô= which contains the final vowel of the adjectival stem; e. g.,
=galeikô=, _similarly_; =ûhteigô=, _seasonably_; =þiubjô=, _secretly_;
=glaggwô= (beside =glaggwuba=, _accurately_).
NOTE. The same adverbial ending also in =auftô=, _perhaps_;
=sprautô=, _quickly_; =missô=, _reciprocally_; =sundrô=,
_especially_; =unwêniggô=, _unexpectedly_; =ufarô=, _abuv_;
=undarô=, _below_; =aftarô=, _behind, from behind_.
§ 212. From comparativ adjectivs an adverbial form has developt which
ends in the bare comparativ suffix (=-iz=), =-is=; e. g., =háuhis=,
_higher_; =áiris=, _erlier_; =mais=, _more_; =haldis=, _rather, more_;
=framis=, _further_; =nêƕis=, _nearer_.
NOTE 1. Without the =i= of the suffix ar formd: =mins= (§ 78, n.
1), _less_; =waírs=, _wurse_; =þana-seiþs=, _further, more_.
NOTE 2. With the comparativ suffix =-ôs= appear =sniumundôs=, _more
speedily_; =aljaleikôs=, _otherwise_.
NOTE 3. As superlativ adverbs occur the neuter forms =frumist=,
_first_; =maist=, _most_.
§ 213. Adverbs of Place ar formd either without a suffix or by means of
the suffixes =-þ= (=-d=) and =-drê= to denote motion towards a place;
by means of the suffixes =-r= and =-a= to denote rest in a place; with
the suffixes =-þrô= and =-ana= to denote motion from a place.
NOTE 1. From pronominal stems ar thus formd the correlativs:
=ƕaþ=, =ƕadrê=, _wither?_ | =ƕar=, _where_ | =ƕaþrô=, _whense_
=[þaþ]= (=þadei=, _where, whither_) | =þar=, _there_ | =þaþrô=, _thense_
=jaind=, =jaindrê=, _thither_ | =jainar=, _yonder_ | =jainþrô=, _thense_
=aljaþ=, _elsewhere, away_ | =aljar=, _elsewhere_ | =aljaþrô=, _by another way_
| =hêr=, _here_ |
NOTE 2. Other exampls: (a) 'Whither'? =dalaþ=, _down_; =samaþ=,
_together_; =iup=, _upwards_; =ût=, _out_; =inn=, _into_. (b)
'Where'? =dalaþa=, _below_; =iupa=, _abuv_; =ûta=, _out_; =inna=,
_in_; =faírra=, _far_; =afta=, _behind_. (c) 'Whense'? =dalaþrô=,
_from below_; =iupaþrô= and =iupana=, _from abuv_; =ûtaþrô= and
=ûtana=, _from without_; =innaþrô= and =innana=, _from within_;
=allaþrô=, _from all sides_; =faírraþrô=, _from afar_; =aftana=,
_from behind_; =hindana=, _from behind, beyond_.
§ 214. Adverbs of Time ar for the most part represented by cases of
substantivs; e. g., =gistradagis=, _to-morrow_; =himma daga=, _to-day_;
=du maúrgina=, _to-morrow_; =ni aiw=, _never_ (acc. of =aiws=, _time_);
=framwigis=, _continually_.
NOTE. Simpl adverbs of time are rare: =nu=, _now_; =ju=, _alredy_;
=áir=, _erly_; =simlê=, _onse_; =ufta=, _often_; from pronominal
stems: =þan=, _then_; =ƕan=, _when?, whenever_; =suman=, _in times
past_.
§ 215. Other nominal cases than those givn in § 214 ar also uzed as
adverbs; e. g., =landis=, _far away_, lit. '_of land_'; =allis=,
_holely_; =sunja= and =bi sunjai=, _truly_.
§ 216. Questions and Answers ar mostly accumpanied by adverbial
particls. Interrogativ particls ar: =-u= (=niu=, _not?_, § 18, n. 2);
=an=, =nuh=, _then?_; =ibai=, _whether_; =jau= (=ja-u=), _whether_;
=þau=, _perhaps_.--Affirmativ particls: =ja=, =jai=, _yes, truly!_; a
negativ particl is =nê=, _no!_ These particls, however, ar rarely uzed
'alone' as answers, the verb of the question being uzually repeated, in
negativ sentences with the adv. =ni=.
NOTE. The interrogativ particl =-u= is enclitically attacht to
the first word of the sentence; as, =skuldu=; e. g., =skuldu ist
kaisaragild giban=; Mk. XII, 14. In combinations with a prefix the
=u= is attacht to the prefix; e. g., =galaubjats þatei magjau þata
taujan?= Mk. IX, 28.