a
§ 3. The Gothic =a= signifies as a rule the short a-sound [as in G.
mann].
NOTE 1. Foren words and names; as, =Annas=, Ἀννας; =Akaja=, Ἀχαΐα;
=barbarus=, βάρβαρος; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος; =karkara=, _carcer_;
=lukarn=, _lucerna_; =Kafarnaum=, Καπερναούμ.
NOTE 2. Gothic names: =Athanaricus=, =Ariaricus=, =Amalafrigda=
(_Ammian._)
§ 4. Short =a= is very frequent both in stem-syllabls and in
inflection. E. g.
(a) Stem-syllabls: =agis=, _aw_; =aljis=, '_alius_'; =tagr=, _tear_;
=aƕa=, '_aqua_'; =alan=, _to grow_; =hafjan=, _to heav_; =saltan=, _to
salt_; =haldan=, _to hold_; =waldan=, _to rule_; =fadar=, _father_;
=staþs=, _place_.--=ahtau=, '_octo_'; =gasts=, _guest_; =ƕaþar=,
'_uter_'; =awistr=, _sheepfold_ (OHG. au, '_ovis_'; ahd. gr., § 219, n.
3); =bandi=, _band_; =barn=, _child_; =saggws=, _song_; all preterits
of the III.-V. ablaut-series: =bar=, _I bore_; =hlaf=, _I stole_;
=band=, _I bound_; =gaf=, _I gave_, etc.
(b) Inflections: =daga= (dat. sg., § 90), =waúrda= (nom. acc. pl., §
93), =giba= (nom. acc. sg., § 96), =guma= (nom. sg., § 107), =haírtôna=
(nom. acc. pl., § 109); --=blindamma=, =blindana=, =blinda=, =blindata=
(str. adj., § 123); --=imma=, =ina=, =ita=, =ija=, =meina= (prn.; § 150
et seq.); --=nima= (1st pers. sg. prs. ind.); =nimaima=, =nimaiwa=,
=nimaina= (1st pers. pl. du. and 3d pers. pl. opt., § 170); =haitada=
(medio-passiv, § 170); =sôkida= (weak prt., § 184); --adverbs: =-ba=
(as, =glaggwuba=), =nêƕa=, =inna=, =ana=, =waíla=, etc.
NOTE 1. Apocope of an unaccented =a= before enclitics:
=þat-ist=, =þat-ei=, =þan-uh=, =þamm-uh=, =þan-ei=, =þamm-ei=,
=kar-ist=.--Also =frêt= and =frêtum= (prt. of =fra-itan=, _to
devour_, § 176, n. 3).
NOTE 2. For =a= in the difthongs =ai=, =au=, s. §§ 21. 25.
§ 5. In a few cases =a= is long [as in E. father]. (Comp. Holtzmann,
Altd. Gr., I, 3 et seq.).
(a) In foren words: =Silbânus= (_Silvanus_), =aurâli= (_orale_),
=spaíkulâtur= (_speculator_), =Peilâtus=, etc.;
(b) In the following Gothic words: =fâhan= (OHG. fâhan), _to cach_;
=hâhan= (OHG. hâhan), _to hang_; =þâhta= (prt. of =þagkjan=, _to
think_); =brâhta= (prt. of =briggan=, _to bring_); =gafâhs=, _a haul_;
=faúrhâh=, _curtain_; =gahâhjô=, _in order_; =-gâhts=, _a going_; also
=þâhô= (OHG. dâha), _clay_; =unwâhs=, _blameless_ (OE. wôh, _wrong_).
NOTE. In the words mentiond under (b) =âh= arose from =anh= (§ 50,
n. 1). Cp. also Litbl. 1886, p. 485.
e
§ 6. =e= is always a long, close vowel (=ê=) approaching very much the
sound of =i= [as in E. they].
NOTE 1. In Greek words η is regularly represented by =ê=; e.
g., =Gabriêl=, =Kêfas=, =aíkklêsjô=, =Krêta=; --sumtimes also
ι: =Naên=, Ναίν; =Tykêkus=, Τυχικός; =aíloê=, ἐλωί; likewise e:
=Jarêd=, Ἰαρέδ.
NOTE 2. In Gothic names Latin writers employ =e= for Gothic =ê=:
=Sigismêres=, =Gelimêr=, =Reccarêd=; besides, as erly as the 6th
century, quite regularly also =i=; as, =Theodemir=, =Valamir=. Cp.
Beitr., 11, 7 et seq.; Wrede, Wand., 92 et seq. #/Ναίν
§ 7. Goth. =ê= (which regularly corresponds to OHG. and OS. â; ahd.
gr., § 34) is found:
(a) in reduplicating verbs, in part with the ablaut =ô= (§§ 179.
181): =grêtan=, =lêtan=, =slêpan=; (b) in the prt. pl. of the IV.
and V. ablaut-series: =sêtum= (inf. =sitan=, _to sit_), =nêmun= (inf.
=niman=, _to take_), =têmum= (inf. =timan=, _to befit_), =êtum= (inf.
_itan_), and in the prt. sg. =frêt=; Luc. XV, 30 (§ 176, n. 3); (c)
in derivativs from the verbal stems givn under (b); as, =andanêms=,
_agreeabl_; =andanêm=, _a receiving_; =gatêmiba=, _becumingly_;
=uzêta=, _manger_; (d) in other words; as, =jêr=, _year_; =qêns=,
_wife_; =mêna=, _moon_; =lêkeis=, _fysician_; =mêrjan=, _to preach_;
=manasêþs= ('_man-seed_'), _world_, etc.; (e) in formativ syllabls:
=fahêþs=, _joy_; =awêþi=, _flock of sheep_ (cp. however § 17, n. 1);
=azêts=, _easy_; 2nd pers. sg. prt. of wvs., =-dês= (=nasidês=, § 184);
(f) final: in the ending of the gen. pl.; as, =dagê=; in monosyllabic
instrumentals: =þê=, =ƕê= (§§ 153. 159); in particls and advs.; as,
=swê=, =untê=, =hidrê=, =bisunjanê=; lastly, in the dativs =ƕammêh=,
=ƕarjammêh=, =ainummê-hun= (cp. §§ 163-166).
NOTE 1. =ê= before vowels appears as =ai=; s. § 22.
NOTE 2. =ei= occurs quite often for =ê=, especially in the Gospel
of St. Luke; as, =qeins= (= =qêns=), =faheid= (= =fahêd=),
=fraleitais= (= =fralêtais=); Lu. II, 5. 10. 29; =afleitan=; Mt.
IX, 6, etc.
NOTE 3. Sporadically also =i= for =ê=; so, frequently, in the
Gospel of St. Lu.; as, =b~i~rusjôs=; Lu. II, 41; =q~i~þeina=; VIII,
56. IX, 21; =tawid~i~deina=; VI, 11; =duatsn~i~wun=; Mk. VI, 53.
Only =i= is found in =wriþus=, _herd_; Lu. VIII, 33 (for =wrêþus=;
cp. Bezzenb. Beitr. 3, 114).
NOTE 4. Reversely, also =e= occurs for =i= and =ei= (§ 10, n. 5; §
17, n. 1).--These deviations (in ns. 2-4) seem due to East Gothic
writers; cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 161.
§ 8. From the preceding =ê= must be separated the =ê= of sum Gothic
words in which it corresponds to OHG. ea, ia (not â): =hêr=, _here_;
=Krêks=, _Greek_; =fêra=, _side_, _region_; =mês=, _table_. Cp. ahd.
gr., §§ 35. 36; Beitr., 18, 409 et seq.
i
§ 9. Gothic =i=, as a rule, denotes the short vowel =i= [as in E. it],
while its corresponding long sound is represented by =ei= [= ie in E.
believ]; s. § 16.
NOTE 1. The =i= in Greek words stands for short ι, only
exceptionally for η which is generally represented by =ê=; e. g.,
=Aúnisimus=, Ὀνήσιμος; =Biþania=, Βηθανία.
NOTE 2. =i= in Gothic words is long, when it is incorrectly employd
for =ê= (cp. § 7, n. 3).
§ 10. The Gothic =i=, from an historical point of view, is of two
kinds: It represents two originally distinct sounds which, from a
purely Gothic standpoint, can not be separated.
(a) Goth. =i= = proethnic Germanic e (OHG. ë or i; cp. ahd. gr., §§
28-30), as in the prs. tense of verbs of the III.-V. ablaut-series
(§§ 32-34): =niman=, OHG. nëman; =giban=, OHG. gëban; =giba=, OHG.
gëba; =bindan=, OHG. bintan; =itan=, _to eat_; =midjis=, '_medius_';
=hlifan=, _to steal_; =swistar=, OHG. swëster; =fidwôr=, _four_;
=gifts=, _gift_; =-qiss=, _speech_; the pps. of the V. ablaut-series:
=gibans=, =itans=, =lisans=, =wigans=, =qiþans=.
(b) Goth. =i= = proethnic Germanic i (OHG. i; ahd. gr., § 31); e. g.,
=lists=, _stratagem_; =fisks=, _fish_; =is=, _he_; =wissa=, _I knew_;
=skritnan=, _to rend_ (intr.); prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the
I. ablaut-series (§ 30): =bitun=, =bitans= (inf. =beitan=); =stigun=,
=stigans= (inf. =steigan=); =liþun=, =liþans= (inf. =leiþan=).
NOTE 1. Final =i= occurs in =ni=, =bi=, =si=, =hiri=; in the
nominativs of feminin and neuter =j=-stems: =bandi= (§ 96), =kuni=
(§ 93); in the acc. and voc. sg. of the masculin =j=-stems: =hari=
(§ 90); 3d pers. sg. prt. opt.: =nêmi=. This final =i= appears as
=j=, when it becums medial (§ 45).
NOTE 2. Final =i= before a following =i= of an enclitic word
is elided in =nist= (= =ni-ist=), =sei= (= =si-ei=), =niba= (=
=ni-iba=).
NOTE 3. Every =i= before =h= and =r= is broken to =aí=; cp. § 20.
NOTE 4. =ij= is found in =ija=, '_eam_'; =þrija=, '_tria_';
=fijan=, _to hate_; =frijôn=, _to luv_; =sijum=, _we ar_; =kijans=,
_germinated_, etc. =i= for =ij= is rare: =fian=, =sium=, etc., but
=friaþwa= (beside =frijaþwa=), _luv_, occurs very often.
NOTE 5. Occasionally =e= takes the place of =i=; as, =usdrebi=; Mk.
V, 10; =seneigana=; I. Tim. V, 1.
NOTE 6. For =i= in the difthong =iu=, s. §§ 18. 19.
NOTE 7. For a separation of the two =i=s (= OHG. ë and i) in East
Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.
o
§ 11. The Gothic character =o= always denotes a long close =o=
approaching sumwhat the sound of =û= (= o in E. home).
NOTE 1. In Greek words =o=, as a rule, corresponds to ω, rarely to
ο; e. g., =Makidonja=, Μακεδονία; it also stands for ου: =Iodas=,
Ἰούδας; Lu. III, 26.
NOTE 2. =o= in Gothic words often stands for (short) =u= (§ 14, n.
3).
§ 12. =ô= (= OHG. uo; s. ahd. gr., § 38 et seq.) is frequent in Gothic
words. E. g., =brôþar=, _brother_; =bôka=, _beech_; =frôþs=, _wise_;
=flôdus=, _flud_; =fôtus=, _foot_.
In the prt. of the VI. series (§ 35) and of the =ê--ô=-series (§ 36):
=ôl=, =hôf=, =ôg=, pl. =ôlum=, =hôfum=, =ôgum=; =laílôt=, =laílôtum,
aísô=. In endings, as in nom. pl. =gibôs=, =dagôs=; wvs. II.: =salbôn=;
final, in gen. pl. f. =gibô=, =tuggônô=; nom. sg. =tuggô=, =haírtô=.
Prns.: =ƕô=, =þô=, =sô=, =ƕanô-h=, =ainnô-hun=, =ƕarjanô-h=. Verb
=salbô=. Advs. in =-ô= (§ 211).
NOTE 1. For =ô= we sumtimes find =u=: =gakrôtûda= (inf. =krôtôn=),
_he is crusht_; Lu. XX, 18; =ûhtêdun= (prs. =ôg=), _they feard_;
Mk. XI, 32.--In East Gothic names =u= often takes the place of =ô=;
s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 164.
NOTE 2. In a few words =ô= before vowels becums =au=; s. § 26.
NOTE 3. =ô= and =u= interchange in the inflection of =fôn=, gen.
=funins= (§ 118). Concerning this and other relations between =ô=
and =u=, cp. Beitr. 6, 377 et seq.; 564; also Kuhns Zs., 26, 16 et
seq.
u
§ 13. The letter =u= in Gothic denotes both a short and a long vowel;
the short =u=, however, occurs oftener than long =û=.
NOTE 1. =u= in foren words regularly represents Gr. ου. In
unaccented syllabls, however, it stands for Gr. ο: =diabulus=,
διάβολος (beside =diabaúlus=), =apaústulus= (beside =apaústaúlus=),
=paíntêkustê=, πεντηκοστή.
NOTE 2. =u= for =ô= seldom (§ 12, n. 1), =u= for =áu= (§ 25, n. 3).
§ 14. Short =u= is very frequent in Gothic. E. g.
(a) =juk=, _yoke_; =sunus=, _sun_; =drus=, _fall_; =us-drusts=, _a
falling_; =fra-lusts=, _lost_; =lusnan=, _to perish_; --in the prt.
pl. and pp. of the verbs of the II. series (§ 31); e. g., =gutum=,
=gutans=; =lusum=, =lusans=; --in endings of the sbs. of the =u=-decl.:
=handus=, =handu=; --final, as in =þu=, prn., _thou_; =nu=, _now_; =-u=
(interr. particl).
(b) =wulfs=, _wolf_; =wulla=, _wool_; =gaqumþs=, _council_; =gulþ=,
_gold_; =swumfsl=, _pond_; =hund=, _100_; =sibun=, _7_; =taíhun=, _10_;
=fulls=, _ful_; =un-= (privativ prefix); in the prt. pl. and pp. of the
verbs of the III. series (§ 32): =bundum=, =bundans=; in the pp. of the
verbs of the IV. series (§ 33): =numans=, =stulans=.
=brukans=, _broken_; =us-bruknan=, _to break off_ (intr.); =trudan=,
_to tred_, pp. =trudans=; =snutrs=, _wise_.
NOTE 1. As a rule, the final =u= of stems is dropt before derivativ
=j=-suffixes; e. g., =-hardjan=, _to harden_ (< =hardus=);
=-agljan=, _to trubl_ (< =aglus=); =manwjan=, _to prepare_ (<
=manwus=); =ufarassjan=, _to increase_ (< =ufarassus=); L. Meyer,
'Got. Spr.', p. 325 et seq. But =skadwjan=, _to overshadow_
(< =skadus=), and =skadweins=, _a shading_ (cp. Zs. fda. 36,
269).--Concerning =u= beside =w=, cp. § 42.
NOTE 2. Every =u= before =h= and =r= is broken to =aú=; cp. § 24.
NOTE 3. =u= is eight times (mostly in Lu.) represented by =o=; e.
g., =laúhm~o~ni=, _lightning_: Lu. XVII, 24; =sunj~o~s=, _suns_;
Lu. XVI, 8; =ushôf~o~n=; Lu. XVII, 13; =ain~o~mêhun=; Lu. VIII, 43;
=faíh~o~=, _muney_; Mk. X, 23.
NOTE 4. In the endings of the =u=-declension =u= is occasionally
represented by =au=; as, =sunaus= (nom. sg.); Lu. IV, 3; cp. § 105,
n. 2.
§ 15. Long =û= certainly appears in: (a) =ût=, _out_ (=ûta=, etc.);
=dûbô=, _duv_; =rûna=, _mystery_; =rûms=, _room, roomy_; =*mûl= (in
=faúrmûljan=, _to muzl_); =brûþs=, _bride_; =hûs=, _house_; =skûra=,
_shower_; =hlûtrs=, _pure_; =fûls=, _foul_; =*mûks= (in =mûkamôdei=),
_meek_; =þûsundi=, _1000_; =brûkjan=, _to uze_ (prt. =brûhta=; adj.
=brûks=); =lûkan=, _to lock_ (§ 173, n. 2); =hrûkjan=, _to crow_ (s.
Beitr., 6, 379); =hnûþô=, _sting_ (Icel. hnúþa; s. Noreen, Nord. revy,
April 1883).
(b) for nasalized =u=, the primitiv nasal being lost (cp. § 5, b; § 50,
n. 1): =þûhta= (prt. of =þugkjan=, _to think_), =þûhtus=, _thought_
(adj. =þûhts=); =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =jûhiza= (compar. to =juggs=),
_yunger_; =ûhtwô=, _daybreak_; =ûhteigs=, =ûhtiugs=, _seasonabl_;
=bi-ûhts=, _accustomd_ (s. Brgm., I, 181).
NOTE 1. =u= is perhaps long in: =þrûtsfill=, _leprosy_ (cp. ON.
=þrútinn=, _swoln_; OE. =þrûstfell=; Beitr., 9, 254); =anabûsns=,
_commandment_ (Beitr., 9, 152 and 10, 497; Brgm., II, 287); =lûns=,
_ransom_ (Brgm., II, 285); =sûts=, _sweet_ (OS. swôti, OE. swête;
cp. however Kuhn's Zs., 26, 380); the suff. =-dûþs= (§ 103; cp.
Beitr. 6, 380); =jûs=, _ye_ (§ 150; Brgm., III, 374. 398). Sum
write also =fidûr-= and =-ûh= (cp. § 24, n. 2).
NOTE 2. In =Rûma=, _Rome_, =Rûmôneis=, _a Roman_, =û= stands for
the Lt. o.
NOTE 3. =o= for =û= occurs only in =ôhteigô=; II. Tim. IV, 2 (in
codex B, for =ûhteigô= in A).
NOTE 4. For =û= becuming =au= before vowels, s. § 26, b.
ei
§ 16. Like Greek ει at the time of Wulfila, and in imitation of it,
Gothic =ei= denotes long =î=.
NOTE 1. In Greek words =ei= uzually stands for ι, but also for
=ei=, and sumtimes for η.
NOTE 2. Concerning =ei= for Goth. =ê=, s. § 7, n. 2.
NOTE 3. The difthongal pronunciation of =ei= suggested by J. Grimm
is refuted also for linguistic reasons. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg.
Vocalismus', I, 485; Litbl. 1886, 485; Brgm., I, 57.
§ 17. =ei= in stem syllabls of Gothic words occurs especially in the
prs. tense of the I. series (§ 30): =beitan=, _to bite_; =steigan=,
_to mount_; =þeihan=, _to thrive_; in the inflection of these verbs it
interchanges with =ai= and =i=.
Other exampls: =ƕeila=, _time_; =eisarn=, _iron_; =leiþu=, _cider_;
=þreis=, _3_; =leihts=, _light_; =weihs=, _holy_; =skeirs=, _clear_;
pronouns: =weis=, _we_; =meins=, =þeins=, =seins=; --very often in
formativ and inflectional syllabls; as, adjs. in =-eigs= (=mahteigs=,
_mighty_); in =-eins= (=aiweins=, _eternal_); nomina actionis
in =-eins= (=laiseins=, _doctrin_); nom. and gen. sg. of the m.
=ja=-stems: =haírdeis=, _herd_; =laisareis=, _teacher_; nom. pl. of the
=i=-decl.: =gasteis=; opt. prt.: =nêmeis=; final, in feminins in =-ei=:
=managei= (§ 113); imperativs: =sôkei=, etc. (§ 186); the rel. particl
=ei= (§ 157), alone and in composition.
NOTE 1. =ei= is quite often represented by =ê=; as =akêtis=; Mt.
XXVII, 48; =wêhsa=; Mk. VIII, 26. 27; =akê=; Gal. II, 14; =izê=;
Mk. IX, 1. Lu. VIII, 13. 15, etc.--Here perhaps belongs also
=awêþi= (§ 7, e), which, however, occurs three times with =ê=: Jo.
XVI, 16. I. Cor. IX, 7; cp. Beitr., 11, 32; 18, 286.
NOTE 2. Onse (in =seiteina=; II. Cor. XI, 28) occurs =ei= beside
=in= (in =sinteins=, _daily_; =sinteinô=, _always_).
NOTE 3. Beside =gabeigs=, _rich_ (=gabei=, _riches_), which occurs
5 times in Luke, also II. Cor. VIII, 9. Eph. II, 4 (in B), we find
more frequently (11 times) =gabigs= (> =gabigjan=, _to enrich_;
=gabignan=, _to grow rich_); cp. Brgm., II, 261. 271.
iu
§ 18. In the pronunciation of =iu= the stress is on the =i=, and =u= is
a consonant.
NOTE 1. In Gothic words Latin writers render =iu= by eu, eo:
=Theudes=, =Theudicodo=; =Theodoricus=. As to this, cp. Wrede,
'Wand', 100 et seq.; 'Ostg.', 167.
NOTE 2. In =sium= (§ 10, n. 4), =niu= (interr. particl = =ni-u=, §
216) =iu= is dissyllabic, i. e. =í-ú=.
§ 19. =iu= is a normal vowel of the present tense of the II. series (§
31), and here it interchanges with the ablauts =au=, =u=: =biugan=, _to
bend_; =biudan=, _to offer_.--In other words; as, =þiuda=, _peple_;
=dius=, _animal_; =liuhaþ=, _light_; =diups=, _deep_; =siuks=, _sick_;
=niujis=, _new_; =niun=, _9_; =iup=, _upward_.--In formativ and
inflectional syllabls =iu= does not occur, except in the isolated
=ûhtiugs= (I. Cor. XVI, 12. Cp. Beitr., 12, 202).
NOTE. In =triu=, _tree_; =qiujan=, _to quicken_, etc., =iu=
interchanges with =iw= before an inflectional vowel: gen. =triwis=;
prt. =qiwida=; cp. § 42.
ai
=ai= in Gothic words denotes two etymologically, and certainly also
fonetically, different sounds.
§ 20. I. +The short vowel+ =aí= [= a in E. fat]. =ai= is uzed in Gothic
to denote a short, open e[1]-sound. In this case, according to Grimm's
exampl, grammarians put an accute accent over the =i= (=aí=) in order
to distinguish it from =ái= (§ 21). Gothic =ai= corresponds to e or
i in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages. The short =e=-sound
represented by =aí= occurs:
(1) before =h= (=ƕ=) and =r=, which sounds hav caused breaking of
+every+ preceding short =i= to =e= (aí; § 10, n. 3); e. g., =aírþa=,
_erth_; =waírpan=, _to throw_; =baírhts=, _bright_; =faíhu=, _catl_;
=maíhstus=, _dung_; =raíhts=, _right_; =taíhun=, _10_; =saíƕan=, _to
see_; =þaíhum= (prt. pl. of =þeihan=, _to grow_). (2) in reduplicated
syllabls (§ 178 et seq.): =haíhald=, =aíaik=, =laílôt=, =saísô=, etc.
Cp. Osthoff, 'Zur Geschichte des Perfects', p. 276 et seq. Brugmann,
IV, 15. (3) in the conj. =aíþþau=, _or_ (= OHG. ëddo, ahd. gr. § 167,
n. 11; cp. Beitr. 12, 211); probably, also, in =waíla=, _wel_ (= OHG.
wëla, ahd. gr., § 29, n. 4), but cp. Beitr. 11, 553.
NOTE 1. The law for the transition of =i= to =ai= before =h= and
=r= (so-calld breaking or refraction) is almost without exception,
and equally concerns the Germanic i in general and the Gothic =i=s
(§ 10) in particular. The =i= before =h=, =r=, is retaind only in
the following words: =nih=, '_neque_' (= =ni uh=), =hiri=, _(cum)
here!_; du. =hirjats=, pl. =hirjiþ= (219); and in the isolated
forms: =sihu=, _victory_ (cp. § 106, n. 1), =þarihis= (a probably
corrupt form in Mt. IX, 16), adj. in gen. sg., _not fuld_ (said of
cloth). Cp. IF. 4, 334 et seq.
NOTE 2. +Not every+ =ai= before =h=, =r= is =aí=, but may also be
the old difthong; e. g., =þáih= (prt. of =þeihan=, like =ráis=,
prt. of =reisan=, but pl. =þaíhum=, like =risum=, § 30), =áih=, _I
hav_; =áihts=, _property_; =háihs=, _one-eyd_; =fáih=, _deceit_
(Beitr., 12, 397); =áir=, _erly_ (OHG. êr); =sáir= (OHG. sêr),
_sorrow_; =áirus=, _messenger_. Whether =ai= has the value of
=ái= or =aí= can in most cases only be inferd from the remaining
Germanic languages.
NOTE 3. In Latin orthografy =aí= is exprest by e; e. g.,
Ermanaricus = Goth. =*Aírmanareiks=, Ermenberga = Goth.
=*Aírminbaírga=. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.
NOTE 4. =ai= is to be regarded as a difthong (=ái=) in =baitrs=,
_bitter_; =jains=, _yon, that_ (and its derivations), while
formerly, according to OHG. bittar, jenêr, it was thought to be
short (=aí=). Cp. Holtzmann, 'Altd. Gr.', p. 11 et seq.; Brgm.,
I, 392; Bezzenb. Beitr., 16, 156.--Scherer (Zur Gesch. d. dtsch.
Sprache) presumed short =aí= also in the 3d pers. sg. prs. opt.
(like =nimai=) and in several forms of the strong inflection of
adjs. (nom. pl. m. =blindai=, gen. sg. f. =blindaizôs=, gen. pl.
=blindaizê=, =blindaizô=). Hirt (Beitr., 18, 284 et seq.) goes stil
farther in this direction.--Cp. also § 22, n. 3. #/
§ 21. II. +The old Difthong+ =ai=. By far the greater number of the
Gothic =ai=s express a difthongal sound which is equivalent to OHG. ei
or ê (ahd. gr., §§ 43. 44), OS. ê, ON. ei. The Goths of Wulfila's time
indeed seem to hav stil pronounced this =ai= as =a= + =i=.--For the
difthong =ai= we employ Grimm's sign =ái= whenever it is likely to be
confused with =aí=. Exampls of difthongal =ai= (before =h=, =r=, cp.
§ 20, n. 2): The prts. sg. of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30),--=bait=,
_I bit_ (inf. =beitan=); =staig=, _I mounted_ (inf. =steigan=); etc.;
=wait= (§ 197); =ains=, _one_; =hlaifs=, (_loaf of_) _bred_; =staiga=,
_path_; =laisjan=, _to teach_; --=haitan=, _to be calld_; =maitan=,
_to cut_; =skaidan=, _to separate_; =aiws=, _time_; --=hails=, _hale_,
_sound_; =dails=, _deal_.
=ai= appears also in inflectional syllabls of the III. Weak Conjugation
(§ 191): =habais=, =habaida=, etc.; in the prs. opt.: =nimais=, etc.;
=anstais=, gen. sg. of the =i=-decl.; in the str. adjs.: =blindaizôs=,
etc. (§ 123); --final: =gibai=, =anstai=, dat. sg.: =nimai=, 3 prs.
sg. opt.; =blindai=, dat. sg. f. and nom. pl. m. of the str. adj.;
--monosyllabls: =þai=, nom. pl., _these_; =twai=, _2_; =bai=, _both_;
=jai=, _yes_; =sai=, _behold!_; =wai=, _woe!_
NOTE 1. Latin writers express the Gothic =ai= predominantly by
ai, ei: =Dagalaiphus=, =Gaina=, =Radagaisus=, =Gisaleicus= (cp.
Dietrich, 'Ausspr.'), =eils= in a Lt. epigram (Zs. fda., 1, 379).
On the Bukarest rune-ring (cp. § 221, n. 3) stands =hailag= (Paul's
'Grundriss', I, 411).--Concerning the difthongal pronunciation of
the Gothic =ai=, cp. especially Wrede, 'Wand.', 95 et seq.; about
monofthongization in East Goth., s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165.
NOTE 2. =ai= and =aj= interchange in =wai=, _woe!_; =wai-dêdja=,
_evil-doer_, and =waja-mêrjan=, _to blasfeme_; in =aiws=, _time_,
and =ajukdûþs=, _eternity_.
§ 22. Many scholars hold that also the =ai= in the reduplicating ablaut
vs. (§ 182) =saian= and =waian= is difthongal. This =ai=, however,
stands etymologically for Gothic =ê=, and its OHG. equivalent is â (not
ei): OHG. sâen, wâen (cp. ahd. gr., § 359, n. 3.) The difthong =ai=
before a vowel would becum =aj=; hense, =*sajan=, =*wajan=. Here =ai=
perhaps has the sound of long æ, i. e. open e representing close e (ê)
when followd by a vowel; thus, =saian=, =waian=, for =sêan=, =wêan=.
NOTE 1. Before the =i= of the 3d pers. sg. prs. a =j= is often
found: =saijiþ= (Mk. IV, 14), =saijiþ= (II. Cor. IX, 6 in A, for
=saiiþ= in B; Gal. VI, 7. 8. in A, for =saiiþ= in B). Before =a=
the =j= occurs but onse: =saijands= (Mk. IV, 14). Cp. Beitr. 11, 75
et seq.
NOTE 2. Here belongs also the isolated =faian= (Rom. IX, 19, in
prs. =faianda=); but the prs. to the prt. =laílôun= is =lauan=
rather than =laian=. Cp. Beitr. 11, 56.
NOTE 3. Also the =ai= in =armaiô=, _alms_ (Bezzenb. Beitr. 7, 210;
Beitr. 11, 74), is likely to belong here.--Concerning the fonetic
values of the =ai=s discust here, cp. especially Beitr. 11, 51
et seq.; Brgm., I, pp. 126. 127; Wrede, 'Wand.' 99, who, beside
Holtzmann, is inclined to assume a long sound for these =ai=s;
Noreen, 'Urg. Lautlehre', p. 35 et seq.
§ 23. That the Goth. =ai= may be both short and long (like a in E.
at, fare) is evident from its regular occurrence in Greek words. As
a rule, =ai= = ε in =aikklêsjô=, ἐκκλησία; =Aileisabaiþ=, Ἐλισάβεθ;
=Baiailzaibul=, Βεελζεβούλ; =Gainnêsaraiþ=, Γεννησαρέτ, etc.; likewise
= αι (i. e. long æ): =Idumaia=, Ἰδουμαία; =Haíbraius=, Ἑβραῖος;
=hairaísis=, αἵρεσις, etc.
NOTE. Gothic =ai= for Greek η is exceptional; e. g.,
=Hairodiadins=, gen. to Ἡρωδίας (Mk. VI, 17); =Neikaúdaimus=
(Skeir. 52); Νικόδημος (for =Nikaúdêmus= elsewhere.)
au
Also Goth. =au= (like =ai=) stands for historically and fonetically
different sounds.
§ 24. I. +The short vowel+ =aú=.--=au= in Gothic denotes a short open
=o=-sound. In this case grammarians put an accute accent over the =u=
(=aú=) in order to keep it apart from the difthong =au=. Goth. =aú=
corresponds to o or u in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages.
The =aú=, before =h= and =r= in Gothic words, has in every instance
developt from a short =u= which, when immediately followd by these
sounds, was 'broken' to short ŏ. E. g.
=waúrms=, _wurm_; =haúrn=, _horn_; =baúrgs= (OHG. burg), _city_;
=waúrd=, _word_; =waúrpum=, prt. pl. of =waírpan=, _to throw_ (cp. §
32); =saúhts= (OHG. suht), _sickness_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =aúhsa=,
_ox_; =taúhum=, prt. pl. of =tiuhan=, _to pul_; =baúhta=, prt. of
=bugjan=, _to buy_.
NOTE 1. =aú= before other sounds is entirely exceptional and
sumwhat doutful. Thus, in =auftô=, _perhaps_ (onse also =ufto=;
Mt. XXVII, 64), =bisauljan=, _to sully_; =bisaulnan=, _to becum
sullied_. Holtzmann (altd. gr., p. 14) regards also =ufbauljan=
(II. Tim. III, 4) as belonging to this class.
NOTE 2. The change of short =u= into =aú= before =h= is without
exception. An apparent exception is the enclitic =-uh=, _and_,
the =u= of which must be referd to a secondary development; it is
never found after a short accented vowel, nor after a long vowel or
difthong; e. g., =sa-h=, =ni-h=, =þai-h=, =wiljáu-h=, =ƕarjanô-h=;
=u= occurs after consonants, and in polysyllabic words in which a
final short =a= before the =u= was elided; as, =ƕaz-uh=, =þammuh=
(= =þamma uh=), =qiþuh= (= =qiþa uh=). Sum, however, assume =-ûh=
(cp. Beitr. 18, 299).--Other =u=s before =h= ar all long: =þûhta=
(cp. § 15).--There ar a few cases of =u= before =r= in unaccented
syllabls (§ 13, n. 1), namely in the foren words =spaikulâtur= and
=paúrpura= (beside =paúrpaúra=), _purpl_; so, also, in the Gothic
=fidur-= (§ 141, n. 1) which, however, stands perhaps for =fidûr-=
(cp. IF. 4, 334).--The prefix =ur-= (in =urreisan=, =urruns=, etc.)
does not belong here; it is a late form for =us= the =s= of which
was assimilated to a following =r= (§ 78, n. 4).
NOTE 3. Not every =au= before =h= and =r= has developt from =u=,
but may also be the difthong =au=; as, =háuhs=, _high_; =táuh=,
prt. of =tiuhan= (but pl. =taúhum=, § 31); =gáurs=, _sorry_ (cp.
OHG. gôrag, _wreched_, and Goth. =gaunôn=, _to mourn_).
NOTE 4. The =au= for =u= in the endings of the =u=-declension may
be =aú=, but also =áu= which would be due to confusion caused by
analogy. Beitr., 18, 280.--Cp. also =uftô= for =auftô=, § 24, n. 1.
NOTE 5. As a rule, the Greek ο is represented by =aú=; e.
g., =apaustaulus=, ἀπόστολος; =alabalstraun=, ἀλάβαστρον;
=Barþaulaumaius=, Βαρθολομαῖος; =Pauntius=, Πόντιος; =aú= = υ in
=Saúr=, Σύρος; =paúrpaúra=, πορφύρα.--Goth. =aú= = o in the East
Gothic name =Thorisa=. (Wrede, 'Ostg.', 76. 165).
§ 25. II. +The old difthong+ =au= [= ou in E. house]. Every =au= not
broken from =u= (before =h=, =r=; s. § 24 and note 3) is a difthong; it
corresponds to OHG. au, ou, or ô (ahd. gr., §§ 45. 46), OS. ô, ON. au.
Whenever it is likely to be confused with =aú=, we put (according to
Grimm), an accute accent over the =a= (=áu=). E. g.
The prts. sg. of the II. ablaut-series (§ 31): =gaut=, _I pour_ (inf.
=giutan=); =laug=, _I lied_, etc.; =laugnjan=, _to deny_; =daupjan=,
_to baptize_; =galaubjan=, _to believ_; =galaubeins=, _belief_;
=rauþs=, _red_; =dauþus=, _deth_; --=aukan=, _to increase_; =hlaupan=,
_to run_; =stautan=, _to push, strike_; --=haubiþ=, _hed_; =augô=, _ey_.
=au= in inflections and final occurs in the =u=-declension: =sunaus=,
=sunau=; 1st pers. sg. opt.: =nimau=, =nêmjau=; 3d pers. sg. imper.:
=lausjadau=; opt. midl: =haitaidau=.
NOTE 1. =au= often interchanges with =aw= (cp. § 42); e. g.,
=taujan=, prt. =tawida=, _to do_; =mawi=, gen. =maujôs=, _girl_;
=sniwan=, prt. =snau=, _to hasten_.
NOTE 2. Latin writers express Goth. =au= by au; as, =Ausila=,
=Austrovaldus=, =Audericus=. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 96 et seq.
Concerning East Gothic monofthongizations, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165
et seq. (Zs. fda., 36, 273²).
NOTE 3. In the =u=-declension =u= is often found for =áu=; cp. §
24, n. 4; § 105, n. 2.
§ 26. Another =au=, historically, and probably also fonetically,
different from the preceding ones occurs before vowels.
(a) For original =ô=: =stauida=, prt. of =stôjan=, _to judge_; =staua=,
f., _judgment_; =staua=, m., _judge_; =taui=, n., gen. =tôjis=, _deed_
(cp. also =ubiltôjis=, _evil-doer_; =taujan=, _to do_, prt. =tawida=);
=afmauidai= and =afdauidai=, pps. of =*afmôjan=, and =*afdôjan=, _to
tire out, weary_; =sauil=, n., _sun_.
(b) For û in the other Germanic languages: =trauan= (OHG. trûên), _to
trust_; =bauan= (OHG. bûan), _to dwel_; =bnauan=, _to rub_ (_to pieces_
or _powder_. ON. (g)núa, OHG. nûan). Cp. also § 179, n. 2.
Sinse this =au= does not change into =aw= before vowels, it must denote
a monofthong which is likely to be the long of =aú=, hense a long open
=o= (= a in E. fall), while long close =o= (shading very much to =û=,
like ô in E. home) is denoted by =ô=. Accordingly, Goth. antevocalic
=ô=, =û= past into =au=. Cp. Brgm., I, 156. For the extensiv literature
on this question, s. Noreen's 'Urgerm. Lautlehre', p. 34; also Beitr.,
17, 563-567.
NOTE 1. Also Gr. ω before a vowel, which is represented as a
rule by =ô=, is renderd by =au=: =Trauada=, Τρῳάς; =Nauêl=, Νωέ;
=Lauidja=, Λωίς.
NOTE 2. =ô= before =u= occurs, however, in the preterit forms
=waiwôun= (inf. =waian=, § 182), =lailôun= (inf. =*lauan=, § 179,
4). Cp. Beitr., 11, 74².