tests to which the guardians are to be subjected, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A;
7. 539 E).
End, the, and use of the soul, 1. 353:--ends and excellencies ([Greek:
a)retai\]) of things, _ibid._; things distinguished by their ends, 5. 478.
Endurance, must be inculcated on the young, 3. 390 C (cp. 10. 605 E).
Enemies, treatment of, 5. 469.
Enquiry, roused by some objects of sense, 7. 523.
Epeus, soul of, turns into a woman, 10. 620 C.
Epic poetry, a combination of imitation and narration, 3. 394 B,
396 E;--epic poets, imitators in the highest degree, 10. 602 C.
Er, myth of, 10. 614 B foll.
Eriphyle, 9. 590 A.
Eristic, distinguished from dialectic, 5. 454 A; 6. 499 A; 7. 539 D.
Error, not possible in the skilled person (Thrasymachus), 1. 340 D.
Essence and the good, 6. 509; essence of the invariable, 9. 585;--essence
of things, 6. 507 B; apprehended by the dialectician, 7. 534 B.
Eternity, contrasted with human life, 10. 608 D.
Eumolpus, son of Musaeus, 2. 363 D.
Eunuch, the riddle of the, 5. 479.
Euripides, a great tragedian, 8. 568 A; his maxims about tyrants,
_ibid._:--quoted, Troades, l. 1169, _ibid._ {349}
Eurypylus, treatment of the wounded, 3. 405 E, 408 A.
Euthydemus, brother of Polemarchus, 1. 328 B.
Evil, God not the author of, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [_cp._ Laws 2.
672 B]; the destructive element in the soul, 10. 609 foll. (cp. 4.
444):--justice must exist even among the evil, 1. 351 foll.; their
supposed prosperity, 2. 364 [_cp._ Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 66 1; 10. 899,
905]; more numerous than the good, 3. 409 D. Cp. Injustice.
Excellence relative to use, 10. 601; excellences ([Greek: a)retai\]) and
ends of things, 1. 353.
Exchange, the art of, necessary in the formation of the state, 2. 369 C.
Exercises, naked, in Greece, 5. 452.
Existence, a participation in essence, 9. 585 [_cp._ Phaedo 101].
Experience, the criterion of true and false pleasures, 9. 582.
Expiation of guilt, 2. 364.
Eye of the soul, 7. 518 D, 527 E, 533 D, 540 A;--the soul like the eye,
6. 508; 7. 518:--Eyes, the, in relation to sight, 6. 507 (cp. Sight).
F.
Fact and ideal, 5. 472, 473.
Faculties, how different, 5. 477;--faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E;
7. 533 E.
Faith [or Persuasion], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D;
7. 533 E.
Falsehood, alien to the nature of God, 2. 382 [_cp._ Laws 11. 917 A]; a
medicine, only to be used by the state, _ibid._; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D
[_cp._ Laws 2. 663]; hateful to the philosopher, 6. 486, 490.
Family life in the state, 5. 449;--families in the state, _ib._
461;--family and state, _ib._ 463;--cares of family life, _ib._ 465 C.
Fates, the, 10. 617, 620 E.
Fear, a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A; fear and shame, 5. 465 A.
Fearlessness, distinguished from courage, 4. 430 B [_cp._ Laches 197 B;
Protag. 349 C, 359 foll.].
Feeling, community of, in the state, 5. 464.
Festival of the Bendidea (at the Piraeus), 1. 327 A, 354 A; of Dionysus
(at Athens), 5. 475 D.
Fiction in education, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 391; censorship of, necessary,
2. 377 foll.; 3. 386-391, 401 A, 408 C; 10. 595 foll.; not to represent
sorrow, 3. 387 foll. (cp. 10. 604); representing intemperance to be
discarded, 3. 390;--stories about the gods, not to be received, 2. 378
foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C [_cp._ Euthyph. 6, 8; Crit. 109 B; Laws
2. 672 B; 10. 886 C; 12. 941];--stories of the world below, objectionable,
3. 386 foll. (cp. Hades, World below).
Final causes, argument from, applied to justice, 1. 352.
Fire, obtained by friction, 4. 434 E.
Flattery, of the multitude by their leaders, in ill-ordered states, 4. 426
(cp. 9. 590 B).
Flute, the, to be rejected, 3. 399;--flute players and flute makers,
_ib._ D; 10. 601.
Folly, an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the soul, 9. 585 A.
Food, the condition of life and existence, 2. 369 C.
Forgetfulness, a mark of an unphilosophical nature, 6. 486 D, 490 E:--the
plain of Forgetfulness (Lethe), 10. 621 A.
Fox, the emblem of subtlety, 2. 365 C.
Fractions, 7. 525 E.
Freedom, the characteristic of democracy, 8. 557 B, 561-563.
Friend, the, must be as well as seem {350} good, 1. 334, 335;--the friends
of the tyrant, 8. 567 E; 9. 576.
Friendship, implies justice, 1. 351 foll.; in the state, 5. 462, 463.
Funeral of the guardians, 5. 465 E, 468 E; 7. 540 B;--corpses placed on
the pyre on the twelfth day, 10. 614.
Future life, 3. 387; 10. 614 foll.; punishment of the wicked in, 2. 363;
10. 615 [_cp._ Phaedo 108; Gorg. 523 E, 525; Laws 9. 870 E, 881 B;
10. 904 C]. _See_ Hades, World below.
G.
Games, as a means of education, 4. 425 A (cp. 7. 537 A);--dice ([Greek:
ku/boi]), 10. 604 C;--draughts ([Greek: pettei/a]), 1. 333 A; 2. 374 C;
6. 487 C;--city ([Greek: po/lis]), 4. 422 E:--[the Olympic, &c.] glory
gained by success in, 5. 465 D, 466 A; 10. 618 A (cp. 620 B).
General, the, ought to know arithmetic and geometry, 7. 522 D, 525 B,
526 D, 527 C.
Gentleness, characteristic of the philosopher, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410;
6. 486 C; usually inconsistent with spirit, 2. 375.
Geometry, must be learnt by the rulers, 7. 526 foll.; erroneously thought
to serve for practical purposes only, _ib._ 527;--geometry of solids,
_ib._ 528;--geometrical necessity, 5. 458 D;--geometrical notions
apprehended by a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 C.
Giants, battles of the, 2. 378 B.
Gifts, given to victors, 3. 414; 5. 460, 468;--gifts of nature, 2. 370 A;
5. 455; 7. 535 A; may be perverted, 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519 [_cp._ Laws 7.
819 A; 10. 908 C].
Glaucon, son of Ariston, 1. 327 A; 2. 368 A; takes up the discourse, 1.
347 A; 2. 372 C; 3. 398 B; 4. 427 D; 5. 450 A; 6. 506 D; 9. 576 B; anxious
to contribute money for Socrates, 1. 337 E; the boldest of men, 2. 357 A;
his genius, _ib._ 368 A; distinguished at the battle of Megara, _ibid._; a
musician, 3. 398 D; 7. 531 A; desirous that Socrates should discuss the
subject of women and children, 5. 450 A; breeds dogs and birds, _ib._
459 A; a lover, _ib._ 474 D (cp. 3. 402 E; 5. 458 E); not a dialectician,
7. 533; his contentiousness, 8. 548 E; not acquainted with the doctrine
of the immortality of the soul, 10. 608.
Glaucus, the sea-god, 10. 611 C.
Gluttony, 9. 586 A.
God, not the author of evil, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [_cp._ Laws 2.
672 B]; never changes, 2. 380; will not lie, _ib._ 382; the maker of all
things, 10. 598:--Gods, the, thought to favour the unjust, 2. 362 B, 364;
supposed to accept the gifts of the wicked, _ib._ 365 [_cp._ Laws 4. 716 E;
10. 905 foll.; 12. 948]; believed to take no heed of human affairs, 2. 365
[_cp._ Laws 10. 889 foll.; 12. 948]; human ignorance of, 2. 365 [_cp._
Crat 400 E; Crit. 107; Parm. 134 E]; disbelief in, 2. 365 [_cp._ Laws 10.
885 foll., 909; 12. 948]; stories of, not to be repeated, 2. 378 foll.;
3. 388 foll., 408 C [_cp._ Euthyph. 6, 8; Crit. 109 B; Laws 2. 672 B; 10.
886 C; 12. 941]; not to be represented grieving or laughing, 3. 388;--'gods
who wander about at night in the disguise of strangers,' 2. 381 D;--the
war of the gods and the giants, _ib._ 378 B.
God. [_The theology of Plato is summed up by himself in the second book of
the Republic under two heads, 'God is perfect and unchangeable,' and 'God
is true and_ {351} _the author of truth.' These canons are also the test
by which he tries poetry and the poets_ (_see s. v._ Poetry):--_Homer and
the tragedians represent the Gods as changing their forms or as deceiving
men by lying dreams, and therefore they must be expelled from the state.
But Plato has not yet acquired the austere temper of his later years. He
does not threaten the impenitent unbeliever with bonds and death_ (Laws
10. 908, 910), _but is content to show by argument the superiority of
justice over injustice. In other respects the theology of the Republic is
repeated and amplified in the Laws; the theses that God is not the author
of evil and will not accept the gifts of the wicked or favour the unjust,
are maintained with equal earnestness in both. The Republic is less
pessimistic in tone than the Laws; but the thought of the insignificance
of man and the briefness of human life is already familiar to Plato's
mind_ [_cp._ 6. 486 A; 10. 604; _and see s. v._ Man]. _The conception of
God as the Demiurgus or Creator of the universe, which is prominent in the
Timaeus, Sophist, and Statesman, hardly appears either in the Republic or
the Laws_ (_cp._ Rep. 10. 596 foll.; Laws 10. 886 foll.).]
Gold, mingled by the God in the auxiliaries, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E;
8. 547 A);--[and silver] not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 419,
422 D; 5. 464 D (cp. 8. 543).
Good, the saving element, 10. 609:--the good = the beautiful, 5. 452
[_cp._ Lys. 216; Symp. 201 B, 204 E foll.]; the good and pleasure, 6. 505,
509 A [_cp._ Gorg. 497; Phil. 11, 60 A]; the good superior to essence,
_ib._ 509; the brightest and best of being, 7. 518 D;--absolute good,
6. 507 B; 7. 540 A;--the idea of good, 6. 505, 508; 7. 517, 534; is the
highest knowledge, 6. 505; 7. 526 E; nature of, 6. 505, 506;--the child of
the good, _ib._ 506 E, 508:--good things least liable to change, 2.
381;--goods classified, _ib._ 357, 367 D [_cp._ Protag. 334; Gorg. 451 E;
Phil. 66; Laws 1. 631; 3. 697];--the goods of life often a temptation, 6.
491 E, 495 A.
Good man, the, will disdain to imitate ignoble actions, 3. 396:--Good men,
why they take office, 1. 347; = the wise, _ib._ 350 [_cp._ 1 Alcib. 124,
125]; unfortunate (Adeimantus), 2. 364; self-sufficient, 3. 387 [_cp._
Lys. 215 A]; will not give way to sorrow, _ibid._; 10. 603 E [_cp._ Laws
5. 732; 7. 792 B, 800 D]; appear simple from their inexperience of evil,
3. 409 A; hate the tyrant, 8. 568 A; the friends of God and like Him, 10.
613 [_cp._ Phil. 39 E; Laws 4. 716].
Goods, community of, 3. 416; 5. 464; 8. 543. _See_ Community.
Government, forms of, are they administered in the interest of the rulers?
1. 338 D, 343, 346; are all based on a principle of justice, _ib._ 338 E
[_cp._ Laws 12. 945]; present forms in an evil condition, 6. 492 E, 496;
none of the existing forms adapted to philosophy, _ib._ 497;--the four
imperfect forms, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [_cp._ Pol. 291 foll., 301 foll.];
succession of changes in states, 8. 545 foll.;--peculiar barbarian forms,
_ib._ 544 D. Cp. Constitution, State.
Government, forms of. [_The classification of forms of government which
Plato adopts in the Republic is not exactly the same with that given in
the Statesman or the Laws. Both in the Republic_ {352} _and the Statesman
the series commences with the perfect state, which may be either monarchy
or aristocracy, accordingly as the 'one best man' bears rule or many who
are all 'perfect in virtue'_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. iv. 2, § 1]. _But in the
Republic the further succession is somewhat fancifully connected with the
divisions of the soul. The rule of reason_ [_i.e. the perfect state_]
_passes into timocracy, in which the 'spirited element' is predominant_
(8. 548), _timocracy into three governments in turn, which represent the
'appetitive principle,'--first, oligarchy, in which the desire of wealth
is supreme_ (8. 533 D; 9. 581); _secondly, democracy, characterised by an
unbounded lust for freedom_ (9. 561); _thirdly, tyranny, in which all evil
desires grow unchecked, and the tyrant becomes 'the waking reality of what
he once was in his dreams only'_ (9. 574 E). _Each of these inferior forms
is illustrated in the individual who corresponds to the state and 'is set
over against it'_ (8. 550 C). _In the Statesman, after the government of
the one or many good has been separated, the remaining forms are
classified accordingly as the government has or has not regard to law, and
democracy is said to be_ (303 A) _'the worst of lawful and the best of
lawless governments'_ (_an expression criticised by Aristotle,_ Pol. iv.
2, § 3). _In the Laws again the subject is differently treated: monarchy
and democracy are described as 'the two mother forms,' which must be
combined in order to produce a good state_ (3. 693), _and the Spartan and
Cretan constitutions are therefore praised as polities in which every form
of government is represented_ (4. 712). _But the majority of existing
states are mere class governments and have no regard to virtue_ (12.
962 E). _These various ideas are nearly all reproduced or criticised in the
Politics of Aristotle, who, however, does not employ the term 'timocracy,'
and adds one great original conception,--the_ [Greek: mesê\ politei/a],
_or government of the middle class._]
Governments, sometimes bought and sold, 8. 544 D.
Grace ([Greek: eu)schêmosu/nê]), the effect of good rhythm accompanying
good style, 3. 400 D; all life and every art full of grace, _ib._ 401 A.
Greatness and smallness, 4. 438 B; 5. 479 B; 7. 523, 524; 9. 575 C;
10. 602 D, 605 C.
Grief, not to be indulged, 3. 387; 10. 603-606. Cp. Sorrow.
Guard, the tyrant's request for a, 8. 566 B, 567 E.
Guardians of the state, must be philosophers, 2. 376; 6. 484, 498, 501,
503 B; 7. 520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543; must be both spirited and gentle,
2. 375; 3. 410; 6. 503 [_cp._ Laws 5. 731 B]; must be tested by pleasures
and pains, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A; 7. 539 E); have gold and silver mingled
in their veins, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E; 8. 547 A); their happiness, 4. 419
foll.; 5. 465 E foll.; 6. 498 C; 7. 519 E; will be the class in the state
which possesses wisdom, 4. 428 [_cp._ Laws 12. 965 A]; will form one
family with the citizens, 5. 462-466; must preserve moderation, _ib._
466 B; divided into auxiliaries and guardians proper, 3. 414 (cp. 8. 545 E;
_and see_ Auxiliaries, Rulers):--the guardians [i.e. the auxiliaries] must
be courageous, 2. 375; 3. 386, 413 E, 416 E; 4. 429; 6. 503 E; must have
no fear of death, 3. 386 (cp. {353} 6. 486 C); not to weep, 3. 387 (cp.
10. 603 E); nor to be given to laughter, 3. 388 [_cp._ Laws 5. 732; 11.
935]; must be temperate, _ib._ 389 D; must not be avaricious, _ib._ 390 E;
must only imitate noble characters and actions, _ib._ 395 foll., 402 E;
must only learn the Dorian and Phrygian harmonies, and play on the lyre
and harp, _ib._ 398, 399; must be sober, _ib._ 398 E, 403 E; must be
reared amid fair surroundings, _ib._ 401; athletes of war, _ib._ 403,
404 B; 4. 422; 7. 521 E; 8. 543 [_cp._ Laws 8. 830]; must live according to
rule, 3. 404; will not go to law or have resort to medicine, _ib._ 410 A;
must have common meals and live a soldier's life, _ib._ 416; will not
require gold or silver or property of any kind, _ib._ 417; 4. 419, 420 A,
422 D; 5. 464 C; compared to a garrison of mercenaries (Adeimantus), 4.
419 (cp. 8. 543); must go to war on horseback in their childhood, 5. 467;
7. 537 A; regulations for their conduct in war, 5. 467-471:--female
guardians, _ib._, 456, 458, 468; 7. 540 C (cp. Women).
Gyges, 2. 359 C; 10. 612 B.
Gymnastic, supposed to be intended only for the body, 2. 376 E; 3. 403;
7. 521 [_cp._ Laws 7. 795 E]; really designed for the improvement of the
soul, 3. 410; like music, should be continued throughout life, _ib._ 403 C;
effect of excessive, _ib._ 404, 410; 7. 537 B; should be of a simple
character, 3. 404, 410 A; the ancient forms of, to be retained, 4. 424;
must co-operate with music in creating a harmony of the soul, _ib._ 441 E;
suitable to women, 5. 452-457 [_cp._ Laws 7. 804, 813, 833]; ought to be
combined with intellectual pursuits, 7. 535 D [_cp._ Tim. 88]; time to be
spent in, _ib._ 537.
H.
Habit and virtue, 7. 518 E; 10. 619 D.
Hades, tales about the terrors of, 1. 330 D; 2. 366 A; such tales not to
be heeded, 3. 386 B [_cp._ Crat. 403];--the place of punishment, 2. 363;
10. 614 foll.; Musaeus' account of the good and bad in, 2. 363;--the
journey to, 10. 614 [_cp._ Phaedo 108 A]:--(Pluto) helmet of, 10. 612 B.
Cp. World below.
Half, the, better than the whole, 5. 466 B.
Handicraft arts, a reproach, 9. 590 [_cp._ Gorg. 512].
Happiness of the unjust, 1. 354; 2. 364; 3. 392 B (cp. 8. 545 A, _and_
Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 661; 10. 899 E, 905 A);--of the guardians, 4. 419
foll.; 5. 465 E foll.; 6. 498 C; 7. 519 E;--of Olympic victors, 5. 465 D,
466 A; 10. 618 A;--of the tyrant, 9. 576 foll., 587;--the greatest
happiness awarded to the most just, _ib._ 580 foll.
Harmonies, the more complex to be rejected, 3. 397 foll.;--the Lydian
harmony, _ib._ 398; the Ionian, _ib._ E; the Dorian and Phrygian alone to
be accepted, _ib._ 399.
Harmony, akin to virtue, 3. 401 A (cp. 7. 522 A);--science of, must be
acquired by the rulers, 7. 531 (cp. Music);--harmony of soul and body, 3.
402 D;--harmony of the soul, effected by temperance, 4. 430, 441 E, 442 D,
443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B);--harmony in the acquisition of
wealth, 9. 591 E.
Harp, the, ([Greek: kitha/ra]), allowed in the best state, 3. 399. {354}
Hatred, between the despot and his subjects, 8. 567 E; 9. 576 A.
Health and justice compared, 4. 444; pleasure of health, 9. 583 C;
secondary to virtue, _ib._ 591 D.
Hearing, classed among faculties, 5. 477 E; composed of two elements,
speech and hearing, and not requiring, like sight, a third intermediate
nature, 6. 507 C.
Heaven, the starry, the fairest of visible things, 7. 529 D; the motions
of, not eternal, _ib._ 530 A.
Heaviness, 5. 479; 7. 524 A.
Hector, dragged by Achilles round the tomb of Patroclus, 3. 391 B.
Helen, never went to Troy, 9. 586 C.
Hellas, not to be devastated in civil war, 5. 470 A foll., 471 A:
--Hellenes characterised by the love of knowledge, 4. 435 E; did not
originally strip in the gymnasia, 5. 452 D; not to be enslaved by
Hellenes, _ib._ 469 B, C; united by ties of blood, _ib._ 470 C; not to
devastate Hellas, _ib._ 471 A foll.; Hellenes and barbarians are
strangers, _ib._ 469 D, 470 C [_cp._ Pol. 262 D].
Hellespont, 3. 404 C.
Hephaestus, binds Herè, 2. 378 D; thrown from heaven by Zeus, _ibid._;
improperly delineated by Homer, 3. 389 A; chains Ares and Aphroditè, _ib._
390 C.
Heracleitus, the 'sun of,' 6. 498 B.
Herè, bound by Hephaestus, 2. 378 D; Herè and Zeus, _ibid._; 3. 390 B;
begged alms for the daughters of Inachus, 2. 381 D.
Hermes, the star sacred to (Mercury), 10. 617 A.
Hermus, 8. 566 C.
Herodicus of Selymbria, the inventor of valetudinarianism, 3. 406 A foll.
Heroes, not to lament, 3. 387, 388; 10. 603-606; to be rewarded, 5. 468;
after death, _ibid._
Heroic rhythm, 3. 400 C.
Hesiod, his rewards of justice, 2. 363 B; 10. 612 A; his stories improper
for youth, 2. 377 D; his classification of the races, 8. 547 A; a wandering
rhapsode, 10. 600 D:--
Quoted:--
Theogony,
l. 154, 459, 2. 377 E.
Works and Days,
l. 40, 5. 466 B.
l. 109, 8. 546 E.
l. 122, 5. 468 E.
l. 233, 2. 363 B.
l. 287, _ib._ 364 D.
Fragm. 117, 3. 390 E.
Hirelings, required in the state, 2. 371 E.
Holiness of marriage, 5. 458 E, 459 [_cp._ Laws 6. 776]. _See_ Marriage.
Homer, supports the theory that justice is a thief, 1. 334 B; his
rewards of justice, 2. 363 B; 10. 612 A; his stories not approved for
youth, 2. 377 D foll. (cp. 10. 595); his mode of narration, 3. 393 A
foll.; feeds his heroes on campaigners' fare, _ib._ 404 C; Socrates'
feeling of reverence for him, 10. 595 C, 607 (cp. 3. 391 A); the
captain and teacher of the tragic poets, 10. 595 B, 598 D, E; not a
legislator, _ib._ 599 E; or a general, _ib._ 600 A [_cp._ Ion 537
foll.]; or inventor, _ibid._; or teacher, _ibid._; no educator, _ib._
600, 606 E, 607 B; not much esteemed in his lifetime, _ib._ 600 B foll.;
went about as a rhapsode, _ibid._ Passages quoted or referred to:--
Iliad i.
l. 11 foll., 3. 392 E foll.
l. 131, 6. 501 B.
l. 225, 3. 389 E.
l. 590 foll., 2. 378 D.
l. 599 foll., 3. 389 A.
Iliad ii.
l. 623, 6. 501 C.
Iliad iii.
l. 8, 3. 389 E. {355}
Iliad iv.
l. 69 foll., 2. 379 E.
l. 218, 3. 408 A.
l. 412, _ib._ 389 E.
l. 431, _ibid._
Iliad v.
l. 845, 10. 612 B.
Iliad vii.
l. 321, 5. 468 D.
Iliad viii.
l. 162, _ibid._
Iliad ix.
l. 497 foll., 2. 364 D.
l. 513 foll., 3. 390 E.
Iliad xi.
l. 576, _ib._ 405 E.
l. 624, _ibid._
l. 844, _ib._ 408 A.
Iliad xii.
l. 311, 5. 468 E.
Iliad xiv.
l. 294 foll., 3. 390 C.
Iliad xvi.
l. 433, _ib._ 388 C.
l. 776, 8. 566 D.
l. 856 foll., 3. 386 E.
Iliad xviii.
l. 23 foll., _ib._ 388 A.
l. 54, _ib._ B.
Iliad xix.
l. 278 foll., _ib._ 390 E.
Iliad xx.
l. 4 foll., 2. 379 E.
l. 64 foll., 3. 386 C.
Iliad xxi.
l. 222 foll., _ib._ 391 B.
Iliad xxii.
ll. 15, 20, _ib._ A.
l. 168 foll., _ib._ 388 C.
l. 362 foll., _ib._ 386 E.
l. 414, _ib._ 388 B.
Iliad xxiii.
l. 100 foll., _ib._ 387 A.
l. 103 foll., _ib._ 386 D.
l. 151 _ib._ 391 B.
l. 175 _ibid._
Iliad xxiv.
l. 10 foll., _ib._ 388 A.
l. 527, 2. 379 D.
Odyssey i.
l. 351 foll., 4. 424 D.
Odyssey viii.
l. 266 foll., 3. 390 D.
Odyssey ix.
l. 9. foll., _ib._ B.
l. 91 foll., 8. 560 C.
Odyssey x.
l. 495, 3. 386 E.
Odyssey xi.
l. 489 foll., _ib._ C; 7. 516 D.
Odyssey xii.
l. 342, 3. 390 B.
Odyssey xvii.
l. 383 foll., _ib._ 389 D.
l. 485 foll., 2. 381 D.
Odyssey xix.
l. 109 foll., _ib._ 363 B.
l. 395, 1. 334 B.
Odyssey xx.
l. 17, 3. 390 D; 4. 441 B.
Homer, allusions to, 1. 328 E; 2. 381 D; 3. 390 E; 8. 544 D.
Homeridae, 10. 599 E.
Honest man, the, a match for the rogue, 3. 409 C (cp. 10. 613 C).
Honesty, fostered by the possession of wealth, 1. 331 A; thought by
mankind to be unprofitable, 2. 364 A; 3. 392 B.
Honour, pleasures enjoyed by the lover of, 9. 581 C, 586 E:--the
'government of honour,' _see_ Timocracy.
Hope, the comfort of the righteous in old age (Pindar), 1. 331 A.
Household cares, 5. 465 C.
Human interests, unimportance of, 10. 604 B (cp. 6. 486 A, _and_ Theaet.
173; Laws 1. 644 E; 7. 803);--life, full of evils, 2. 379 C; shortness of,
10. 608 D;--nature, incapable of doing many things well, 3. 395 B;
--sacrifices, 8. 565 D. {356}
Hunger, 4. 437 E, 439; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the body,
9. 585 A.
Hymns, to the gods, may be allowed in the State, 10: 607 A [_cp._ Laws
3. 700 A; 7. 801 E];--marriage hymns, 5. 459 E.
Hypothesis, in mathematics and in the intellectual world, 6. 510; in the
sciences, 7. 533.
I.
Iambic measure, 3. 400 C.
Ida, altar of the gods on, 3. 391 E.
Idea of good, the source of truth, 6. 508 (cp. 505); a cause like the sun,
_ib._ 508; 7. 516, 517; must be apprehended by the lover of knowledge,
7. 534;--ideas and phenomena, 5. 476; 6. 507;--ideas and hypotheses,
6. 510;--absolute ideas, 5. 476 [_cp._ Phaedo 65, 74; Parm. 133]; origin of
abstract ideas, 7. 523; nature of, 10. 596; singleness of, _ib._ 597
[_cp._ Tim. 28, 51].
Idea. [_The Idea of Good is an abstraction, which, under that name at
least, does not elsewhere occur in Plato's writings. But it is probably
not essentially different from another abstraction, 'the true being of
things,' which is mentioned in many of his Dialogues_ [_cp. passages cited
s. v. Being_]. _He has nowhere given an explanation of his meaning, not
because he was 'regardless whether we understood him or not,' but rather,
perhaps, because he was himself unable to state in precise terms the ideal
which floated before his mind. He belonged to an age in which men felt too
strongly the first pleasure of metaphysical speculation to be able to
estimate the true value of the ideas which they conceived_ (_cp. his own
picture of the effect of dialectic on the youthful mind,_ 7. 539). _To
him, as to the Schoolmen of the Middle Ages, an abstraction seemed truer
than a fact: he was impatient to shake off the shackles of sense and rise
into the purer atmosphere of ideas. Yet in the allegory of the cave_
(_Book VII_), _whose inhabitants must go up to the light of perfect
knowledge but descend again into the obscurity of opinion, he has shown
that he was not unaware of the necessity of finding a firm starting-point
for these flights of metaphysical imagination_ (_cp._ 6. 510). _A passage
in the Philebus_ (65 A) _gives perhaps the best insight into his meaning:
'If we are not able to hunt the good with one idea only, with three we may
take our prey,--Beauty, Symmetry, Truth.' The three were inseparable to
the Greek mind, and no conception of perfection could be formed in which
they did not unite._ (Cp. Introduction, pp. lxix, xcvii).]
Ideal state, is it possible? 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 (cp. 7. 520,
_and_ Laws 4. 711 E; 5. 739); how to be commenced, 6. 501; 7. 540:
--ideals, value of, 5. 472. For the ideal state, _see_ City,
Constitution, Education, Guardians, Rulers, etc.
Ignorance, nature of, 5. 477, 478; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the
soul, 9. 585.
Iliad, the style of, illustrated, 3. 392 E foll.; mentioned, _ib._ 393 A.
Cp. Homer, Odyssey.
Ilion, _see_ Troy.
Illegitimate children, 5. 461 A.
Illusions of sight, 7. 523; 10. 602 [_cp._ Phaedo 65 A; Phil. 380, 42 D;
Theaet. 157 E].
Images, (i.e. reflections of visible objects), 6. 510; 10. 596 (_cp._ Tim.
52 D). {357}
Imitation in style, 3. 393, 394; 10. 596 foll., 600 foll.; affects the
character, 3. 395; thrice removed from the truth, 10. 596, 597, 598,
602 B; concerned with the weaker part of the soul, _ib._ 604.
Imitative poetry, 10. 595; arts, inferior, _ib._ 605.
Imitators, ignorant, 10. 602.
Immortality, proof of, 10. 608 foll., (cp. 6. 498 C, _and see_ Soul).
Impatience, uselessness of, 10. 604 C.
Impetuosity, 6. 503 E.
Inachus, Herè asks alms for the daughters of, 2. 381 D.
Inanitions ([Greek: ke/nôseis]) of body and soul, 9. 585 A.
Incantations used by mendicant prophets, 2. 364 B; in medicine, 4. 426 A.
Income Tax, 1. 343 D.
Indifference to money, characteristic of those who inherit a fortune,
1. 330 B.
Individual, inferior types of the, 8. 545; individual and state, 2. 368;
4. 434, 441; 5. 462; 8. 544; 9. 577 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 689; 5. 739; 9. 875,
877 C; 11. 923].
Infants have spirit, but not reason, 4. 441 [_cp._ Laws 12. 963 E].
Informers, 9. 575 B.
Injustice, advantage of, 1. 343; defined by Thrasymachus as discretion,
_ib._ 348 D; injustice and vice, _ibid._; suicidal to states and
individuals, _ib._ 351 E [_cp._ Laws 10. 906 A]; in perfection, 2. 360;
eulogists of, _ib._ 361, 366, 367; 3. 392 B (_cp._ 8. 545 A; 9. 588); only
blamed by those who have not the power to be unjust, 2. 366 C; in the
state, 4. 434; = anarchy in the soul, _ib._ 444 B [_cp._ Soph. 228];
brings no profit, 9. 589, 590; 10. 613.
Innovation in education dangerous, 4. 424 [_cp._ Laws 2. 656, 660 A]. See
Gymnastic, Music.
Intellect, objects of, classified, 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476); relation of the
intellect and the good, 6. 508.
Intellectual world, divisions of, 6. 510 foll.; 7. 517; compared to the
visible, 6. 508, 509; 7. 532 A.
Intercourse between the sexes, 5. 458 foll. [_cp._ Laws 8. 839 foll.]; in
a democracy, 8. 563 B.
Interest, sometimes irrecoverable by law, 8. 556 A [_cp._ Laws 5. 742 C].
Intermediates, 9. 583.
Intimations, the, given by the senses imperfect, 7. 523 foll.; 10. 602.
Intoxication, not allowed in the state, 3. 398 E, 403 E. Cp. Drinking.
Invalids, 3. 406, 407; 4. 425, 426.
Ionian harmony, must be rejected, 3. 399 A.
Iron (and brass) mingled by the God in the husbandmen and craftsmen,
3. 415 A (cp. 8. 547 A).
Ismenias, the Theban, 'a rich and mighty man,' 1. 336 A.
Italy, 'can tell of Charondas as a lawgiver,' 10. 599 E.
J.
Judge, the good, must himself be virtuous, 3. 409 [_cp._ Pol. 305].
Judgement, the final, 10. 614 foll. Cp. Hades.
Juggling, 10. 602 D.
Just man, the, is at a disadvantage compared with the unjust
(Thrasymachus), 1. 343; is happy, _ib._ 354 [_cp._ Laws 1. 660 E]; attains
harmony in his soul, 4. 443 E; proclaimed the happiest, 9. 580
foll.;--just men the friends of the gods, 10. 613 [_cp._ Phil. 39 E; Laws
4. 716 D];--just and unjust are at heart the same (Glaucon), 3. 360.
Justice, = to speak the truth and pay one's debts, 1. 331 foll.; {358} =
the interest of the stronger, _ib._ 338; 2. 367 [_cp._ Gorg. 489; Laws 4.
714 A]; = honour among thieves, 1. 352; = the excellence of the soul,
_ib._ 353:--the art which gives good and evil to friends and enemies,
_ib._ 332 foll., 336; is a thief, _ib._ 334; the proper virtue of man,
_ib._ 335; 'sublime simplicity,' _ib._ 348; does not aim at excess, _ib._
349; identical with wisdom and virtue, _ib._ 351; a principle of harmony,
_ibid._ (cp. 9. 591 D); in the highest class of goods, 2. 357, 367 D
[_cp._ Laws 1. 631 C]; the union of wisdom, temperance, and courage, 4.
433 [_cp._ Laws 1. 631 C]; a division of labour, _ibid._ foll. (cp.
_supra_, 1. 332, 349, 350, _and_ 1 Alcib. 127):--nature and origin of
(Glaucon), 2. 358, 359; conventional, _ib._ 359 A [_cp._ Theaet. 172 A,
177 C; Laws 10. 889, 890]; praised for its consequences only (Adeimantus),
_ib._ 362 E, 366; a matter of appearance, _ib._ 365:--useful alike in war
and peace, 1. 333; can do no harm, _ib._ 335; more precious than gold,
_ib._ 336; toilsome, 2. 364:--compared to health, 4. 444:--the poets on,
2. 363, 364, 365 E:--in perfection, _ib._ 361:--more profitable than
injustice, 4. 445; 9. 589 foll.; superior to injustice, 9. 589; final
triumph of, _ib._ 580; 10. 612, 613:--in the state, 2. 369; 4. 431; the
same in the individual and the state, 4. 435 foll., 441 foll.:--absolute
justice, 5. 479 E; 6. 501 B; 7. 517 E.
Justice. [_The search for justice is the groundwork or foundation of the
Republic, which commences with an enquiry into its nature and ends with a
triumphant demonstration of the superior happiness enjoyed by the just
man. In the First Book several definitions of justice are attempted, all
of which prove inadequate. Glaucon and Adeimantus then intervene:--mankind
regard justice as a necessity, not as a good in itself, or at best as only
to be practised because of the temporal benefits which flow from it: can
Socrates prove that it belongs to a higher class of goods? Socrates in
reply proposes to construct an ideal state in which justice will be more
easily recognised than in the individual. Justice is thus discovered to be
the essential virtue of the state,_ (_a thesis afterwards enlarged upon by
Aristotle_ [Pol. i. 2, § 16; iii. 13, § 3]), _the bond of the social
organization, and, like temperance in the Laws_ [3. 696, 697; 4. 709 E],
_rather the accompaniment or condition of the virtues than a virtue in
itself_ [_cp._ Introduction, p. lxiii]. _Expressed in an outward or
political form it becomes the great principle which has been already
enunciated_ (i. 322), _'that every man shall do his own work;' on this
Plato bases the necessity of the division into classes which underlies the
whole fabric of the ideal state_ (4. 433 foll.; Tim. 17 C). _Thus we are
led to acknowledge the happiness of the just; for he alone reflects in
himself this vital principle of the state_ (4. 445). _The final proof is
supplied by a comparison of the perfect state with actual forms of
government. These, like the individuals who correspond to them, become
more and more miserable as they recede further from the ideal, and the
climax is reached_ (9. 587) _when the tyrant is shown by the aid of
arithmetic to have '729 times less pleasure than the king'_ [_i.e. the
perfectly just ruler_]. _Lastly, the happiness of the just is proved to_
{359} _extend also into the next world, where men appear before the
judgment seat of heaven and receive the due reward of their deeds in this
life._]
K.
King, the Great, 8. 553 D:--pleasure of the king and the tyrant compared,
9. 587 foll.;--kings and philosophers, 5. 473 (cp. 6. 487 E, 498 foll.,
501 E foll.; 7. 540; 8. 543; 9. 592).
Kisses, the reward of the brave warrior, 5. 468 C.
Knowledge ([Greek: e)pistê/mê, gignô/skein]), = knowledge of ideas, 6. 484;
--nature of, 5. 477, 478; classed among faculties, _ib._ 477; 6. 511 E;
7. 533 E;--previous, to birth, 7. 518 C;--how far given by sense, _ib._
529 [_cp._ Phaedo 75];--should not be acquired under compulsion, _ib._
536 E;--the foundation of courage, 4. 429 [_cp._ Laches 193, 197; Protag.
350, 360];--knowledge and opinion, 5. 476-478; 6. 508, 510 A; 7. 534;
knowledge and pleasure, 6. 505; knowledge and wisdom, 4. 428;--the highest
knowledge, 6. 504; 7. 514 foll.;--unity of knowledge, 5. 479 [_cp._ Phaedo
101];--the best knowledge, 10. 618;--knowledge of shadows, 6. 511 D; 7.
534 A:--love of knowledge characteristic of the Hellenes, 4. 435 E;
peculiar to the rational element of the soul, 9. 581 B.
L.
Labour, division of, 2. 370, 374 A; 3. 394 E, 395 B, 397 E; 4. 423 E,
433 A, 435 A, 441 E, 443, 453 B [_cp._ Laws 8. 846, 847].
Lacedaemon, owes its good order to Lycurgus, 10. 599 E;--constitution of,
commonly extolled, 8. 544 D; a timocracy, _ib._ 545 B:--Lacedaemonians
first after the Cretans to strip in the gymnasia, 5. 452 D.
Lachesis, turns the spindle of Necessity together with Clotho and Atropos,
10. 617 C; her speech, _ib._ D; apportions a genius to each soul, _ib._
620 D.
Lamentation over the dead, to be checked, 3. 387.
Lands, partition of, proclaimed by the would-be tyrant, 8. 565 E, 566 E.
Language, pliability of, 9. 588 D [_cp._ Soph. 277 B].
Laughter not to be allowed in the guardians, 3. 388 [_cp._ Laws 5. 732;
11. 935]; nor represented in the gods, _ib._ 389.
Laws, may be given in error, 1. 339 E; supposed to arise from a convention
among mankind, 2. 359 A; cause of, 3. 405; on special subjects of little
use, 4. 425, 426 [_cp._ Laws 7. 788]; treated with contempt in
democracies, 8. 563 E; bring help to all in the state, 9. 590.
Lawyers, increase when wealth abounds, 4. 405 A.
Learning, pleasure of, 6. 486 C (cp. 9. 581, 586).
Legislation, cannot reach the minutiae of life, 4. 425, 426; requires the
help of God, _ib._ 425 E. Cp. Laws.
Leontius, story of, 4. 439 E.
Lethe, 10. 621.
Letters, image of the large and small, 2. 368; 3. 402 A.
Liberality, one of the virtues of the philosopher, 6. 485 E.
Liberty, characteristic of democracy, 8. 557 B, 561-563.
Licence, begins in music, 4. 424 E [_cp._ Laws 3. 701 B]; in democracies,
8. 562 D.
Licentiousness forbidden, 5. 458. {360}
Lie, a, hateful to the philosopher, 6. 490 C (cp. _supra_ 486 E);--the
true lie and the lie in words, 2. 382;--the royal lie ([Greek: gennai/on
pseu=dos]), 3. 414;--rulers of the state may lie, 2. 382; 3. 389 A, 414 C;
5. 459 D;--the Gods not to be represented as lying, 2. 382;--lies of the
poets, _ib._ 377 foll.; 3. 386, 408 B (cp. 10. 597 foll.).
Life in the early state, 2. 372;--loses its zest in old age, 1. 329 A;
full of evils, 2. 379 C; intolerable without virtue, 4. 445; shortness of,
compared to eternity, 10. 608 D;--the life of virtue toilsome, 2. 364 D;
--the just or the unjust, which is the more advantageous? _ib._ 347
foll.;--three kinds of lives among men, 9. 581;--life of women ought to
resemble that of men, 5. 451 foll. [_cp._ Laws 7. 804 E];--the necessities
of life, 2. 369, 373 A;--the prime of life, 5. 460 E.
Light, 6. 507 E. Cp. Sight, Vision.
Light and heavy, 5. 479; 7. 524.
Like to like, 4. 425 C.
Literature ([Greek: lo/goi]), included under 'music' in education,
2. 376 E.
Litigation, the love of, ignoble, 3. 405.
Logic; method of residues, 4. 427;--accidents and essence distinguished,
5. 454;--nature of opposition, 4. 436;--categories, [Greek: pro/s ti], 4.
437; quality and relation, _ibid._;--fallacies, 6. 487. For Plato's method
of definitions, _see_ Knowledge, Temperance; and cp. Dialectic,
Metaphysic.
Lotophagi, 8. 560 C.
Lots, use of, 5. 460 A, 462 E; election by, characteristic of democracy,
8. 557 A.
Love of the beautiful, 3. 402, 403 [_cp._ 1 Alcib. 131]; bodily love and
true love, _ib._ 403; love and the love of knowledge, 5. 474 foll.; is of
the whole, not of the part, _ib._ C, 475 B; 6. 485 B; a tyrant, 9. 573 B,
574 E (cp. 1. 329 B):--familiarities which may be allowed between the
lover and the beloved, 3. 403 B:--lovers' names, 5. 474:--lovers of wine,
_ib._ 475 A:--lovers of beautiful sights and sounds, _ib._ 476 B, 479 A,
480.
Luxury in the state, 2. 372, 373; a cause of disease, 3. 405 E; would not
give happiness to the citizens, 4. 420, 421; makes men cowards, 9. 590 B.
Lycaean Zeus, temple of, 8. 565 D.
Lycurgus, the author of the greatness of Lacedaemon, 10. 599 E.
Lydia, kingdom of, obtained by Gyges, 2. 359 C:--Lydian harmonies, to be
rejected, 3. 398 E foll.
Lying, a privilege of the state, 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D.
Lyre, the instrument of Apollo, and allowed in the best state, 3. 399 D.
Lysanias, father of Cephalus, 1. 330 B.
Lysias, the brother of Polemarchus, 1. 328 B.
M.
Madman, arms not to be returned to a, 1. 331; fancies of madmen, 8. 573 C.
Magic, 10. 602 D.
Magistrates, elected by lot in democracy, 8. 557 A.
Magnanimity, ([Greek: megalo/prepeia]), one of the philosopher's virtues,
6. 486 A, 490 E, 494 A.
Maker, the, not so good a judge as the user, 10. 601 C [_cp._ Crat. 390].
Man, 'the master of himself,' 4. 430 E [_cp._ Laws 1. 626 E foll.]; 'the
form and likeness of God,' 6. 501 B [_cp._ Phaedr. 248 A; Theaet. 176 C;
Laws 4. 716 D]; his unimportance, 10. 604 B (cp. 6. 486 A, {361} _and_
Laws 1. 644 E; 7. 803); has the power to choose his own destiny, 10. 617 E;
--the one best man, 6. 502 [_cp._ Pol. 301]:--Men are not just of their
own will, 2. 366 C; unite in the state in order to supply each other's
wants, _ib._ 369;--the nature of men and women, 5. 453-455;--analogy of
men and animals, _ib._ 459;--three classes of, 9. 581.
Manners, influenced by education, 4. 424, 425; cannot be made the subject
of legislation, _ibid._; freedom of, in democracies, 8. 563 A.
'Many,' the term, as applied to the beautiful, the good, &c., 6. 507.
Many, the, flatter their leaders into thinking themselves statesmen, 4.
426; wrong in their notions about the honourable and the good, 6. 493 E;
would lose their harsh feeling towards philosophy if they could see the
true philosopher, _ib._ 500; their pleasures and pains, 9. 586;--'the
great beast,' 6. 493. Cp. Multitude.
Marionette players, 7. 514 B.
Marriage, holiness of, 5. 458 E, 459; age for, _ib._ 460; prayers and
sacrifices at, _ibid._;--marriage festivals, _ib._ 459, 460.
Marsyas, Apollo to be preferred to, 3. 399 E.
Mathematics, 7. 522-532; use of hypotheses in, 6. 510;--mathematical
notions perceived by a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 C:--the mathematician
not usually a dialectician, 7. 531 E.
Mean, happiness of the, 10. 619 A [_cp._ Laws 3. 679 A; 5. 728 E;
7. 792 D].
Meanness, unknown to the philosopher, 6. 486 A; characteristic of the
oligarchs, 8. 554.
Measurement, art of, corrects the illusions of sight, 10. 602 D.
Meat, roast, the best diet for soldiers, 3. 404 D.
Medicine, cause of, 3. 405; not intended to preserve unhealthy and
intemperate subjects, _ib._ 406 foll., 408 A; 4. 426 A [_cp._ Tim. 89 B];
the two kinds of, 5. 459 [_cp._ Laws 4. 720]; use of incantations in, 4.
426 A;--analogy of, employed in the definition of justice, 1. 332 C.
Megara, battle of, 2. 368 A.
Melody, in education, 3. 398 foll.; its influence, 10. 601 B.
Memory, the philosopher should have a good, 6. 486 D, 490 E, 494 A;
7. 535 B.
Mendicant prophets, 2. 364 C.
Menelaus, treatment of, when wounded, 3. 408 A.
Menoetius, father of Patroclus, 3. 388 C.
Mental blindness, causes of, 7. 518.
Merchants, necessary in the state, 2. 371.
Metaphysics; absolute ideas, 5. 476;--abstract and relative ideas,
7. 524;--analysis of knowledge, 6. 510;--qualifications of relative and
correlative, 4. 437 foll.; 7. 524. Cp. Idea, Logic.
Metempsychosis, 10. 617. Cp. Soul.
Midas, wealth of, 3. 408 B.
Might and right, 1. 338 foll. [_cp._ Gorg. 483, 489; Laws 1. 627; 3. 690;
10. 890].
Miletus, Thales of, 10. 600 A.
Military profession, the, 2. 374.
Mimetic art, in education, 3. 394 foll.; the same person cannot succeed in
tragedy and comedy, _ib._ 395 A; imitations lead to habit, ib. D; men
acting women's part, _ib._ E; influence on character, _ibid._ foll. Cp.
Imitation.
'Mine and thine,' a common cause of dispute, 5. 462.
Ministers of the state must be educated, 7. 519. See Ruler. {362}
Miser, the, typical of the oligarchical state, 8. 555 A (cp. 559 D).
Misfortune, to be borne with patience, 3. 387; 10. 603-606.
Models (or types), by which the poets are to be guided in their
compositions, 2. 379 A.
Moderation, necessity of, 5. 466 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 E; 5. 732, 736 E].
Momus (god of jealousy), 6. 487 A.
Monarchy, distinguished from aristocracy as that form of the perfect state
in which one rules, 4. 445 C (cp. 9. 576 D, _and_ Pol. 301); the happiest
form of government, 9. 576 E (cp. 580 C, 587 B).
Money, needed in the state, 2. 371 B [_cp._ Laws 11. 918]; not necessary
in order to carry on war, 4. 423;--love of, among the Egyptians and
Phoenicians, _ib._ 435 E; characteristic of timocracy and oligarchy, 8.
548 A, 553, 562 A; referred to the appetitive element of the soul,
9. 580 E; despicable, _ib._ 589 E, 590 C (cp. 3. 390 E).
Money-lending, in oligarchies, 8. 555, 556.
Money-making, art of, in Cephalus' family, 1. 330 B; evil of, 8. 556;
pleasure of, 9. 581 C, 586 E.
Money-qualifications in oligarchies, 8. 550, 551.
Moon, reputed mother of Orpheus, 2. 364 E.
Motherland, a Cretan word, 9. 575 E [_cp._ Menex. 237].
Mothers in the state, 5. 460.
Motion and rest, 4. 436;--motion of the stars, 7. 529, 530; 10. 616 E.
Multitude, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; their madness, _ib._ 496 C. Cp.
Many.
Musaeus, his pictures of a future life, 2. 363 D, E, 364 E.
Muses, the, Musaeus and Orpheus the children of, 2. 364 E.
Music, to be taught before gymnastic, 2. 376 E (cp. 3. 403 C); includes
literature ([Greek: lo/goi]), 2. 376 E;--in education, _ib._ 377 foll.; 3.
398 foll.; 7. 522 A (_see_ Poetry, Poets, _and cp._ Protag. 326; Laws 2.
654, 660); complexity in, to be rejected, 3. 397 [_cp._ Laws 7. 812]; the
severe and the vulgar kind, _ibid._ [_cp._ Laws 7. 802]; the end of, the
love of beauty, _ib._ 403 C; like gymnastic, should be studied throughout
life, _ibid._; the simpler kinds of, foster temperance in the soul, _ib._
404 A, 410 A; effect of excessive, _ib._ 410, 411; ancient forms of, not
to be altered, 4. 424 [_cp._ Laws 2. 657; 7. 799, 801]; must be taught to
women, 5. 452.
Music. [_Music to the ancients had a far wider significance than to us. It
was opposed to gymnastic as 'mental' to 'bodily' training, and included
equally reading and writing, mathematics, harmony, poetry, and music
strictly speaking: drawing, as Aristotle tells us_ (Pol. viii. 3, § 1),
_was sometimes made a separate division._ I. _Music_ (_in this wider
sense_), _Plato says, should precede gymnastic; and, according to a
remarkable passage in the Protagoras_ (325 C), _the pupils in a Greek
school were actually instructed in reading and writing, made to learn
poetry by heart, and taught to play on the lyre, before they went to the
gymnasium. The ages at which children should commence these various studies
are not stated in the Republic; but in the VIIth Book of the Laws, where
the subject is treated more in detail, the children begin going to school
at ten, and spend three years in learning to read and write, and another
three years in music_ (Laws 7. 810). _This agrees very fairly with the
selection of the_ {363} _most promising youth at the age of twenty_ (Rep.
7. 537), _as it would allow a corresponding period of three years for
gymnastic training._ II. _Music, strictly so called, plays a great part in
Plato's scheme of education. He hopes by its aid to make the lives of his
youthful scholars harmonious and gracious, and to implant in their souls
true conceptions of good and evil. Music is a gift of the Gods to men, and
was never intended, 'as the many foolishly and blasphemously suppose,'
merely to give us an idle pleasure_ (Tim. 47 E; Laws 2. 654, 658 E; 7.
802 D). _Neither should a freeman aim at attaining perfect execution_
[_cp._ Arist. Pol. viii. 6, §§ 7, 15]: _in the Laws_ (7. 810) _we are told
that every one must go through the three years course of music, 'neither
more nor less, whether he like or whether he dislike the study.' Both
instruments and music are to be of a simple character: in the Republic
only the lyre, the pipe, and the flute are tolerated, and the Dorian and
Phrygian harmonies. No change in the fashions of music is permitted; for
where there is licence in music there will be anarchy in the state. In
this desire for simplicity and fixity in music Plato was probably opposed
to the tendencies of his own age. The severe harmony which had once
characterized Hellenic art was passing out of favour: alike in
architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, and music, richer and more
ornate styles prevailed. We regard the change as inevitable, and not
perhaps wholly to be regretted: to Plato it was a cause rather than a sign
of the decline of Hellas._]
Musical amateurs, 5. 475;--education, 2. 377; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A;
--instruments, the more complex kinds of, rejected, 3. 399 [_cp._ Laws
7. 812 D];--modes, _ib._ 397-399; changes in, involve changes in the laws,
4. 424 C.
Mysteries, 2. 365 A, 366 A, 378 A; 8. 560 E.
Mythology, misrepresentations of the gods in, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll.,
408 C (cp. Gods); like poetry, has an imitative character, 3. 392 D foll.
N.
Narration, styles of, 3. 392, 393, 396.
National qualities, 4. 435.
Natural gifts, 2. 370 A; 5. 455; 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519, 535.
Nature, recurrent cycles in, 8. 546 A (cp. Cycles); divisions of, 9. 584
[_cp._ Phil. 23].
Necessities, the, of life, 2. 368, 373 A.
Necessity, the mother of the Fates, 10. 616, 617, 621 A.
Necessity, the, 'which lovers know,' 5. 458 E;--the 'necessity of
Diomede,' 6. 493 D.
Nemesis, 5. 451 A.
Niceratus, son of Nicias, 1. 327 C.
Nicias, 1. 327 C.
Nightingale, Thamyras changed into a, 10. 620.
Niobe, sufferings of, in tragic poetry, 2. 380 A.
[Greek: no/mos], strain and law, 7. 532 E [_cp._ Laws 7. 800 A].
Not-being, 5. 477.
Novelties in music and gymnastic to be discouraged, 4. 424.
Number, said to have been invented by Palamedes, 7. 522 D;--the number of
the State, 8. 546.
O.
Objects and ideas to be distinguished, 5. 476; 6. 507. {364}
Odysseus and Alcinous, 10. 614 B; chooses the lot of a private man, _ib._
620 D.
Odyssey, 3. 393 A. Cp. Iliad.
Office, not desired by the good ruler, 7. 520 A.
Old age, complaints against, 1. 329; Sophocles quoted in regard to,
_ibid._; wealth a comforter of age, _ibid._;--old men think more of the
future life, _ib._ 330; not students, 7. 536 [_cp._ Laches 189];--the
older to bear rule in the state, 3. 412 [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E];
to be over the younger, 5. 465 A [_cp._ Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C;
11. 917 A].
Oligarchy, a form of government which has many evils, 8. 544, 551, 552;
origin of, _ib._ 550; nature of, _ibid._; always divided against itself,
_ib._ 551 D, 554 E--the oligarchical man, 8. 553; a miser, _ib._ 555; his
place in regard to pleasure, 9. 587.
Olympian Zeus, the Saviour, 9. 583 B.
Olympic victors, happiness and glory of, 5. 465 D, 466 A (_cp._
10. 618 A).
One, the, study of, draws the mind to the contemplation of true being,
7. 525 A.
Opinion and knowledge, 5. 476-478; 6. 508 D, 510 A; 7. 534; the lovers of
opinion, 5. 479, 480; a blind guide, 6. 506; objects of opinion and
intellect classified, 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476);--true opinion and courage,
4. 429, 430 (cp. Courage).
Opposites, qualification of, 4. 436; in nature, 5. 454, 475 E. Cp.
Contradiction.
Oppositions in the soul, 10. 603 D.
Orpheus, child of the Moon and the Muses, 2. 364 E; soul of, chooses a
swan's life, 10. 620 A;--quoted, 2. 364 E.
P.
Paeanian, Charmantides the, 1. 328 B.
Pain, cessation of, causes pleasure, 9. 583 D [_cp._ Phaedo 60 A;
Phil. 51 A]; a motion of the soul, _ib._ E.
Painters, 10. 596, 597; are imitators, ib. 597 [_cp._ Soph. 234]; painters
and poets, _ib._ 597, 603, 605:--'the painter of constitutions,' 6. 501.
Painting, in light and shade, 10. 602 C.
Palamedes and Agamemnon in the play, 7. 522 D.
Pamphylia, Ardiaeus a tyrant of some city in, 10. 615 C.
Pandarus, author of the violation of the oaths, 2. 379 E; wounded
Menelaus, 3. 408 A.
Panharmonic scale, the, 3. 399.
Panopeus, father of Epeus, 10. 620 B.
Pantomimic representations, not to be allowed, 3. 397.
Paradox about justice and injustice, the, 1. 348.
Parental anxieties, 5. 465 C [_cp._ Euthyd. 306 E].
Parents, the oldest and most indispensable of friends, 8. 574 C; parents
and children in the state, 5. 461.
Part and whole, in regard to the happiness of the state, 4. 420 D; 5. 466;
7. 519 E; in love, 5. 474 C, 475 B; 6. 485 B.
Passionate element of the soul, 4. 440; 6. 504 A; 8. 548 D; 9. 571 E,
580 A. _See_ Spirit.
Passions, the, tyranny of, 1. 329 C; fostered by poetry, 10. 606.
Patient and agent equally qualified, 4. 436 [_cp._ Gorg. 476; Phil. 27 A].
Patroclus, cruel vengeance taken by Achilles for, 3. 391 B; his treatment
of the wounded Eurypylus, _ib._ 406 A. {365}
Pattern, the heavenly, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739 D].
Paupers. _See_ Poor.
Payment, art of, 1. 346.
Peirithous, son of Zeus, the tale of, not to be repeated, 3. 391 D.
Peleus, the gentlest of men, 3. 391 C.
Perception, in the eye and in the soul, 6. 508 foll.
Perdiccas [King of Macedonia], 1. 336 A.
Perfect state, difficulty of, 5. 472; 6. 502 E [_cp._ Laws 4. 711];
possible, 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]; manner of its
decline, 8. 546 [_cp._ Crit. 120].
Periander, the tyrant, 1. 336 A.
Personalities, avoided by the philosopher, 6. 500 B [_cp._ Theaet. 174 C].
Personification; the argument compared to a search or chase, 2. 368 C; 4.
427 C, 432; to a stormy sea, 4. 441 B; to an ocean, 5. 453 D; to a game of
draughts, 6. 487 B; to a journey, 7. 532 E; to a charm, 10. 608 A;--'has
travelled a long way,' 6. 484 A;--'veils her face,' _ib._ 503 A;
--'following in the footsteps of the argument,' 2. 365 C;--'whither the
argument may blow, thither we go,' 3. 394 D;--'a swarm of words,'
5. 450 B;--the three waves, _ib._ 457 C, 472 A, 473 C.
Persuasion [or Faith], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D;
7. 533 E.
Philosopher, the, has the quality of gentleness, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410; 6.
486 C; 'the spectator of all time and all existence,' 6. 486 A [_cp._
Theaet. 173 E]; should have a good memory, _ib._ D, 490 E, 494 A; 7. 535;
has his mind fixed upon true being, 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490, 500 C, 501 D;
7. 521, 537 D; 9. 581, 582 C (cp. 5. 475 E; 7. 520 B, 525, _and_ Phaedo
82; Phaedr. 249; Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249 D, 254); his qualifications and
excellences, 6. 485 foll., 490 D, 491 B, 494 B [_cp._ Phaedo 68];
corruption of the philosopher, _ib._ 491 foll.; is apt to retire from the
world, _ib._ 496 [_cp._ Theaet. 173]; does not delight in personal
conversation, _ib._ 500 B [_cp._ Theaet. 174 C]; must be an arithmetician,
7. 525 B; pleasures of the philosopher, 9. 581 E:--Philosophers are to be
kings, 5. 473 (cp. 6. 487 E, 498 foll., 501 E foll.; 7. 540; 8. 543; 9.
592); are lovers of all knowledge, 5. 475; 6. 486 A, 490; true and false,
5. 475 foll.; 6. 484, 491, 494, 496 A, 500; 7. 535; to be guardians, 2.
375 (_see_ Guardians); why they are useless, 6. 487 foll.; few in number,
_ib._ E, 496, 499 B, 503 B [_cp._ Phaedo 69 C]; will frame the state after
the heavenly pattern, _ib._ 501; 7. 540 A; 9. 592; education of, 6. 503;
philosophers and poets, 10. 607 [_cp._ Laws 12. 967].
Philosophic nature, the, rarity of, 6. 491; causes of the ruin of, _ibid._
Philosophy, every headache ascribed to, 3. 407 C; = love of real
knowledge, 6. 485 (cp. _supra_ 5. 475 E); the corruption of, 6. 491;
philosophy and the world, _ib._ 494; the desolation of, _ib._ 495;
philosophy and the arts, _ib._ E, 496 C (cp. _supra_ 5. 475 D, 476 A);
true and false philosophy, 6. 496 E, 498 E; philosophy and governments,
_ib._ 497; time set apart for, _ib._ 498; 7. 539; commonly neglected in
after life, 6. 498; prejudice against, _ib._ 500, 501; why it is useless,
7. 517, 535, 539; the guardian and saviour of virtue, 8. 549 B; philosophy
and poetry, 10. 607; aids a man to make a wise choice in the next world,
_ib._ 618. {366}
Phocylides, his saying, 'that as soon as a man has a livelihood he should
practise virtue,' 3. 407 B.
Phoenician tale, the, 3. 414 C foll.
Phoenicians, their love of money, 4. 436 A.
Phoenix, tutor of Achilles, 3. 390 E.
Phrygian harmony, the, 3. 399.
Physician, the, not a mere money maker, 1. 341 C, 342 D; the good
physician, 3. 408; physicians find employment when luxury increases, 2.
373 C; 3. 405 A. Cp. Medicine.
Pigs, sacrificed at the Mysteries, 2. 378 A.
Pilot, the, and the just man, 1. 332 (cp. 341); the true pilot, 6. 488 E.
Pindar, on the hope of the righteous, 1. 331 A; on Asclepius, 3. 408 B;
--quoted, 2. 365 B.
Pipe, the, ([Greek: su/rigx]), one of the musical instruments permitted to
be used, 3. 399 D.
Piraeus, 1. 327 A; 4. 439 E; Socrates seldom goes there, 1. 328 C.
Pittacus of Mitylene, a sage, 1. 335 E.
Plays of children should be made a means of instruction, 4. 425 A;
7. 537 A [_cp._ Laws 1. 643 B].
Pleasure, not akin to virtue, 3. 402, 403; pleasure and love, _ibid._;
defined as knowledge or good, 6. 505 B, 509 B; the highest, 9. 583; caused
by the cessation of pain, _ib._ D [_cp._ Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51]; a motion
of the soul, _ib._ E;--real pleasure unknown to the tyrant, _ib._ 587;
--pleasure of learning, 6. 486 C (cp. 9. 581, 586, _and_ Laws 2. 667);
--sensual pleasure, 7. 519; 9. 586; a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A
[_cp._ Laws 1. 633 E]; not desired by the philosopher, 6. 485
E:--Pleasures, division of, into necessary and unnecessary, 8. 558, 559,
561 A; 9. 572, 581 E; honourable and dishonourable, 8. 561 C; three
classes of, 9. 581; criterion of, _ib._ 582; classification of, _ib._
583;--pleasures of smell, _ib._ 584 B;--pleasures of the many, 585; of the
passionate, _ib._ 586; of the philosopher, _ib._ 586, 587.
Pluto, 8. 554 B.
Poetry, styles of, 3. 392-394, 398; in the state, _ib._ 392-394, 398; 8.
568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 817]; effect of, 10.
605; feeds the passions, _ib._ 606; poetry and philosophy, _ib._ 607
[_cp._ Laws 12. 967]:--'colours' of poetry, _ib._ 601 A.
Poetry. [_The Republic is the first of Plato's works in which he seriously
examines the value of poetry in education, and the place of the poets in
the state. The question could hardly be neglected by the philosopher who
proposed to construct an ideal polity or government of the best. For
poetry played a great part in Hellenic life: the children learned whole
poems by heart in their schools_ (Protag. 326 A; Laws 7. 810 C); _the
rhapsode delighted the crowds at the festivals_ (Ion 535); _the theatres
were free, or almost free, to all, 'costing but a drachma at the most'_
(Apol. 26 D); _the intervals of a banquet were filled up by conversation
about the poets_ (Protag. 347 C). _The quarrel between philosophy and
poetry was an ancient one, which had found its first expression in the
attacks of Xenophanes_ (538 B.C.) _and Heracleitus_ (508 B.C.) _upon the
popular mythology. In the earlier dialogues of Plato the poets are treated
with an ironical courtesy, through which an antagonistic spirit is allowed
here and there to appear: they are 'winged and holy beings'_ (Ion 534)
_who sing by inspiration,_ {367} _but at the same time are the worst
possible critics of their own writings and the most self-conceited of
mortals_ (Apol. 22 D). _In the Republic_ (_II and III_), _Plato begins the
trial of poetry by the enquiry whether the tales and legends related by
the epic and tragic poets are true in themselves or likely to furnish good
examples to his future citizens. They cannot be true, for they are
contrary to the nature of God_ (_see s. v._ God), _and they are certainly
not proper lessons for youth. There must be a censorship of poetry, and
all objectionable passages expunged; suitable rules and regulations will
be laid down, and to these the poets must conform. In the Xth Book the
argument takes a deeper tone. The Poet is proved to be an impostor thrice
removed from the truth, a wizard who steals the hearts of the unwary by
his spells and enchantments. Men easily fall into the habit of imitating
what they admire; and the lamentations and woes of the tragic hero and the
unseemly buffoonery of the comedian are equally bad models for the
citizens of a free and noble state. The poets must therefore be banished,
unless, Plato adds, the lovers of poetry can persuade us of her innocence
of the charges laid against her. In the Laws a similar conclusion is
reached:--'The state is an imitation of the best life, and the noblest
form of tragedy. The legislator and the poet are rivals, and the latter
can only be tolerated if his words are in harmony with the laws of the
state'_ (vii. 817)].
Poets, the, love their poems as their own creation, 1. 330 C [_cp._ Symp.
209]; speak in parables, _ib._ 332 B (cp. 3. 413 B); on justice, 2. 363,
364, 365 E; bad teachers of youth, _ib._ 377; 3. 391, 392, 408 C [_cp._
Laws 10. 866 C, 890 A]; must be restrained by certain rules, 2. 379 foll.;
3. 398 A [_cp._ Laws 2. 656, 660 A; 4. 719]; banished from the state, 3.
398 A; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 817]; poets
and tyrants, 8. 568; thrice removed from the truth, 10. 596, 597, 598 E,
602 B, 605 C; imitators only, _ib._ 600, 601 (cp. 3. 393, _and_ Laws 4.
719 C); poets and painters, 10. 601, 603, 605;--'the poets who were
children and prophets of the gods' (? Orpheus and Musaeus; cp. _supra_
364 E), 2. 366 A.
Polemarchus, the son of Cephalus, 1. 327 B; 'the heir of the argument,'
_ib._ 331; intervenes in the discussion, _ib._ 340; wishes Socrates to
speak in detail about the community of women and children, 5. 449.
Politicians, in democracies, 8. 564.
Polydamas, the pancratiast, 1. 338 C.
Poor, the, have no time to be ill, 3. 406 E; everywhere hostile to the
rich, 4. 423 A; 8. 551 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 736 A]; very numerous in
oligarchies, 8. 552 D; not despised by the rich in time of danger, _ib._
556 C.
Population, to be regulated, 5. 460.
Poverty, prejudicial to the arts, 4. 421; poverty and crime, 8. 552.
Power, the struggle for, 7. 520 C [_cp._ Laws 4. 715 A].
Pramnian wine, 3. 405 E, 408 A.
Priam, Homer's delineation of, condemned, 3. 388 B.
Prisoners in war, 5. 468-470.
Private property, not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D;
5. 464 C; 8. 543.
Prizes of valour, 5. 468.
Prodicus, a popular teacher, 10. 600 C. {368}
Property, to be common, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543;
restrictions on the disposition of, 8. 556 A [_cp._ Laws 11. 923]:
--property qualifications in oligarchies, _ib._ 550, 551.
Prophets, mendicant, 2. 364 C.
Proportion, akin to truth, 6. 486 E.
Prose writers on justice, 2. 364 A.
Protagoras, his popularity as a teacher, 10. 600 C.
Proteus, not to be slandered, 2. 381 D.
Proverbs: 'birds of a feather,' 1. 329 A; 'shave a lion,' _ib._ 341 C;
'let brother help brother,' 2. 362 D; 'wolf and flock,' 3. 415 D; 'one
great thing,'4. 423 E; 'hard is the good,' _ib._ 435 C; 'friends have all
things in common,' 5. 449 C; 'the useful is the noble,' _ib._ 457 B; 'the
wise must go to the doors of the rich,' 6. 489 B (cp. 2. 364 B); 'what is
more than human,' 6. 492 E; 'the necessity of Diomede,' _ib._ 493 D; 'the
she-dog as good as her mistress,' 8. 563 D; 'out of the smoke into the
fire,' _ib._ 569 B; 'does not come within a thousand miles' ([Greek: ou)d'
i)/ktar ba/llei]), 9. 575 D.
Public, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; compared to a many-headed beast,
_ib._ 493; cannot be philosophic, _ib._ 494 A [_cp._ Pol. 292 D]. _See_
Many, Multitude.
Punishment, of the wicked, in the world below, 2. 363; 10. 614. Cp. Hades,
World below.
Purgation of the luxurious state, 3. 399 E;--of the city by the tyrant,
8. 567 D;--of the soul, by the tyrannical man, _ib._ 573 A.
Pythagoreans, the, authorities on the science of harmony, 7. 529, 530,
531; never reach the natural harmonies of number, _ib._ 531 C;--the
Pythagorean way of life, 10. 600 A.
Pythian Oracle, the, 5. 461 E; 7. 540 C.
Q.
Quacks, 5. 459.
Quarrels, dishonourable, 2. 378; 3. 395 E; will be unknown in the best
state, 2. 378 B; 5. 464 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 739];--quarrels of the Gods and
heroes, 2. 378.
R.
Rational element of the soul, 4. 435-442; 6. 504 A; 8. 550 A; 9. 571,
580 E, 581 [_cp._ Tim. 69 E-72]; ought to bear rule, and be assisted by the
spirited element against the passions, 4. 441 E, 442; characterized by the
love of knowledge, 9. 581 B; the pleasures of, the truest, _ib._ 582;
preserves the mind from the illusions of sense, 10. 602.
Rationalism among youth, 7. 538 [_cp._ Laws 10. 886].
Reaction, 8. 564 A.
Read, learning to, 3. 402 A.
Reason, a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 D (cp. 7. 533 E); reason and
appetite, 9. 571 (cp. 4. 439-442, _and_ Tim. 69 E foll.); reason should be
the guide of pleasure, 9. 585-587.
Reflections, 6. 510 A.
Relations, slights inflicted by, in old age, 1. 329.
Relative and correlative, qualifications of, 4. 437 foll. [_cp._ Gorg.
476]; how corrected, 7. 524.
Relativity of things and individuals, 5. 479; fallacies caused by, 9. 584,
585; 10. 602, 605 C.
Religion, matters of, left to the god at Delphi, 4. 427 A (cp. 5. 461 E,
469 A; 7. 540 B).
Residues, method of, 4. 427 E.
Rest and motion, 4. 436.
Retail traders, necessary in the state, 2. 371 [_cp._ Laws 11. 918].
Reverence in the young, 5. 465 A {369} [_cp._ Laws 5, 729; 9. 879;
11. 917 A].
Rhetoric, professors of, 2. 365 D.
Rhythm, 3. 400; goes with the subject, _ib._ 398 D, 400 B; its persuasive
influence, _ib._ 401 E; 10. 601 B.
Riches. _See_ Wealth.
Riddle, the, of the eunuch and the bat, 5. 479 C.
Ridicule, only to be directed against folly and vice, 5. 452 E; danger of
unrestrained ridicule, 10. 606 C [_cp._ Laws 11. 935 A].
Riding, the children of the guardians to be taught, 5. 467; 7. 537 A
[_cp._ Laws 7. 794 D].
Right and might, 1. 338 foll.
Ruler, the, in the strict and in the popular sense, 1. 341 B; the true
ruler does not ask, but claim obedience, 6. 489 C [_cp._ Pol. 300, 301];
the ideal ruler, _ib._ 502:--Rulers of states; do they study their own
interests? 1. 338 D, 343, 346 (cp. 7. 520 C); are not infallible, 1. 339;
how they are paid, _ib._ 347; good men do not desire office, _ibid._; 7.
520 D; why they become rulers, 1. 347; present rulers dishonest, 6. 496 D:
--[in the best state] must be tested by pleasures and pains, 3. 413 (cp.
6. 503 A; 7. 539 E); have the sole privilege of lying, 2. 382; 3. 389 A,
414 C; 5. 459 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 663]; must be taken from the older
citizens, 3. 412 (cp. 6. 498 C); will be called friends and saviours, 5.
463; 6. 502 E; must be philosophers, 2. 376; 5. 473; 6. 484, 497 foll.,
501, 503 B; 7. 520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543; the qualities which must be
found in them, 6. 503 A; 7. 535; must attain to the knowledge of the good,
6, 506; 7. 519; will accept office as a necessity, 7. 520 E, 540 A; will
be selected at twenty, and again at thirty, from the guardians, _ib._ 537;
must learn arithmetic, _ib._ 522-526; geometry, _ib._ 526, 527; astronomy,
_ib._ 527-530; harmony, _ib._ 531; at thirty must be initiated into
philosophy, _ib._ 537-539; at thirty-five must enter on active life, _ib._
539 E; after fifty may return to philosophy, _ib._ 540; when they die,
will be buried by the state and paid divine honours, 3. 414 A; 5. 465 E,
469 A; 7. 540 B. Cp. Guardians.
S.
Sacrifices, private, 1. 328 B, 331 D;--in atonement, 2. 364;--human, in
Arcadia, 8. 565 D.
Sailors, necessary in the state, 2. 371 B.
Sarpedon, 3. 388 C.
Sauces, not mentioned in Homer, 3. 404 D.
Scamander, beleaguered by Achilles, 3. 391 B.
Scepticism, danger of, 7. 538, 539.
Science ([Greek: e)pistê/mê]), a division of the intellectual world, 7.
533 E (cp. 6. 511);--the sciences distinguished by their object, 4. 438
[_cp._ Charm. 171]; not to be studied with a view to utility only, 7.
527 A, 529, 530; their unity, _ib._ 531; use hypotheses, _ib._ 533;
correlation of, _ib._ 537.
Sculpture, must only express the image of the good, 3. 401 B; painting of,
4. 420 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 668 E].
Scylla, 9. 588 C.
Scythian, Anacharsis the, 10. 600 A;--Scythians, the, characterized by
spirit or passion, 4. 435 E.
Self-indulgence in men and states, 4. 425 E, 426;--self-interest the
natural guide of men, 2. 359 B;--self-made men bad company, 1. 330 C;
--self-mastery, 4. 430, 431. {370}
Sense, objects of, twofold, 7. 523; knowledge given by, imperfect,
_ibid._; 10. 602; sense and intellect, 7. 524:--Senses, the, classed among
faculties, 5. 477 C.
Seriphian, story of Themistocles and the, 1. 329 E.
Servants, old family, 8. 549 E.
Sex in the world below, 10. 618 B;--sexes to follow the same training, 5.
451, 466 [_cp._ Laws 7. 805]; equality of, advantageous, _ib._ 456, 457;
relation between, _ib._ 458 foll. [_cp._ Laws 8. 835 E]; freedom of
intercourse between, in a democracy, 8. 563 B. Cp. Women.
Sexual desires, 5. 458 E [_cp._ Laws 6. 783 A; 8. 835 E].
Shadows, 6. 510 A;--knowledge of shadows ([Greek: ei)kasi/a]), one of the
faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E; 7. 533 E.
Shepherd, the analogy of, with the ruler, 1. 343, 345 [_cp._ Pol. 275].
Shopkeepers, necessary in the state, 2. 371 [_cp._ Laws 11. 918].
Short sight, 2. 368 D.
Sicily, 'can tell of Charondas,' 10. 599 E;--Sicilian cookery, 3. 404 D.
Sight, placed in the class of faculties, 5. 477 C; requires in addition to
vision and colour, a third element, light, 6. 507; the most wonderful of
the senses, _ibid._; compared to mind, _ib._ 508; 7. 532 A; illusions of,
7. 523; 10. 602, 603 D:--the world of sight, 7. 517.
Sign, the, of Socrates, 6. 496 C.
Silver, mingled by the God in the auxiliaries, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E;
8. 547 A);--[and gold] not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 419,
422 D; 5. 464 D (cp. 8. 543).
Simonides, his definition of justice discussed, 1. 331 D--335 E; a sage,
_ib._ 335 E.
Simplicity, the first principle of education, 3. 397 foll., 400 E, 404;
the two kinds of, _ib._ 400 E; of the good man, _ib._ 409 A; in diet,
8. 559 C (cp. 3. 404 D).
Sin, punishment of, 2. 363; 10. 614 foll. Cp. Hades, World below.
Sirens, harmony of the, 10. 617 B.
Skilled person, the, cannot err (Thrasymachus), 1. 340 D.
Slavery, more to be feared than death, 3. 387 A; of Hellenes condemned,
5. 469 B.
Slaves, the uneducated man harsh towards, 8. 549 A; enjoy great freedom in
a democracy, _ib._ 563 B; always inclined to rise against their masters,
9. 578 [_cp._ Laws 6. 776, 777].
Smallness and greatness, 4. 438 B; 5. 479 B; 7. 523, 524; 9. 575 C;
10. 602 D, 605 C.
Smell, pleasures of, 9. 584 B.
Snake-charming, 1. 358 B.
Socrates, goes down to the Peiraeus to see the feast of Bendis, 1. 327;
detained by Polemarchus and Glaucon, _ibid._; converses with Cephalus,
_ib._ 328-332; trembles before Thrasymachus, _ib._ 336 D; his irony, _ib._
337 A; his poverty, _ib._ D; a sharper in argument, _ib._ 340 D; ignorant
of what justice is, _ib._ 354 C; his powers of fascination, 2. 358 A;
requested by Glaucon and Adeimantus to praise justice _per se_, _ib._
367 B; cannot refuse to help justice, _ib._ 368 C; 4. 427 D; his oath 'by
the dog,' 3. 399 E; 8. 567 E; 9. 592 A; hoped to have evaded discussing the
subject of women and children, 5. 449, 472, 473 (cp. 6. 502 E); his love
of truth, 5. 451 A; 6. 504; his power in argument, 6. 487 B; not
unaccustomed to speak in parables, _ib._ E; his sign, _ib._ 496 C; his
earnestness in behalf of philosophy, 7. 536 B; his reverence for Homer,
10. 595 C, 607 (cp. 3. 391 A). {371}
Soldiers, must form a separate class, 2. 374; the diet suited for, 3. 404 D
(cp. Guardians);--women to be soldiers, 5. 452, 466, 471 E;--punishment
of soldiers for cowardice, _ib._ 468 A. Cp. Warrior.
Solon, famous at Athens, 10. 599 E;--quoted, 7. 536 D.
Son, the supposititious, parable of, 7. 537 E.
Song, parts of, 3. 398 D.
Sophists, the, their view of justice, 1. 338 foll.; verbal quibbles of,
_ib._ 340; the public the great Sophist, 6. 492; the Sophists compared to
feeders of a beast, _ib._ 493.
Sophocles, a remark of, quoted, 1. 329 B.
Sorrow, not to be indulged, 3. 387; 10. 603-606; has a relaxing effect on
the soul, 4. 430 A; 10. 606.
Soul, the, has ends and excellences, 1. 353 D; beauty in the soul, 3. 401;
the fair soul in the fair body, _ib._ 402 D; sympathy of soul and body, 5.
462 D, 464 B; conversion of the soul from darkness to light, 7. 518, 521,
525 [_cp._ Laws 12. 957 E]; requires the aid of calculation and
intelligence in order to interpret the intimations of sense, _ib._ 523,
524; 10. 602; has more truth and essence than the body, 9. 585 D;--better
and worse principles in the soul, 4. 431; the soul divided into reason,
spirit, appetite, _ib._ 435-442; 6. 504 A; 8. 550 A; 9. 571, 580 E, 581
[_cp._ Tim. 69 E-72, 89 E; Laws 9. 863]; faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E;
7. 533 E; oppositions in the soul, 10. 603 D [_cp._ Soph. 228 A; Laws 10.
896 D];--the lame soul, 3. 401; 7. 535 [_cp._ Tim. 44; Soph. 228];--the
soul marred by meanness, 6. 495 E [_cp._ Gorg. 524 E];--immortality of the
soul, 10. 608 foll., (cp. 6. 498 C);--number of souls does not increase,
10. 611 A;--the soul after death, _ib._ 614 foll.;--transmigration of
souls, _ib._ 617 [_cp._ Phaedr. 249; Tim. 90 E foll.];--the soul impure
and disfigured while in the body, _ib._ 611 [_cp._ Phaedo 81];--compared
to a many-headed monster, 9. 588; to the images of the sea-god Glaucus,
10. 611;--like the eye, 6. 508; 7. 518;--harmony of the soul, produced by
temperance, 4. 430, 442, 443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B);--eye of
the soul, 7. 518 D, 527 E, 533 D, 540 A;--five forms of the state and
soul, 4. 445; 5. 449; 9. 577.
Soul. [_The psychology of the Republic, while agreeing generally with that
of the other Dialogues, is in some respects a modification or developement
of their conclusions.--The division of the soul into three elements,
reason, spirit, appetite, here first assumes a precise form, and
henceforward has a permanent place in the language of philosophy_ (_cp._
Introd. p. lxvii). _On this division the distinction between forms of
government is based_ (_see s. v._ Government). _Virtue, again, is the
harmony or accord of the different elements, when the dictates of reason
are enforced by passion against the appetites, while vice is the anarchy
or discord of the soul when passion and appetite join in rebellion against
reason_ (_cp._ 4. 444; 10. 609 foll.; Soph. 228; Pol. 296 D; Laws 10. 906
C].--_Regarded from the intellectual side the soul is analysed into four
faculties, reason, understanding, faith, knowledge of shadows. These
severally correspond to the four divisions of knowledge_ (6. 511 E), _two
for intellect and two for opinion; and thus arises the Platonic
'proportion,'_--_being_ : _becoming_ :: _intellect_ : _opinion, and
science_ : _belief_ {372} :: _understanding_ : _knowledge of shadows.
These divisions are partly real, partly formed by a logical process,
which, as in so many distinctions of ancient philosophers, has outrun
fact, and are further illustrated and explained by the allegory of the
cave in Book VII_ (_see_ Introduction, p. xciv).--_The pre-existence and
the immortality of the soul are assumed. The doctrine of [Greek:
a)na/mnêsis] or 'remembrance of a previous birth' is not so much dwelt
upon as in the Meno, Phaedo, or Phaedrus, neither is it made a proof of
immortality_ (Meno 86; Phaedo 73). _It is apparently alluded to in the
story of Er, where we are told that 'the pilgrims drank the waters of
Unmindfulness; the foolish took too deep a draught, but the wise were more
moderate'_ (10. 621 A). _In the Xth Book Glaucon is supposed to receive
with amazement Socrates' confident assertion of immortality, although a
previous allusion to another state of existence has passed unheeded_ (6.
498 D); _and in earlier parts of the discussion_ (_e.g._ 2. 362; 3. 386),
_the censure which is passed on the common representations of Hades
implies in itself some belief in a future life_ [_cp._ Introduction to
Phaedo, Vol. I]. _The argument for the immortality of the soul is not
drawn out at great length or with the emphasis of the Phaedo. It is
chiefly of a verbal character:--All things which perish are destroyed by
some inherent evil; but the soul is not destroyed by sin, which is the
evil proper to her, and must therefore be immortal_ (_cp._ Introd. p.
clxvi).--_The condition of the soul after death is represented by Plato in
his favourite form of a myth_ [_cp._ Meno 81; Phaedo 88; Gorg. 522]. _The
Pamphylian warrior Er, who is supposed to have died in battle, revives
when placed on the funeral pyre and relates his experiences in the other
world. He tells how the just are rewarded and the wicked punished, and is
privileged to describe the spectacle which he had witnessed of the choice
of a new life by the pilgrim souls. The reward of release from bodily
existence is not held out to the philosopher_ (Phaedo 114 C), _but his
wisdom, which has a deeper root than habit_ (10. 619), _preserves him from
overhaste in his choice and ensures him a happy destiny.--The
transmigration of souls is represented in the myth much as in the Phaedrus
and Timaeus. Plato in all likelihood derived the doctrine from an Oriental
source, but through Pythagorean channels. It probably had a real hold on
his mind, as it agreed, or could be made to agree, with the conviction,
which he elsewhere expresses, of the remedial nature of punishment_ [_cp._
Protag. 323; Gorg. 523-525].
Sounds in music, 7. 531 A.
Sparta. _See_ Lacedaemon.
Spectator, the, unconsciously influenced by what he sees and hears, 10.
605, 606 [_cp._ Laws 2. 656 A, 659 C];--the philosopher the spectator of
all time and all existence, 6. 486 A [_cp._ Theaet. 173 E].
Spendthrifts, in Greek states, 8. 564.
Spercheius, the river-god, 3. 391 B.
Spirit, must be combined with gentleness in the guardians, 2. 375; 3. 410;
6. 503 [_cp._ Laws 5. 731 B]; characteristic of northern nations, 4. 435
E; found in quite young children, _ib._ 441 A [_cp._ Laws; 12. {373}
963]:--the spirited (or passionate) element in the soul, _ib._ 440 foll.;
6. 504 A; 8. 550 A; 9. 572 A, 580 E; must be subject to the rational part,
4. 441 E [_cp._ Tim. 30 C, 70, 89 D]; predominant in the timocratic state
and man, 8. 548, 550 B; characterised by ambition, 9. 581 B; its
pleasures, _ib._ 586 D; the favourite object of the poet's imitation, 10.
604, 605.
Stars, motion of the, 7. 529, 530; 10. 616 E.
State, relation of, to the individual, 2. 368; 4. 434, 441; 5. 462; 8.
544; 9. 577 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 689; 5. 739; 9. 875, 877 C; 11. 923]; origin
of, 2. 369 foll. [_cp._ Laws 3. 678 foll.]; should be in unity, 4. 422; 5.
463 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]; place of the virtues in, 4. 428 foll.; virtue of
state and individual, _ib._ 441; 6. 498 E; family life in, 5. 449 [_cp._
Laws 5. 740]:--the luxurious state, 2. 372 D foll.:--[the best state];
classes must be kept distinct, _ib._ 374; 3. 379 E, 415 A; 4. 421, 433 A,
434, 441 E, 443; 5. 453 (cp. 8. 552 A, _and_ Laws 8. 846 E); the rulers
must be philosophers, 2. 376; 5. 473; 6. 484, 497 foll., 501, 503 B; 7.
520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543 (cp. Rulers); the government must have the
monopoly of lying, 2. 382; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 663 E];
the poets to be banished, 3. 398 A; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A,
607 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 817]; the older must bear rule, the younger obey,
3. 412 [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; women, children, and goods to be
common, _ib._ 416; 5. 450 E, 457 foll., 462, 464; 8. 543 A [_cp._ Laws 5.
739; 7. 807 B]; must be happy as a whole, 4. 420 D; 5. 466 A; 7. 519 E;
will easily master other states in war, 4. 422; must be of a size which is
not inconsistent with unity, _ib._ 423 [_cp._ Laws 5. 737]; composed of
three classes, traders, auxiliaries, counsellors, _ib._ 441 A; may be
either a monarchy or an aristocracy, _ib._ 445 C (cp. 9. 576 D); will form
one family, 5. 463 [_cp._ Pol. 259]; will be free from quarrels and
law-suits, 2. 378; 5. 464, 465;--is it possible? 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7.
540 [_cp._ 7. 520 _and_ Laws 4. 711 E; 5. 739]; framed after the heavenly
pattern, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592; how to be commenced, 6. 501; 7. 540;
manner of its decline, 8. 546 [_cp._ Crit. 120];--the best state that in
which the rulers least desire office, 7. 520, 521:--the four imperfect
forms of states, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [_cp._ Pol. 291 foll., 391 foll.];
succession of states, 8. 545 foll. (cp. Government, forms of):--existing
states not one but many, 4. 423 A; nearly all corrupt, 6. 496; 7. 519,
520; 9. 592.
State. [_The polity of which Plato 'sketches the outline' in the Republic
may be analysed into two principal elements,_ I, _an Hellenic state of the
older or Spartan type, with some traits borrowed from Athens,_ II, _an
ideal city in which the citizens have all things in common, and the
government is carried on by a class of philosopher rulers who are selected
by merit. These two elements are not perfectly combined; and, as Aristotle
complains_ (Pol. ii. 5, § 18), _very much is left ill-defined and
uncertain._--I. _Like Hellenic cities in general, the number of the
citizens is not to be great. The size of the state is limited by the
requirement that 'it shall not be larger or smaller than is consistent
with unity.'_ [_The 'convenient number' 5040, which is_ {374} _suggested
in the Laws_ (v. 737), _is regarded by Aristotle_ (Pol. ii. 6, § 6) _as an
'enormous multitude.'_] _Again, the individual is subordinate to the
state. When Adeimantus complains of the hard life which the citizens will
lead, 'like mercenaries in a garrison'_ (4. 419), _he is answered by
Socrates that if the happiness of the whole is secured, the happiness of
the parts will inevitably follow. Once more, war is supposed to be the
normal condition of the state, and military service is imposed upon all.
The profession of arms is the only one in which the citizen may properly
engage. Trade is regarded as dishonourable:--'those who are good for
nothing else sit in the Agora buying and selling'_ (2. 371 D); _the
warrior can spare no time for such an employment_ (_ib._ 374 C). [_In the
Laws Plato's ideas enlarge; he thinks that peace is to be preferred to
war_ (1. 628); _and he speculates on the possibility of redeeming trade
from reproach by compelling some of the best citizens to open a shop or
keep a tavern_ (11. 918).]--_In these respects, as well as in the
introduction of common meals, Plato was probably influenced by the
traditional ideal of Sparta_ [_cp._ Introd. p. clxx]. _The Athenian
element appears in the intellectual training of the citizens, and
generally in the atmosphere of grace and refinement which they are to
breathe_ (_see s. v._ Art). _The restless energy of the Athenian character
is perhaps reflected in the discipline imposed upon the ruling class_
(7. 540), _who when they have reached fifty are dispensed from continuous
public service, but must then devote themselves to abstract study, and
also be willing to take their turn when necessary at the helm of state_
[_cp._ Laws 7. 807; Thucyd. i. 70; ii. 40].--II. _The most peculiar
features of Plato's state are_ (1) _the community of property,_ (2) _the
position of women,_ (3) _the government of philosophers._ (1) _The first_
(_see s. v._), _though suggested in some measure by the example of Sparta
or Crete_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. ii. 5, § 6], _is not known to have been
actually practised anywhere in Hellas, unless possibly among such a body
as the Pythagorean brotherhood._ (2) _Nothing in all the Republic was
probably stranger to his contemporaries than the place which Plato assigns
to women in the state. The community of wives and children, though
carefully guarded by him from the charge of licentiousness_ (5. 458 E),
_would appear worse in Athenian eyes than the traditional 'licence' of the
Spartan women_ [Arist. Pol. ii. 9, § 5), _which, so far as it really
existed, no doubt arose out of an excessive regard to physical
considerations in marriage. Again, the equal share in education, in war,
and in administration which the women are supposed to enjoy in Plato's
state, was, if not so revolting, quite as contrary to common Hellenic
sentiment_ [_cp._ Thucyd. ii. 45]. _The Spartan women exercised a great
influence on public affairs, but this was mainly indirect_ [_cp._ Laws 7.
806; Arist. Pol. ii. 9, § 8]; _they did not hold office or learn the use
of arms. At Athens, as is well known, the women, of the upper classes at
least, lived in an almost Oriental seclusion, and were wholly absorbed in
household duties_ (Laws 7. 805 E). (3) _Finally, the government of
philosophers had no analogy in the Hellenic world of_ {375} _Plato's time.
He may have taken the suggestion from the stories of the Pythagorean rule
in Magna Graecia. But it is also possible that these accounts of the
brotherhood of Pythagoras, some of which have reached us on very doubtful
authority, may be themselves to a considerable extent coloured and
distorted by features adapted from the Republic. Whether this is the case
or not, we can hardly doubt that Plato was chiefly indebted to his own
imagination for his kingdom of philosophers, or that it remained to
himself an ideal, rather than a state which would ever 'play her part in
actual life'_ (Tim. 19, 20). _It is at least significant that he never
finished the Critias, as though he were unable to embody, even in a
mythical form, the 'city of which the pattern is laid up in heaven.'_]
Statesmen in their own imagination, 4. 426.
Statues, polished for a decision, 2. 361 D; painted, 4. 420 D.
Steadiness of character, apt to be accompanied by stupidity, 6. 503 [_cp._
Theaet. 144 B].
Stesichorus, says that Helen was never at Troy, 9. 586 C.
Stories, improper, not to be told to children, 2. 377; 3. 391. Cp.
Children, Education.
Strength, rule of, 1. 338.
Style of poetry, 3. 392;--styles, various, _ib._ 397.
Styx, 3. 387 B.
Suits, will be unknown in the best state, 5. 464 E.
Sumptuary laws, 4. 423, 425.
Sun, the, compared with the idea of good, 6. 508; not sight, but the
author of sight, _ib._ 509;--'the sun of Heracleitus,' _ib._ 498 A.
Supposititious son, parable of the, 7. 538.
Sympathy, of soul and body, 5. 462 D, 464 B; aroused by poetry, 10. 605 B.
Syracusan dinners, 3. 404 D.
T.
Tactics, use of arithmetic in, 7. 522 E, 525 B.
Tartarus (= hell), 10. 616 A.
Taste, good, importance of, 3. 401, 402.
Taxes, heavy, imposed by the tyrant, 8. 567 A, 568 E.
Teiresias, alone has understanding among the dead, 3. 386 E.
Telamon, 10. 620 B.
Temperance ([Greek: sôphrosu/nê]), in the state, 3. 389; 4. 430 foll.
[_cp._ Laws 3. 696]; temperance and love, 3. 403 A; fostered in the soul
by the simple kind of music, _ib._ 404 E, 410 A; a harmony of the soul,
4. 430, 441 E, 442 D, 443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B); one of the
philosopher's virtues, 6. 485 E, 490 E, 491 B, 494 B [_cp._ Phaedo 68].
Temple-robbing, 9. 574 D, 575 B.
Territory, devastation of Hellenic, not to be allowed, 5. 470;--unlimited,
not required by the good state, 4. 423 [_cp._ Laws 5. 737].
Thales, inventions of, 10. 600 A.
Thamyras, soul of, chooses the life of a nightingale, 10. 620 A.
Theages, the bridle of, 6. 496 B.
Themis, did not instigate the strife with the gods, 2. 379 E.
Themistocles, answer of, to the Seriphian, 1. 330 A.
Theology of Plato, 2. 379 foll. Cp. God.
Thersites, puts on the form of a monkey, 10. 620 C.
Theseus, the tale of, and Peirithous not permitted, 3. 391 C.
Thetis, not to be slandered, 2. 381 D; {376} her accusation of Apollo,
_ib._ 383 A.
Thirst, 4. 437 E, 439; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the body, 9.
585 A.
Thracians, procession of, in honour of Bendis, 1. 327 A; characterised by
spirit or passion, 4. 435 E.
Thrasymachus, the Chalcedonian, a person in the dialogue, 1. 328 B;
described, _ib._ 336 B; will be paid, _ib._ 337 D; defines justice, _ib._
338 C foll.; his rudeness, _ib._ 343 A; his views of government, _ibid._
(cp. 9. 590 D); his encomium on injustice, 1. 343 A; his manner of speech,
_ib._ 345 B; his paradox about justice and injustice, _ib._ 348 B foll.;
he blushes, _ib._ 350 D; is pacified, and retires from the argument, _ib._
354 (cp. 6. 498 C); would have Socrates discuss the subject of women and
children, 5. 450.
Timocracy, 8. 545 foll.; origin of, ib. 547:--the timocratical man,
described, 8. 549; his origin, _ibid._
Tinker, the prosperous, 6. 495, 496.
Tops, 4. 436.
Torch race, an equestrian, 1. 328 A.
Touch, 7. 523 E.
Traders, necessary in the state, 2. 371.
Traditions of ancient times, their truth not certainly known to us, 2. 382
C (cp. 3. 414 C, _and_ Tim. 40 D; Crit. 107; Pol. 271 A; Laws 4. 713 E;
6. 782 D).
Tragedy and comedy in the state, 3. 394 [_cp._ Laws 7. 817].
Tragic poets, the, eulogizers of tyranny, 8. 568 A; imitators, 10. 597,
598.
Training, dangers of, 3. 404 A; severity of, 6. 504 A (cp. 7. 535 B).
Transfer of children from one class to another, 3. 415; 4. 423 D.
Transmigration of souls, 10. 617. See Soul.
Trochaic rhythms, 3. 400 B.
Troy, 3. 393 E; Helen never at, 9. 586 C:--Trojan War, 2. 380 A: treatment
of the wounded in, 3. 405 E, 408 A; the army numbered by Palamedes,
7. 522 D.
Truth, is not lost by men of their own will, 3. 413 A; the aim of the
philosopher, 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490, 500 C, 501 D; 7. 521, 537 D; 9. 581,
582 C (cp. _supra_ 5. 475 E; 7. 520, 525; _and_ Phaedo 82; Phaedr. 249;
Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249 D, 254 A); akin to wisdom, 6. 485 D; to
proportion, _ib._ 486 E; no partial measure of, sufficient, _ib._ 504;
love of, essential in this world and the next, 10. 618;--truth and
essence, 9. 585 D.
Tyranny, 1. 338 D; = injustice on the grand scale, _ib._ 344 [_cp._ Gorg.
469]; the wretchedest form of government, 8. 544 C; 9. 576 [_cp._ Pol.
302 E]; origin of, 8. 562, 564:--the tyrannical man, 9. 571 foll.; life
of, _ib._ 573; his treatment of his parents, _ib._ 574; most miserable,
_ib._ 576, 578; has the soul of a slave, _ib._ 577.
Tyrant, the, origin of, 8. 565; happiness of, _ib._ 566 foll.; 9. 576
foll. [_cp._ Laws 2. 661 B]; his rise to power, 8. 566; his taxes, _ib._
567 A, 568 E; his army, _ib._ 567 A, 569; his purgation of the city, _ib._
567 B; misery of, 9. 579; has no real pleasure, _ib._ 587; how far distant
from pleasure, _ibid._:--Tyrants and poets, 8. 568; have no friends,
_ibid._; 9. 576 [_cp._ Gorg. 510 C]; punishment of, in the world below,
10. 615 [_cp._ Gorg. 525].
U.
Understanding, a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 D; = science, 7. 533 E.
Union impossible among the bad, 1. 352 A [_cp._ Lysis 214]. {377}
Unity of the state, 4. 422, 423; 5. 462, 463 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739];
--absolute unity, 7. 524 E, 525 E; unity and plurality, _ibid._
Unjust man, the, happy (Thrasymachus), 1. 343, 344 [_cp._ Gorg. 470
foll.]; his unhappiness finally proved, 9. 580; 10. 613:--injustice =
private profit, 1. 344 (_see_ Injustice).
Uranus, immoral stories about, 2. 377 E.
User, the, a better judge than the maker, 10. 601 C [_cp._ Crat. 390].
Usury, sometimes not protected by law, 8. 556 A [_cp._ Laws 5. 742 C].
V.
Valetudinarianism, 3. 406; 4. 426 A.
Valour, prizes of, 5. 468.
Vice, the disease of the soul, 4. 444; 10. 609 foll. [_cp._ Soph. 228;
Pol. 296 D; Laws 10. 906 C]; is many, 4. 445; the proper object of
ridicule, 5. 452 E;--fine names for the vices, 8. 560 E. Cp. Injustice.
Virtue and justice, 1. 350 [_cp._ Meno 73 E, 79]; thought by mankind to be
toilsome, 2. 364 A [_cp._ Laws 807 D]; virtue and harmony, 3. 401 A (_cp._
7. 522 A); virtue and pleasure, 3. 402 E (cp. Pleasure); not promoted by
excessive care of the body, _ib._ 407 (_cp._ 9. 591 D); makes men wise, 3.
409 E; divided into parts, 4. 428 foll., 433; in the individual and the
state, _ib._ 435 foll., 441 (cp. Justice); the health of the soul, _ib._
444 (cp. 10. 609 foll., _and_ Soph. 228; Pol. 296 D); is one, _ib._ 445;
may be a matter of habit, 7. 518 E; 10. 619 D; impeded by wealth, 8. 550 E
[_cp._ Laws 5. 728 A, 742; 8. 831, 836 A];--virtues of the philosopher, 6.
485 foll., 490 D, 491 B, 494 B (cp. Philosopher); place of the several
virtues in the state, 4. 427 foll.
Visible world, divisions of, 6. 510 foll.; 7. 517; compared to the
intellectual, 6. 508, 509; 7. 532 A.
Vision, 5. 477; 6. 508; 7. 517. _See_ Sight.
W.
War, causes of, 2. 373; 4. 422 foll.; 8. 547 A; an art, 2. 374 A (cp.
4. 422, _and_ Laws 11. 921 E); men, women, and children to go to, 5. 452
foll., 467, 471 E; 7. 537 A; regulations concerning, 5. 467-471; a matter
of chance, _ib._ 467 E [_cp._ Laws 1. 638 A]; distinction between internal
and external, _ib._ 470 A [_cp._ Laws 1. 628, 629]; the guilt of, always
confined to a few persons, _ib._ 471 B; love of, especially characteristic
of timocracy, 8. 547 E; cannot be easily waged by an oligarchy, _ib._ 551
E; the rich and the poor in war, _ib._ 556 C; a favourite resource of the
tyrant, _ib._ 567 A.
Warrior, the brave, rewards of, 5. 468; his burial, _ib._ E; the warrior
must know how to count, 7. 522 E, 525; must be a geometrician, _ib._ 526.
Waves, the three, 5. 457 C, 472 A, 473 C.
Weak, the, by nature subject to the strong, 1. 338 [_cp._ Gorg. 489; Laws
3. 690 B]; not capable of much, either for good or evil, 6. 491 E, 495 B.
Wealth, the advantage of, in old age, 1. 329, 330; the greatest blessing
of, _ib._ 330, 331; the destruction of the arts, 4. 421; influence of, on
the state, _ib._ 422 A [_cp._ Laws 4. 705; 5. 729 A]; the 'sinews of war,'
_ibid._; all-powerful in oligarchies and timocracies, 8. 548 A, 551 B, 553,
562 A; an impediment to virtue, {378} _ib._ 550 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 728 A;
742 E; 8. 831, 836 A]; should only be acquired to a moderate amount, 9.
591 E [_cp._ Laws 7. 801 B]:--the blind god of wealth (Pluto), 8. 554 B:
--Wealthy, the, everywhere hostile to the poor, 4. 423 A; 8. 551 E
[_cp._ Laws 5. 736 A]; flattered by them, 5. 465 C; the wealthy and the
wise, 6. 489 B; plundered by the multitude in democracies, 8. 564, 565.
Weaving, the art of, 3. 401 A; 5. 455 D.
Weep, the guardians not to, 3. 387 C (cp. 10. 603 E).
Weighing, art of, corrects the illusions of sight, 10. 602 D.
Whole, the, in regard to the happiness of the state, 4. 420 D; 5. 466 A;
7. 519 E; in love, 5. 474 C, 475 B; 6. 485 B.
Whorl, the great, 10. 616.
Wicked, the, punishment of, in the world below, 2. 363; 10. 614; thought
by men to be happy, 1. 354; 2. 364 A; 3. 392 B (cp. 8. 545 A, _and_ Gorg.
470 foll.; Laws 2. 66 1; 10. 899 E, 905 A).
Wine, lovers of, 5. 475 A.
Wisdom ([Greek: sophi/a, phro/nêsis]) and injustice, 1. 349, 350; in the
state, 4. 428; akin to truth, 6. 485 D; the power of, 7. 518, 519; the
only virtue which is innate in us, _ib._ 518 E.
Wise man, the, = the good, 1. 350 [_cp._ 1 Alcib. 124, 125]; definition
of, 4. 442 C; alone has true pleasure, 9. 583 B; life of, _ib._ 591;--'the
wise to go to the doors of the rich,' 6. 489 B;--wise men said to be the
friends of the tyrant, 8. 568.
Wives to be common in the state, 5. 457 foll.; 8. 543.
Wolves, men changed into, 8. 565 D; 'wolf and flock' (proverb), 3. 415 D.
Women, employments of, 5. 455; differences of taste in, _ib._ 456; fond of
complaining, 8. 549 D; supposed to differ in nature from men, 5. 453;
inferior to men, _ib._ 455 [_cp._ Tim. 42; Laws 6. 781]; ought to be
trained like men, _ib._ 451, 466 [_cp._ Laws 7. 805; 8. 829 E]; in the
gymnasia, _ib._ 452, 457 [_cp._ Laws 7. 813, 814; 8. 833]; in war, _ib._
453 foll., 466 E, 471 E [_cp._ Laws 6. 785; 7. 806, 814 A]; to be
guardians, _ib._ 456, 458, 468; 7. 540 C; (and children) to be common, 5.
450 E, 457 foll., 462, 464; 8. 543 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]. _See supra s. v._
State, p. 374.
World, the, cannot be a philosopher, 6. 494 A.
World below, the, seems very near to the aged, 1. 330 E; not to be
reviled, 3. 386 foll. [_cp._ Crat. 403; Laws 5. 727 E; 8. 828 D]; pleasure
of discourse in, 6. 498 D [_cp._ Apol. 41]; punishment of the wicked in,
2. 363; 10. 614 foll.; sex in, 10. 618 B;--[heroes] who have ascended from
the world below to the gods, 7. 521 C.
X.
Xerxes, perhaps author of the maxim that justice = paying one's debts,
1. 336 A.
Y.
Young, the, how affected by the common praises of injustice, 2. 365;
cannot understand allegory, _ib._ 378 E; must be subject in the state,
3. 412 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; must submit to their elders,
5. 465 A [_cp._ Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C; 11. 917 A]. Cp. Children,
Education.
Youth, the corruption of, not to be attributed to the Sophists, but to
{379} public opinion, 6. 492 A;--youthful enthusiasm for metaphysics, 7.
539 B [_cp._ Phil. 15 E];--youthful scepticism, not of long continuance,
_ib._ D [_cp._ Soph. 234 E; Laws 10. 888 B].
Z.
Zeus, his treatment of his father, 2. 377 E; throws Hephaestus from
heaven, _ib._ 378 D;--Achilles descended from, 3. 391 C;--did not cause
the violation of the treaty in the Trojan War, or the strife of the gods,
2. 379 E; or send the lying dream to Agamemnon, _ib._ 383 A; or lust for
Herè, 3. 390 B; ought not to have been described by Homer as lamenting for
Achilles and Sarpedon, _ib._ 388 C;--Lycaean Zeus, 8. 565 D;--Olympian
Zeus, 9. 583 B.
THE END.
Oxford
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
* * * * *
Transcriber's Note
The reference text was kindly provided by the Internet Archive,
https://archive.org/download/a604578400platuoft/a604578400platuoft.pdf.
Corrections and Emendations
In the Introduction page xxv, a final quotation mark has been restored that
dropped out after the first edition. On page l, Shakespere has been changed
to Shakespeare.
In section 414 C, the third edition closes a parenthesis with a comma, thus
,); the comma has been deleted as in earlier editions.
In the Index, s.v. Aglaion, the name has been made consistent with the
text; it reads Aglaon in the 3rd edition. S.v. Athené, Acheans has been
changed to Achaeans to maintain consistency, s.v. Festival, Bendidaea
has been changed to Bendidea, and s.v. Luxury, Lycean has been changed to
Lycaean, for the same reason. Various other inconsistencies have been left
untouched (e.g. [Arist. Pol. ii. 9, § 5) in the Index in the article on
State; italicising of supra, etc.).
In the Index also, a reference, s.v. Intoxication, to Drinking fails to
refer; it should be to Drunkenness.
Conventions in this text
Sidenotes in the Introduction and material in the left margin of the
translated part of the book have been labelled [Sidenote: and placed above
the paragraph beside which they are placed.
Page numbers have been placed in the body of the text within {}.
Material in the right margin, the Stephanus numbering, has been placed in
the body of the text within ** - in the translated text the section
letters (A-E) have been taken from a two-volume edition published in 1908
and all Stephanus numbers in the translation have been given in full (so
565A instead of 565, and note that the space between number and letter has
been omitted). Page numbers and the Stephanus numbering have been given a
space on either side, even when this goes against Project Gutenberg
conventions.
Footnotes have been labelled [Footnote and have been placed below the
paragraph in which they occur. They are numbered consecutively within the
Introduction and each Book of the translation.
Greek has been transliterated in full: ) is used for smooth breathing; (
for hard; + for diaeresis; / for acute accent; \ for grave; = for
circumflex; | for iota subscript; ch is used for chi, ph for phi, ps for
psi, th for theta; ê for eta and ô for omega; u is used for upsilon in all
cases.