CHAPTER XIV.

FUNERAL CEREMONIES.

Having now gone through the whole circle of private life among the

Hellenes, we shall consider them in the hour of death, and during the

ceremonies with which dust was committed to dust. From a great variety

of causes, the dissolution of the body was regarded by the pagans of

antiquity with less terror and apprehension than modern nations

experience. Their belief in the continuance of existence was not perhaps

more unshaken than that of pious men in Christian countries, but the

life to come was contemplated as more nearly resembling the present; and

they imagined that, by the performance of certain rites and ceremonies,

and through the favour of the gods in various ways obtained, they might

easily secure to themselves a blissful immortality, which, according to

their creed, was denied to none but the incorrigibly flagitious. In

earlier times, moreover, before the birth of the sceptical systems of

philosophy, no chilling doubts had been thrown on the doctrine of

immortality. Ignorant they might be of the Divine nature, of the

relations of man to his Creator, of the true duties, obligations, and

rules of life; but they were so fully convinced of the existence of a

race of superior beings, that they might almost be said to feel its

truth as they did that of their own existence. These beings they

believed to be everlastingly occupied with human, or rather with

Hellenic, concerns; for it seems evident that most of the gods were

looked upon more as the parents and guardians of the Grecian race than

as remote and general watchers over the whole universe. To pass out of

life, therefore, was but to pass out of the domains of one god into

those of another; to exchange the protection of the celestial for that

of the infernal Zeus. Everywhere and on all occasions Gods were supposed

to attend their footsteps, but more especially at the moment of their

decease, when a cloud of heavenly messengers hovered around them, some

to accomplish the separation between soul and body, others to lead and

protect the spirit in its descent to the subterranean world, and others

again to watch over its happiness while there, sharing along with it the

same dwelling-place, and bearing the same relation to it as a monarch

does to his subjects.

Possessed firmly by persuasions of this kind, it is little to be

wondered at that the ancient Greek experienced less reluctance to enter

upon the domains of the dead than is now too commonly felt.[2658] He

had, besides, another motive to cheer his departure. It was his firm

expectation to be welcomed on his entrance to the Elysian fields by his

parents or friends or companions, by all, in short, whom he had loved in

life, and who had preceded him to that sacred and serene abode. Thinking

and feeling thus, death seemed scarcely death, but a mere shifting of

the scene or change of locality. It was but falling asleep in one place

to wake in another where their happiness could know no change; where God

would wipe away tears from all eyes, and where there should be no more

trouble or sorrow or suffering for ever.

-----

Footnote 2658:

Plat. Tim. t. vii. p. 121, sqq.

-----

These, nevertheless, must be regarded as the habitual convictions of the

mind, which, however they might influence the actions and resolutions of

men, could by no means stifle their feelings, or prevent that sorrow and

regret which must always be experienced by persons about to be separated

from those they love. Hence the death-bed of the Greeks presented not a

scene of stoical indifference. All the tenderness and sympathy of which

the human heart is capable was usually awakened. The friends, and more

especially the women of the family, crowded about the couch to press the

dying hand, and catch the last breath as it fluttered in broken murmurs

from the lips.[2659] Most persons, when about to bid an eternal adieu to

the world, desired to lay some command on their sorrowing friends, not

as an imperious task but as a labour of love, by performing which they

might be reminded of the departed. Such commands as these the Grecian

women were most anxious to receive, that they might treasure them up in

their souls, and by pondering on them incessantly, day and night, keep

vividly alive in their memory the idea of those who had once been all in

all to them. Nor when the spirit had departed did they forsake the

corpse, nor abandon it to the care of menials. With their own hands they

closed the beloved eyes,[2660] and tied up the mouth from which words of

kindness or comfort were never more to sound. Putting a severe restraint

upon their feelings, they straightened,[2661] laved, anointed, and laid

out the corpse,[2662] covered it with costly garments,[2663] and placed

crowns of flowers upon its head: it was then borne to the vestibule of

the mansion and laid with the feet towards the door,[2664] to intimate

that it was about to proceed on its last journey, and take up its abode

in the house prepared for all living. Vessels of lustral water[2665]

were then placed beside it; that, being accounted unclean, all those who

passed in or out and might be supposed to be reached by the effluvia

which exhaled from the dead, might sprinkle and purify themselves.

Branches of laurel and acanthus, with locks of hair, were suspended over

the doorway, each being a symbol speaking to the imagination of that

lively people. While thus exposed the corpse was watched day and night

by its natural guardians, until the moment arrived for bearing it forth

to the funeral pile or the grave. It was then laid in a coffin,

generally of cedar or cypress-wood,[2666] which, being placed upon a

bier,[2667] was borne away, the mourning friends and family attending.

-----

Footnote 2659:

Il. ω. 743. Kirchman. de Funer. Romanor. p. 34.

Footnote 2660:

Odyss. λ. 425. Eurip. Phœn. 1465. Virg. Æn. ix. 486.

Footnote 2661:

Eurip. Alcest. 160. Gal. de Method. Medend. xiii. 13. Plat. Phæd. t.

v. p. 123.

Footnote 2662:

Eurip. Hyppol. 786, seq. Il. ο. 350.

Footnote 2663:

Ælian. Var. Hist. i. 16. Eurip. Troad. 1134.

Footnote 2664:

Il. τ. 211, sqq. Τοὺς νεκροὺς οἱ ἀρχαῖοι προετίθισαν πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν καὶ

ἐκόπτοντο. Sch. Aristoph. Lysist. 611.

Footnote 2665:

Eurip. Alcest. 99.

Footnote 2666:

Plin. Nat. Hist. xxiv. 5. Thucyd. ii. 34. Horat. Od. ii. 14. 23. Epod.

v. 18. Meyer, p. 12. Cf. Dem. adv. Bœot. § 11. Euripid. Orest. 1052.

Footnote 2667:

Cf. Hesych. v. κλιματηφόρος.

-----

At Athens[2668] this ceremony took place immediately before

day-break,[2669] numerous individuals bearing the mortuary torches,

preceding the bier,[2670] and lighting up its melancholy way. The men

next of kin marched silently in the rear of the coffin to intimate that

they should shortly follow in the same track, and the women who kept

together in a body,[2671] closed the procession, weeping and lamenting

as they went. Stationed here and there in the crowd, were certain

funeral musicians playing airs solemn and sad, but with an intermixture

of enthusiastic notes, upon Lydian or Phrygian flutes. Sometimes the

company was mounted in chariots or upon horses, but when especial honour

was intended to the dead, everybody accompanied the hearse on foot. And

surely a group like this, moving along by night through the narrow

winding streets of Athens skirting the rocks of the Acropolis, flitting

across the agora, between its silent booths and stately plane-trees, and

issuing forth through the city gates into the sepulchral suburbs of the

Cerameicos, where a forest of tombs stretched a considerable distance

along the said way, to deposit, as if by stealth, the dust of a human

being in the bosom of the earth, must have exhibited a striking and a

solemn spectacle; more particularly if we suppose that, roused by the

mournful music, thousands of neighbours and fellow-citizens hurried to

their casements to behold their countryman carried to his long home.

Having reached the destined spot, the body, if to be interred, was laid

in the grave with its face looking towards the west.[2672] The earth was

then thrown upon the coffin, and a monument, in most cases, speedily

erected over it. If by special desire of the deceased, or for any other

reason, cremation[2673] was preferred, they constructed a funeral pile

of unctuous and odoriferous woods upon which oil and sweet unguents were

commonly poured.

-----

Footnote 2668:

Demosth. adv. Macart. § 15.

Footnote 2669:

Cf. Theocrit. xv. 132.

Footnote 2670:

The same practice still prevails in modern times. Chandler, ii. 153.

Footnote 2671:

Terent. Andria. i. l. 90, seq. Lys. de Cæd. Eratosth. § 2.

Footnote 2672:

They likewise sacrificed to the ghosts of the dead with their faces

towards the west, to the Uranian gods, with their faces eastward.

Scol. Apoll. Rhod. i. 589.

Footnote 2673:

Cf. Plut. Themist. § 8. Schol. Thucyd. ii. 34.

-----

On the summit of this the corpse was then placed, and a torch having

been applied to the pyre by some near relation of the dead, the whole

was reduced to ashes. Before, however, the flames were quite

extinguished, custom required that a little wine should be cast upon

them, after which if any bones of the dead remained unconsumed they were

carefully collected together with the ashes, and deposited in an urn,

which in Greece was usually committed to the earth.[2674] All the

surviving relations now returned mourning to their dwelling, where,

towards evening, a funeral feast was celebrated in honour of the

dead.[2675] Twice during the same month were sacred rites performed at

the tomb, and afterwards for ever on the anniversary of the deceased’s

birth, as well as on a certain day of the festival of Anthesteria, when

unfading flowers were strewed around, and heaps of crowns and garlands

suspended on the monument. The outward tokens of the grief felt inwardly

consisted of black garments,[2676] heads partially shorn and a sad and

neglected countenance.

-----

Footnote 2674:

Numerous bassi-relievi representing these funeral banquets have been

preserved both at Athens and in the island of Chios, where the custom

has prevailed in modern times of fixing such pieces of antiquities in

the walls, over doors and gateways. Chandler, ii. 39.

Footnote 2675:

Kirchman. p. 502, sqq.

Footnote 2676:

Quintil. Declam. x.

-----

In nearly all parts of the world, the moment death sets the impress of

his seal on the human clay it appears to acquire an awful and mysterious

sanctity, which none but the hardened and base will consent to violate.

Belonging to the grave, its everlasting calm and silence seem already to

brood over it. It presents itself to our eyes like the inhabitant of

another world, and therefore though voiceless it reveals to us, as it

were, some particulars respecting a state of being of which we know

nothing, but feel necessarily the most devouring curiosity. Besides,

when the deceased has been dear to us in life, we regard his corpse as

the deserted mansion of a friend, as the tabernacle of a soul scarcely

different, though divided from our own. On this account the ancient

Greeks, a people beyond most others pious, imaginative, and

affectionate, cultivated with peculiar care the duties which we owe the

dead. Ancient writers abound with illustrations of this truth. When the

Thebans, after the defeat of Adrastos and Polyneices refused burial to

the fallen Argives, it was considered by the Athenians a sufficient

cause for declaring war against Bœotia. It was not pretended that the

invaders had been engaged in an honourable war; but having expiated

their transgression by death, their remains had passed under the

protection of the infernal deities, and to refuse them the rites of

sepulture was not so much to insult them as Pluto, and the other gods of

Hades, whose subjects they were now become. The unburied corpse was,

moreover, a polluting object which defiled the temples of the celestial

divinities, and therefore they also were interested in watching over the

rights of the dead; for dogs and beasts of prey might carry their flesh

or bones into the fanes, and thus render them unclean. And this

sentiment, which constituted one of the most amiable parts of the Greek

character, tended likewise to confer imperishable beauty and interest on

the Hellenic land. For, the numerous tombs, public and private,[2677]

which clustered over and hallowed its surface, addressed themselves

still more powerfully to the heart than to the eye. Everywhere the

devotion of the people clung around them. They were at once the

creations and the monuments of human love, of public gratitude, of holy

reverence for intellect and virtue.

-----

Footnote 2677:

Cf. Demosth. adv. Call. § 4.

-----

The same observation, indeed, applies universally. The pyramid, the

solitary barrow, rising like a hillock on the plains of Asia, the

crowded cemetery, the vast suites of sepulchres excavated beneath the

surface of the earth, each and all of these must ever be regarded by men

of sensibility and unsophisticated understanding as so many unequivocal

tokens of the ineradicable goodness of human nature. Examples without

number might be adduced in illustration. When a North American chief was

urged to cede to the European invaders the hunting-ground of his tribe,

he stated his objection in these words: “How can we abandon the country

in which all our ancestors lie interred? Shall we say to the bones of

our forefathers, ‘Arise, and go along with us into a strange land’?” In

many countries a more absorbing interest attaches to the abodes of the

dead than to the habitations of the living. Who, for example, can

traverse, without the most profound emotion, those suites of

subterraneous palaces at Thebes denominated the Tombs of the Kings? You

seem, in these vast painted halls and dusky passages, to hold actual

converse with death. The grave unfolds its mysteries on all sides

around. The imagination is kindled and takes a colour from the unearthly

creations presented to it, and you return with something like reluctance

to the glare and turmoil and busy passions of the world. Among the

Greeks, as we have observed, the dead were invested with a sanctity

which all good men esteemed inviolable, and this persuasion acquired

additional force from the belief, that, though separated, the spirit and

the body were not yet wholly independent of each other. For, upon the

treatment experienced by its remains the state of the soul was in some

measure regulated in the realms below. If these received the rites of

interment, the spirit was allowed freely to traverse that stream, dusky

and inviolable, which surrounded the realm of Hades. If not, the ghost,

cold and desolate, wandered along its hither shore during the space of a

hundred years; after which, the laws of Orcus relented, and permitted it

to taste of happiness amid the groves of Asphodel,[2678] and those

blissful bowers where poets and sages devoted the circle of eternity to

the culture and pure delights of wisdom. From this persuasion, the

ghosts of persons denied the rites of sepulture[2679] are represented by

the poets hovering around their corses and presenting themselves in

visions to their surviving friends, requesting them to sever, by the

performance of their obsequies, the sad links which still bound them to

their dwellings of clay. Thus Homer introduces Elpenor[2680] conjuring

Odysseus to perform this last sad office for his remains. Often when, by

shipwreck or murder, the body was cast on some solitary shore, or

abandoned in the recesses of some forest or mountain, inhumation was

solely dependent on chance. But if fortune conducted any stranger to the

spot, it was considered incumbent on him to discharge, in one way or

another, the ties of humanity to the dead. But, because he might not be

able to dig a grave or consume the body on a funeral pile, it was

reckoned sufficient to cast three handfuls of dust upon the corpse, of

which one, at least, was to be sprinkled on the head. Thus we find, in

Horace,[2681] the manes of the Pythagorean philosopher, Archytas,

intreating the mariners, who had found his body on the beach, to honour

it with this rite:

Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa, licebit

Injecto ter pulvere curras.

Though great thy haste, this will not much delay;

Cast thrice the dust, then hasten hence away.

-----

Footnote 2678:

Hesiod. Opp. et Dies, 169, sqq. Pind. Olymp. ii. 70, sqq.

Footnote 2679:

Cf. Lys. Epitaph. § 4.

Footnote 2680:

Odyss. ξ. 66, sqq.

Footnote 2681:

Od. i. 28. 36. Quintil. Declam. v. 6. Cœlius Rhodiginus, xvii. 20.

Potter. ii. 166.

-----

In order the more certainly to secure this act of humanity from the

passer-by[2682] persons about to perish by shipwreck were accustomed to

tie around their body gold, or jewels, or whatever else they possessed

of value, that it might defray the expenses of their interment, and

reward him who undertook it.

-----

Footnote 2682:

Meurs. in Lycoph. Cassand. 367.

-----

There were, however, certain classes of men who, by their open or secret

wickedness, were supposed to be placed beyond the expansive circle of

human sympathy, on whom it would have been criminal to lavish sepulchral

rites. These were, in the first place, individuals struck by lightning,

whom the gods were believed thus to have destroyed,[2683] from a

knowledge of their guilt, though hidden from all other eyes. Corpses of

this kind were usually covered with earth where they lay without the

slightest ceremony, unless they happened to have fallen in some public

temple, or agora, or highway, under which circumstances a hook was

fastened to the body, by which it was dragged and cast into some pit. On

other occasions the carcase was hedged round and so left. Men guilty of

suicide were likewise denied the honours of burial, but more especially

those of the funeral pile. Their carcases were simply thrown into a pit

and covered over, to prevent their becoming a nuisance to the living.

Villains who committed sacrilege, and traitors to their country were not

suffered to enjoy in death the protection of those divinities whom they

had outraged, or the refuge of a grave in a country which they had

basely betrayed to the enemy.[2684] Their dishonoured bones were cast

beyond the borders, nor was it permitted any citizen to celebrate for

them the rites of burial. Thus King Pausanias, who sought to enslave his

country to the Persians, was treated by the Lacedæmonians, Aristocrates

by the Arcadians, and Phocion by the people of Athens,[2685] though in

this last case, perhaps, through error and misapprehension. The last and

worst class were tyrants[2686] equally objects of hatred to gods and

men, who usually when overcome by their subjects expiated their guilt by

the most unheard-of torments, while, in the nether world, the worst

pangs of Tartarus were reserved for them. To deposit in the bosom of the

earth the carcases of malefactors so heinous would of itself have been

esteemed a crime of a very deep dye. The remains were, therefore,

trodden under foot, subjected to every other species of indignity, and

then cast forth to be devoured by the dogs and vultures. Nay, if we may

interpret the expression of Plato literally, the punishment of men who

even aimed at tyranny in a free state and failed in the attempt was

tremendous: they were tortured and mutilated, had their eyes burned out,

suffered every imaginable insult and injury, and at last crucified, or

covered with pitch and burned alive: their wives and children suffered

the same punishment—the innocent being confounded with the guilty. To

protect their ashes from insults such as the above, the kings of Egypt

who erected the pyramids and were in character fierce and tyrannical,

are supposed by Herodotus not to have entrusted their bones to the

keeping of those structures. A wild story is also related of Periander

of Corinth,[2687] who, conscious of having ruled his countrymen with a

rod of iron, dreaded the effects of their resentment on his corpse.

Effectually to conceal the place of his interment he is said to have

directed two of his satellites to go forth at night on a certain road

and kill and bury clandestinely the first man they should meet. Four

others were despatched to execute the same vengeance upon them, and

another crowd of assassins received orders to exterminate and bury these

four. Periander, then old and infirm, presented himself to the first

murderers, was slain and buried, and the place, from the sudden death of

all who might have known it, thus remained undiscovered for ever.

-----

Footnote 2683:

Artemidor. ii. 8. Eurip. Suppl. 945. Persius, ii. 27.

Footnote 2684:

Diod. Sicul. xvi. 6.

Footnote 2685:

Plut. Phoc. § 37.

Footnote 2686:

Odyss. γ. 256.

Footnote 2687:

Diog. Laert. i. 96.

-----

Most opposed to these were those honourable citizens[2688] who fell for

their country in defence of its liberty and laws, whom their

fellow-citizens followed to the tomb with every conceivable mark of

public gratitude and honour, and whose names future generations were

taught to reverence like those of gods. In some sense, indeed, they were

actually deified. Rites and ceremonies and sacrifices were performed

annually in their honour, and by their great and heroic spirits future

generations swore as by the most ancient inhabitant of Olympos.

Sometimes, as on the plain of Marathon, the remains of the warriors were

collected together, and with holy rites enclosed in one common barrow,

calculated by its dimensions to be co-lasting with the world. On other

occasions their remains were brought to the city and buried there. Thus,

at the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the first citizens who fell

received the distinguished honours of a public funeral. Their remains

were enclosed in coffins of cedar, and laid in open hearses, drawn by

horses carefully caparisoned, and covered with garlands, were conveyed

to the Cerameicos, the whole population of the state attending. When

they had been there committed to the earth, Pericles, the greatest

statesman and orator of those times, ascended a bema, and, in words

which must thrill through the hearts of all posterity, pronounced on

them an encomium to merit which most brave men would cheerfully have

bartered life.

-----

Footnote 2688:

Thucyd. ii. 34. Cf. J. D. H. Meyer. Pericl. ap. Thuc. Orat. p. 10,

sqq. On some occasions the bodies of the dead were followed with great

pomp to the grave, accompanied by the sound of many instruments and

voices. Athen. xiii. 67. The bodies of the dead were at other times,

apparently in the field of battle, stretched out on beds of leaves or

rushes, and a festive banquet with drinking cups was placed before

them, and crowns upon their heads. § 2.

-----

The modes of sepulture prevalent in different ages among the Hellenes

were various in like manner as the monuments erected in honour of the

dead. Originally, when public security was weak, men buried their dead

within the walls of their own dwellings, where alone, perhaps, they

could hope to preserve their resting-place inviolable. In accordance

with this pious feeling a law was anciently enacted at Thebes in Bœotia,

that whoever built himself a house should construct within or adjoining

it a repository for the dead. But when states grew up and acquired

strength, and the shadow of their protection fell around far and wide,

it was found practicable to consult the public health without

infringement of the reverence due to the divinities of Hades, and the

habitations of the departed were erected, like a sacred circle, round

the city walls.

Afterwards, in the period of Grecian decrepitude, the cities once more

opened their gates to their ancestors, and permitted that they should

share with themselves the imperfect security which was the lot of all in

those degenerate times.

Much has been said on the custom which obtained among both Greeks and

Romans, of extending their cemeteries along the high roads leading

countrywards from the city gates.[2689] Their object appears to have

been twofold: first, by erecting the monuments of deceased friends in

sight of all persons entering or quitting the city to render their

memory more enduring; secondly, that by witnessing the honours paid to

the brave and good of past times, those who came after them might be

incited to imitate their example.

-----

Footnote 2689:

Cf. Xenoph. Hellen. iii. 2. 14.

-----

But no place was deemed too sacred to admit the remains of good or great

men, which were occasionally enshrined within the precincts of temples

or sacred groves.[2690] Thus the children of Medea were buried in the

temple of Hera, Œdipos found a tomb in the grove of the Eumenides at

Colonos,[2691] and Hesiod, whose body comes floating to the shore while

the Samians are engaged in the performance of sacred rites, is honoured

with a funeral in the grove of the Nemean Zeus.[2692] Euchides,

likewise, who died in consequence of the extraordinary celerity with

which he performed the journey to and from Delphi in quest of the sacred

fire, was interred by the Platæans in the temple of Artemis Euclea.

Among the Spartans the practice commonly prevailed of burying around

sacred edifices; nor did they, even in later times, banish their dead to

the suburbs; the design of this departure from the fashion elsewhere

established being to eradicate from the mind of youth all apprehensions

of spectres, and reluctance to move, whether by night or by day, among

tombs and graves. In all parts of Greece, families, at least when above

the humblest in rank, possessed each their burial grounds, whether

standing wholly apart in orchards or gardens,[2693] or forming so many

separate portions of the general cemetery.[2694] But nowhere does so

great stress appear to have been laid on this distinction of families in

death as at Sparta, as may be inferred from the account of that battle

in which, animated by the songs of Tyrtæos, the youth bound about their

right arms tablets inscribed with their own names and those of their

fathers, that so, should they all perish, their friends might be able to

select from among the heaps of slaughter the bodies of their relatives,

and inter them with scarlet mantles and olive-leaves in the cemeteries

of their clans.[2695]

-----

Footnote 2690:

Eurip. Med. 1378.

Footnote 2691:

Soph. Œdip. Col. 1584, sqq.

Footnote 2692:

Plut. Sept. Sap. Conv. 19, and see Lobeck, Aglaopham. p. 281.

Goëttling. Pref. Hesiod. ix.

Footnote 2693:

Dem. adv. Call. § 4.

Footnote 2694:

The tombs in these burial-grounds were often so many flat slabs with

inscriptions. Chandler, ii. 123.

Footnote 2695:

Ælian. Var. Hist. vi. 6. Plut. Lycurg. § 27.

-----

Frequently the remains of distinguished persons were consigned to the

dust in picturesque situations, remote from towns and the habitations of

men, where chapels were in many instances erected to their memory. Thus

we find the heroon of Androcrates[2696] shrouded in thick copses and

trees amid the spurs of Mount Cithæron, on the western extremity of the

field of battle of Platæa. In a situation very similar stood the tomb

and temple of Amphiaraos, and the heroon of Drimacos in the island of

Chios. Among the Cretans, likewise, the sepulchre of Zeus occupied the

lofty summit of a mountain, where its ruins are still pointed out to the

traveller. A poetical sentiment, moreover, has, in modern times, given

rise to the persuasion that the ruins of Themistocles’ tomb are still to

be seen amid that line of ancient sepulchres which run along the

surf-beaten rocks near the point of Cape Halimos. On this supposition is

based the well-known passage of Byron:

“No breath of air to break the wave

That rolls below the Athenian’s grave;

That tomb which, gleaming o’er the cliff,

Just greets the homeward-veering skiff,

High o’er the land he saved in vain:—

When shall such hero live again?”

-----

Footnote 2696:

Plut. Aristid. § 11.

-----

But the learning of Colonel Leake has clearly shown, that the monument

of this illustrious statesman stood within the horns of the great port

of Aphrodisium. In the city of Magnesia, where he died, his tomb stood

in the agora, which was customary when extraordinary honour was designed

the dead.[2697] Thus the monument of Timoleon,[2698] surrounded by

porticoes and other public buildings, was erected in the agora of

Syracuse; and that of Harmodios and Aristogeiton occupied the same place

in the city of Athens, where, in more ancient times, the tombs of

distinguished personages were hewn out in the face of the cliffs, lined

with marble, and otherwise sumptuously adorned. Solon, however, sought

to repress the luxury of cemeteries[2699] by ordaining that no tomb

should have an arched roof, or require more labour than could be

performed by ten men in three days. But this law, in all probability,

was never strictly observed; for the Cimonian sepulchres, still seen

high amid the rocks overlooking the hollow valley which divides the

Areopagos from the Pnyx, seem to have been of dimensions too spacious to

have been hewn out within the legal term.[2700] Afterwards, moreover,

mortuary monuments of extraordinary magnificence were erected at Athens,

as that, for example, of the hetaira Pythonicè. But it was in barbarous

countries that funereal structures exhibited the greatest splendour,

which reached possibly its acmè in the tomb of Mausolos, king of Caria,

an edifice consisting of a pyramid erected on a square basis, adorned on

all sides with sculptured figures in relief, and surmounted by a chariot

drawn by four horses. The tomb of the mistress of Gyges, though for

materials inferior, probably exceeded in dimensions this seventh wonder

of the world. It was erected, too, as a memorial of affection; for, when

the woman who, during her life, had ruled both him and his kingdom, had

been removed from earth, that shepherd king collected together, we are

told, the whole of his subjects, and threw up so vast a barrow over her

remains, that, in whatever part of his realm he might be, within Mount

Tmolos, he might enjoy the melancholy pleasure of beholding her grave.

-----

Footnote 2697:

Chandler, vol. i. p. 143.

Footnote 2698:

Plut. Timol. § 39.

Footnote 2699:

Cf. Cicero, de Leg. ii. 64.

Footnote 2700:

Chandler, vol. ii. p. 99.

-----

In the structure of their tombs, as well as their mode of interment, the

various nations of antiquity observed each a different style. Thus, in

the purification of Delos, the monuments of the Carians were easily

distinguished from those of the Greeks by the manner in which their

remains were deposited in the grave. Certain sepulchral mounds, found in

Peloponnesos, were distinguished by some characteristic features from

those of the natives, and denominated the Tombs of the Phrygians; and

the burying places of certain foreigners on whom the Greeks bestowed the

name of Amazons, exhibited as long as they endured some distinctive

marks[2701] by which they were known to cover the ashes of some

barbarous people. Over the tomb of Hippolyta, indeed, a pillar was

erected in the Grecian manner; but at Chalcis, where there was an

Amazonium, the structure would appear to have exhibited some peculiar

features, as well as the tomb of these warlike ladies, which was shown

in the Megaris, between the agora and a spot named Rhus, in the form of

a lozenge,[2702] resembling their shields. Similar in shape, likewise,

were probably the Amazonian monuments found near Scotussa in Thessaly,

as well as those on the banks of the rivulet Hermodon, in the

neighbourhood of Cheronæa.[2703] On the plains of Troy the Amazon

Myrinna reposed under a vast barrow.[2704]

-----

Footnote 2701:

Plut. Thes. § 27. Paus. i. 41. 7. Petit, de Amazon, p. 185.

Footnote 2702:

Plut. Thes. § 27.

Footnote 2703:

Petit, de Amazon. p. 313. 184.

Footnote 2704:

Hom. Il. β. 814.

-----

The structures thus erected in honour of the dead might have proved more

durable but for the practice common among the ancients, of interring

jewels, gold, precious vases,[2705] and other treasures with the corpse,

which afterwards roused the cupidity of profligate men, and tempted them

to rifle the last houses of their forefathers; for it is one of the most

odious and debasing features of civilisation, at certain stages of it,

that death is habitually desecrated, and the grave ceases to be a

refuge. Thus the tombs of the Macedonian kings were plundered by the

Gauls[2706] in the alliance of Pyrrhos. Again, the colony of Roman

freedmen sent to raise Corinth from its ashes, discovering by chance

that the catacombs contained bronze and fictile vases of great beauty,

rifled the whole cemetery, and filled Rome with the spoils, which were

denominated Necrocorinthia. Even the obolos[2707] placed beneath the

tongue, and the simple ornaments of the humbler dead, proved sufficient

to excite the avarice of a certain class of robbers, denominated from

their practices tomb-spoilers.[2708] When, however, the dust of the

departed has reposed in its cerements for many ages, to disturb and

plunder it becomes the pursuit of learned men, and is regarded as a

branch of the science of antiquities. Thus the sepulchres of the

Egyptian kings have been spoiled and polluted by travellers, who have

burned by thousands the wooden gods of the Pharaohs in their kitchens,

sawed off the faces of pillars, dragged forth bodies and coffins from

their last hiding-place in order to pilfer the golden ornaments

suspended around the necks of the dead. In Etruria, too, the same

scientific havoc has been carried on, and the museums of Europe have

been enriched by what was once a capital offence. Even in our own

country, barrows have been habitually opened, and the bones of our

ancestors dislodged from their homes. Very curious relics of antiquity,

however, have thus been brought to light. Similar tumuli in the East,

denominated topes, have been examined in Affghanistân. Beneath the

centre is usually a well, in which the ancient remains, consisting of

metallic vases, small cylinders of gold, rings, jewels, and gold pins,

appear to be found.[2709]

-----

Footnote 2705:

Hence the idea of the vast riches of Charon subsisting in the legends

of the East. Vigne, Trav. in Affghanistân, p. 206.

Footnote 2706:

Plut. Pyrrh. § 26.

Footnote 2707:

Suid. v. καρκάδοντα. t. ii. p. 1374. e. Hesych. v. δανάη. Etym. Mag.

v. δάνα. Aristoph. Ran. 141. Besides the piece of money, a honey cake

is said to have been put into the mouth for Cerberus. Suid. v.

μελιτοῦττα. t. ii. p. 126. a. Aristoph. Lysist. 601. Virg. Æneid. vi.

417.

Footnote 2708:

Arg. ii. in Dem. Mid. Growing bold by degrees, sacrilege at length

broke into the temples, and shore the golden tresses from the very

statues of Zeus himself. Luc. Jup. Trag. § 25. Cf. § 10.

Footnote 2709:

Vigne, Ghuzni, Cabul, &c., p. 141.

-----

It was customary among the Greeks, not only while their grief was yet

new, but habitually for many years, to visit the graves of the dead, to

suspend garlands and crowns and fillets of wool upon their head-stones,

or possibly, as is still the custom in Burgundy, to place wreaths or

other ornaments of pure wool upon the grave itself,[2710] and to protect

them by a trellis-work of willow boughs. Hither, too, were brought

baskets full of all fair and fragrant flowers, more particularly roses,

myrtles, amaranths,[2711] and lilies, to be strewed upon the beloved

spot. Sometimes graves were covered by a netting of wild thyme,[2712]

which, like those characters that are ennobled by affliction, yielded

forth a delicious perfume beneath the foot of the mourner. In cool and

shady spots, graves were sometimes adorned with the small

everlasting,[2713] and the white flower called pothos.[2714] Public

cemeteries were likewise, in many places, beautified by trees, selected

in some cases for their thick foliage and spreading form, as the elm; in

others, for their graceful shape and evergreen leaf, as the poplar and

the cypress. Other trees, also, whether planted by the hand of man or

springing up spontaneously, covered the walks or spots of green sward

found in the cemeteries of Greece, supplying in abundance that sombre

shade into which grief loves to retire, and where the sepulchral plants

chiefly delight to grow.

-----

Footnote 2710:

Varro, Ling, Lat. l. vi. ap. Kirckman. de Funer. Rom. p. 500.

Footnote 2711:

Philost. Heroic. xix. 14. p. 741. Eurip. Electr. 324. Vict. Var. Lect.

xvi. 2. Mag. Miscell. ii. 17.

Footnote 2712:

Schol. Aristoph. Pac. 168.

Footnote 2713:

Dioscor. iv. 90, if we read τάφοις for τάφροις.

Footnote 2714:

Theoph. Hist. Plant. vi. 8. 3.

-----

Such spots so shaded, so verdant, and full of fragrance, so consecrated

to silence and repose, probably first suggested the idea of the Elysian

Fields or Islands of the Blessed, which the poets of Greece assigned to

be the abode of happy souls. At first perhaps the ghosts were believed

to dwell in the cemeteries, retiring by day to the depths of the tombs

and issuing forth during the dark and tranquil hours of night to enjoy,

by the light of the moon or the stars, the sight of the world they had

partially quitted. From this notion flowed all the modifications

observable in the internal structure of tombs. First, care was taken

that the earth should not press heavily on the corpse, somewhere within

the dimensions of which the ghost was supposed[2715] habitually to

reside. Sentiments not greatly dissimilar still survive among ourselves.

I once remember to have read on the gravestone of a little girl standing

near the stile by which you enter the shady churchyard of Newport, in

Monmouthshire, the following epitaph, in which this idea is clearly

embodied:

Here a pretty baby lies,

Sung asleep with lullabies;

Pray be silent, and not stir

The easy earth that covers her.

-----

Footnote 2715:

Among the Mohammedans of Persia like notions are found to exist. “I

often saw groups of people uttering the most doleful lamentations and

bedewing with their tears the dry sod which they surrounded. They

imagine the dead to be capable of _hearing_ but not of answering their

plaints.” Fowler, Three Years in Persia, i. p. 31.

-----

Secondly spacious and elegant chambers were frequently constructed for

the spirit’s use, where food was likewise placed, and lamps were kindled

which, furnished with wicks of amianthos[2716] and supplied with

inexhaustible fountains of oil, were believed to burn on everlastingly.

A similar notion leads many Mohammedan nations to turn a small arch in

the stone basement of their tombs to accommodate the ghost with free

ingress and egress. Connected also with this article in the creed of the

ancients[2717] was the opinion, that spirits might often be seen gliding

in shadowy shapes among the tombs, which may be regarded as a notion

almost co-extensive with humanity itself.

-----

Footnote 2716:

Kirchman. de Funer. Rom. l. iv. 4.

Footnote 2717:

Cf. Hesiod. Opp. et Dies, 122, sqq.

-----

In their modes of sepulture the barbarous nations[2718] of the ancient

world differed widely from each other and from the Greeks. The Syrians,

Egyptians, and even Persians, wholly eschewing the funeral pile, buried

their dead, having first embalmed them with various conservative and

aromatic substances, as myrrh and aloes, and cedar-gum,[2719] and honey,

and salt, and wax, and asphaltus, and resin, mingled with perfumes and

precious unguents. Among the Pythagoreans, who adopted foreign rites in

preference to those of their country, it was customary to wrap the dead

in leaves of myrtle, poplar, and aloes, and thus to commit them to the

earth. The Albani put money into the coffins with the corpse; the

Taxilli, the Brahmins, and the Thracians, like the modern Parsees,

exposed the bodies of their relations to be devoured by vultures; the

Barchæi, a people inhabiting the borders of the Black Sea, followed the

customs of these nations in the case of such of their countrymen as fell

in war; but when they happened to be so effeminate as to die peaceably

in their beds, they were condemned to the flames. Dogs and carnivorous

birds constituted the sepulchres of the Parthians, Magians, Hyrcanians,

and other savage nations, who, however, were careful to inter the bones

which were left undevoured. Among these philosophical people no thought

was more habitual than that of death, since men walked daily beside

their graves; for persons of condition, who could afford to be luxurious

in matters of this kind, fed and pampered huge dogs for the express

purpose of being devoured by them after death, such mode of interment

being among them esteemed the most honourable. The Essedones, the

Calantii, the Massagetæ, the Derbices, and the Hybernians, on this point

very strongly resembled in taste and habits the Battas of Sumatra, the

custom among them having been to honour their parents and friends with a

far superior sepulchre to that of the foregoing people, since they ate

them themselves. It is remarked, however, in the case of the Essedones,

that the skulls were carefully cleansed, gilded, and laid by, to be

produced on their solemn annual festivals. The Derbices somewhat

improved upon the method of their neighbours; for, when their old people

were found to live too long, they hastened the approach of death in the

case of the men, by slaughtering them like victims, and in that of the

old women, by strangling them.

-----

Footnote 2718:

Alex. ab Alex. iii. 2. p. 114. a. sqq. Kirchman. de Fun. Rom. append.

2. p. 590.

Footnote 2719:

Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxi. 19. xxiv. 5. xxii. 24. Herod. ii. 86, sqq. i.

140. Xenoph. Hellen. v. 3. 19. Dioscor. i. 105. Kirchman. de Funer.

Rom. l. i. 8.

-----

Among the Hyperboreans the practice was, when old people lived so long

as to be thought troublesome, to give them a farewell feast, and then,

having crowned their brows with chaplets, to pitch them over steep

cliffs into the sea. The Caspians adopted a different method of bringing

down the population to a level with the means of subsistence; for, when

their parents and friends exceeded the age of seventy, they either

exposed them in remote and desolate places, as infants in many countries

were, or shut them up in huts to perish of hunger and thirst. The mode

of disposing of the dead adopted by one of the Scythian nations was, to

bind their corpses to the trunks of trees, where they remained a long

time, congealed in the midst of ice and snow: to have interred them in

the earth they would have regarded as a crime. Not greatly dissimilar

was the Phrygian mode, according to which the dead were placed upright

on ranges of stones fifteen feet high. A large cemetery of this kind,

having many ranges of rude columns, each with its corpse or skeleton,

viewed by the dubious light of the moon, with flights of ravens or

vultures preying upon the bodies recently set up, must have presented a

terrific spectacle. The Nasamones, a people of northern Africa, buried

their dead in a sitting posture, which, as I am informed by General

Miller, is still the custom among the Araucanian Indians, who, binding

the corpse in the necessary posture with cords, excavate for it a grave

beneath their own beds. In some parts of the world, as in Thrace, for

example, and India, persons greatly advanced in years, more especially

such as were distinguished for the cultivation of wisdom frequently

ascended voluntarily the funeral pile, like the Yoghee Calanos, and

Perigrinos who affected the airs of a philosopher, terminated their

existence with composure, or even an appearance of gaiety in the flames.

A certain tribe said to have inhabited the coast of the Red Sea, beyond

the Æthiopians and the Arabs, interred their friends in the sand, within

high-water mark, so that their graves should constantly be overflowed by

the surge. The Æthiopians either cast the bodies of the deceased into

the Nile, or enclosed them in glass coffins, through which the

mouldering form might ever be contemplated. In some parts of Upper Nubia

a similar practice still prevails; for the corpse being laid on the

sand, a wall of loose rocks is built up around it, and secured with a

slab atop. Through numerous apertures in the sides, of dimensions to

admit light but exclude the jackals, the skeleton may easily be seen.

According to a tradition preserved by Ælian,[2720] Belos was interred in

a glass coffin, which, when Xerxes caused his tomb to be opened, was

found nearly filled with oil, wherein the body lay floating. Beside it

stood a small column, on which was this inscription, “Woe to him who

having broken into this sepulchre shall fail to fill my coffin.” At this

Xerxes was troubled, and immediately gave orders that oil should be

poured into the sarcophagus, but to no purpose; for, though they made

the attempt once and again, it rose no nearer to the brim than before.

Conceiving that some grievous calamity was impending over him, the king

at length desisted, and quitted the monument in the deepest dejection.

He shortly afterwards, adds the historian, undertook his unhappy

expedition into Greece, at the conclusion of which, flying back to his

own country, he was there assassinated, as believed, by his own son.

The Pœonians cast their dead into marshy pools; the Ichthyophagi into

the sea. Very different was the custom of the Troglodytæ, who, tying

their corpses neck and heels with the twigs of some flexible shrub, in

this manner carried them forth, and raising over them heaps of stones,

as the Phoceans did over Laïos and his servants, fixed, with laughter

and merriment, the horns of goats upon the tumulus. Similar tombs exist

at this day in Affghanistân, in which are stuck sticks bearing wreaths

and shreds of cloth, together with tusks of the moufflon, the ibex, and

markhur.[2721] In China, at the annual festival in honour of the dead,

the sepulchres are decorated with streamers of red and white paper. Dead

bodies, in the Balearic isles, were jointed, cut up, and stowed in urns

on which huge piles of rock were thrown. The Panebi, a people of Libya,

had a custom resembling in part that of the Essedones: on burying the

bodies of their kings they gilded their skulls, and suspended them in

their temples as ornaments. The Sindi, a people of Scythia, doubtless a

branch of the Ichthyophagi, used to bury in the graves of their warriors

a small fish for every enemy he had slain in battle, which must,

doubtless, if they were a brave people, have rendered their cemeteries

anything but odoriferous.[2722]

-----

Footnote 2720:

Var. Hist. xiii. 3.

Footnote 2721:

Vigne, pp. 88, 89.

Footnote 2722:

The remains of shell-fish are at this day found in great abundance in

the barrows of Guernsey. See Duncan’s History of that island.

-----

From the enumeration of these fantastic and barbarous rites we may

perceive how striking was the contrast between the manners of the

Hellenes and those of most other ancient nations. At one time, however,

a practice, little inferior in atrocity to those above described, is

said to have prevailed in the island of Ceos,[2723] where men on

reaching sixty years of age were constrained to drink hemlock or opium,

in order to economise the means of subsistence. But this law, if it ever

existed, must be thrown back to very remote times, it being wholly

inconsistent with even the smallest advances of civilisation.

-----

Footnote 2723:

Strab. x. 5. t. ii. p. 387. Val. Max. ii. 6. 8.

-----

The ceremonies and symbols by which among the Hellenes sorrow was

expressed for the loss of friends were numerous and significant. In the

first place, all tokens of pleasure and enjoyment were suppressed, that

affliction might seem to have extinguished every spark that might

thereafter have kindled joy. From wine and sumptuous viands and whatever

else brings gratification to the mind at ease, they abstained as though

wholly unworthy to be honoured with even the semblance of a capacity to

mitigate their sorrow for the departed. They banished all instruments of

music which happened to be in the house, to intimate that they

thenceforward renounced the delights derivable from sweet sounds.[2724]

The same practice precisely prevailed among the Arabs under the Kalifat.

Thus “Haroon-er-Raschid, wept, we are told, over Shemselnihar, and,

before he left the room, ordered all the musical instruments to be

broken.” They excluded the light from their chambers, and retired to sob

and lament in gloomy recesses, as different as possible from the spots

which in the company of the beloved and lost object they were accustomed

to frequent. They neglected the care of their persons, suffered in some

places the hair and beard to grow, or disfigured themselves by cutting

off a portion of their locks, casting ashes on their heads, and wrapping

themselves in coarse and black apparel.[2725] In consequence we find,

that the very manes[2726] of their mules and horses were shorn.

Alexander, during the paroxysm of his grief for the loss of

Hephæstion,[2727] even demolished the battlements of cities, and,

exaggerating the cruelty and barbarism of remoter ages, crucified the

physician who had attended the youth, prohibited all music in his camp,

and undertaking an expedition against certain tribes hitherto unsubdued,

offered up whole hecatombs to the manes of his minion.[2728] The

mourning of the Lacedæmonians on the death of their kings partook

largely of the spirit of barbarism. As soon as the event occurred,

horsemen were despatched to make it known throughout the Lacedæmonian

territories, while crowds of women paraded up and down the city, beating

or sounding kettle-drums. From every family two persons, one of either

sex, were then selected, who were compelled under grievous penalties to

smear and disfigure themselves.[2729] In fact, assembling in great

numbers, Spartans, Laconians, and Helots, together with their wives,

they beat their foreheads and uttered strange howlings, ever and anon

affirming, amid their well-acted grief, that the last king was the best.

When the prince happened to fall in battle, his effigy was borne home on

a bier sumptuously adorned, and to this the same honour was paid as to

the real corpse. During the ten days immediately succeeding the funeral

no public business was transacted. For private individuals, the

Lacedæmonians scarcely mourned at all, their system of ethics requiring

them to suppress every more tender feeling of the heart.

-----

Footnote 2724:

Eurip. Alcest. 354.

Footnote 2725:

Il. ψ. 135. Eurip. Orest. 128, 451.

Footnote 2726:

Plut. Aristid. § 14.

Footnote 2727:

Plut. Alex. § 72.

Footnote 2728:

Cf. Luc. Calum. non Tem. Cred. § 17. Xenoph. iii. 3. 1.

Footnote 2729:

This was forbidden at Athens. Cf. Plut. Solon. § 21. Eurip. Orest.

691. Androm. 826. Hom. Il. τ. 288. Eurip. Hec. 655. Klausen, Comm. in

Æschyl. Choeph. p. 86.

-----

The ceremonies designed to perpetuate the memory of brave men can

scarcely perhaps be regarded as envious, but the glory which was like

the Shekina on their land, appeared to purify and ennoble their

descendants by inflaming them with the love of country and liberty.

Grecian manners abounded with rites of this kind, but none seem more

worthy of commemoration than those observed annually by the Platæans, in

honour of the warriors who fell around their city. It is well-known that

the Greeks regarded the spirits of good men of former ages as guardian

genii, to whom belonged religious veneration amounting perhaps to

worship. Their gods, in truth, were in many cases colonists from earth,

which can surprise no one who observes, that among them the principle of

life was deified, and this, derived from gods to mortals, resided for a

time on earth, and then, by continuing to move on in the circle,

returned to the heavens from which it sprang. They seem to have regarded

the earth as a sort of nursery-ground in which the seeds of divinity

were sown, to be afterwards transplanted and bloom elsewhere. But among

the offspring of earth none appeared to them so nearly akin to deity as

those in whom courage and energy shone preëminently, who loved

passionately the soil from which they sprang, and who sought cheerfully

in its breast a refuge from dishonour. Hence the apotheosis and

adoration of the brave; hence the Platæan ceremonies, which, down even

to Roman times, inspired the youth of Greece with admiration for their

ancestors, and called to their mind those glorious days when their

country teemed with freemen ready at any moment to shed their blood for

the institutions and the land which those institutions alone rendered

holy.[2730] These anniversary rites were celebrated on the sixteenth day

of the month Maimacterion, the Alalcomenios of the Bœotians. The

procession moved forth from the city in the grey of the morning, having

at its head a trumpeter sounding the signal of battle. Numerous chariots

followed, filled with myrtle-branches, and wreaths, and garlands,

succeeded by a black bull. Vessels of wine, and jars of milk, and vases

of oil and odoriferous essences were borne next by a number of free

youths, no slave being permitted to take part in these solemnities

performed in honour of men who had died for liberty. Last in the

procession came the archon, habited in a scarlet robe and armed with a

sword, though on all other occasions he was forbidden the touch of

steel, and went clad in white. In his hand he bore a water-jar taken

from the Hall of Archives. In this he drew water from a fountain, and

having laved therewith the pillars which surmounted the tombs, he

perfumed them with the essences: next slaying the bull at the altar, and

addressing his prayers to Zeus and the Chthonian Hermes, he invoked to

partake of the funeral repast and the streams of blood, the spirits of

those valiant men who had fallen for their country. Then, filling a

goblet with wine and pouring it forth in libations, he concluded with

these words: “I drink to the warriors who died for the liberties of

Greece.”[2731]

-----

Footnote 2730:

See the description of a tomb of honour in Plat. de Legg. xii. t.

viii. p. 292, where Suidas seems to suppose the arch to have been

built of precious stones, v. ψαλίδα t. ii. p. 1165. c.

Footnote 2731:

Plut. Aristid. § 21.

-----

INDEX

A.

Abdera, slaves of, iii. 32.

Abortion, i. 125.

Absolution, sold in ancient times, i. 357.

Acacalis, from Egypt, iii. 387.

Acacia-gum, from Egypt, iii. 387.

Academy, gymnasium of the, i. 193.

Acarnania, formerly called Curetis, i. 1, _n._ 17.

exports of, iii. 340.

Accoucheurs, i. 115.

Achaia, exports of, iii. 333.

Acharnæ, charcoal of, iii. 172.

Achillean barley, ii. 2, _n._ 1711.

Achilles, his filial piety, i. 31.

his swiftness in the chase, i. 211.

his cup, ii. 114.

Achradina, sun-dial of, iii. 308.

Acoluthos, or attendant on travellers, iii. 34.

Aconite, iii. 211.

of Italy, iii. 373.

Acorns eaten in ancient times, ii. 125-127.

exported from Epeiros, iii. 340.

Acratisma, ii. 171.

Acratopotes, honours paid to, ii. 169.

Acropolis of Athens, i. 77.

of Sparta, i. 93.

Acting, seasons of, ii. 268.

Actors, various classes of, ii. 236.

bad character of, ii. 241.

description of, ii. 232, sqq.

salary of, ii. 240.

costume of, ii. 260.

Adarces, a cosmetic, iii. 136.

from Cappadocia, iii. 345.

Adonis, gardens of, ii. 322.

Adriatic, barn-door fowls from, iii. 369.

Adulteration of wine, iii. 115.

Adultery unknown at Sparta, i. 394.

Ægæan, extreme blueness of, i. 55.

Ægaleus, a mountain in Attica, i. 66.

Ægidæ, quarter of the, at Sparta, i. 95, 105.

Ægina, description of, i. 67.

dimensions of, i. 68.

population of, i. 69.

commerce of, iii. 253.

Æginetan pottery, iii. 329.

wares, iii. 256.

Æginetans, engaged in foreign trade, iii. 257.

Ægis, an ornament for the bosom, ii. 64.

Ægosthena, wine of, iii. 331.

Æolia, purple fish from, iii. 352.

Æropos, a royal lampmaker, iii. 194, _n._ 1148.

Æsakos, or branch of song, ii. 209.

Æschylus, his style and characters, i. 329.

Æsopic fables, i. 166.

Æsopos, the actor, ii. 242.

Æthiopia, exports of, iii. 381.

Æthiopians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 435.

Æthiopis, a plant, iii. 332.

from Mount Ida, iii. 352.

Ætolia, called Curetis, i. 5.

exports of, iii. 340.

Ætolians, called Curetes by Homer, i. 6.

Affghanistân, topes or barrows of, iii. 431.

Africa, productions of, iii. 381.

Agaric from Sarmatia, iii. 345.

Agates from Sicily, iii. 373.

Agatharchos, a scene-painter, ii. 232.

Agathocles, an amateur of cups, ii. 113.

Age at which children walked, i. 136.

Agelæ, i. 279.

Agnodice, story of, i. 115.

Agnus-castus, crowns of, ii. 2, _n._ 1250.

Agora of Athens, description of, iii. 120.

of Sparta, i. 96.

situation of, i. 103.

foreigners excluded from, iii. 99.

Agoranomoi, iii. 127.

Agrenon, a curious garment worn on the stage, ii. 262.

Agriculture, science of, ii. 363.

of Laconia, iii. 41.

Agrigentum, bitumen from, iii. 376.

Air, dryness of, in Greece, i. 44.

Akinetinda, a game, i. 153.

Alabandine, from Miletos, iii. 348.

Alalcomenios, Bœotian for Maimacterion, iii. 440.

Alastor, i. 363.

Albani, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433.

Alcestis, i. 333.

Alcinoös, his orchard, ii. 133, 318.

Alcisthenes, his rich mantle, iii. 219, _n._ 1314.

Aleipterion, i. 196.

Aleision, fair of, iii. 274.

Alexander, his power of drinking, ii. 195.

his patronage of actors, ii. 234, 235.

his grief for the loss of Hephæstion, iii. 438.

Alexandria, game-cocks of, iii. 388.

Alexis, his picture of a poor family, iii. 95.

Algidum, radishes from, iii. 374.

Allowance to the poor, iii. 72.

Almond-crackers, ii. 163.

Almonds, ii. 163.

from Syria, iii. 390.

from Naxos, iii. 366.

Aloes, from Andros, iii. 364.

from Egypt, iii. 389.

Aloes-wood, from Arabia, iii. 401.

Alopecidæ, a breed of dogs, i. 214.

Altar of Artemis, boys flogged at, i. 274.

to the unknown gods, i. 75.

Altars in the agora, iii. 120.

Alum, from Phrygia, iii. 349.

Alysson, from Africa, iii. 384.

virtues of the, iii. 206.

Amasis, privileges granted by him to the Greeks, iii. 258.

Amazonium at Chalcis, iii. 429.

Amber, from Liguria, iii. 373.

goblets, ii. 111.

Ambracian Gulf, i. 56.

Amiæ, from the Black Sea, iii. 312.

Amianthos, asbestos quarries near, iii. 362.

Aminian vine, ii. 342.

Ammoniac, from Africa, iii. 383.

Amomites, a kind of frankincense, iii. 399.

Amomon, from Pontos, iii. 344.

from Persia, iii. 408.

Amorgos, linen of, ii. 54, iii. 337.

flax of, iii. 216.

Ampelitis, from Syria, iii. 394.

from Rhodes, iii. 366.

from Illyria, iii. 370.

Amphiaraos, tomb of, i. 98, iii. 427.

Amphidromia, i. 128.

Ampyx, a fillet, ii, 59.

Amulets, ii. 63. iii. 406.

for vineyards, i. 1, _n._ 341, ii. 350.

Amylæ, slippers of, iii. 337.

Anaclinopale, i. 201.

Anacreon and the nurse, an anecdote, i. 139.

Anactoria, a name of Miletos, i. 15.

Anadendrides, appearance of a vineyard of, ii. 347.

trained on trees, ii. 346.

Anadesma, a gilded fillet, ii. 61.

Anazarbos, olive grounds of, ii. 2, _n._ 1338.

Anchises, his meeting with Aphrodite, ii. 416.

Anchovies from the Lipari islands, iii. 376.

from Athens, iii. 329.

Anchusa, root of, from Syria, iii. 393.

Ancients, their theory concerning the Pelasgi, i. 3.

Andalusia, productions of, iii. 379.

Andania, Dii Kabyri worshipped at, i. 19.

Androcrates, heroon of, iii. 427.

Andros, aloes of, iii. 364.

Androsaces, from Syria, iii. 393.

Anemonies, ii. 2, _n._ 1304.

Angling in Homeric times, ii. 132.

Animal food, ii. 137.

Animals, protected by the gods, i. 358.

breed of, ii. 280.

flesh of young, when not eaten, ii. 150.

Anis, from the Grecian islands, iii. 364.

Anklets, ii. 63.

Ankula, a term in the game of Kottabos, ii. 213.

Antandros, a Pelasgian city, i. 13.

Antecœnium, or whet, ii. 156.

Anthedon, wine of, iii. 338.

Anthema, a dance, ii. 257.

Anthesteria, festival of, iii. 419.

Anthias, a sacred fish, iii. 234.

fishery, iii. 242.

Anthosmias, a wine, ii. 166, iii. 116.

Anticyra, hellebore of, iii. 339.

Antidotes, iii. 211.

Antigenes, season of reed-cutting in his time, ii. 189.

Antigone, i. 331.

Antioch, cucumbers from, iii. 394.

Antiope, children of, where exposed, i. 123.

Aoidoi, i. 319.

Aones, i. 11.

Apageli, i. 278.

Aparctias, iii. 322.

Apetiotes, iii. 321.

Aphamiotæ, Cretan serfs, iii. 63.

Aphetæ, street of, i. 98, 104.

Aphetæ, the, iii. 56.

Aphrodision, iii. 308.

a basin of the Peiræeus, i. 74.

Aphrodite, character of her beauty, i. 309.

her appearance to Anchises, ii. 416.

Aphroselenon, from Arabia, iii. 395.

Apia, a name of Peloponnesos, i. 17.

Apiaries, fences of, ii. 295.

Apodyterion, i. 196.

in the baths, ii. 90.

Apokinos, a dance, ii. 255.

Apollo, altar of, at the theatre, ii. 226.

Apollonia, asphaltos from, iii. 370.

Aposeisis, a dance, ii. 255.

Apothetæ, i. 121.

Appetite, repressed at Sparta, i. 267.

Apple trees, ii. 316.

in Ithaca, ii. 133.

Apples, ii. 159.

grafting of, ii. 320.

from Phocis, iii. 359.

Apragmosune, a flower, i. 194.

Apulia, capparis from, iii. 374.

Aquitania, gold from, iii. 377.

Arabia, productions of, iii. 399.

Arcadia, overland traffic with, iii. 254.

exports of, 332.

description of, i. 57.

home of the Pelasgi, i. 18.

superstition in, i. 364.

Arcadian hat, iii. 223.

Arcadians older than the moon, i. 18.

their love of music, i. 285.

Arcadian serfs, iii. 66.

Archæanassa, beloved by Plato, ii. 45.

Archery, i. 201.

Archestratos the gastronomer, ii. 201.

Archias Phugadotheras, ii. 242.

Archimedes, vast ship built by him, iii. 306.

Architecture preceded painting and sculpture, i. 303.

in the heroic ages, ii. 77.

Archytas, manes of, iii. 422.

Argeioi, iii. 55.

Argestos, iii. 320, 322.

Argive money, iii. 262.

Argo, expedition of to Colchis, i. 3.

Argol, iii. 199.

from the Grecian islands, iii. 364.

Argolis, description of, i. 58.

Argonautic expedition commercial, iii. 247.

Argos, pottery of, iii. 329.

its manufacture of arms, iii. 104.

exports of, iii. 333.

women of, i. 396.

Ariadne and Dionysos, a dance, ii. 137.

Ariæan slaves, iii. 67, 67, _n._ 274.

Arisaron from Egypt, iii. 386.

Aristocratic feeling, iii. 102.

Aristophanes, his genius and defects, i. 334.

his attack upon Socrates, i. 337.

his peculiar powers, i. 335.

his immorality, i. 336.

his poetry, i. 336.

Aristotle, his opinion of the Spartan women, i. 384.

Aristoxenos, his lettuces, ii. 327.

Arithmetic, study of, i. 182.

Armour, iii. 162.

used in decorating houses, ii. 121.

Armourers, trade of, iii. 157.

Arms, manufactured at Argos, iii. 104.

of primitive hunters, i. 207.

exported from Athens, iii. 327.

their export prohibited, iii. 291.

Aromatic wines, iii. 128.

Arrows of reeds, iii. 162.

Arrow-heads, iii. 161, _n._ 916.

Art, progress of, i. 396.

philosophy of, i. 307.

causes of its excellence in Greece, i. 297.

spirit of, i. 291.

periods of, i. 293.

works of exported, iii. 330.

of war when neglected, i. 112.

Artemis Brauronia, worship of, i. 403.

her epithets, i. 1, _n._ 742.

character of her beauty, i. 310.

Orthia, i. 103, 104.

Artichoke, on the banks of the Indus, iii. 410.

from Persia, iii. 406.

Artists in Greece appreciated by the public, i. 302.

judges of beauty, i. 298.

highly esteemed, i. 301.

Arts of the Pelasgi, i. 26.

Artizans kept in farms, ii. 331.

Aryballos, a kind of goblet, ii. 115.

Ascoliasmos, a rustic game, i. 156.

Ascoma, iii. 289.

Ash-props for vines, ii. 346.

Asia Minor, exports of, iii. 347.

Askolia, a Dionysiac festival, i. 156.

Aspalathos from Syria, iii. 393.

from Illyria, iii. 370.

Asparagus, ii. 328.

from Lybia, iii. 384.

Aspasia, her character and genius, ii. 46.

Asphodel, groves of, iii. 421.

Ass, the inventor of pruning, ii. 350.

hoof of, how used, iii. 332.

head, a rustic talisman, ii. 326.

Asses, ii. 285.

Arcadian and Argive, iii. 333.

milk of, iii. 212.

Asbestos from Cypros, iii. 362.

Astragal, the sides of, how distinguished, i. 161.

Astragalismos, a game, i. 160.

Astronomy, study of, i. 182.

its origin among shepherds, ii. 408.

Astu, i. 76.

Astypalæa, snails from, iii. 367.

Asylum for slaves, iii. 22.

Athena Polias, chapel of, i. 81.

colossal statue of, i. 73.

Chalciæcos, i. 96.

character of her beauty, i. 310.

Athenian Agora, iii. 120.

bread, iii. 110.

education, superior excellence of, i. 288.

married pair, ii. 32.

commerce, iii. 277.

ladies, their condition, i. 401.

Athenophanes, a buffoon, iii. 404.

Athens, law of, in favour of industry, iii. 97.

extent of its walls, i. 72.

description of, i. 70.

called Hellas, i. 2.

Atlantic citron wood, iii. 308.

Atmosphere of Laconia, i. 95.

Atossa, her desire for Grecian slaves, iii. 5.

Attagas, or francolin, ii. 152.

Attendants in baths, ii. 89.

Attic sheep, ii. 429.

exports, iii. 329.

Attica, peopled by the Pelasgi, i. 21.

form assumed by slavery in, iii. 18.

commerce of, iii. 276.

population of, i. 68.

description of, i. 61.

Auction-mart in the Agora, iii. 123.

Aulis, pottery of, iii. 102, 238, 329.

Autocabdali, extemporaneous actors, ii. 239.

Autochthoneïty of the Pelasgi, i. 3.

Axe for wood-cutting, iii. 179.

Axletrees, with what wood made, ii. 381.

B.

Babylon, dimensions of, i. 72.

Babylonia, soil of, iii. 405.

Babylonian slaves, iii. 64.

Baby, origin of the word, i. 140.

Babyx, bridge of, at Sparta, i. 105.

Bachelors, disreputable at Sparta, ii. 6.

excluded from the gymnasium, i. 387.

Bactriana, emeralds from, iii. 406.

Bactriasmos, a dance, ii. 255.

Bætica, production of, iii. 379.

Baggage of travellers borne by slaves, iii. 35.

Baioulos, or nurse father, i. 136.

Baker, trade of the, iii. 108.

establishment of, 109.

slaves did the work of, iii. 30.

Baking, process of, iii. 109.

Balaneia, i. 197.

Balaneion, ii. 88.

Balls, games with, i. 157.

for children, i. 145.

Balm of Gilead, iii. 391.

Balsam gardens, iii. 391.

Ban dogs, ii. 77.

Barbers, their shops, iii. 139.

their reputation, iii. 138.

Barchæi, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433.

Bards, sacred in Greece, i. 317.

Barley bread, iii. 28, _n._ 128.

duration of its seeds, ii. 387.

Barn-door fowls, from the Adriatic, iii. 369.

Barrow on the plains of Troy, i. 15.

Bars and bolts, ii. 94.

Barter, iii. 249.

Basilinda, a game, i. 154.

Basil-gentle, when watered, ii. 2, _n._ 1301.

Basket-work round flasks, iii. 114.

Bastard emerald, iii. 150.

Bathing-room, ii. 88.

Baths, ii. 89.

Baths, frequented by the poor, ii. 89.

architectural arrangements of, ii. 90.

Battle-axes, iii. 161.

of the Issos, i. 304.

pieces, i. 308.

Baukides, ii. 65.

Baukismos, a dance, ii. 255.

Bazar in the Peiræeus, i. 74.

Bdellion, from Arabia Felix, iii. 400.

Beans, food of cocks, ii. 2, _n._ 1114.

from Philippi, iii. 342.

Bear, hunting of, i. 224.

where found, i. 225.

his habits, &c., i. 226.

an enemy of the bee, ii. 295.

Beards, worn long at Sparta, ii. 71.

perfumed before dinner, ii. 175.

Beasts of burden, iii. 252.

Beautiful, our ideas of the, i. 291.

Beauty, the ideal of, i. 292.

stages of, i. 43.

decline of, i. 301.

estimation in which it was held, i. 297.

honours to, in men, i. 300.

of the Spartans, i. 279.

of Grecian women, i. 370.

of the modern Greeks, i. 1, _n._ 1051.

Beccaficoes, &c., pie made of, iii. 111.

Bed-chambers, ii. 84.

coverings, ii. 104, 105.

Beds of Spartan youths, i. 271.

of flowers, ii. 304.

from Miletos, iii. 104.

from Chios, iii. 104.

Bedsteads, ii. 102, 106.

wood employed in making, iii. 184.

Bee, natural history of the, ii. 291.

Beef, how rendered tender in boiling, iii. 122.

Bees, wild, ii. 290.

three kinds of, distinguished by Aristotle, ii. 296.

attention to their comforts, ii. 293.

their alleged aversion to smells, ii. 293, 2, _n._ 1207.

how known by their owners, ii. 298.

how robbed, ii. 298.

Pontic race, white, ii. 297.

Bee-keepers, ii. 291.

Bees’-wax from Cypros, iii. 367.

Beer, iii. 119.

Beggars, costume of, iii. 90.

song of, iii. 92.

Belgium, pierre franche from, iii. 377.

Bellows, ii. 124.

of the smith, iii. 156.

Belos, the glass coffin of, iii. 436.

Βηλὸς, the name bestowed by the Dryopes on Mount Olympos, i. 13.

Bembyx, or top, i. 147.

Bena, jet from the neighbourhood of, iii. 342.

Bendideion, i. 76.

Benefit clubs, iii. 75.

Betrothment, ii. 11.

Bibasis, a kind of dance, i. 388.

Bills pasted in the agora, iii. 126.

Birds in the farm-yard, ii. 279.

what kinds eaten, ii. 151.

in orchards, ii. 316.

manure of, ii. 383.

their language, i. 367.

Biscuits, iii. 109, _n._ 455.

Bithynians, serfs of the Byzantines, ii. 66.

Bitumen, smeared over vines, ii. 351.

burnt in lamps, iii. 197.

brought from the Dead Sea, iii. 394.

Blackberries eaten, ii. 162.

Black sheep, ii. 429.

shepherds, ii. 2, _n._ 1818.

slaves, iii. 333.

Sea, exports from the, iii. 342.

puddings, ii. 154.

Blindman’s buff, i. 149.

Blinds, ii. 82.

Blocks of stone of vast dimensions, i. 81.

Blood, circulation of, iii. 213.

used instead of soap, iii. 139, _n._ 739.

stones from Africa, iii. 381.

Boar-spears, i. 207.

Bœotia, chariots of, iii. 104.

exports of, iii. 337.

Bœotian commerce with Athens, iii. 124.

Boiling meat, ii. 129.

Bolsters, ii. 104.

Bolting flour, iii. 106.

Book-shelves, ii. 84.

Boots, or half-boots, ii. 65.

Boöneta, i. 96, iii. 250.

Booths in the agora, iii. 121.

Boreas, iii. 320.

Borysthenes, salt fish from, iii. 343, _n._ 1973.

Bosom, generally covered, ii. 67.

Bosporos, crossed by the Pelasgi, i. 4.

exports from the, iii. 342.

abundance of fish in, iii. 236.

Bottiæa, inhabited by the Pelasgi, i. 7.

Bouagor, the, at Sparta, i. 271.

Boughs, what trees raised from, ii. 325.

Boundary olives, ii. 314.

Bous, a didrachma, iii. 251.

Bows, iii. 161.

Bowstring, iii. 161.

Laconian, iii. 336.

Boxing, i. 202.

not allowed in the gymnasia at Sparta, i. 276.

but taught to virgins, according to Propertius, i. 386.

Boys admitted into the gymnasia, i. 193.

drank wine, ii. 136.

why scourged when detected in theft at Sparta, i. 273.

Bracelets, ii. 63.

Brahmins, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433.

Brains eaten, ii. 151.

Bran, how removed from flour, iii. 106.

Brass, used before iron, iii. 153.

sword of, iii. 158.

Brazen fly, a game, i. 150.

Bread, ii. 128.

materials employed in making, iii. 107.

Bread-baskets of silver, ii. 129.

ivory, ii. 22.

Bread-making, process of, iii. 109.

Breast-plates for horses, iii. 164.

Breed of animals, ii. 280.

dogs, i. 214.

horses attended to by Spartan ladies, i. 389.

Breeding-time, chase pursued during, i. 216.

Brenthion, an unguent, iii. 134.

Bridal costume, ii. 15.

gifts, ii. 26.

Bride-cake, ii. 20.

Brick-kilns, inspector of, ii. 95.

Bricks, iii. 176.

manufacture of, ii. 95.

Bright-smiths, assembly of, iii. 98.

Broccoli, ii. 329, iii. 121, _n._ 566.

Brokers had pots and kettles for hire, ii. 123.

Bronteion, a machine for mimicking thunder on the stage, ii. 229.

Bronze of Corinth, iii. 273.

vessels from Cypros, iii. 367.

salvers, ii. 21.

Brood mares, studs of, ii. 280.

Bryallicha, a Spartan dance, i. 389, ii. 255.

Bryton, a kind of wine, iii. 118, _n._ 521.

Buffoons, ii. 25.

their character, ii. 182.

Burials, iii. 417.

Burning glasses, iii. 152, 175.

Bustles, ii. 56.

Butcher, trade of the, iii. 111.

anecdote of one at Miletos, iii. 112.

Butchers’ shops, iii. 112.

Butler, ii. 237.

Byzantium, monopoly at, iii. 287.

C.

Cabbage, its origin, ii. 306.

an enemy to Dionysos, ii. 348.

-seed from Rhodes, iii. 336.

Cabbages, ii. 328.

Cabinet-makers, woods used by, iii. 183.

Cables of vast dimensions, iii. 316.

Cactus for hedges, ii. 2, _n._ 1328.

from Cilicia, iii. 351.

pickled, from Sicily, iii. 373.

Cadmia, from Cypros, iii. 360.

Cæcias, iii. 320.

Cakes, shapes of, iii. 111.

Calabis, a Spartan dance, i. 388.

Calabria, pitch of, iii. 373.

Calamus from Syria, iii. 393.

Calantii ate their parents, iii. 434.

Calasiris, a Persian tunic, ii. 73.

Callicrates, the Spartan, iii. 151.

Callipedes, the actor, ii. 242.

Calves, weaning of, ii. 286.

Calydonian boar, i. 297.

Camel, instrument of civilisation, iii. 246.

Camp stool of Dædalos, i. 84.

Camp stools, iii. 188.

Cancamon, a gum from Arabia, iii. 396.

Candelabra, ii. 120.

Candelabrum of gold, i. 82.

Candlestick of wood, ii. 121.

Canes, Laconian clouded, iii. 334.

Cannibals, ii. 127.

in Peloponnesos, i. 11.

Canopic muscles, iii. 388.

Cantharos, a basin of the Peiræeus, i. 74.

Caper bushes, ii. 330.

Caphesias, the flute-player, i. 187.

Capnodoche, ii. 92.

Cappadocia, lapis specularis of, iii. 346.

orpiment of, iii. 348.

Cappadocian baker, iii. 109.

Caprification, ii. 322.

Caps, manufacture of, iii. 322.

Caranos, his marriage feast, ii. 29.

Caravans, course of, iii. 412, 413.

Carbuncle, iii. 148.

Carbuncles, iii. 334.

from Marseilles, iii. 377.

Arcadian, iii. 332.

Carcanets of rose pastilles, iii. 137.

Cardamums from Syria, iii. 393.

Caria, exports of, iii. 353.

Carian sepulchres, i. 14.

serfs, iii. 66.

mercenaries, i. 16.

conquests, i. 16.

Carians, Pelasgi, i. 4.

a Lelegian tribe, i. 15.

dwelt in rocky places, i. 1, _n._ 54.

Carnelian ring, iii. 148.

Carpathos, island of, i. 219.

Carpenters’ tools, iii. 180.

Carpets, manufacture of, ii. 109, iii. 218.

of Sardis, ii. 104.

from Persia, iii. 407.

Carts, of what wood made, iii. 181.

Carriage melody, ii. 18.

Carriages, ladies rode in, ii. 2, _n._ 107.

Carrying trade, iii. 296.

Carthage, carbuncles from, iii. 383.

its carpets and pillows, ii. 109.

its commerce, iii. 384.

Carthaginians, their trade with the interior, iii. 385.

Caryatides, dance of, ii. 256.

Caryatides, earrings, ii. 62.

Carystos, amianthos of, iii. 356.

Caspians, exposed their parents, iii. 434.

Casques, iii. 163.

Cassander, son of Antipater, a sportsman, i. 228.

Cassia, from Arabia, iii. 401.

Casting statues with pitch, iii. 120, _n._ 553.

Castor oil, making of, ii. 355.

Castorides, a breed of dogs, i. 213.

Castes, did not exist at Athens, iii. 100.

Catillus ornatus, a cake, iii. 111.

Cats, exported from Bœotia, iii. 337.

Cattle, how fattened, ii. 289.

fed on fish, ii. 289.

stalls, ii. 2, _n._ 1081.

Caucons, Pelasgi, i. 4, 7.

of Paphlagonia, i. 4, 12.

a Trojan tribe, i. 14.

in Elis, i. 20.

Caunacè, costume of the Phallophoroi, ii. 240.

Cavalry-parade in the Agora, iii. 127.

Cecrops, not the institutor of marriage, ii. 2.

Cedar-gum, the life of the dead, iii. 218.

Celibacy, disreputable, ii. 5.

Ceilings, ii. 82.

Celtiberian steel, iii. 155.

Celtic eranos, iii. 79.

spikenard, iii. 371.

Cement, iii. 176.

statues of, iii. 177.

Cemeteries, hallowed, iii. 426.

Centaurs, Pelasgi, i. 5.

in Thessaly, i. 10.

Centaury, Peloponnesian, iii. 332, 333.

gathering of, iii. 295.

Ceos, old men poisoned in, iii. 437.

Ceremonies of marriage, ii. 13.

at Sparta, i. 393.

Cerinthos, earth from, iii. 368.

Chæremon, a picture from him, ii. 412.

Chairs, ii. 101.

Chair-makers, price of, iii. 24.

Chairman of an Eranos, iii. 81.

Chalcedon, white rock of, iii. 239.

Chalcophonos, stone used in the masks, ii. 264.

Chalk, medicinal, from Thessaly, iii. 339.

Chalkismos, a game, i. 159.

Chalybean steel, iii. 155, 346.

Chalybes, excelled in the manufacture of steel, iii. 154.

Chandeliers, ii. 121.

Chaones, Pelasgi, i. 7.

in Epeiros, i. 8.

Chaonia, i. 54.

Character of the Greeks, i. 29.

energy and excellence of, i. 46.

Characteristics of the various states, i. 40.

Charcoal, ii. 124.

preparation of, iii. 172.

used in smelting furnaces, iii. 172.

sellers of, in the Agora, iii. 124.

Chares, his entertainment of the citizens, iii. 86.

Charges in public baths, ii. 91.

Chariots, where made, iii. 104.

Charitable Eranæ, iii. 81.

institutions, iii. 79.

Charms, iii. 206.

Charonian staircase in the theatre, ii. 231.

Chase, setting out for the, ii. 215.

of the wild boar, i. 221.

Chastisement of slaves, iii. 20.

Chastity, uncommon in Sparta, i. 390.

Cheerfulness of the Greek character, i. 49.

Cheese in Homeric times, ii. 132.

quality of, ii. 287, 288.

used in pastry, iii. 113.

how preserved, ii. 288.

Gythian and Tromileian, iii. 331.

from Sicily, iii. 375.

moulds for, ii. 2, _n._ 1184.

Cheimera occupied by the Chaones, i. 8.

Chelichelone, a game, i. 151.

Chelidonian rocks, iii. 318.

Chelonis, her story, i. 398, 400.

Chelysma, or false keel, iii. 314.

Chemise, ii. 54.

Chenoboscion, ii. 274.

Cherries, grafting of, ii. 320.

Chervil, from Cilicia, iii. 351.

Chestnuts, ii. 163.

from the Black Sea, iii. 341.

Chests, of what manufactured, iii. 185.

Chian earth, iii. 363.

beds, iii. 104.

wine, iii. 116.

Chians, possessed only barbarian slaves, iii. 12.

slave-traders, iii. 7.

servile wars of, iii. 12.

Childbirth, i. 116.

Childhood, its representative, i. 310.

Child-sacrifice in Syria, i. 1, _n._ 372.

Children, care of, commenced before their birth, i. 113.

of fallen citizens supported by the state, iii. 69.

of disabled soldiers supported by the state, iii. 69.

where exposed at Delphi, i. 122.

denied clean linen at Sparta, i. 171.

Chimneys, ii. 92.

Chiton, ii. 53.

Chitonea, dance so called, ii. 259.

Chlaina, a garment, ii. 69, 70.

Chlamys, a garment, ii. 2, _n._ 70.

Choaspes, water of, ii. 134.

Chœnix-measurers, iii. 67, _n._ 273.

Chœrinæ, a cake, iii. 111.

Choke-weed, its growth how subdued, ii. 388.

Chopping-blocks, ii. 124.

Choreutæ, costume of, ii. 259.

Choros, part of the Agora at Sparta, i. 96.

Chorus, history of, ii. 250, seq.

its origin, ii. 248.

number of, ii. 249.

Chrysocolla, from Thrace, iii. 342.

Chrysonetæ, Cretan slaves, iii. 63.

Chytra, ii. 122.

exposure of infants in, i. 121.

a form of salute, i. 152.

Chytrinda, a game, i. 151.

Cider, ii. 361, iii. 118.

Cilicia, exports of, iii. 351.

Cilician pirates, i. 16.

Cimolian earth, iii. 358, 199.

Cimolos, water coolers of, iii. 114.

Cimon, his generosity to the Athenians, iii. 86.

Cinnabar, manufacture of, iii. 349.

Spanish, iii. 378.

Attic, iii. 330.

Cinnamon, from Arabia, iii. 401.

Circulation of the blood, iii. 213.

Cisterns, where placed, ii. 372.

Cistus, two species of in gardens, ii. 331.

Cithara, of what materials made, iii. 191.

Citharistæ, i. 186.

Citharœdi, i. 186.

Citron tree, ii. 160.

Citron, an antidote, ii. 161.

Citrons, ii. 321.

Civilisation, causes of, i. 208.

Clans, iii. 101.

Clarotæ, Cretan serfs, iii. 63.

Classes of slaves, iii. 26.

Clazomenè, wine of, iii. 116.

Cleanthes, the parasite, ii. 200.

Cleinias, the Pythagorean, i. 187.

Clematis, ii. 313.

Clepsydra, i. 85.

Climate and soil, effect of, i. 43.

force of in Greece, i. 45.

its variations in Greece, i. 51.

of Attica, i. 63.

Clothing of shepherds, ii. 407.

Clouds of Aristophanes, how represented on the stage, ii. 245.

Clover, time of sowing, ii. 390.

Clubs at Athens, iii. 76, 161.

Cnidos, pottery of, iii. 163.

Coal, use of, iii. 174.

mines of Liguria, iii. 373.

Cock-fighting, i. 190.

Coffins, of what woods made, iii. 417.

Colchis, cucumbers of, iii. 346.

Collections, private, of works of art, i. 304.

Colonies from Egypt and Phœnicia, fabulous, i. 28.

Colophon, resin from, iii. 349.

Colophonians, luxury of, ii. 74.

Columbary, construction of, ii. 279.

Columns, why fluted, ii. 83.

Comedy, origin of, ii. 221.

scenery requisite for, ii. 227.

Commerce of remote antiquity, iii. 248.

of Attica, iii. 276.

of Doric states, iii. 245.

Commercial court, iii. 281.

Conchyliatæ vestes, iii. 226.

Confinement, period of, i. 114.

Conflagration of the world, a dance, ii. 258.

Conger fish at table, ii. 179.

Congers, Spanish, iii. 379.

Conon feasts the people, iii. 86.

Consanguinity, disregarded in primitive marriages, ii. 6.

Consul, iii. 282.

Conversation at entertainments, ii. 204.

Convulsions in children, i. 133.

Cook, Athenian, his character, ii. 197, 199.

Cooking in the Homeric ages, ii. 129.

Cooks, &c., lived in the Agora, iii. 125.

Cooper, trade of, iii. 182.

Copais, eels of, iii. 338.

Copses of myrtle, &c., ii. 303.

Copper bolts, iii. 307.

dross, from Cypros, iii. 366.

laminæ in walls of houses, ii. 80.

used instead of iron, iii. 153.

burnt, from Egypt, iii. 389.

Coral, from Sicily, iii. 375.

black, from the Sea of Marmora, iii. 345.

Cordax, a kind of dance, i. 389.

Corinna, influence of her beauty, i. 298.

Corinth, manufactures of, iii. 273.

pottery of, iii. 103.

commerce of, iii. 272.

exports of, iii. 333.

Corinthian slaves, iii. 67, _n._ 273.

Cork tree, account of, ii. 313.

Corn, in what islands produced, iii. 356.

ploughed into the field, ii. 384.

trod out by oxen, ii. 394.

grinding of, iii. 105.

how eaten in early ages, iii. 104.

amount of importation at Athens, iii. 293.

from the Black Sea, iii. 342.

-chandlers in the Agora, iii. 124.

-flag in bread, iii. 107.

-jars, iii. 194.

-laws, iii. 293, 296.

-market, iii. 128.

-ships, iii. 257, 305.

-trade, iii. 292.

Corporal punishment of boys, i. 169.

Corpses, care of, iii. 416.

ominous of evil, i. 368.

Corpulence, a crime at Sparta, i. 271.

Corselets, iii. 163.

Corsica, timber from, iii. 376.

Corycian cave, saffron of the, iii. 350.

Corythalistriæ, i. 142.

Cos, fabrics of, iii. 214.

wine of, ii. 167, iii. 116.

exports of, iii. 366.

silkworms of, iii. 217.

Cosmetics, conversation concerning, ii. 33.

use of, iii. 134.

Cosmo, invented a liquid to harden steel, iii. 155.

Costume of the Greeks, ii. 50.

of Athenian youth, ii. 72.

of a hunter, i. 212.

of choreutæ, ii. 259.

Cothon, bastard emerald from, iii. 383.

Cothons, Laconian, iii. 335.

Cothurni, use of on the stage, ii. 260.

Cottabos, _see_ Kottabos.

Cotton, Egyptian, iii. 388.

manufacture in India, iii. 411.

-tree, in Tylos, iii. 402.

Counterpanes, ii. 106.

Country houses, ii. 271.

Courage of the stag, i. 221.

Courts of houses, ii. 77.

Coverlets of peacocks’ skins, ii. 103.

Cows, ii. 286.

Cradles, i. 117, 136.

Cranaans, Pelasgi, i. 7.

the Pelasgi of Attica so called, i. 22.

Crane dance, so called, ii. 258, and 2, _n._ 1016

or Geranos, a machine used upon the stage, ii. 230.

Cratesiclea, her death, i. 397.

Credit, iii. 280.

Creion, a cake, i. 393.

Cremation, iii. 418.

Crenides, mines of, iii. 340.

Crestona, inhabited by Pelasgi, i. 7.

Crests, iii. 163.

Cretan marksmen, i. 227.

serfs, their divisions, i. 63.

their condition, iii. 65.

education, i. 109.

Cretans, their attempt to subjugate Attica, i. 22.

Crete, a commercial station, iii. 258.

dittany from, iii. 364.

Cribanos, a cake, i. 393, iii. 109.

Criers, iii. 126.

Crimes committed in the wars of Greece, i. 48.

Crocomagma from Syria, iii. 393.

Crocotion, a robe, ii. 58.

Crowns, use of, ii. 304.

Crows, round the Acropolis, i. 1, _n._ 249.

Cruelty of Spartans towards their slaves, iii. 45.

Crypteia, institution of the, i. 275, iii. 49.

Cucumbers, forcing of, 326.

extraordinary ones, ii. 327.

Cuirasses, iii. 163.

Cumin, from Galatia, iii. 350.

Cunei of the theatre, ii. 2, _n._ 872.

Cup-bearers, ii. 191.

slaves, iii. 30.

engravers, ii. 115.

Cupboard, description of the, ii. 111.

Cups, number of, drunk, ii. 194.

their various dimensions, ii. 192.

Curds, ii. 288.

Curetes in Eubœa, i. 5.

worsted in a contest for the Lalantian plain, i. 5.

fly across the Euripos, i. 5.

the Ætolians called by this name in Homer, i. 1, _n._ 17.

take refuge in Acarnania, i. 6.

Curetis, ancient name of Ætolia, i. 5.

Acarnania, i. 1, _n._ 17.

Cushions, ii. 104, 2, _n._ 752.

Cutlery, quality of, iii. 156.

Cyclops, a Pelasgian caste, i. 18.

Cydonian slaves, iii. 64.

wine, iii. 116, and _n._ 13.

Cynisca sent chariots to Olympia, i. 389.

Cynosarges, gymnasium of, i. 195.

children exposed there, i. 124.

Cynosuræ, quarter of the, i. 94, 105.

Cyphi, a perfume, iii. 134.

Cypresses, legend connected with, ii. 305.

Cypros, exports of, iii. 357.

productions of, iii. 361.

hairy sheep from, iii. 368.

Cypselos, prize of beauty proposed by, i. 299.

Cyrenaica, productions of, iii. 384.

Cyrenè, silphion from, iii. 383.

Cythera, commerce of, iii. 269.

Cytherodices, iii. 270.

Cytisus, food of sheep, ii. 2, _n._ 1856.

of fowls, ii. 278.

Cyzicos, a Pelasgian city, i. 1, _n._ 11, 13.

melilot from, iii. 344.

D.

Daggers, varieties of, iii. 159.

Dalmatia, wild turnips from, iii. 369.

Damon, remark of his upon education, i. 187.

Danaos, said to have taught the art of digging wells, ii. 372.

Dances, practised by women, i. 1, _n._ 1144.

mimetic, in the theatre, ii. 252.

at entertainments, ii. 186.

performed by the Choros, ii. 251.

classification of, ii. 253.

Dancing, study of, at Sparta, i. 287.

its character at Sparta, i. 388.

a portion of gymnastics, i. 203.

Dancing-girls at entertainments, ii. 184.

Dardanian slaves, iii. 45.

Dates, ii. 165.

Dates from Syria, iii. 390.

from Arabia, iii. 396.

Day-lily, in bread, iii. 107.

Dead, duties to the, iii. 419.

buried in private cemeteries, ii. 270.

Dearness of fish, ii. 143.

Death, Greek notion of, iii. 415.

Declaration of love, i. 419.

Decoy-dove, ii. 2, _n._ 1126

Decoys, in hunting, i. 230.

Deicelistæ, Spartan actors, ii. 238.

Deicelistic dance at Sparta, i. 389.

Deigma in the Peiræeus, i. 75.

Deimalea, a dance, ii. 255.

Deipnocletor, his office, ii. 172.

Deipnon, ii. 171.

Deity delights in lofty mountains, i. 13.

Delian games, i. 416.

Delos, purification of, iii. 429.

Delphian cutlery, iii. 157.

Demetrius, his magnificent chlamys, iii. 219, _n._ 1314

Demi of Attica, i. 64.

Democracy, its struggles with oligarchy, i. 47.

confers undue influence on women, ii. 36.

Demosthenes, his character as an orator, i. 346.

Dentifrices, iii. 138.

Depilatory preparations, iii. 141.

Derbices, ate their parents, iii. 434.

Deshabille, indecorous, what, ii. 38.

Desposionautæ, iii. 56.

Dessert, iii. 181.

Devices on shields, iii. 166.

Diamonds from Æthiopia, iii. 382.

Dicæa, a celebrated mare, ii. 282.

Didaskaloi, not respected, i. 179.

Dielkustinda, a game, i. 155.

Dill, exported from Egypt, iii. 387.

Dining-rooms, ii. 87.

Dinner, preparations for, ii. 174.

Diodotos, oration of Lysias for the children of, i. 406.

Diogenes, reduced to slavery, i. 171.

his system of education, i. 172.

Dionysiac theatre, ii. 221.

artificers, ii. 233.

Dionysios, a beggar, iii. 90.

Diopos, an earring, ii. 62.

Diphtheræ, clothing of shepherds, ii. 407.

Diploïdion, a garment, ii. 57.

Dipodia, a Spartan dance, i. 388.

Disabilities of slaves, iii. 19.

Disapprobation, mark of, at the theatre, ii. 224.

Discipline of Spartan education, i. 267.

Dishes, number of, ii. 181.

eaten hot, ii. 180.

Disreputable callings, iii. 99.

Districts set apart for the chase, i. 217.

Divans, iii. 83.

method of reclining on, ii. 177.

Divers, their arts, iii. 234.

Divination, i. 367.

Diving-bell, first notion of, iii. 235.

Division of labour, iii. 99.

Dmoës, origin of the name, iii. 4.

Dodona, oracle of, i. 6.

a place of this name in Thessaly, i. 1, _n._ 18

Dodonæan Zeus, fane and oracle of, i. 56.

Does, suckling their fawns, i. 220.

Dog-rose, gathering of, iii. 204.

skin-cap worn by Helots, iii. 45.

Dogs, i. 213.

of what countries famous, i. 214.

of Sparta, iii. 334.

crossed with the tiger, i. 214.

employed as guardians, ii. 77.

in hunting, i. 209.

used by shepherds, ii. 406.

killed during the dog-days at Argos, iii. 211.

Dolopians, Pelasgi, i. 8.

Dolops, son of Hermes, i. 1, _n._ 32

Domestic medicine, iii. 206.

Door-handles, ii. 95.

keepers, ii. 77.

pivots, iii. 181.

Doors, materials of, ii. 94.

Dorian women, their beauty, i. 382.

Dorians, their intellectual cultivation, i. 280.

Dove-cotes, construction of, ii. 279.

Doves, shot with arrows, i. 210.

from Cypros, iii. 368.

from Sicily, iii. 375.

Draco, his laws against vagabondage, iii. 96.

Dragonwort eaten, iii. 108.

Drains, ii. 93.

Dramatic exhibitions, origin of, ii. 220.

Drawing, for what purpose taught, i. 188.

Dreams of evil omen, i. 368.

faith in, ii. 2, _n._ 1780

frightful, how obtained, iii. 213.

Dress, object of, ii. 68.

Drimacos, story of, iii. 13.

heroon of, iii. 427.

Drinking, laws of, ii. 196.

bouts among the Macedonians, ii. 194.

horns, ii. 116, 118.

Dromos of Sparta, i. 101.

a part of the theatre, ii. 225.

Drones, how expelled from hives, ii. 296.

Dryopes, in Doris, i. 10.

in Thessaly, i. 10.

in Epeiros, i. 10.

in Peloponnesos, i. 10.

Ducks, wild, ii. 150.

care of, ii. 277.

Dutch, their laws concerning slavery, iii. 39, _n._ 164.

Duty on corn, fixed, iii. 296.

Dwellings of private people not mean, ii. 75.

Dyeing, iii. 223.

hair, iii. 141.

E.

Eagle, its war with the hare, i. 216.

stones from Arabia, iii. 395.

Early rising, ii. 79.

Earrings, ii. 61.

Earthenware, boats of, iii. 301.

Earthquakes, foretold by birds, i. 2, _n._ 1670

Earths, painters’, iii. 199.

Ebony, from Africa, iii. 381.

Ecbatana, i. 72.

Eccyclema, a machine upon the stage, ii. 227.

Echeia of the theatre, ii. 264.

Echinos, or sea-chestnut, anecdote concerning, ii. 147.

Echo, disliked by bees, ii. 293.

Eclactisma, a dance, ii. 255.

Education, theory of, i. 107.

at Athens, not national, i. 111.

of the Greeks excellent, i. 166.

of the world, i. 262.

of girls, i. 403.

of shepherds, iii. 402.

of slaves, iii. 26, 30.

of the Spartans, Cretans, Arcadians, &c., i. 265.

at Sparta in the hands of the state, i. 266.

objects of at Sparta, i. 288.

Lycurgus’s idea of, i. 385.

at Sparta, martial and severe, i. 270.

of Spartan girls, i. 385, 389.

Eel fisheries, iii. 233.

Eels, ii. 148.

Eggs, how eaten, ii. 156.

Egypt, its exports, iii. 386.

gold mines of, iii. 168.

charcoal of, iii. 174.

Egyptian vines, ii. 337.

marble, iii. 390.

fig-tree, ii. 2, _n._ 1390

Egyptians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433.

Eilapinè, or grand dinner, ii. 172.

Eileithyia, i. 114.

Eiresionè, iii. 92.

Eiscyclema, a machine upon the stage, ii. 228.

Elatea, wheat of, iii. 339.

Elba, iron ore from, iii. 377.

Electra, i. 334.

Elementary instruction, i. 164.

Elephant, a cup, ii. 117.

Elephantinè, undeciduous vines of, ii. 337.

Elis, the Holy Land of the Hellenes, i. 57.

exports of, iii. 332.

Eloquence, study of, i. 235.

Elymœan hares, i. 219.

Elysian fields, iii. 432.

Emancipation of the Helots, iii. 39.

Emathea, occupied by Pelasgi, i. 7.

Embroidery, iii. 219.

in Homeric times, i. 379.

Emerald, engraved for rings, iii. 149.

lions’ eyes made of, iii. 238.

from Egypt, iii. 389.

from Bactriana, iii. 406.

Emetics, iii. 212.

Employments of slaves, iii. 30.

Emporiæ, lines of the, iii. 377.

Empusa, &c., i. 140.

fear of, conquered in children, i. 135.

Empusæ ludus, i. 156.

Enallos, story of, ii. 113.

Encotyle, a game, i. 151.

Endymion, beloved by Sleep, i. 424.

Engraving gems, iii. 151.

Enigmas, ii. 215.

Entertainments, ii. 170.

picture of, ii. 179.

Entimos of Gortyna, his history, ii. 106.

Epeiros, peopled by Pelasgi, i. 6.

included in Greece, by Homer, i. 1, _n._ 177

exports of, iii. 340.

Epeunactæ, iii. 61.

Ephebeion, i. 196.

Ephedrismos, a game, i. 150.

Ephentinda, a game, i. 163.

Ephesos, exports of, iii. 354.

Epiblema, a garment, ii. 57.

Epicnemidian Locrians, i. 11.

Epidamnian commerce, iii. 275.

Epigoneion, a musical instrument, iii. 192.

Episitioi, iii. 87.

Epitaph on a cat, i. 1, _n._ 621

Epithalamium, ii. 26.

Epomis, a garment, ii. 57.

Epostrakimos, a game, i. 153.

Equine beauty, conception of, ii. 283.

Eranistæ, members of Eranoi, iii. 76.

Eranoi, iii. 75.

money regulations of, iii. 83.

Erectheion, description of, i. 80.

Erectheus, chapel of, i. 80.

sea of, i. 85.

Eretrian earths, iii. 363.

Erichthonios, i. 81.

Erinæan jet, iii. 375.

Erinnyes, their duties, i. 360, 361.

Eructeres, iii. 55.

Essedones, ate their parents, iii. 434.

Etesian winds, iii. 322.

Etrurian plate, iii. 104.

Eubœa, adventures in, ii. 418.

exports of, iii. 367.

Eubœan walnut wood, iii. 180.

Eumenides, representation of, i. 412.

Eumolpos, settles at Eleusis, i. 22.

Eunostos, the god of mills, iii. 107.

Eunuchs, porters, iii. 32.

trade in, iii. 17.

from Sardis, iii. 354.

Eunus, story of, iii. 13, _n._ 60

Euphorbia from Laconia, iii. 334.

from Mount Atlas, iii. 384.

Euripides, character of his intellect, i. 332.

Euros, iii. 320.

Eurotas, banks of the, i. 1, _n._ 284

Euryleonis, sent chariots to Olympia, i. 390.

Eurypontidæ, tombs of, i. 98.

Euthydemus, specimens of sophistical arguments from the, i. 255.

Euxine, traces of the Pelasgi on its southern shore, i. 4.

Evergreens, ii. 311.

Exchange, or Deigma, iii. 298.

Exercise necessary for children, i. 144.

Exercises of youth, i. 189.

Exhibitions of art, i. 303.

of industry, iii. 98.

of leeks, ii. 332.

Exomis, a garment, ii. 57, 69.

Exports and imports of Greece, iii. 326.

Exports of Athens, iii. 278.

Exposure of infants, iii. 121.

Eyes, i. 43.

what coloured preferred for, i. 1, _n._ 1053

F.

Fable of the lion, i. 165.

Fables, i. 165, 166.

Façade, ii. 80.

Fair of Komana, iii. 347.

Fairs, iii. 274.

Falconry, i. 228.

in Thrace, i. 229.

Fallowing, ii. 385.

Fallow-grounds, ii. 386.

Families at Sparta, iii. 427.

Family, internal regulation of the, ii. 29.

Fans from Phocis, iii. 339.

Farce, acted during the vintage, ii. 351.

Farmer, his studies, ii. 362, sqq.

Farm-house, interior of, ii. 279.

Fastenings of doors, ii. 94.

Fat tyrant, story of, i. 1, _n._ 872

Fatness, how avoided, ii. 56.

Fawn hunting, i. 219, 220.

Fawn-skin buskins, iii. 222.

Feast of the Fifth Day, i. 128.

Features, uniformity of, among the Scythians, i. 1, _n._ 149

Felloes of wheels, with what made, ii. 381.

Felt, Laconian, iii. 336.

Female education at Sparta, i. 385.

beauty not easily represented, i. 312.

slaves, their employments, iii. 33.

Fermentation, the second, how checked, iii. 116.

Ferocity of the Spartans, iii. 53.

Ferret, used in rabbit-hunting, i. 218.

Ferrymen, iii. 103, _n._ 419

Fertility of parts of Laconia, i. 60.

Festivals, attended by women, i. 404.

Fighting cocks, ii. 155.

Fig-wine, iii. 118.

Figs, ii. 158.

various kinds of, ii. 323.

Attic, iii. 327.

how used in the nursery, i. 137.

from Paros, iii. 356.

tree, grafting of, ii. 319.

planted outside vineyards, ii. 349.

Filial piety, i. 30.

Fine Arts, their influence on education, i. 289.

Fingerlings for archers, iii. 165.

Fire, how procured, ii. 123, iii. 175.

Fish, list of, ii. 149.

dearness of, ii. 143.

their sleep, iii. 242.

eaten in Homeric times, ii. 131.

much eaten in later times, ii. 138.

given to cattle, ii. 289.

buying, ii. 139.

market, ii. 139.

laws of, ii. 142.

Fisheries, iii. 232.

Fisherman’s life, iii. 103.

Fishing in Homeric times, ii. 132.

with hooks, i. 210.

at night, iii. 237.

Fishmongers in the agora, iii. 125.

disreputable trade, 99.

Fish-pond on board ship, iii. 308.

Flail, sometimes used, ii. 395.

Flambeau-sellers in the agora, iii. 125.

Flambeaux, iii. 197.

Flap, used for a bellows, ii. 124.

Flasks, made by prisoners, iii. 114.

Flax, grown in Elis, iii. 215, 333.

Flesh-food, ii. 129.

Flies, what, ii. 173.

Flocks of even numbers, ii. 432.

number of, ii. 405, and _n._ 5.

Floor of kitchen, ii. 93.

Flooring, ii. 81.

Florentine kiss, i. 152.

Flour, how produced, iii. 104.

merchants in the agora, iii. 124.

Flower garden, ii. 302.

beds, ii. 304.

dance, ii. 257.

girls, iii. 128.

sellers in the agora, iii. 123.

Flowered tissues, iii. 218.

Flowers used in crowns, ii. 2, _n._ 1258

mythological association of, ii. 305.

profusion of, ii. 310.

what kind loved by the bee, ii. 292.

Flute, music of the, i. 186, iii. 190.

players in the agora, iii. 125.

Folding seats, iii. 188.

Food, ii. 125.

classification of, ii. 128.

working for, iii. 87.

of the poor, iii. 94.

of slaves, iii. 28.

of the bear, i. 226.

Football, English game of, i. 157.

Footsnares, i. 222.

Foreigners, could not sell in the agora, iii. 99.

Four-post bedsteads, ii. 103.

Fowl-house, ii. 278.

Fowling, i. 206.

cruelty in, i. 230.

Fowls, ii. 150.

care of, ii. 277.

food of, ii. 278.

Frankincense, from Arabia, iii. 396.

Freckles, how removed, iii. 136, seq.

Freedom, how obtained by Attic slaves, iii. 19.

Free states, spirit of education in, i. 238.

Friendship, aptitude of the Greeks for, i. 32.

Frontlets for horses, iii. 164.

Fruit trees, ii. 316.

shops in the agora, iii. 121.

what kinds eaten, ii. 158-165.

how preserved, ii. 358-361.

how moulded by gardeners, ii. 323.

exportation of, iii. 327.

Fruits, how forced, ii. 321.

Fuel, ii. 124, iii. 173.

Fullers, trade of the, iii. 232.

Fullers’ earth, iii. 199.

Fund of the Erani, iii. 80.

Funeral ceremonies, iii. 414.

pile, iii. 418.

Furies, their costume on the stage, ii. 260.

Furniture, ii. 97.

of what woods made, iii. 183.

Furs, imported by Persia, iii. 408.

Future rewards and punishments, i. 356.

G.