half-tribes. To the former belonged two phratries of two gentes each,
i.e., numbers 1 to 4, inclusive, and to the latter two similar phratries,
including gentes 5 to 8.
[Illustration: FIG. 36.--Ponka camping circle.]
FIG. 36.--Ponka camping circle.
Tcinju half-tribe--Thunder or Fire phratry: Gens 1, Hisada,
Legs-stretched-ont-stiff (refers to a dead quadruped); Thunder people.
Gens 2, Touch-not-the-skin-of-a-black-bear. Wind-makers or War phratry:
Gens 3, cixida, Wildcat (in two subgentes: 1, Sinde-agce, Wears-tails,
i.e., locks of hair; Naqce-it'aji, Does-not-touch-charcoal; and
Wasc{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u-it'aji, Does-not-tonch-verdigris. 2, Wami-it'aji,
Does-not-touch-blood). Gens 4, Nika-*d*a-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}na, "Bald human-head;" Elk
people (in at least three subgentes: 1, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-sinde-it'aji,
Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-tail; 2, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e ceze cataji,
Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues; 3, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}aqti ki Anpan cataji,
Does-not-eat-deer-and-elk).
Wajaje half-tribe--Earth phratry: Gens 5, Ma{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}an, Medicine, a buffalo gens,
also called {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-sinde it'aji, Does-not-touch-buffalo-tails (in two
subgentes: 1, Real Ponka, Keepers-of-a-sacred-pipe; 2, Gray Ponka). Gens
6, Wacabe, Dark buffalo (in two subgentes: 1, Buffalo tail, or,{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-ceze
cataji, Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues, or {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-jinga cataji,
Does-not-eat-a-very-young-buffalo-calf; 2, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-*d*a it'aji,
Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-head or skull). Water phratry (?): Gens 7,
Wajaje, Osage (in two subgentes at present: 1, Dark Osage,
Keepers-of-a-sacred-pipe, or Wase{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u-it'aji, Does-not-touch-verdigris, or
Naqce-it'aji, Does-not-touch-charcoal; 2, Gray Osage, or Wes'a wet'aji,
Does-not-touch-serpents; 3, Necta, an Owl subgens, now extinct). Gens 8,
Nuqe, Reddish-yellow buffalo (miscalled Nuxe, Ice). Subgentes uncertain,
but there are four taboo names: Does-not-touch-a-Buffalo-head (or skull),
Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-calf,
Does-not-touch-the-yellow-hide-of-a-buffalo-calf, and
Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues.
THE QUAPAW OR KWAPA
When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages,
described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha,
Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi,
Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1,
U{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a'qpa-qti, Real Kwapa; 2, Ti'-u-a'-dci-man (Toriman), Ti'-u-a-dci' man
(of Mrs Stafford); 3, U-zu'-ti-u'-we (Southois, etc). The fourth was
Tan'wan ji'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small village. Judging from analogy and the fact that the
fifth village, Imaha, was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village
name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people.
The following names of Kwapa gentes were obtained chiefly from Alphonsus
Valliere, a full-blood Kwapa, who assisted the author at Washington, from
December, 1890, to March, 1891:
Nan'panta, a Deer gens; Onphun enikaci{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Elk gens; Qidc e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a,
the Eagle gens; Wajin'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a enikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Small-bird gens; Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a
e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or Ancestral gens; Wasa' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the
Black-bear gens; Mantu' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Grizzly-bear (?) gens; Te
e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Buffalo gens (the ordinary buffalo); Tuqe'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the
Reddish-yellow Buffalo gens (answering to Nuqe of the Ponka, Yuqe of the
Kansa, cuqe of the Osage); Jawe' nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Beaver gens; Hu
i'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Fish gens; Mika'q'e ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Star gens; Pe'tan
e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Crane gens; Can{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Dog (or Wolf?) gens;
Wakan'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Thunder-being gens; Tandcan' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or
Tan'dcan tan'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Panther or Mountain-lion gens;
Ke-ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Turtle gens; Wes'a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Serpent gens; Mi
e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Sun gens. Valliere was unable to say on which side of the
tribal circle each gens camped, but he gave the personal names of some
members of most of the gentes.
On visiting the Kwapa, in the northeastern corner of Indian Territory, in
January, 1894, the author recorded the following, with the assistance of
Mrs Stafford, a full-blood Kwapa of about 90 years of age: Among the Hanka
gentes are the Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a tan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Large Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or Mancka' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Crawfish
people; Wajin{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small-bird people; Jin'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a,
Small-bird people; Te ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Buffalo people, or Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a ji'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small
Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a; An'pan e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Elk people; Qidca' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Eagle people;
Tuqe'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Reddish-yellow Buffalo people; and Can{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Dog
(or Wolf?) people. Mrs Stafford knew that five gentes were not on the
Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a side, three of them, Hu iŽ'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Fish people, Ni'kia'ta
(meaning unknown), and Ke-ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Turtle people, being on the same
side; Mantu' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Lion people; and Ti'ju (answering to the Osage
Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u, the Kansa Tciju, and the Ponka Tcinju), meaning not obtained, which
last is extinct. Mrs Stafford could not tell on which side camped any of
the following gentes given by Valliere: Maqe, Wes'a, Wasa, Jawe, Mikaq'e,
Mi, etc. The only persons capable of giving the needed information are
among those Kwapa who reside on Osage reservation. According to George
Redeagle and Buffalo Calf, two full-blood Quapaw, the Maqe-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a,
Upper World people, were identical with the Wakan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a,
Thunder-being people, of Valliere. These two men said, also, that there
was no single gens known as the Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, that name belonging to a major
division, probably a half-tribe.
THE KANZE OR KANSA
[Illustration: FIG. 37.--Kansa camping circle.]
FIG. 37.--Kansa camping circle.
Among the Omaha the Yata people are those who camp on the yata or left
side of the tribal circle; the Ictunga people, those who camp on the
Ictunga or right side. The tribe is divided into seven phratries, or, as
the Kansa style each, wayunmindan, (i.e., those who sing together), as
follows:
_Phratries_ _Gentes_ _Subgentes_
I 1. Manyinka, _a_, Manyinka
Earth, or tanga, Large
Earth-lodge-makers. earth. _b_,
Manyinka
gaxe,&Manyinka
jinga, Small
earth.
II 2. Ta, Deer, or _a_, Taqtci, Real
Wajaje, Osage. deer. _b_, Ta
yatcaji,
Eats-no-deer, or
Ta ts'eye,
Kills-deer, or
Wadjueta ts'eye,
Kills-quadrupeds.
III 3. Panka, Ponka _a_, Pank
unikacinga, Ponka
people. _b_,
Qundj-alan,
Wear-red-cedar
(-fronds)-on-their-heads.
III 4. Kanze, Kansa, or _a_, Tadje unikacinga,
Tci hacin, Wind people, or Ak'a
Lodge-in-the-rear; unikacinga, South-wind
Last-lodge. people, or Tci hacinqtci,
Real Tci hacin,
Camp-behind-all. _b_,
Tadje jinga, Small-wind,
or Mannanhind-je, Makes-a
breeze-near-the-ground.
III 5. Wasabe, Black _a_, Wasabeqtci, Real
bear. Black-bear, or Sakun
wayatce, Eats-raw
(-food). _b_, Sindjale,
Wears-tails (locks of
hair) -on-the-head.
I 6. Wanaxe, Ghost Not learned.
IV 7. Ke k'in, Not learned.
Carries-a-turtle-on-his-back.
V 8. Min k'in, Not learned.
Carries-the-sun-on-his-back.
I 9. Upan, Elk _a_, Upan-qtci, Real elk,
or Mansanha, referring to
the color of the fur.
_b_, Sanhange, meaning
unknown.
VI 10. Queya, White eagle _a_, Huesada,
Legs-stretched-out-stiff;
Queyunikacinga,
White-eagle people. _b_,
Wabin ijupye,
Wade-in-blood; Wabin
unikacinga, Blood people.
VI 11. Han, Night _a_, Han nikacinga, Night
people. _b_, Dakan
manyin, Walks-shining
(Star people?)
VII 12. Ibatc'e, _a_, Queyego jinga,
Holds-the-firebrand-to-sacred-pipes, Hawk-that-has-a-tail-like-a-"king-eagle;"
or Hanga jinga, small Hanga. "Little-one-like-an-eagle."
_b_, Mika unikacinga,
Raccoon people, or Mika
qla jinga, Small lean
racoon.
VII 13. Hanga tanga, Large Hanga; Hanga A black eagle with spots. Subgentes not
utanandji, recorded.
Hanga-apart-from-the-rest, or Ta
sindje qaga, Stiff-deer-tail.
II 14. Tcedunga, Buffalo (bull), or _a_, Tcedunga, Buffalo with dark hair.
Sitanga, Big feet. _b_, Yuqe, Reddish-yellow Buffalo. (See
Ponka Nuqe, Osage cuqe, Kwapa Tuqe.)
V 15. Tci ju wactage, Tci-ju (Red-hawk people?). Subgentes not
peacemaker. recorded.
II 16. Lu nikacinga, Thunder-being Subgentes not recorded.
people; Ledan unikacinga, Gray-hawk
people.
Great changes have occurred among the Kansa since they have come in
contact with the white race; but when Say visited them in the early part
of the present century they still observed their aboriginal marriage laws.
No Kansa could take a wife from a gens on his side of the tribal circle,
nor could he marry any kinswoman, however remote the relationship might
be. There are certain gentes that exchange personal names (jaje kik'uebe
au), as among the Osage. Civil and military distinctions were based on
bravery and generosity. Say informs us that the Kansa had been at peace
with the Osage since 1806; that they had intermarried freely with them, so
that "in stature, features, and customs they are more and more closely
approaching that people." He states also that the head chief of the Kansa
was Gahinge Wadayinga, Saucy Chief (which he renders "Fool Chief"), and
that the ten or twelve underchiefs did not seem to have the respect of the
people.
Unmarried females labored in the fields, served their parents, carried
wood and water, and cooked. When the eldest daughter married she
controlled the lodge, her mother, and all the sisters; the latter were
always the wives of the same man. Presents were exchanged when a youth
took his first wife. On the death of the husband the widow scarified
herself, rubbed her person with clay, and became careless about her dress
for a year. Then the eldest brother of the deceased married her without
any ceremony, regarding her children as his own. When the deceased left no
brother (real or potential) the widow was free to select her next husband.
Fellowhood (as in cases of Damon and Pythias, David and Jonathan) often
continues through life.
The Kansa had two kinds of criers or heralds: 1, the wadji'panyin or
village crier; 2, the ie'kiye'(Omaha and Ponka i'eki'ce. In 1882, Sansile
(a woman) was hereditary wadji'panyin of the Kansa, having succeeded her
father, Pezihi, the last male crier. At the time of an issue (about 1882)
Sansile's son-in-law died, so she, being a mourner, could not act as
crier; hence her office devolved on K'axe of the Taqtci subgens. In that
year one of the Ta yatcaji subgens (of the Taqtci or Deer gens) was iekiye
number 1. Iekiye number 2 belonged to the Tadje or Kanze (Wind) gens.
THE OSAGE
In the Osage nation there are three primary divisions, which are tribes in
the original acceptation of that term. These are known as the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u utse
pecun*d*a, the Seven Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u fireplaces, Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a utsse pecu*d*a, the Seven
Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces, and Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e utse pecu*d*a, the Seven Osage fireplaces.
Each "fireplace" is a gens, so that there are twenty-one gentes in the
Osage nation. The Seven Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces were the last to join the nation,
according to the tradition of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e people. When this
occurred, the seven Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a gentes were reckoned as five, and the seven
Osage gentes as two, in order to have not more than seven gentes on the
right side of the tribal circle.
At first the Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a utacantse gens had seven pipes, and the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e had as
many. The Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e gave their seventh pipe to the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u, with the right to
make seven pipes from it, so now the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e people have but six pipes,
though they retain the ceremonies pertaining to the seventh.
[Illustration: FIG. 38.--Osage camping circle.]
FIG. 38.--Osage camping circle.
When there is sickness among the children on the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e or right (war)
side of the circle, their parents apply to the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u (Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e?) for
food for them. In like manner, when the children on the left or Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u side
are ill, their parents apply to the Panhka (wactaqe?), on the other side,
in order to get food for them.
The Seven Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u fireplaces occupy the left or peace side of the circle.
Their names are:
1. Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ce, Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u-wearing-a-tail (of hair)-on-the-head; also
called Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u Wanun', Elder Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u; in two subgentes, Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ce, Sun and
Comet people, and Cun{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e i'nik'acin'a, Wolf people.
2. Tse {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a intse', Buffalo-bull face; in two subgentes, of which the
second is Tse' canka' or Min'paha', Hide-with-the-hair-on. The policemen
or soldiers on the left side belong to these two gentes.
3. Min k'in', Sun carriers, i.e., Carry-the-snn (or Buffalo
hides)-on-their-backs. These have two subgentes, _a_, Mini'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a,
Sun people; _b_, Minxa' ska i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Swan people,
4. Tsi'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e, Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u peacemaker, or Tan'wan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a'xe, Village-maker, or,
Ni'wace, Giver of life. These have two subgentes, _a_, Wapin it'a'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}i,
Touches-no-blood, or Queca' {~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}ue'tse, Red-eagle (really a hawk); _b_, Queca'
pa san', Bald-eagle, or Oansan'u'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Sycamore people, the leading
gens on the left side of the circle.
5. Han i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Night people, or Tsi'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u we'ha{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ice, the
Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u-at-the-end, or Tse'canka'. Their two subgentes are: _a_, Night
people proper; _b_, Wasa'*d*e, Black-bear people.
6. Tse {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Buffalo bull. In two subgentes, _a_, Tse {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Buffalo
bull; _b_, cu'qe, Reddish-yellow buffalo (corresponding to the Nuqe of the
Ponka, Tuqe of the Quapaw, and Yuqe of the Kansa).
7. {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}cun, Thunder-being, or Tsi'hacin, Camp-last, or Ma'xe, Upper-world
people, or Ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}'ka wakan'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}i, Mysterious-male-being. Subgentes not
recorded.
On the right (Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e) side of the circle are the following:
8. Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e Wanun', Elder Osage, composed of six of the seven Osage
fireplaces, as follows: _a_, Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e ska', White Osage; _b_, Ke k'in',
Turtle-carriers; _c_, Wake'ce ste'tse, Tall-flags(?), Ehnan' min'tse tun',
They-alone-have-bows, or Minke'ce ste'tse, Tall-flags; _d_, Ta ca'xue,
Deer-lights, or Ta i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Deer people; _e_, Hu i'niqk'acin'a, Fish
people; _f_, Nan'panta, a deer gens, called by some Ke {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a'tsue,
Turtle-with-a-serrated-crest-along-the-shell (probably a water monster, as
there is no such species of turtle).
9. Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a uta'cantsi, Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a-apart-from-the-rest, or Queca'qtsi
i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}-k'acin'a, Real eagle people--the War eagle gens, and one of the
original Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces. The soldiers or policemen from the right side
are chosen from the eighth and ninth gentes.
10. The leading gens on the right side of the circle, and one of the
original seven Osage fireplaces. Pan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}'ka wacta'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e, Ponka peace-maker,
according to a Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u man; in two subgentes, _a_, Tse'wace, Pond-lily, and
_b_, Waca'*d*e, Dark-buffalo; but according to Pan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}'ka wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a'yin{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, a
member of the gens, his people have three subgentes, _a_, Wake'ce, Flags;
_b_, Wa'tsetsi, meaning, perhaps, Has-come hither
(tsi)-after-touching-the-foe (watse); _c_, Quntse', Red cedar.
11. Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a a'hue tun', Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a-having-wings, or Hue'sa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a,
Limbs-stretched-stiff, or Quec i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, White-eagle people, in two
subgentes, which were two of the original Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces: _a_, Hue'sa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a
Wanun', Elder Huesa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a; _b_, Hue'sa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a, those wearing four locks of hair
resembling those worn by the second division of the Wasape tun.
12. Wasa'*d*e tun, Having-black-bears. In two parts, which were originally
two of the Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces: A, Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}cse, Wearing-a-tail- (or
lock)-of-hair-on-the-head; in two subgentes, (_a_) Wasa*d*e, Black bear,
or Han'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a Wa'ts'ekawa' (meaning not learned); (_b_) In{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}cun'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a {~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iu'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a,
Small cat. B, Wasa'*d*e tun, Wearing-four-locks-of-hair, in two subgentes,
(_a_) Minxa'ska, Swan; (_b_) Tse'wace qe'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Dried pond-lily.
13. U'pqan, Elk, one of the seven Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces.
14. Kan'se, Kansa, or I'*d*ats'e,
Holds-a-firebrand-to-the-sacred-pipes-in-order-to-light-them, or A'k'a
i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}ak'acin'a, South-wind people, or Tatse' i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Wind people,
or Pe'tse i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Fire people. One of the seven Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces.
The following social divisions cannot be identified: Oa'*d*e
i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Beaver people, said to be a subgens of the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e, no gens
specified; Pe'tqan i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Crane people, said to be a subgens of
the Han{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a(?) sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ce; Wapun'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Owl people; Manyin'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a
i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Earth people; *d*aqpue' i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, meaning not recorded.
There is some uncertainty respecting the true positions of a few subgentes
in the camping circle. For instance, Alvin Wood said that the Tsewace qe{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a
formed the fourth subgens of the Tse {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a intse; but this was denied by
{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ahi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}ayin{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, of the Tsi'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e, who said that it belonged to the
Pan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}ka wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e prior to the extinction of the subgens. Tsepa {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}axe of the
Wasape gens said that it formed the fourth subgens of his own people. Some
make the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e the third gens on the left, instead of the fourth.
According to {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ahi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}ayin{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, "All the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e gentes claim to have come
from the water, so they have ceremonies referring to beavers, because
those animals swim in the water." The same authority said in 1883 that
there were seven men who acted as wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e, as follows: 1, Ka{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}i{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e,
of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e subgens, who had acted for eight years; 2, Pahue-ska,
of the Bald-eagle or Queca pa san subgens; 3, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}ceman, Clermont, of the
ki*d*anan of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wehakice or Night gens; 6, Pan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}ka wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}ayin{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Saucy
Ponka, of the Wa'tsetsi or Ponka gens; 7, Ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}ka wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}in tana, of the same
gens.