within another, and the same distance apart, because the slope of a
cone is at all points the same.
[Illustration: Fig. 7]
The contours of a half sphere (Fig. 8), are a series of circles, far
apart near the center (top), and near together at the outside
(bottom), showing that the slope of a hemisphere varies at all points,
being nearly flat on top and increasing in steepness toward the
bottom.
[Illustration: Fig. 8]
The contours of a concave (hollowed out) cone (Fig. 9) are close
together at the center (top) and far apart at the outside (bottom).
[Illustration: Fig. 9]
The following additional points about contours should be remembered:
(a) A Water Shed or Spur, along with rain water divides, flowing away
from it on both sides, is indicated by the higher contours bulging out
toward the lower ones (F-H, Fig. 6).
(b) A Water Course or Valley, along which rain falling on both sides
of it joins in one stream, is indicated by the lower contours curving
in toward the higher ones (M-N, Fig. 6).
(c) The contours of different heights which unite and become a single
line, represent a vertical cliff (K, Fig. 6).
(d) Two contours which cross each other represent an overhanging
cliff.
(e) A closed contour without another contour in it, represents either
in elevation or a depression, depending on whether its reference
number is greater or smaller than that of the outer contour. A hilltop
is shown when the closed contour is higher than the contour next to
it; a depression is shown when the closed contour is lower than the
one next to it.
If the student will first examine the drainage system, as shown by the
courses of the streams on the map, he can readily locate all the
valleys, as the streams must flow through valleys. Knowing the
valleys, the ridges or hills can easily be placed, even without
reference to the numbers on the contours.
=For example:= On the Elementary Map, Woods Creek flows north and York
Creek flows south. They rise very close to each other, and the ground
between the points at which they rise must be higher ground, sloping
north on one side and south on the other, as the streams flow north
and south, respectively (see the ridge running west from Twin Hills).
The course of Sandy Creek indicates a long valley, extending almost
the entire length of the map. Meadow Creek follows another valley, and
Deep Run another. When these streams happen to join other streams, the
valleys must open into each other.
=1867. Map Distances (or horizontal equivalents).= The horizontal
distance between contours on a map (called map distance, or M. D.; or
horizontal equivalents or H. E.) is inversely proportional to the
slope of the ground represented--that it to say, the greater the slope
of the ground, the less is the horizontal distance between the
contours; the less the slope of the ground represented, the greater is
the horizontal distance between the contours.
[Illustration: Fig. 10]
+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Slope | Rise | Horizontal |
| (degrees) | (feet) | Distance |
| | | (inches) |
+-----------+--------+--------------+
| 1 deg. | 1 | 688 |
| 2 deg. | 1 | 688/2 = 344 |
| 3 deg. | 1 | 688/3 = 229 |
| 4 deg. | 1 | 688/4 = 172 |
| 5 deg. | 1 | 688/5 = 138 |
+-----------+--------+--------------+
It is a fact that 688 inches horizontally on a 1 degree slope gives a
vertical rise of one foot; 1376 inches, two feet, 2064 inches, three
feet, etc., from which we see that on a slope of 1 degree, 688 inches
multiplied by vertical rises of 1 foot, 2 feet, 3 feet, etc., gives us
the corresponding horizontal distance in inches. For example, if the
contour interval (Vertical Interval, V. I.) of a map is 10 feet, then
688 inches x 10 equals 6880 inches, gives the horizontal ground
distance corresponding to a rise of 10 feet on a 1 degree slope. To
reduce this horizontal ground distance to horizontal map distance, we
would, for example, proceed as follows:
Let us assume the R. F. to be 1/15840--that is to say, 15,840 inches
on the ground equals 1 inch on the map, consequently, 6880 inches on
the ground equals 6880/15840, equals .44 inch on the map. And in the
case of 2 degrees, 3 degrees, etc., we would have:
M. D. for 2 deg. = 6880/(15840 x 2) = .22 inch;
M. D. for 3 deg. = 6880/(15840 x 3) = .15 inch, etc.
From the above, we have this rule:
To construct a scale of M. D. for a map, multiply 688 by the contour
interval (in feet) and the R. F. of the map, and divide the results by
1, 2, 3, 4, etc., and then lay off these distances as shown in Fig.
11, Par. 1867a.
FORMULA
M. D. (inches) = (688 x V. I. (feet) x R. F.) /
(Degrees (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.))
=1867a. Scale of Map Distances (or, Scale of Slopes).= On the
Elementary Map, below the scale of miles and scale of yards, is a
scale similar to the following one:
[Illustration: Fig. 11]
The left-hand division is marked 1/2 deg.; the next division (one-half as
long) 1 deg.; the next division (one-half the length of the 1 deg. division)
2 deg., and so on. The 1/2 deg. division means that where adjacent contours on
the map are just that distance apart, the ground has a slope of 1/2 a
degree between these two contours, and slopes up toward the contour
with the higher reference number; a space between adjacent contours
equal to the 1 deg. space shown on the scale means a 1 deg. slope, and so on.
What is a slope of 1 deg.? By a slope of 1 deg. we mean that the surface of
the ground makes an angle of 1 deg. with the horizontal (a level surface.
See Fig. 10, Par. 1867). The student should find out the slope of some
hill or street and thus get a concrete idea of what the different
degrees of slope mean. A road having a 5 deg. slope is very steep.
By means of this scale of M. D.'s on the map, the map reader can
determine the slope of any portion of the ground represented, that is,
as steep as 1/2 deg. or steeper. Ground having a slope of less than 1/2 deg.
is practically level.
=1868. Slopes.= Slopes are usually given in one of three ways: 1st, in
degrees; 2d, in percentages; 3d, in gradients (grades).
1st. A one degree slope means that the angle between the horizontal
and the given line is 1 degree (1 deg.). See Fig. 10, Par. 1867.
2d. A slope is said to be 1, 2, 3, etc., per cent, when 100 units
horizontally correspond to a rise of 1, 2, 3, etc., units vertically.
[Illustration: Fig. 12]
3d. A slope is said to be one on one (1/1), two on three, (2/3), etc.,
when one unit horizontal corresponds to 1 vertical; three horizontal
correspond to two vertical, etc. The numerator usually refers to the
vertical distance, and the denominator to the horizontal distance.
[Illustration: Fig. 13]
Degrees of slope are usually used in military matters; percentages are
often used for roads, almost always of railroads; gradients are used
of steep slopes, and usually of dimensions of trenches.
=1869. Effect of Slope on Movements=
60 degrees or 7/4 inaccessible for infantry;
45 degrees or 1/1 difficult for infantry;
30 degrees or 4/7 inaccessible for cavalry;
15 degrees or 1/4 inaccessible for artillery;
5 degrees or 1/12 accessible for wagons.
The normal system of scales prescribed for U. S. Army field sketches
is as follows: For road sketches, 3 inches = 1 mile, vertical
interval between contours (V. I.) = 20 ft.; for position sketches, 6
inches = 1 mile, V. I. = 10 ft.; for fortification sketches, 12 inches
= 1 mile, V. I. = 5 ft. On this system any given length of M. D.
corresponds to the same slope on each of the scales. For instance, .15
inch between contours represents a 5 deg. slope on the 3-inch, 6-inch and
12-inch maps of the normal system. Figure 11, Par. 1867a, gives the
normal scale of M. D.'s for slopes up to 8 degrees. A scale of M. D.'s
is usually printed on the margin of maps, near the geographical scale.
=1870. Meridians.= If you look along the upper left hand border of the
Elementary Map (back of Manual), you will see two arrows, as shown in
Fig. 14, pointing towards the top of the map.
[Illustration: Fig. 14]
They are pointing in the direction that is north on the map. The arrow
with a full barb points toward the north pole (the True North Pole) of
the earth, and is called the True Meridian.
The arrow with but half a barb points toward what is known as the
Magnetic Pole of the earth, and is called the Magnetic Meridian.
The Magnetic Pole is a point up in the arctic regions, near the
geographical or True North Pole, which, on account of its magnetic
qualities, attracts one end of all compass needles and causes them to
point towards it, and as it is near the True North Pole, this serves
to indicate the direction of north to a person using a compass.
Of course, the angle which the Magnetic needle makes with the True
Meridian (called the Magnetic Declination) varies at different points
on the earth. In some places it points east of the True Meridian and
in others it points west of it.
It is important to know this relation because maps usually show the
True Meridian and an observer is generally supplied with a magnetic
compass. Fig. 15 shows the usual type of Box Compass. It has 4
cardinal points, N, E, S and W marked, as well as a circle graduated
in degrees from zero to 360 deg., clockwise around the circle. To read the
magnetic angle (called magnetic azimuth) of any point from the
observer's position the north point of the compass circle is pointed
toward the object and the angle indicated by the north end of the
needle is read.
[Illustration: Fig. 15]
You now know from the meridians, for example, in going from York to
Oxford (see Elementary Map) that you travel north; from Boling to
Salem you must travel south; going from Salem to York requires you to
travel west; and from York to Salem you travel east. Suppose you are
in command of a patrol at York and are told to go to Salem by the most
direct line across country. You look at your map and see that Salem is
exactly east of York. Next you take out your field compass (Figure 15,
Par. 1870), raise the lid, hold the box level, allow the needle to
settle and see in what direction the north end of the needle points
(it would point toward Oxford). You then know the direction of north
from York, and you can turn your right and go due east towards Salem.
Having once discovered the direction of north on the ground, you can
go to any point shown on your map without other assistance. If you
stand at York, facing north and refer to your map, you need no guide
to tell you that Salem lies directly to your right; Oxford straight in
front of you; Boling in a direction about halfway between the
directions of Salem and Oxford, and so on.
=1871. Determination of positions of points on map.= If the distance,
height and direction of a point on a map are known with respect to any
other point, then the position of the first point is fully determined.
The scale of the map enables us to determine the distance; the
contours, the height; and the time meridian, the direction.
Thus (see map in pocket at back of book), Pope Hill (sm') is 800 yards
from Grant Hill (um') (using graphical scale), and it is 30 feet
higher than Grant Hill, since it is on contour 870 and Grant Hill is
on contour 840; Pope Hill is also due north of Grant Hill, that is,
the north and south line through Grant Hill passes through Pope Hill.
Therefore, the position of Pope Hill is fully determined with respect
to Grant Hill.
Orientation
=1872.= In order that directions on the map and on the ground shall
correspond, it is necessary for the map to be oriented, that is, the
true meridian of the map must lie in the same direction as the true
meridian through the observer's position on the ground, which is only
another way of saying that the lines that run north and south on the
map must run in the same direction as the lines north and south on the
ground. Every road, stream or other feature on the map will then run
in the same direction as the road, stream or other feature itself on
the ground, and all the objects shown on the map can be quickly
identified and picked out on the ground.
Methods of Orienting a Map
1st. By magnetic needle: If the map has a magnetic meridian marked on
it as is on the Leavenworth map (in pocket at back of book), place the
sighting line, a-b, of the compass (Fig. 15) on the magnetic meridian
of the map and move the map around horizontally until the north end of
the needle points toward the north of its circle, whereupon the map is
oriented. If there is a true meridian on the map, but not a magnetic
meridian, one may be constructed as follows, if the magnetic
declination is known:
(Figure 16): Place the true meridian of the map directly under the
magnetic needle of the compass and then move the compass box until
the needle reads an angle equal to the magnetic declination. A line in
extension of the sighting line a'-b' will be the magnetic-meridian. If
the magnetic declination of the observer's position is not more than
4 deg. or 5 deg., the orientation will be given closely enough for ordinary
purposes by taking the true and magnetic meridians to be identical.
2d. If neither the magnetic nor the true meridian is on the map, but
the observer's position on the ground is known: Move the map
horizontally until the direction of some definite point on the ground
is the same as its direction on the map; the map is then oriented. For
example, suppose you are standing on the ground at 8, q k' (Fort
Leaven worth Map), and can see the U. S. penitentiary off to the
south. Hold the map in front of you and face toward the U. S.
penitentiary, moving the map until the line joining 8 and the U. S.
penitentiary (on the map) lies in the same direction as the line
joining those two points on the ground. The map is now oriented.
[Illustration: Fig. 16]
Having learned to orient a map and to locate his position on the map,
one should then practice moving over the ground and at the same time
keeping his map oriented and noting each ground feature on the map as
it is passed. This practice is of the greatest value in learning to
read a map accurately and to estimate distances, directions and slopes
correctly.
True Meridian
=1873.= The position of the true meridian may be found as follows
(Fig. 17): Point the hour hand of a watch toward the sun; the line
joining the pivot and the point midway between the hour hand and XII
on the dial, will point toward the south; that is to say, if the
observer stands so as to face the sun and the XII on the dial, he will
be looking south. To point the hour hand exactly at the sun, stick a
pin as at (a) Fig. 17 and bring the hour hand into the shadow. At
night, a line drawn toward the north star from the observer's position
is approximately a true meridian.
[Illustration: Fig. 17]
The line joining the "pointers" of the Great Bear or Dipper, prolonged
about five times its length passes nearly through the North Star,
which can be recognized by its brilliancy.
[Illustration: Fig. 18]
=1874. Conventional Signs.= In order that the person using a map may
be able to tell what are roads, houses, woods, etc., each of these
features are represented by particular signs, called conventional
signs. In other words, conventional signs are certain marks or symbols
shown on a map to designate physical features of the terrain. (See
diagram, Par. 1875 Plate I and II.) On the Elementary Map the
conventional signs are all labeled with the name of what they
represent. By examining this map the student can quickly learn to
distinguish the conventional signs of most of the ordinary features
shown on maps. These conventional signs are usually graphical
representations of the ground features they represent, and, therefore,
can usually be recognized without explanation.
For example, the roads on the Elementary Map can be easily
distinguished. They are represented by parallel lines (======). The
student should be able to trace out the route of the Valley Pike, the
Chester Pike, the County Road, and the direct road from Salem to
Boling.
Private or farm lanes, and unimproved roads are represented by broken
lines (= = = =). Such a road or lane can be seen running from the
Barton farm to the Chester Pike. Another lane runs from the Mills farm
to the same Pike. The small crossmarks on the road lines indicate
barbed wire fences; the round circles indicate smooth wire; the small,
connected ovals (as shown around the cemetery) indicate stone walls,
and the zigzag lines (as shown one mile south of Boling) represent
wooden fences.
Near the center of the map, by the Chester Pike, is an orchard. The
small circles, regularly placed, give the idea of trees planted in
regular rows. Each circle does not indicate a tree, but the area
covered by the small circles does indicate accurately the area covered
by the orchard on the ground.
Just southwest of Boling a large woods (Boling Woods) is shown. Other
clumps of woods, of varying extent, are indicated on the map.
The course of Sandy Creek can be readily traced, and the arrows placed
along it, indicate the direction in which it flows. Its steep banks
are indicated by successive dashes, termed _hachures_. A few trees are
shown strung along its banks. Baker's Pond receives its water from the
little creek which rises in the small clump of timber just south of
the pond, and the hachures along the northern end represent the steep
banks of a dam. Meadow Creek flows northeast from the dam and then
northwest toward Oxford, joining Woods Creek just south of that town.
York Creek rises in the woods 1-1/4 miles north of York, and flows
south through York. It has a west branch which rises in the valleys
south of Twin Hills.
A railroad is shown running southeast from Oxford to Salem. The
hachures, unconnected at their outer extremities, indicate the fills
or embankments over which the track runs. Notice the fills or
embankments on which the railroad runs just northwest of Salem; near
the crossing of Sandy Creek; north of Baker's Pond; and where it
approaches the outskirts of Oxford. The hachures, connected along
their outer extremities, represent the cut through which the railroad
passes. There is only one railroad cut shown on the Elementary
Map--about one-quarter of a mile northeast of Baker's Pond--where it
cuts through the northern extremity of the long range of hills,
starting just east of York. The wagon roads pass through numerous
cuts--west of Twin Hills, northern end of Sandy Ridge, southeastern
end of Long Ridge, and so on. The small T's along the railroad and
some of the wagon roads, indicate telegraph or telephone lines.
The conventional sign for a bridge is shown where the railroad crosses
Sandy Creek on a trestle. Other bridges are shown at the points the
wagon roads cross this creek. Houses or buildings are shown in Oxford,
Salem, York and Boling. They are also shown in the case of a number of
farms represented--Barton farm, Wells farm, Mason's, Brown's, Baker's
and others. The houses shown in solid black are substantial structures
of brick or stone; the buildings indicated by rectangular outlines are
"out buildings," barns, sheds, etc.
Plates I and II give the Conventional Signs used on military maps and
they should be thoroughly learned.
[Illustration: Plate I]
[Illustration: Plate II]
In hasty sketching, in order to save time, instead of using the
regulation Conventional Signs, very often simply the outline of the
object, such as a wood, a vineyard, a lake, etc., is indicated, with
the name of the object written within the outline, thus:
[Illustration: Fig. 19]
Such means are used very frequently in rapid sketching, on account of
the time that they save.
By reference to the map of Fort Leavenworth, the meaning of all its
symbols is at once evident from the names printed thereon; for
example, that of a city, woods, roads, streams, railroad, etc.; where
no Conventional Sign is used on any area, it is to be understood that
any growths thereon are not high enough to furnish any cover. As an
exercise, pick out from the map the following conventional signs:
Unimproved road, cemetery, railroad track, hedge, wire fence, orchard,
streams, lake. The numbers on the various road crossings have no
equivalent on the ground, but are placed on the maps to facilitate
description of routes, etc. Often the numbers at road crossings on
other maps denote the elevation of these points.
Visibility
=1875.= The problem of visibility is based on the relations of
contours and map distances previously discussed, and includes such
matters as the determination of whether a point can or can not be seen
from another; whether a certain line of march is concealed from the
enemy; whether a particular area is seen from a given point.
On account of the necessary inaccuracy of all maps it is impossible to
determine exactly how much ground is visible from any given
point--that is, if a correct reading of the map shows a certain point
to be just barely visible, then it would be unsafe to say positively
that on the ground this point could be seen or could not be seen. It
is, however, of great importance for one to be able to determine at a
glance, within about one contour interval, whether or not such and
such a point is visible; or whether a given road is generally visible
to a certain scout, etc. For this reason no effort is made to give an
exact mathematical solution of problems in visibility further than
would be useful in practical work with a map in the solution of map
problems in patrolling.
In the solution of visibility problems, it is necessary that one
should thoroughly understand the meaning of profiles and their
construction. A profile is the line supposed to be cut from the
surface of the earth by an imaginary vertical (up and down) plane.
(See Fig. 21.) The representation of this line to scale on a sheet of
paper is also called a profile. Figure 21 shows a profile on the line
D--y (Figure 20) in which the horizontal scale is the same as that of
the map (Figure 20) and the vertical scale is 1 inch = 40 feet. It is
customary to draw a profile with a greater vertical than horizontal
scale in order to make the slopes on the profile appear to the eye as
they exist on the ground. Consequently, always note especially the
vertical scale in examining any profile; the horizontal scale is
usually that of the map from which the profile is taken.
[Illustration: Fig. 20]
[Illustration: Fig. 21]
A profile is constructed as follows: (Fig. 21): Draw a line D'--y'
equal in length to D--y on the map. Lay off on this line from D'
distances equal to the distances of the successive contours from D on
the map. At each of these contour points erect a perpendicular equal
to the elevation of this particular contour, as shown by the vertical
scale (960, 940, 920, etc.) on the left. Join successively these
verticals by a smooth curve, which is the required profile. Cross
section paper with lines printed 1/10 inch apart horizontally and
vertically simplifies the work of construction, by avoiding the
necessity of laying off each individual distance.
=1876. Visibility Problem.= To determine whether an observer with his
eye at D can see the bridge at XX (Figure 20). By examining the
profile it is seen that an observer, with his eye at D, looking along
the line D--XX, can see the ground as far as (a) from (a) to (b), is
hidden from view by the ridge at (a); (b) to (c) is visible; (c) to
(d) is hidden by the ridge at (c). By thus drawing the profiles, the
visibility of any point from a given point may be determined. The work
may be much shortened by drawing the profile of only the observer's
position (D) of the point in question, and of the probable obstructing
points (a) and (c). It is evidently unnecessary to construct the
profile from D to x, because the slope being concave shows that it
does not form an obstruction.
The above method of determining visibility by means of a profile is
valuable practice for learning slopes of ground, and the forms of the
ground corresponding to different contour spacings.
Visibility of Areas
=1877.= To determine the area visible from a given point the same
method is used. First mark off as invisible all areas hidden by woods,
buildings, high hills, and then test the doubtful points along lines
such as D--XX, Figure 20. With practice the noncommissioned officer
can soon decide by inspection all except the very close cases.
This method is a rapid approximation of the solution shown in the
profile. In general it will not be practicable to determine the
visibility of a point by this method closer than to say the line of
sight pierces the ground between two adjoining contours.
CHAPTER II
MILITARY SKETCHING
(While this chapter presents the principal features of military
sketching in a simple, clear manner, attention is invited to the
fact that the only way that any one who has never done any
sketching can follow properly the statements made, is to do so
with the instruments and the sketching material mentioned at hand.
In fact, the only way to learn how to sketch is to _sketch_.)
=1878.= A military sketch is a rough map showing the features of the
ground that are of military value.
Military sketching is the art of making such a military sketch.
Military sketches are of three kinds:
Position sketches, Fig. 1;
Outpost sketches;
Road sketches.
All kinds of military sketches are intended to give a military
commander detailed information of the ground to be operated over, when
this is not given by the existing maps, or when there are no maps of
the area.
The general methods of sketching are:
(1) The location of points by intersection.
(2) The location of points by resection.
=1879. Location of points by intersection.= To locate a point by
intersection proceed as follows: Set up, level and orient the
sketching board (Par. 1872), at A, Fig. 1. The board is said to be
oriented when the needle is parallel to the sides of the compass
trough of the drawing board, Fig 2. (At every station the needle must
have this position, so that every line on the sketch will be parallel
to the corresponding line or direction on the ground.) Assume a point
(A) on the paper, Fig. 1 Y, in such a position that the ground to be
sketched will fall on the sheet. Lay the ruler on the board and point
it to the desired point (C), all the while keeping the edge of the
ruler on the point (A), Fig. 1 Y. Draw an indefinite line along the
edge. Now move to (B), Fig. 1 X, plotted on the map in (b), Fig. 1 X,
and having set up, leveled and oriented as at (A), Fig. 1 Y, sight
toward (C) as before. The intersection (crossing) of the two lines
locates (C) on the sketch at (c), Fig. 1 X.
[Illustration: Fig. 1]
=1880. Locating points by resection.= A sketcher at an unknown point
may locate himself from two visible known points by setting up and
orienting his sketching board. He then places his alidade (ruler) so
that it points at one of the known points, keeping the edge of the
alidade touching the corresponding point on the sketch. He then draws
a ray (line) from the point toward his eye. He repeats the performance
with the other visible known point and its location on the map. The
point where the rays intersect is his location. This method is called
_resection_. However, local attractions for the compass greatly affect
this method.
=1881. The location of points by traversing.= To locate a point by
traversing is done as follows: With the board set up, leveled and
oriented at A, Fig. 1 Y, as above, draw a line in the direction of the
desired point B, Fig. 1 X, and then move to B, counting strides,
keeping record of them with a tally register, Fig. 3, if one is
available. Set up the board at B, Fig. 1 X, and orient it by laying
the ruler along the line (a)-(b), Fig. 1 X, and moving the board until
the ruler is directed toward A, Fig. 1 Y, on the ground; or else
orient by the needle as at A. With the scale of the sketcher's strides
on the ruler, lay off the number of strides found from A, Fig. 1 Y, to
B, Fig. 1 X, and mark the point (b), Fig. 1 X. Other points, such as
C, D, etc., would be located in the same way.
=1882. The determination of the heights of hills, shapes of the
ground, etc., by contours.= To draw in contours on a sketch, the
following steps are necessary:
[Illustration: Fig. 2]
(a) From the known or assumed elevation of a located station as A,
Fig. 1 Y, (elevation 890), the elevations of all hill tops, stream
junctures, stream sources, etc, are determined.
(b) Having found the elevations of these critical points the contours
are put in by spacing them so as to show the slope of the ground along
each line such as (a)-(b), (a)-(c), etc., Fig. 1 Y, as these slopes
actually are on the ground.
[Illustration: (Tally Register)--Fig. 3]
[Illustration: (Clinometer)--Fig. 4]
To find the elevation of any point, say C (shown on sketch as c),
proceed as follows:
Read the vertical angle with slope board, Fig. 2, or with a
clinometer, Fig. 4. Suppose this is found to be 2 degrees; lay the
scale of M. D.[22] (ruler, Fig. 2) along (a)-(c), Fig. 1 Y, and note
the number of divisions of -2 degrees (minus 2 deg.) between (a) and (c).
Suppose there are found to be 5-1/2 divisions; then, since each
division is 10 feet, the total height of A above C is 55 feet (5-1/2 x
10). C is therefore 835 ft. elev. which is written at (c), Fig. 1 Y.
Now looking at the ground along A-C, suppose you find it to be a very
decided concave (hollowed out) slope, nearly flat at the bottom and
steep at the top. There are to be placed in this space (a)-(c), Fig. 1
Y, contours 890, 880, 870, 860 and 850, and they would be spaced close
at the top and far apart near (c), Fig. 1 Y, to give a true idea of
the slope.
The above is the entire principle of contouring in making sketches and
if thoroughly learned by careful repetition under different
conditions, will enable the student to soon be able to carry the
contours with the horizontal locations.
=1883.= In all maps that are to be contoured some plane, called the
_datum plane_, must be used to which all contours are referred. This
plane is usually mean sea level and the contours are numbered from
this plane upward, all heights being elevations above mean sea level.
In a particular locality that is to be sketched there is generally
some point the elevation of which is known. These points may be bench
marks of a survey, elevation of a railroad station above sea level,
etc. By using such points as the reference point for contours the
proper elevations above sea level will be shown.
In case no point of known elevation is at hand the elevation of some
point will have to be assumed and the contours referred to it.
Skill in contouring comes only with practice but by the use of
expedients a fairly accurate contoured map can be made. In contouring
an area the stream lines and ravines form a framework or skeleton on
which the contours are hung more or less like a cobweb. These lines
are accurately mapped and their slopes determined and the contours are
then sketched in.
If the sketcher desires he may omit determining the slopes of the
stream lines and instead determine the elevations of a number of
critical points (points where the slope changes) in the area and then
draw in the contours remembering that contours bulge downward on
slopes and upward on streams lines and ravines.
If time permits both the slopes of the stream lines and the elevation
of the critical points may be determined and the resulting sketch will
gain in accuracy.
Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 show these methods of determining and
sketching in contours.
[Illustration: Fig. 5]
[Illustration: Fig. 6]
[Illustration: Fig. 7]
[Illustration: Fig. 8]
[Illustration: Fig. 9]
=1884. Form lines.= It frequently happens that a sketch must be made
very hastily and time will not permit of contouring. In this case form
lines are used. These lines are exactly like contours except that the
elevations and forms of the hills and depressions which they represent
are estimated and the sketcher draws the form lines in to indicate the
varying forms of the ground as he sees it.
=1885. Scales.= The Army Regulations prescribe a uniform system of
scales and contour intervals for military maps, as follows:
Road sketches and extended positions; scale 3 inches to a mile,
vertical (or contour) interval, 20 feet.
Position or outpost sketches; scale 6 inches to a mile, vertical (or
contour) interval, 10 feet.
This uniform system is a great help in sketching as a given map
distance, Par. 1867a, represents the same degree of slope for both the
3 inch to the mile or the 6 inch to the mile scale. The map distances
once learned can be applied to a map of either scale and this is of
great value in sketching.
Construction of Working Scales
=1886. Working scale.= A _working scale_ is a scale used in making a
map. It may be a scale for paces or strides or revolutions of a wheel.
=1887. Length of pace.= The length of a man's pace at a natural walk
is about 30 inches, varying somewhat in different men. Each man must
determine his own length of pace by walking several times over a known
distance. In doing this be sure to take a natural pace. When you know
your length of pace you merely count your paces in going over a
distance and a simple multiplication of paces by length of pace gives
your distance in inches.
In going up and down slopes one's pace varies. On level ground careful
pacing will give you distances correct to within 3% or less.
The following tables give length of pace on slopes of 5 degrees to 30
degrees, corresponding to a normal pace on a level of 30.4 inches:
+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Slopes | 0 deg.| 5 deg.| 10 deg.| 15 deg.| 20 deg.| 25 deg.| 30 deg.|
+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Length of step ascending | 30.4| 27.6| 24.4| 22.1| 19.7| 17.8| 15.0|
|Length of step descending| 30.4| 29.2| 28.3| 27.6| 26.4| 23.6| 19.7|
+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
For the same person, the length of step decreases as he becomes tired.
To overcome this, ascertain the length of pace when fresh and when
tired and use the first scale in the morning and the latter in the
afternoon.
The result of the shortening of the pace due to fatigue or going over
a slope, is to make the map larger than it should be for a given
scale. This is apparent when we consider that we take more paces in
covering a given distance than we would were it on a horizontal plane
and we were taking our normal pace.
In going up or down a slope of 3 or 4 we actually walk 5 units, but
cover only 4 in a horizontal direction. Therefore, we must make
allowance when pacing slopes.
In counting paces count each foot as it strikes. In counting strides
count only 1 foot as it strikes. A stride is two paces.
In practice it has been found that the scale of strides is far more
satisfactory than a scale of paces.
=1888. How to make a scale of paces.= Having determined the length of
our pace, any one of the following three methods may be used in making
a working scale:
_1st method._ The so-called "One thousand unit rule" method is as
follows:
Multiply the R. F. (representative fraction) by the number of inches
in the unit of measure multiplied by 1000; the result will be the
length of line in inches necessary to show 1000 units.
For example, let us suppose that we desire a graphic scale showing
1000 yards, the scale of the map being 3 inches equal 1 mile:
Multiply 1/21120 (R. F.) by 36 (36 inches in 1 yard, the unit of
measure) by 1000,--that is,
(1/21120) x 36 x 1000 = 36000/21120 = 1.7046 inches.
Therefore, a line or graphic scale 1.7 inches in length will represent
1000 yards.
If we desire a working scale of paces at 3 inches to the mile, and we
have determined that our pace is 31 inches long, we would have
(1/21120) x 31 x 1000 = 31000/21120 = 1.467 inches.
We can now lay off this distance and divide it into ten equal parts,
and each will give us a 100-pace division.
_2nd method._ Lay off 100 yards; ascertain how many of your paces are
necessary to cover this distance; multiply R. F. by 7,200,000, and
divide by the number of paces you take in going 100 yards. The result
will be the length of line in inches which will show 2000 of your
paces.
_3rd method._ Construct a scale of convenient length, about 6 inches,
as described in Par. 1863, to read in the units you intend to measure
your distance with (your stride, pace, stride of a horse, etc.), to
the scale on which you intend to make your sketch.
For example, suppose your stride is 66 inches long (33 inch pace) and
you wish to make a sketch on a scale of 3 inches = 1 mile. The R. F.
of this scale is 3 inches/1 mile = 3 inches/63360 inches = 1/21120.
That is 1 inch on your sketch is to represent 21120 inches on the
ground. As you intend to measure your ground distances by counting
your strides of 66 inches length, 1 inch on the sketch will represent
as many of your strides on the ground as 66 is contained into 21120 =
320 strides. For convenience in sketching you wish to make your scale
about 6 inches long. Since 1 inch represents 320 strides, 6 inches
will represent 6 x 320 = 1,920 strides. As this is an odd number,
difficult to divide into convenient subdivisions of hundreds, fifties,
etc., construct your scale to represent 2,000 strides, which will give
it a length slightly in excess of 6 inches--6.25. Lay off this length
and divide it into ten main divisions of 200 strides each, and
subdivide these into 50 stride divisions as explained in Par. 1862.
=1889. Position sketching.= The following are the instruments used in
position sketching:
1. Drawing board with attached compass (Fig. 2);
2. Loose ruler, on board (Fig. 2);
3. Rough tripod or camera tripod;
4. Scale of M. D.'s (shown on ruler, Fig. 2);
5. Scale of sketchers, strides or paces (at six inches to one mile),
on ruler;
6. Clinometer (not necessary if board has slope board, Fig. 6);
7. Scale of hundreds of yards shown on ruler;
8. Scale of paces.
Methods to be used
(1) Select a base line,--that is, a central line 1/4 to 1/2 mile long
in the area to be sketched. It should have at its ends some plainly
marked objects, such as telegraph poles, trees, corners of buildings,
etc., and from its ends, and intermediate points, a good view of the
area should be possible. The base line selected should be capable of
being measured.
(2) Set up, level and orient the drawing board at one end of the base
(A), Fig. 1, Y, for example. Draw a meridian on the sheet parallel to
the position of the magnetic needle. Assume a point (A), Fig. 1, Y,
corresponding to the ground point (A), 890, on the sheet, in such a
position that the area to be sketched will lie on the sheet.
(3) Sight at hilltops, stream junctures, stream heads, etc., to begin
the locations of these points by intersection, labelling each ray so
as to be able to identify it later.
(4) Traverse to (b) and complete the locations by intersection as
previously explained. If the base line is not accurately measured, the
map will be correct within itself in all of its proportions, but its
scale will not necessarily be the scale desired.
(5) Draw the details of the country between A and B and in the
vicinity of this line, using the conventional signs for roads, houses,
etc.
(6) The lines from station (b), Fig. 1, X, to any of the other located
points may now be used as a new base line to carry the work over
additional area.
(7) In case parts of the area are not visible from a base line, these
parts are located by traversing as before explained.
(8) Having learned by several repetitions the above steps, the
sketcher will then combine contouring with his horizontal locations.
=1890. Outpost sketching.= The same instruments are used as in
position sketching, and so are the methods the same, except that the
sketcher cannot advance beyond the outpost line, toward the supposed
position of the enemy. It is often possible to select a measurable
base line well in rear of the line of observation,--for instance,
along the line of resistance. Secondary base lines may then be taken
on or near the line of observation, from the extremities of which
additional base lines may be selected, if necessary, and points toward
the enemy's position located by intersection. Details are sketched in
as in position sketching. For obvious reasons, no traversing should be
done along the line of observation.
=1891. Road sketching.= The following are the instruments used in road
sketching:
1. Drawing board or sketching case;
2. Loose ruler;
3. Scale of strides, or paces, if made dismounted; scale of time
trotting or walking, if mounted;
4. Scale of hundreds of yards, at three inches to 1 mile;
5. Scale of M. D.'s;
6. Slope board (if clinometer is not available).
Methods to be used
(1) At station 1, Fig. 10, orient the board as described in par. 1872,
holding the board in the hands, in front of the body of the sketcher,
who faces toward station 2.
[Illustration: Fig. 10]
(2) Important points in the vicinity, such as the railroad bridge, the
stream juncture, hilltops, are sighted for intersections, lines drawn
as shown and the sketcher traverses to station 2.
(3) At station 2 he locates and draws in all details between station 1
and 2, to include about 300 yards on each side of the road.
(4) The traverse is then continued forward as described for 1 and 2.
(5) After some practice of horizontal sketching, as just described,
the sketcher will be able to take up contouring in combination. The
methods are as described in the paragraph on contouring.
(6) When the traverse runs off the paper as at A, Fig. 10, the
following method is followed: Reorient the board so that the road
forward will lie across the long dimensions of the paper; draw a
meridian parallel to the compass needle and assume a point on the new
sheet corresponding to the last point (A) plotted on the first sheet.
(7) On completion of the sketch various sections will be pasted
together, so that all the meridians are parallel.
=1892. Combined sketching.= Let us suppose that we have the rectangle
W, X, Y, Z, Fig. 11, assigned to us to map and that we have been given
four sketching parties, and that the locations and elevations of A and
B have been previously determined by triangulation and are plotted to
scale on our rectangle.
A logical step would be to carefully plot the line a' b', and then the
lines c' c" and c" d.
If the area is densely wooded we run "line of level" by using the
slope board or clinometer and by taking elevations at points
arbitrarily selected. Our lines will look something like this:
[Illustration: Fig. 11]
Each party will be given its rectangle with the traverses sketched in.
They will each then run similar traverses over the other two sides of
their area and then fill in. In this manner the whole work is tied up
to the original lines.
Another method
The line A B, Fig. 12, is carefully plotted. Each of the four
sketching parties has two sketching groups. One group of party No. 1
traverses line a' Y; then the other group of the party traverses the
line a" y'. The first group of party of No. 2 accompanies them. The
second group of party No. 2 traverses the line c" d, accompanied by
the first group of party No. 3; the second group of party No. 3, and
the first group of party No. 4 traverse b" z', and the second group of
party No. 4 traverses b' Z. When the first group of party No. 1
arrives at Y, it traverses Y y'. The second group of party No. 1,
arriving at y', cuts the sheet along traverse and gives the first
group of party No. 2 the part which shows their area; and then
traverses toward Y from y'. Upon meeting the first group of party No.
1, they join forces and proceed to fill in their area.
[Illustration: Fig. 12]
In the same manner areas W X a' b' are filled in.
[Illustration: Fig. 13]
The method described above is useful in working over country which is
densely wooded, and in which a general view cannot be obtained, for
example, in mapping jungles.
An additional article of the sketcher's equipment is a holder for his
pencils, alidade, eraser, knife, pins, etc. This consists of a series
of small pockets sewed on to a piece of canvas about 7 inches by 4
inches. This can be attached to the left breast of the sketcher's coat
or shirt by means of two pins. In addition to keeping all of his
implements in a handy place the holder prevents the loss of the
several articles. Nothing is so discouraging to the sketcher as to
look for his pencil, eraser, knife or even alidade and find that he
has left it several hundred yards back where he sat down last to
sketch in details. By using the holder the sketcher gets into the
habit of replacing articles after they are used and consequently
always has them with him when needed. These holders ready made can be
obtained from the Secretary, Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas.
In sketching a good quality of paper should always be used as erasures
will be frequent. A specially prepared paper that has the appearance
of oiled paper can be obtained commercially and is excellent for
sketching in damp weather. It has considerable resistance to rain.
Sheets of celluloid prepared for sketching are invaluable in sketching
in the rain. These are a part of the equipment of the case of
sketching instruments supplied battalions in the regular army. These
sheets may be procured at most any dealers.
Points for Beginners to Remember
=1893.= 1. Always keep your pencils sharpened and have an eraser
handy. No one but an expert can sketch with a dull pencil.
2. Use hard pencils when learning to sketch--4H to 6H--and go over
your work afterwards with a softer pencil--2H.
3. Do not try to put down on your sketch a mass of small details that
are too small to be shown on the scale at which you are sketching. For
example, if you are making a sketch on a scale of 3 inches = 1 mile,
do not try to show each house in a row of houses; simply indicate that
there is a row of houses, by putting down several distinct
conventional signs for houses in a row; nor should you try to show
every little "cut" through which the road may run. Only use about one
sign to the inch of telegraph or telephone lines, for wire fences,
etc.
4. When first practicing sketching only plot the route over which you
walk, indicating it by a single line. When you can do this with
facility, go back over one of these plotted routes and fill in the
woods, houses, streams and the other large features.
5. The beginner should sketch the same ground several times over--at
least three or four times. Practice alone will make perfect.
6. Always try to compare your finished sketch with an accurate map of
the ground, if one is obtainable. Try to practice on ground of which
you can obtain a map.
7. Make each course (the distance you go between points where the
direction of your route changes) as long as possible.
8. Do not try to contour until you are expert at making a sketch
showing all the flat details (roads, streams, woods, houses, etc.).
9. Never try to "sketch in" the contours until you have plotted the
stream lines or the direction of the valleys, ravines, etc. The
contours are fitted to or sketched around the drainage system; not the
drainage system to the contours.
10. Always "size up" ground before you sketch it; that is, take a
general view of it, noticing the drainage system (the direction in
which the streams flow or ravines run), the prominent hills and
ridges, the direction the roads run, etc.
11. Above all things, DON'T FAKE ANY PART OF YOUR MAP.
If the man using your map happens to strike the faked portion, he
immediately condemns your whole map as incorrect. Every other part may
be highly accurate, but your whole map is discredited because the user
strikes the bad part first. You will naturally put little faith in the
man who has told you something you know to be untrue. You will always
suspect him. So it is with maps. Don't put down anything that you
don't know to be correct. If any guess work is to be done, let the man
using the map do it,--he knows that he is guessing and will be
governed accordingly, but if you do the guessing, he doesn't know
where the guessing begins and the accurate work leaves off. Don't
fudge. Your name is on the map,--_don't have any questionable work
hitched up to your name_.
FOOTNOTES:
[22] Sheets of working scales reading in paces, strides, minutes, etc,
at a scale of 3 and 6 inches to the mile can be obtained at little
cost from the Secretary, Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas
INDEX
(The numbers refer to paragraphs)
A Par. No.
Abatis 1176
About face, how executed 105
1. About, 2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH 229
About, turning by mounted officer 74
Abstract of clothing 905
Abstract record of memorandum receipts 901
Adjustment of fire 1428
Adjutant, formation of battalion 307; 308
Adjutant of general officer, post of 73
Adjutant's call 616; 693
Advance by crawling, etc. 261
ADVANCE BY RUSHES:
Commands 259
Company as whole led by captain 260
Position, fire 293
When impossible for company to advance as a whole 258
ADVANCE GUARD:
Commander with 542
Connecting files 584
Machine guns 553
Meeting engagement 542; 543
ADVANCE OF:
Battalion acting as part of firing line 343
Company into an engagement 249-257
Firing line 346
ADVANCING:
Improvised formations for 257
In succession of thin lines 255; 256
The attack 467; 471
Aerial mines 1200
Aides, post of 73
Aim, commands for 189
Aiming and sighting 1350
Aiming exercise 1368
Aiming point 1357
AIMING POINT:
Announced before or after range 181
Designations, practice in repeating 201
Once designated not changed unless ordered 182
Use 284
ALIGNMENT:
Battalion, rectifying 310; 312
Command of captains in battalion drill at command guide
right (left) 301
Company 218
Definition 24
Deployed lines preserve general alignment 240
Dressing companies in formation of battalion in line 308
Placing left hand on hip 70
Position of captain and platoon leaders in prolongation 218
Position of captains in dressing companies in battalion
drill 302
Preservation while marching 155
Rules for guides in close order 210; 211
Squad 154
AMMUNITION:
Bandoleers 573
Combat train and major's responsibility for ammunition
in belts 572
Destination of combat wagons when refilled 571
Expenditure of 432; 433
For company, husbanding and distribution 286
Issue before deployment of battalion 269
Issue upon deployment of battalion 331
Men not to be sent back from firing line for ammunition 574
Of dead and wounded 572
Rendezvous for each brigade 570
Replenishment of ammunition after engagement 575
Sent forward with reinforcements 574
Supply 360; 569-575
Thirty rounds in right pocket section 573
Amusement room 879
Appearance of objects in firing 1396
Appendices, Infantry Drill Regulations 696-710
and pp. 192 a b c d
Arm, disengaged, position at double time 121 (eighth)
Arm signals 92; 401
Arrangement of companies in battalion formation 297
Art of instruction on varied ground 933
Art of leadership 372
Art of war, definition 943
ARTILLERY:
Action of infantry in case enemy has powerful artillery 418
Change of target by infantry warranted in case of flanking
fire against artillery 424
Communication with firing line 402
Covering deployment of artillery in meeting engagement 541
Deployment of troops when exposed to hostile artillery 463
Effect on deployed infantry usually unimportant 345
Infantry against 597-600
Infantry passing through deployed artillery 470
In pursuit 494
In withdrawal from action 546
Part played in pursuit 491; 494
Supported by infantry 434-437
Use against machine guns 555
Use in delaying action 533
Withdrawal of attacking troops covered by artillery 489
ARTILLERY SUPPORTS:
Charged only with protection of artillery 605
Detailing of supports 602
Formation and location in action 604
Formation on march 603
Purpose 601
Asphyxiating gases 1194
Asphyxiation, first aid 1478
ASSEMBLE FROM:
Deployment
Battalion 326
Company 248
Squad 173
Distances 159
Intervals 157
Platoon or squad columns 254
Assembled skirmishers not while marching to rear 173
ASSEMBLY:
Arm signals 92
Call 693
Point indicated by company flag 95
AS SKIRMISHERS:
Action of squad leaders at preparatory command 237
Deployment squad 170
Deployment in oblique direction 245
Deployment to flank or rear 246
From a column of twos or files 244
From platoon or squad column 253
Guide right (left or center) (being in column of squads) 244
Guide right (left or center) (being in line) 243
Rules for deployment 236-247
To increase or decrease intervals 172
'As you were' 64
AT EASE:
Applicable to any marching formation 233
Extended order executed at ease 55 (b)
How executed 100
To march 233
With arms, executed as without arms 121 (fifth)
Athletic apparatus, company 880
ATTACK:
Advancing 467-471
Battalion in 342-356
Company in 249-294
Deployment for 463-466
Enveloping 461; 462
Feint 502
Fire attack 258-261; 414-438
Flank 459-462
Fortifications 495-498
Frontal 457; 462
General principles 456-502
Holding attack 499-502
Machine guns 555
Opening fire 417
Pursuit 490-494
Range 344; 426
The charge 478-489
Unit, the battalion 342
ATTENTION:
Command for 82
Drills at are disciplinary exercises 55 (a)
Forced at first word of command note of bugle or whistle 82
From parade rest 138
From rest and at ease resumed at order 121 (fifth)
From route step or at ease 233
Position of 99
At trail (command) 121 (sixth)
At will fire 190
Automatic alarms trenches 1192
Auxiliary aiming points 1431
B
Back Step (backward march) 115
Bacon can, care of 1308
Balance position of left hand 122 (first)
Ballistic qualities of rifle 1410
BAND:
In reviews 623; 624
Post of 71; 72; 299
Bandoleers ammunition in to be used first 573
Barricades 1185
Base company in advancing by rushes 348
Base, definition 25
Base squad in deployment 236-329; 243-245
BATTALION:
Adjutant, formation of battalion 307; 308
Advance close in on enemy as much as possible before
opening fire 344
Advance when part of firing line 343
Advance of firing line 346
Alignment rectifying 310; 311
Ammunition issue upon deployment 331
Arrangement of companies in battalion 297
Assembly from deployment 326
Attack principles 342-356
Attack unit, the 342
Base company in attack 329
Battalion a tactical unit 295
Battalion right (left) 318
Bayonets order to fix given by major 355; 361
Charge, the 356
Close on first (fourth) company 320
Close order drill 300-326
Column rectifying 312
Column of companies, first company squads right (left) 315
Column of squads first company, squads right (left) 316
Column of squads first (fourth) company, squads right
(left) (from close column) 323
Column of squads first (fourth) company forward (from
close line) 324
Column right (left) 317; 319
Combat principles 327-363
Command for guides repeated by captain 301
Commands repeated by captains 300
Consolidation to provide war strength organizations 55 (d)
Counter attack 363
Covering fire rushes made under 349
Defense 371
Defense opening fire 360
Deployment
Avoidance of premature 332
Companies and detachments taking their places 334
Depth of 334
Designation of base company 329
Designation of companies 298
Dismissing 309
Division of battalion into support and firing line 335
Dressing battalion 310; 311
Dressing companies, action of guides 302
Dressing companies, position of captains 302
Extend on first (fourth) company 321
File closers, post in route marches 325
Fire, delayed opening as long as possible 344
Fire fight, where and when to begin, indicated by major 341
Fire to be directed against hostile infantry 345
Firing line:
Advance 346
Companies to be kept closed in on center 354
Placing entire battalion or regiments into 339
Fix bayonets, ordered by major 355
Flanks, protection 330
Flank units to begin rush 348
Formations 307; 308
Front occupied by 334-339
Guides, action when companies are dressed 302
Guides, command for, repeated by captains 301
Hostile infantry target 345
Inspection 650-654
Intervals between battalions on firing line 465
Largest unit executing movement at command of the commander 88
Loading and firing 306
Mass formations 320
Major:
Apportions target 340
Duties and responsibilities 295
Gives orders to charge 356
Gives order to fix bayonet 355; 361
His order making disposition of battalion for combat 329
Indicates where or when fire fight begins 341
Locates trenches and obstacles 358
Post during attack 352
Post in route march 325
Reenforces firing line (See "Battalion Commander") 359
Movements executed as in school of the company 325
Movements executed as in school of soldier, squad and
company 303; 304
Movements explained for four companies 296
Musicians repeat signals to charge 356
Musicians repeat signal to fix bayonet 355
Muster 655-657
On right (left) into line 313
Opening fire on defense 360
Order of companies 297
Parade 636
Plate showing formations 300
Positions of captains in dressing companies 302
Post of band and other special units 299
Post of major during attack 352
Reconnaissance 330
Rectifying column 312
Reenforcing firing line, two methods 354
Reenforcements size 353
Repetition of command by captains 300
Review 631-633
Right (left) 318
Right (left) (center) dress 310; 311
Right front (left) into line (from column of squads
or companies) 314
Right front into line (from close column) 322
Rushes:
Advance made under covering fire 349
Begin by flank company 348
Prearranged methods prohibited 351
Subsequent to advancing 350
Rushing units, size 346; 347
School of 295
Simultaneous movements by companies or platoons 305
Size of reenforcements 353
Staff officers 579
Support:
Battalion acting alone in defense 362
None at beginning 339
Position 337
Size 336
To cover withdrawal 362
Tactical unit best suited for defense 357
Target, apportioned by major 340
Target, hostile infantry 345
Trenches located by major 358
Withdrawal covered by support 362
BATTALION COMMANDERS:
Duty regarding reconnaissance 412-413
Equipped with different tone of whistle 83
Responsibility regarding ammunition 570
Signal to rear when ready to charge 480
See "Major" under "Battalion"
Battalion drill 300-363
Battalion inspection 650-654
Battalion parade 636
Battalion staff officers, training in patrolling and
reconnaissance 579
BATTLE:
Integrity of squads in 151
Separated officers and others placing themselves under
order of nearest higher commander 390; 391
Battlefields, bugle signals used on 90
Battle order 392
Battle sight 26; 1352 (c)
BAYONET:
Charge in combat 356
Confidence in 485
Fixing 142
Habitually not fixed 121 (fourth)
Order to fix in combat given by major 355-361
Position at charge 144
Unfixing 143
When fixed in combat 355; 361; 590
Beaten zone 1413
Bite of dog 1480
Bite of snake 1480
Blank cartridges, use 273
Bleeding, first aid 1481
Books and records, company 887-909
Bombs and grenades 1197-1199
Bombs from air craft 1202
Bore of rifle, care 1322-1324; 1328; 1330
Bridges 1111-1125
BRIGADE:
Commander, action in deployment 440
Review 628; 629
Broken bones 1483
Bruises, first aid 1487
Brush work, field engineering 1117
Bugle calls, explanation 692-695
BUGLE SIGNALS:
Communication between firing line and rear 401
Those used on and off battlefields 90
Bunks, camping 1251
Burning clothes 1486
Burns, first aid 1485
By platoon (squad, etc.), from right (left) rush 259
"By the numbers" 122 (fifth)
By the right (left) flank, how executed 117
By the right (left) flank in forming skirmish line 237
C
CADENCE OF:
Manual of arms 122 (fourth)
Marching 108
CALLS:
Alarm 694
Formation 693
Service 695
Warning 692
CAMPS:
Camping on fordable stream 1237
Desirable sites 1231
Form and dimensions of camps 1233
Making camp 1234
Making tent poles and pegs fast in loose soil 1239
Parade ground 1236
Retreat in camp 1235
Sanitation. See "Camp Sanitation"
Selection of site 1230
Trees in camp 1240
Undesirable sites 1232
Windstorms 1238
See "Camp Sanitation"
CAMP SANITATION:
Avoiding old camp sites 1249
Bunks 1251
Camp expedients 1242
Canteen, care 1311
Changing camp site 1250
Definition 1241
Drainage 1248
Incinerators 1247
Kitchens 1245
Kitchen pits 1246
Latrines 1243
Rules of sanitation 1254
Urinal tubs 1244
Water 1253
Wood 1252
Your camp, your home 1255
CAPTAIN:
Directs the fire 285; 286
Duties, etc. 868; 871
Indicates point on which base squad marches in deployment 238
Leads depleted company as platoon 209
Leads company as whole in rushes 260
Position at alignment 218; 302
Post during firings 269; 306
Responsible for instruction 202
CARE OF:
Clothing 1277
Equipment 1276
Feet 1229
Rifle 1321
Shoes 1292
Cartridges not to be carried in piece 121 (first)
Cased colors, defined 659
Cat and mouse contest 1089
CAVALRY:
Infantry against 591-596
In pursuit 494
In withdrawal from action 546
Patrols 411
CEASE FIRING:
Bugle signal for 90
How executed 194
Krag rifle 705
Center company, defined 298
Center, definition 27
Center of impact 1412
CEREMONIES:
Battalion parade 636
Battalion review 631
Escorts of--
Funeral 640-645
Honor 639
The Color 637-639
Formation of battalion 308
General rules 614-616
Mounted enlisted men formed into detachment 76
Parades, general rules 634; 635
Post of dismounted noncommissioned staff officers 77
Reviews, general rules 617-630
Ceremonies and drills at attention teach precision, etc. 55 (a)
CHALLENGING ON:
Guard 1746
Outpost 1103
Chancroid 1466
Change elevation; signal for 92
CHANGE OF DIRECTION:
Battalion 317-319
Company 219; 223; 224
Partial 67
Squad 164; 165
Change step, how executed 119
CHARGE, THE:
Additional force for pursuit 483
Avoiding too dense a mass 481
Battalion commanders signal commanders of line when
ready to charge 480
Bayonet, confidence in ability to use 485
Charging without authority from rear 484
Counter attack, preparations to meet 487
Fire superiority, what it accomplishes 478
Line to be strengthened by prolongations 482
Not to be made without sufficient troops 481
Premature charges to be avoided 484
Psychological moment for charge determined by tactical
instinct 478
Pursuing fire 486
Pursuing troops 487
Pursuit, disordered units not to participate in 486
Reorganization of charging line 487
Reserves give impetus to charge 481
Steps to be taken in case of temporary set back 488
Steps to be taken if attack is abandoned 489
Strength of charging line 449
To be made simultaneously 480
To be made with approval of commander of attacking line 480
When and distance over which charge should be made 479
Without fire preparation 497
Charge bayonet 144
Charges, preferring 882
Cheerfulness, factor in training 930
Cheveaux de frise 1179; 1189
Chiggers 1488
Choking, first aid 1489
"Chop-chop" signal 863
Clap 1466
Classes of firing 278-280
Clearness in instruction 922
CLIP FIRE:
How executed 192
Krag rifle 704
Use 280
Clock system of target designation 1446; 1447
Clock system of wind designation 1391
Close on first (fourth) company 320
CLOSE ORDER:
Advantage of formation 539
Battalion 300; 326
Company 210
Double rank, habitual formation 70
Firings in 269
Necessity for 379
Close packs 648
Close range 275
Close ranks 648
Cloth equipment, care 1301
Clothing, care of 1277
Cohesion and order in combat 376
Cold, effect on shooting 1397
COLOR:
Escort of 637; 638
Manual of 670
Receiving 667-669
Regimental saluting 622
Saluting in reviews 618
With reserve in battle 665
See "The Color"
COLOR COMPANY:
Defined 663
Receiving the colors 668
COLOR GUARD:
Carrying of color 661
Composition 661
Escorting color to office or quarters of colonel 670
Formation and marching 662
In battle joins reserve 665
Loadings and firings 666
Manual of the color 670
Manual of arms 660
Movements executed 666
Post in various formations 664
Receiving the color 667-669
Remains with color company 663
Colors and standards 1575
Column, definition 28
Column half right (left) 67
Columns of companies to form successively to right or left 315
Column of squads, first (fourth) company forward (from
close line) 324
Column of squads, first (fourth) company, squads right (from
close column) 323
Column of squads, first company, squads right (left) 316
Column of squads, habitual column of route 233; 276
Column of subdivisions, full distance defined 69
Column, rectifying (battalion) 312
Column, right (left) (battalion) 317; 319
Column, right (company) 224
COMBAT EXERCISES:
Definition 55 (d)
Effective method of conducting 371
Explained 1408
To be conducted under assumed tactical situations 370
To be followed by brief drill at attention 55 (d)
Combat, modern, demands upon infantry 365
Combats offering no chance of valuable results to be avoided 374
Combat patrols to protect flanks of company acting alone 268
Combat practice 1404
COMBAT PRINCIPLES:
Battalion 327
Summary 550
Combat reconnaissance 403
Combat tactics, general 364
Combined sights 1430
Combined sketching 1892
Commander of the guard 1603
Commanding officer accountable for training 51
Commanding officer, guard duty 1591
COMMANDS:
Battalion and higher commanders repeat commands of
superiors 88
Battalion largest unit executing movement at command of
its commander 88
Definition 86
Facing troops and avoiding indifference when giving
commands 89
For guides, repeated by captains at battalion drill 301
How given 86; 89
Loading and firing 179
Of executions 87
Preparatory 57; 87
Repetition by:
Battalion and higher commanders 88
Captains at battalion drill 300
Leaders of subdivisions when necessary 83
Platoon leaders and platoon drill 214
Use in battalion combat 328
When used 80
Commander's post in fight 383
Commence firing, bugle signal for 90
Common tents 688; 690
Communication between firing line and reserve 96
Communicating trenches 1157
Communication, how maintained, etc. 398-402
Communication in fire control and direction 1447 (b)
COMPANY:
Abstract of clothing 905
Abstract record of memorandum receipts 901
Acting alone 267; 268
Arrangement in battalion formation 297; 614
Arrangement of men according to height 203
Athletic apparatus 880
Base 329-348
Books and records 887-909
Captain, duties etc. 868; 871
Center 298
Certain movements executed by company and platoons as
prescribed in school of the Soldier and the squad 208
Close order drill 210
Column right (being in column of squads) 224
Companies to be consolidated to provide war strength
organizations 55 (a)
Company attention, from route step or at ease 233
Company fund book 892
Company return 908
Company musicians carry company flags 402
Company right 219
Complete equipment carried into action 382
Completion of task, rejoining command after 390
Contentment and harmony 877
Correspondence book 893
Delinquency record 895
Depleted company led as platoon 209
Deployment as skirmishers 241; 243; 244
Deployment in oblique direction 245
Descriptive card of animals 898
Descriptive list 897
Designation in battalion formation 297
Devolution of work and responsibility 869
Division into platoons 204
Division into squads 205
Document file 894
Dressing 218
Drill 202
Duty roster 890
Establishing outpost 1080
Extended order drill 236
Files of orders 891
First Sergeant duties 873
First sergeant's report when company is formed 215
Flags 94; 95; 401
Formations in single rank 216
Formed in double rank 203
Forms of company punishment 883
Half right 67; 219
Inspection 646-649
Inspections, object of 88
Instruction. See "Training and instruction"
In support 262-266
Largest unit executing extended order 55 (b); 328
Library and amusement room 879
Lieutenants, duties, etc. 870; 871
Lieutenants taking post when company is formed 215
Memorandum receipts 900
Mess 878
Morning report 888
Muster 655-657
Noncommissioned officers 874
Noncommissioned officers confining enlisted men 875
Paperwork 887
Platoons, assignment 206
Platoons, designation 205
Property responsibility 886; 896
Protection against surprise 268
Punishment 882
Ration return 909
Record of rifles 902
Record of size of clothing 906
Reduction and resignation of noncommissioned officers 876
Retained copies of rolls, etc. 899
Rewards and privileges 881
Right 219
School of 210-294
Sick report 889
Squads designation 205
Statement of clothing charged to enlisted men 904
Summary Court records 903
Target records 907
To be kept closed in on center on firing line 354
To dismiss 217
To form 215-216
Training. See "Training and instruction"
Treatment of soldiers 872
Trials by court martial 882
Withholding privileges 884
Compass, points of 1084
Complaints to captain 1528
COMPLICATED MANEUVERS:
Impracticable 365
To be avoided 375
Compliments from guards 1782
Compliments not paid on marches 1227
Composition of infantry and other units 1858
Comradeship, factor in training 931
Concealment and dodging, training in 1087
Condiment can, care 1309
Cone of fire or dispersion 1411
Conical wall tent 689
Connecting Files at night 584
Consolidation of organizations to provide war strength 55 (d)
Contentment and harmony in company 877
Contentment, factor in training 931
Contours 1882; 1866
Cooking individual 1256
Contract 249; 403-413
Conventional signs 1874
Cooeperation between frontal and enveloping attacks 462
Cooeperation of subordinates 387
Corduroying 1116
Corporal is squad leader 150
Corporal of the Guard 1666
Correction of errors, staying of execution of movements for 63-64
Correspondence book 893
COUNTER ATTACK:
Battalion 363
General principles 525-530
Preparations 487
Countermining 1211
Countersigns and paroles 1769
Counting, indicating cadence 108
Counting off 153; 203
Courage 927
COVER:
Skirmishers take advantage of, on halting 240
Use 195-199; 420
Training in use of 939
Covering fire, rushes made under 349
Cover trenches 1155
Crawling, advance of firing line 261
Cup, care 1310
"Cut off" habitually turned off 218 (third)
Cuts, first aid, 1490
Courtesy. See "Military courtesy"
D
Daily sick report 889
Datum plane 1883
Decreasing intervals 247
DEFENSE:
Action when target disappears 294
Active defense 527
Battalion on 357
Counter attack:
Communicating and cover trenches head cover, etc.,
construction 505
Cover, utilization 504
Importance of counter-attack 527
Manner of making 529
Minor 530
Post of troops 528
Delaying action:
Important considerations 531
Purposes of support and reserve 532
Thin firing line to be used 532
Value of artillery 533
Deployment:
Advance posts and other dispersion to be avoided 520
Assignment of front to units 516
Battalions to be kept intact 518
Dead space to be covered by adjoining section or
machine guns 519
Density 509; 510
Division of positions into sections 517
Fire alone unable to stop attack; use of bayonet 522
Night attack, steps to be taken if expected 523
Position not to be fully occupied until infantry
attack begins 521
Reserve, detaching part of, to protect opposite flank 515
Reserve posts 513; 514
Sections, divisions of positions into 517
Size of units occupying sections 518
Short range fire and bayonet in night attack 524
Strength in rear to be increased when change from
defensive to offensive is contemplated 511
Supports, post and cover 512
Dummy trenches 506
Field works:
Construction 504
Location, extent, garrison, etc. 507
Machine guns 556; 566
Obstacles, construction 504
Opening fire 360; 418
Passive 525
Position and intrenchments 503-508
Requisites of defensive position 503
Trenches, outlining trace in combat exercises 508
Defilade 1420
Deflection 1384
Deflection and elevation connection drills 1383
Deliberate intrenchments 1147
Delinquency record 895
Delivery of messages 958; 1530
Density of firing line 446-453; 532
Deploy, definition 29
Deployed line, faces to front and takes advantage of
cover on halting 239
Deployed lines, alignment 239
Deployed troops, leading difficult 379
DEPLOYMENT:
Action of brigade and regimental commanders in deployment
of division 440
As skirmishes 65; 92; 170; 239-246
Battalion, depth of 334
Battalions furnish firing lines and support 455
Company, rules for 236
Companies and detachments taking their places 334
Dense, well directed and controlled fire gives fire
superiority 446
Density of charging line 449
Density of one man per yard 447
Density of whole deployment varies with size of command 451
Division of battle line into battle districts 452
Each commander to guard his command against surprise 442
Extent of front occupied by unit depends upon security
of flanks 453
For attack:
Distance for hostile position at which deployment is made 463
Each unit to deploy on its own direction line 463
Foreground to be cleared of hostile detachments before
deployment 463
Intervals between battalions 465
Moving well forward and deploying at night 464
Post of reserve 466
Reserve charged with flank protection 466
Formations of troops before and during 439
In defense. See "Deployment" under "Defense"
In oblique direction 245
Length of firing line employed by whole force 449
Mechanism taught by extended order 55 (b)
Occupation of only sections of long lines 447
Of squads when company is deployed 239
On wrong lines, avoided by reconnaissance 403
Orders for 392
Personal reconnaissance before deployment 441
Premature to be avoided 332; 443
Rectification of deployments in wrong direction 444
Reserves, how employed 455
Reserves furnished by units larger than battalion 441
Rules for 236-242
Side by side of regiments, battalions and companies 454
Strength of support and reserves 449; 450
Supports furnished by battalion 455
To flank or rear 246
Troops deployed vary from 1 to 10 men per yard 450
Use of thin firing lines 448
When made 463
Deportment, military 1523
Depth, definition 30
Descriptive card of animals 898
Descriptive list 897
DESIGNATION OF:
Companies in battalion formation 298
Squads and platoons 205
Designation of targets 1445-1147 a
Designation of winds 1391
Details and roster of guards 1585
Details to be left to subordinates 384; 385
Determination, factor in warfare 924
Deviation from orders 388
Devolution of work and responsibility 869
Diarrhoea 1491
Diminish intervals 172
Directions given subordinates through immediate superiors 397
DISCIPLINE:
Definition 910
General principles 916
Importance 912
Methods of attaining good discipline 911; 914
Punishment 915
Sound system 913
Disciplinary exercises--drills at attention and ceremonies 55 a
Discipline and training necessary 379
Discipline, fire 291; 430; 431
Dislocations, first aid 1492
DISMISSING:
Battalion 309
Company 217
Squad 147
Dismounted noncommissioned staff officers, posts 77; 78
Dismounting, before addressing dismounted superior 1558
Dismounting before saluting dismounted senior 75
DISTANCE:
Between firing line and support 338
Between front and rear rank 153
Between units in column of subdivisions 69
Definition 31
Plates showing distances:
Battalion near, 300
Company near, 207
Taken by file closers in "take distance" and
"take interval" 213
DISTANCE TAKING:
Action of guides 213
How executed 158
Distant range 275
Distance to target, determination of 276
Distribution of fire 1441-1444
Distribution of fire and target 282; 283; 427
Division of battalion into firing line and support 335
Document file 894
Dog's bite 1480
Do something 386
DOUBLE RANK:
Company to be formed in 203
Habitual close order formation 70
Kneeling and lying down in 178
Rear rank loading and firing 179
Double sleeping bag 686
DOUBLE TIME:
Adding preparatory command 109
Any movement executed in, unless excepted 60
Cadence 108
Command for 111
Command for precedes command of execution 60
Dropping hands by side upon halting 116
Half step, length 113
In successive movements, base unit marches in quick time 61
Position of disengaged hand 111; 121
To hasten movements begun in quick time 177
To the rear 118
Drainage, camping, 1248
Drainage of trenches 1167
Draw saber 671
Dress, appearance 1523
DRESSING:
Battalion 310; 311
Company 218
Companies, position of captain 218; 302
Deployed lines 240
Drill at attention after combat exercises 55 (d)
Squad (right or left) 154
Verify both ranks 154
DRILL:
Battalion 295-363
Company 202-294
Squad 148-202
Drills at attention and ceremonies designed to teach
precision, etc. 55 (a)
Drill regulations furnished as guide, providing principles
for training, etc. 53
Drill regulations, interpretation of 53
Drowning 1493
Drum major at battalion inspection 650
Dugouts, trenches 1156
Dummy trenches 1163
Duties of infantry, many and difficult 366
Duties of officers and noncommissioned officers in battle 389
Duty roster 890
E
Earache 1494
Ear, foreign body in 1495
Echelon definition 49
Effect of fire 1410
Effect of heat, light, etc. 1397-1403
Effectiveness of fire 1416
Effective range 275
Efficiency dependent upon thorough and uniform training 51
Elastic formations essential to correct battle training 52
Electric shock 1496
Element, definition 32
Elevation, change of 92
Encroachment upon functions of subordinates 396
Endurance, limit of, exacted 380
Enemy--imaginary outlined and represented 56; 370
Entrenching at night 1099
ENVELOPING ATTACK:
Advantages 459; 461
Resulting in local frontal attack 461
To be started at considerable distance from enemy 462
Envelopment of both flanks, when allowable 460
EQUIPMENT:
Carried into action 382
Display for inspection 682
EQUIPMENT, CARE OF:
Cloth equipment:
General instructions 1301
Intrenching tools 1312
Shelter tent 1303
Washing 1302
Clothing:
Grease spots 1285; 1289
Ink stains 1287
Leggins 1280
Paint spots 1290
Rust 1286
Stains 1284
Importance 1276
Leather equipment:
Cleaning 1316
Cleaning materials 1315
New equipment 1318
Oiling 1317; 1319
Points to be remembered 1320
Mess outfit:
Bacon can 1308
Canteen 1311
Condiment can 1309
Cup 1310
Fork 1305
Knife 1304
Meat can 1307
Spoon 1306
Rifle 1321
Shoes:
Care 1292
Polishing 1295; 1299; 1300
Repairing 1294
Selection 1293
Wet shoes 1297
Equipment. See "Care and preservation"
Errors staying execution of movement, for correction of 63; 64
ESCORTS OF:
Funeral 640-645
Honor 639
The Color 637; 638
Establishing outpost by company 1080
Estimate of situation 950
Estimating distance 1393-1395
Estimating distances, training in 201
Estimators of ranges 278
Exercises in fire control and direction 1450
EXTENDED ORDER:
Certain movements executed as in close order 241
Company 236-268
Company largest unit executing 55 (b)
Company largest unit to execute movements by prescribed
commands 328
Exercises to be in nature of combat exercise 370
Purpose 55 (b)
Squad 170
To be executed at ease 55 (b)
Extended on first (fourth) company 321
Eye, foreign body in 1497
Eyes left, when post of reviewing officer is on left of
column 626
EYES RIGHT:
How executed 103
Battalion review 631; 632
Eyesight in scouting 1083
Eyes, use of 200
F
Facings 104
Facing about to give commands, staff stands fast 74
Facing about, mounted officer turns to left 74
Facing troops when giving commands 89
Fainting, first aid 1498
"Fall in" 100; 153
"Fall in" executed at order 121 (fifth)
"Fall out" 100
"Fall out" executed as without arms 121 (fifth)
Falling in with hands on hips 70
Fascines 1117; 1118
Faster, command for increasing rate of fire 191
Fear 926
Feet, care of 1229
Feint attacks 502
Field efficiency of organization 51
FIELD ENGINEERING:
Bridges:
Double lock 1114
Roadway of spar 1115
Single lock 1113
Spar 1112
Brush work 1117
Corduroying 1116
Fascines 1117; 1118
Gabions 1121-1123
Hurdles 1119
Knots:
Bowline 1130
Clove hitch 1128
Eye splice 1135
Long splice 1134
Sheep shank 1132
Short splice 1133
Square or reef 1126
Timber hitch 1129
Two-half hitches 1127
Lashings 1136-1139
Revetments 1124; 1125
Field exercises, definition 55 (c); 56
FIELD FORTIFICATIONS:
Classification 1142
Communicating trenches 1157
Concealment of trenches 1162
Cover trenches 1155
Deliberate intrenchments 1147
Drainage 1167
Dugouts 1156
Dummy trenches 1163
Example of trench system 1160
Fire trenches 1148
Hasty intrenchments 1143
Head cover 1152
Illumination of foreground 1170
Kneeling trench 1145
Latrines 1169
Length of trench 1164
Location of trenches 1161
Lookouts 1158
Loopholes and notches 1153
Lying trench 1144
Notches and loopholes 1153
Object 1140
Overhead cover 1154
Parados 1151
Preparation of foreground 1165
Revetments 1166
Siege works 1172
Sortie steps 1150
Standing trench 1146
Supporting points 1159
Telephones 1171
Traverses 1149
Trench recesses 1150
Water supply 1168
Field officers, habitually mounted 73
File definition 33
FILE CLOSER:
Darting through column of squads 221
Execution of loadings and manual of arms 212
On the right (left) flank 211
Post in column of squads 221
Post in route marches 325
To correct mistakes 71
Files, advancing by 255
Files of orders, company 891
Fill magazine 702
Finding way in strange country 1084
Fine sight 1353 (b)
Finger system of target designation 1447 (a)
FIRE:
By volley 189; 278
Classes of 179; 194; 278-280
Clip 192; 280
Commands for 179; 189; 194
Delay opening as long as possible 344
In deployment controlled by platoon leaders 269
Long range, when effective 416
Observation of 428; 429
Opening in attack 344; 417
Opening in defense 417
Purpose and nature 414; 415
Rate of 191; 292
To be directed against hostile infantry 345
Fire action 269
FIRE ATTACK:
Fire superiority sought at first firing position and to
be maintained until charging point is reached 472
Futility of advancing without fire superiority 473
General principles 258; 472
Intrenching 475
Retiring under fire suicidal 475
Signs that fire superiority has been gained 474
Size of rushing units 472
Supports and reserves occupying trenches vacated by
firing line to improve same 476
FIRE AT WILL:
How executed 190
Use 279
Fire control, company 287-290
Fire direction, company 285; 286
FIRE CONTROL AND DIRECTION:
General considerations 416
Signals 431
Fire direction and control 1434-1440
Fire discipline 291; 430; 431
Fire discipline, definition 1406
Fire distribution 427; 1441-1444
Fire fight, where and when to begin, indicated by major 341
FIRE OF POSITION:
Use of machine guns 555
When used 438
FIRE SUPERIORITY:
Futility of advancing without 473
Purpose and nature 414
Signs that it has been gained 474
Sought at first firing position 472
To be maintained until charging point is reached 472
What it accomplishes 478
Fire trenches 1148
Fire unit, platoon 287
Firing at night 1101
Firing at stationary targets 1428
Firing by sentries at night 1104
Firing, classes of 278-280
FIRING LINE:
Advance 258-261; 346
Advance as far as possible before opening fire 467
Advanced elements not to open fire on main position 471
Companies to be kept closed in on center 354
Control by signals 55 (d)
Controlled by commander when whole line has been absorbed 383
Density 446-453
Furnished by battalion 455
Placing entire battalion or regiment into 339
Premature formation to be avoided 443
Reenforcement by major 359
To advance as far as possible before opening fire 467
Firing line and support, division of battalion 335
Firings in close order 269
Firings and loadings, see "Loadings and firings"
First aid packet 1521
First aid to sick and injured 1478
FIRST SERGEANT:
Accompanies captain when company is deployed 207
Assists in fire control in case of depleted company 209
Duties 873
Never assigned as guide 207
Post 207
Report when company is formed 215
Fish hook, first aid 1499
Fits, first aid 1500
Fix bayonets, how executed 142
Fix bayonet order, given by major 355
Fixed forms covering all cases impossible 369
FIXED PIVOT, TURN ON:
Company 219-221
Squad 165
When used 66
FLAG:
Company signal carried by company musicians (now buglers) 401
Defined 1575
Of general officers, post of 73; 618
Respect paid to 1574; 1575
Signals 94; 400; 401
Signaling to artillery 437
To outline enemy 371
Flag-stealing contest 1090
FLANK:
By the right, how executed 117
Definition 35; 54
Deployment as skirmishers 246
Movements executed towards either, explained toward but
one flank 58
Unit to begin rush 348
FLOURISHES AT:
Funeral 641
Review 624
Fly, disease carrier 1460
Folding tents 691
FOLLOW ME:
In forming skirmish line 237
In rushes 259
To follow corporal 169
Footmarks, following 1088
Forced marches 1225
Fork, care 1305
FORM:
Column of companies 315
Column of squads 316
For shelter tents 181
Formation calls 693
Formation definition 36
FORMATIONS FOR:
Advancing improvised 257
Support 262
FORMATION OF:
Battalion 307; 308
Company 215
Squad 153
Form lines 1884
Forms of speech 1526
Fortifications, attack 495-498
FORWARD MARCH:
From half step, halt and mark time 113
From halt 110
From oblique 163
Pieces brought to right shoulder from order, at
command 121 (sixth)
Fractures 1483
Fraise 1178
Freezing, first aid 1502
Front, definition 37
Front, extent of in deployment 446-453
FRONT OF:
Deployed battalion 334-337
Deployed squad 171
Frontal attacks, when they may be successful 457
FRONT INTO LINE:
Battalion 314
Company 231
Frost-bite, first aid 1503
Full distance, definition 69
Full sight 1353 (c)
Full step, length and cadence 108
Funeral escort 640-645
G
Gabions 1121-1123
Gallery practice 1385
Gangrene 1482
Gases, asphyxiating 1194
GENERAL COMMON SENSE PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED MINOR TACTICS:
Art of war, definition 943
Estimating the situation 950
Maneuvers 947; 949
Map problems 945; 949
Mission, defined 950
Noncommissioned officers, responsibilities in time of war 944
Orders, tactical, preparation 952
Terrain exercises 945; 949
War game 946; 949
General officers habitually mounted 73
General plan to be furthered by subordinates 386
GENERAL RULES FOR:
Ceremonies 614-616
Drills and formations 57-79
Parades 634; 635
Reviews 617-630
Gentle reverse slopes 1427
Germs 1452
Gonorrhoea 1466
Grazing fire 1423
Grease spots, how removed 1285; 1289
Grenades and bombs 1197-1199
Ground, use of 420; 421