saluted--the head and eyes should always be turned toward the officer
saluted and kept turned as long as the hand is raised.
3. The hand is not kept to the headdress until the salute is
acknowledged by the officer--the hand should always be kept raised
until the salute has been acknowledged, or it is evident the officer
has not seen the saluter.
4. The salute is often rendered in an indifferent, lax manner--the
salute should always be rendered with life, snap and vim; the soldier
should always render a salute as if he _meant it_.
RESPECT TO BE PAID THE NATIONAL ANTHEM, THE COLORS AND STANDARDS
=1572. The National Anthem.= Whenever the National Anthem is played at
any place when persons belonging to the military service are present,
all officers and enlisted men not in formation shall stand at
attention facing toward the music (except at retreat when they shall
face toward the flag). If in uniform, covered or uncovered, or in
civilian clothes, uncovered, they shall salute at the first note of
the Anthem, retaining the position of salute until the last note of
the Anthem. If not in uniform and covered, they shall uncover at the
first note of the Anthem, holding the headdress opposite the left
shoulder and so remain until its close, except that in inclement
weather the headdress may be held slightly raised.
The same rules apply when "To the Color" or "To the Standard" is
sounded as when the National Anthem is played.
=1573. National anthems of other nations.= The same marks of respect
prescribed for observance during the playing of the National Anthem of
the United States shall be shown toward the national anthem of any
other country when played upon official occasions.
=1574. At retreat.= The flag will be lowered at the sounding of the
last note of the retreat, and while the flag is being lowered the band
will play the National Anthem, or, if there be no band present, the
field music will sound "To the Color." When "To the Color" is sounded
by the field music while the flag is being lowered the same respect
will be observed as when the National Anthem is played by the band,
and in either case officers and enlisted men out of ranks will face
toward the flag, stand at attention, and render the prescribed salute.
=1575. Colors and standards.= Officers and enlisted men passing the
uncased color (or standard) will render honors as follows: If in
uniform they will salute as described in par. 1551; if in civilian
dress and covered, they will uncover, holding the headdress opposite
the left shoulder with the right hand; if uncovered, they will salute
with the right-hand salute.
By "Colors" and "Standards" is meant the national flags and the
regimental flags that are carried by regiments and separate
battalions. The national flag may be of either silk or bunting; the
regimental flag is always of silk. In the Army Regulations the word
"Color" is used in referring to regiments of Infantry, the Coast
Artillery and battalions of Philippine Scouts, while "Standard" is
used in reference to regiments of Cavalry and Field Artillery.
By _uncased_ colors and standards are meant colors and standards when
not in their waterproof cases.
By Flag is meant the national emblem that waves from flag staffs and
other stationary poles. They are always of bunting.
PART VII
GUARD DUTY
(To include Changes No. 1, February 24, 1915.)
(The numbers following the paragraphs are those of the _Manual of
Interior Guard Duty_.)
=1576. Importance.= Guard duty is one of the soldier's most important
duties, and in all armies of the world the manner in which it is
performed is an index to the discipline of the command and the manner
in which other duties are performed.
Upon the guard's vigilance and readiness for action depend not only
the enforcement of military law and orders, but also the safety and
protection of the post and the quelling of sudden disorder, perhaps
even mutiny.
The importance of guard duty is increased during times of war, when
the very safety of the army depends upon the vigilance of the
sentinels, who are required to watch that others may sleep and thus
refresh themselves from the labors of the day. The sentinels are the
guardians of the repose, quiet and safety of the camp.
=1577. Respect for Sentinels.= Respect for the person and office of a
sentinel is as strictly enjoined by military law as that required to
be paid to an officer. As it is expressed in the _Manual of Guard
Duty_, "All persons of whatever rank in the service are required to
observe respect toward sentinels." Invested as the private soldier
frequently is, while on his post, with a grave responsibility, it is
proper that he should be fully protected in the discharge of his duty.
To permit anyone, of whatever rank, to molest or interfere with him
while thus employed, without becoming liable to severe penalty, would
clearly establish a precedent highly prejudicial to the interests of
the service. (_Davis' Military Law_).
=1578. Duty of sentinels.= A sentinel, in respect to the duties with
which he is charged, represents the superior military authority of the
command to which he belongs, and whose orders he is required to
enforce on or in the vicinity of his post. As such he is entitled to
the respect and obedience of all persons who come within the scope of
operation of the orders, which he is required to carry into effect.
Over military persons the authority of the sentinel is absolute, and
disobedience of his orders on the part of such persons constitutes a
most serious military offence and is prejudicial in the highest degree
to the interests of discipline. (_Davis' Military Law_).--Author.
INTRODUCTION
=1579.= Guards may be divided into four classes: Exterior guards,
interior guards, military police, and provost guards. (1)
=1580.= Exterior guards are used only in time of war. They belong to
the domain of tactics and are treated of in the _Field Service
Regulations_ and in the drill regulations of the different arms of the
service.
The purpose of exterior guards is to prevent surprise, to delay
attack, and otherwise to provide for the security of the main body.
On the march they take the form of advance guards, rear guards, and
flank guards. At a halt they consist of outposts. (2)
=1581.= Interior guards are used in camp or garrison to preserve
order, protect property, and to enforce police regulations. In time of
war such sentinels of an interior guard as may be necessary are placed
close in or about a camp, and normally there is an exterior guard
further out consisting of outposts. In time of peace the interior
guard is the only guard in a camp or garrison. (3)
=1582.= Military police differ somewhat from either of these classes.
(See _Field Service Regulations_.) They are used in time of war to
guard prisoners, to arrest stragglers and deserters, and to maintain
order and enforce police regulations in the rear of armies, along
lines of communication, and in the vicinity of large camps. (4)
=1583.= Provost guards are used in the absence of military police,
generally in conjunction with the civil authorities at or near large
posts or encampments, to preserve order among soldiers beyond the
interior guard. (5)
INTERIOR GUARD
Classification
=1584.= The various elements of an interior guard classified according
to their particular purposes and the manner in which they perform
their duties are as follows:
(=a=) The main guard.
(=b=) Special guards: Stable guards, park guards, prisoner guards,
herd guards, train guards, boat guards, watchmen, etc. (6)
Details and Rosters
=1585.= At every military post, and in every regiment or separate
command in the field, an interior guard will be detailed and duly
mounted.
It will consist of such number of officers and enlisted men as the
commanding officer may deem necessary, and will be commanded by the
senior officer or noncommissioned officer therewith, under the
supervision of the officer of the day or other officer detailed by the
commanding officer. (7)
=1586.= The system of sentinels on fixed posts is of value in
discipline and training because of the direct individual
responsibility which is imposed and required to be discharged in a
definite and precise manner. In order, however, that guard duty may
not be needlessly irksome and interfere with tactical instruction, the
number of men detailed for guard will be the smallest possible.
Commanding officers are specifically charged with this matter, and,
without entirely dispensing with the system of sentinels on fixed
posts will, as far as practicable in time of peace, replace such
sentinels with watchmen. (See Par. 1781.) (8)
=1587.= At posts where there are less than three companies the main
guard and special guards may all be furnished by one company or by
detail from each company.
Where there are three or more companies, the main guard will, if
practicable, be furnished by a single company, and, as far as
practicable, the same organization will supply all details for that
day for special guard, overseer, and fatigue duty. In this case the
officer of the day, and the officers of the guard, if there are any,
will, if practicable, be from the company furnishing the guard. (9)
=1588.= There will be an officer of the day with each guard, unless in
the opinion of the commanding officer the guard is so small that his
services are not needed. In this case an officer will be detailed to
supervise the command and instruction of the guard for such period as
the commanding officer may direct. (16)
=1589.= The detail of officers of the guard will be limited to the
necessities of the service and efficient instruction; inexperienced
officers may be detailed as supernumerary officers of the guard for
purposes of instruction. (18).
=1590.= The strength of guards and the number of consecutive days for
which an organization furnishes the guard will be so regulated as to
insure privates of the main guard an interval of not less than five
days between tours.
The Commanding Officer
=1591.= The commanding officer will exact a faithful, vigilant, and
correct performance of guard duty in all of its details, giving his
orders to the officer of the day, or causing them to be communicated
to him with the least practicable delay. He will prescribe the
strength of the guard, and the necessary regulations for guard,
police, and fatigue duty. (27)
=1592.= The commanding officer receives the reports of the officers of
the day immediately after guard mounting, at his office, or at some
other place previously designated; carefully examines the guard report
and remarks thereon (questioning the old officer of the day, if
necessary, concerning his tour of duty), relieves the old officer of
the day and gives the new officer of the day such instructions as may
be necessary. (28)
The Officer of the Day
=1593.= The officer of the day is responsible for the proper
performance of duty by the guard with which he marches on and for the
enforcement of all police regulations. He is charged with the
execution of all orders of the commanding officer relating to the
safety and good order of the post or camp. His actual tour begins when
he receives the instructions of the commanding officer after guard
mounting, and ceases when he has been relieved by the commanding
officer. In case of emergency during the interval between guard
mounting and reporting to the commanding officer, the senior officer
of the day will give the necessary instructions for both guards. (29)
=1594.= In the absence of special instructions from the commanding
officer, the officer of the day will inspect the guard and sentinels
during the day and at night at such times as he may deem necessary. He
will visit them at least once between 12 o'clock midnight and
daylight. (30)
He may prescribe patrols (Par. 1778) and visits of inspection to be
made by officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard whenever he
deems it necessary. (31)
=1595.= He will see that the commander of the guard is furnished with
the parole and countersign before retreat in case they are to be used,
and will inform him of the presence in post or camp of any person
entitled to the compliment. (32)
=1596.= In case of alarm of any kind he will at once take such steps
as may be necessary to insure the safety of life and public property
and to preserve order in the command, disposing his guard so as best
to accomplish this result. (33)
=1597.= In the performance of his duties as officer of the day he is
subject to the orders of the commanding officer only, except that in
case of an alarm of any kind, and at a time of great danger, the
senior line officer present is competent to give necessary orders to
the officer of the day for the employment of the guard. (34)
=1598.= At the inspection and musters prescribed in _Army
Regulations_, the officer of the day will be present at the post of
the guard, but all commands to the guard will be given by the
commander of the guard. (35)
Both officers of the day together verify the prisoners and inspect the
guardhouse and premises. (36)
=1599.= In the absence of special instructions, the old officer of the
day will, at guard mounting, release all garrison prisoners whose
sentences expire that day. If there are any prisoners with no record
of charges against them, the old officer of the day will report that
fact to the commanding officer who will give the necessary
instructions. (37)
=1600.= The old officer of the day signs the report of the commander
of the guard. He also enters on it such remarks as may be necessary.
(38)
=1601.= The officers of the day then report to the commanding officer.
On presenting themselves, both salute with the right hand, remaining
covered. The old officer of the day, standing on the right of the new,
then says: "=Sir, I report as old officer of the day=," and presents
the guard report. As soon as the commanding officer notifies the old
officer of the day that he is relieved, the old officer of the day
salutes the commanding officer and retires. The new officer of the day
again salutes and says: "=Sir, I report as new officer of the day=,"
and then receives his instructions. (39)
=1602.= The officer of the day will always keep the guard informed as
to where he may be found at all hours of the day and night. (40)
Commander of the Guard
=1603.= The commander of the guard is responsible for the instruction
and discipline of the guard. He will see that all of its members are
correctly instructed in their orders and duties, and that they
understand and properly perform them. He will visit each relief at
least once while it is on post, and at least one of these visits will
be made between 12 o'clock midnight and daylight. (41)
=1604.= He receives and obeys the orders of the commanding officer and
the officer of the day, and reports to the latter without delay all
orders to the guard not received from the officer of the day; he
transmits to his successor all material instructions and information
relating to his duties. (42)
=1605.= He is responsible under the officer of the day for the general
safety of the post or camp as soon as the old guard marches away from
the guardhouse. In case of emergency while both guards are at the
guardhouse, the senior commander of the two guards will be responsible
that the proper action is taken. (43)
=1606.= Officers of the guard will remain constantly with their
guards, except while visiting patrols or necessarily engaged elsewhere
in the performance of their duties. The commanding officer will allow
a reasonable time for meals. (44)
=1607.= A commander of a guard leaving his post for any purpose will
inform the next in command of his destination and probable time of
return. (45)
=1608.= Except in emergencies, the commander of the guard may divide
the night with the next in command, but retains his responsibility;
the one on watch must be constantly on the alert. (46)
=1609.= When any alarm is raised in camp or garrison, the guard will
be formed immediately. (Par. 1793.) If the case be serious, the proper
call will be sounded, and the commander of the guard will cause the
commanding officer and the officer of the day to be at once notified.
(47)
=1610.= If a sentinel calls: "=The Guard=," the commander of the guard
will at once send a patrol to the sentinel's post. If the danger be
great, in which case the sentinel will discharge his piece, the patrol
will be as strong as possible. (48)
=1611.= When practicable, there should always be an officer or
noncommissioned officer and two privates of the guard at the
guardhouse, in addition to the sentinels there on post. (49)
=1612.= Between reveille and retreat, when the guard had been turned
out for any person entitled to the compliment (See Pars. 1782 and
1784), the commander of the guard, if an officer, will receive the
report of the sergeant, returning the salute of the later with the
right hand. He will then draw his saber, and place himself two paces
in front of the center of the guard. When the person for whom the
guard has been turned out approaches, he faces his guard and commands:
=1. Present, 2. ARMS=; faces to the front and salutes. When his salute
is acknowledged he resumes the carry, faces about, and commands: =1.
Order, 2. ARMS=; and faces to the front.
If it be an officer entitled to inspect the guard, after saluting and
before bringing his guard to an order, the officer of the guard
reports: "=Sir, all present or accounted for="; or, "=Sir, (so and so)
is absent="; or, if the roll call has been omitted: "=Sir, the guard
is formed=," except that at guard mounting the commanders of the
guards present their guards and salute without making any report.
Between retreat and reveille, the commander of the guard salutes and
reports, but does not bring the guard to a present. (50)
=1613.= To those entitled to have the guard turned out but not
entitled to inspect it, no report will be made; nor will a report be
made to any officer, unless he halts in front of the guard. (51)
=1614.= When a guard commanded by a noncommissioned officer is turned
out as a compliment or for inspection, the noncommissioned officer,
standing at a right shoulder on the right of the right guide,
commands: =1. Present, 2. ARMS.= He then executes the rifle salute. If
a report be also required, he will, after saluting, and before
bringing his guard to an order, report as prescribed for the officer
of the guard. (Par. 1612.) (52)
=1615.= When a guard is in line, not under inspection, and commanded
by an officer, the commander of the guard salutes his regimental,
battalion, and company commander, by bringing the guard to attention
and saluting in person.
For all other officers, excepting those entitled to the compliment
from a guard (Par. 1784), the commander of the guard salutes in
person, but does not bring the guard to attention.
When commanded by a noncommissioned officer the guard is brought to
attention in either case, and the noncommissioned officer salutes.
The commander of a guard exchanges salutes with the commanders of all
other bodies of troops; the guard is brought to attention during the
exchange.
"=Present arms=" is executed by a guard only when it has turned out
for inspection or as a compliment, and at the ceremonies of guard
mounting and relieving the old guard. (53)
=1616.= In marching a guard or a detachment of a guard the principles
of paragraph 1615 apply. "=Eyes right=" is executed only in the
ceremonies of guard mounting and relieving the old guard. (54)
=1617.= If a person entitled to the compliment, or the regimental,
battalion, or company commander, passes in rear of a guard, neither
the compliment nor the salute is given, but the guard is brought to
attention while such person is opposite the post of the commander.
After any person has received or declined the compliment, or received
the salute from the commander of the guard, official recognition of
his presence thereafter while he remains in the vicinity will be taken
by bringing the guard to attention. (55)
=1618.= The commander of the guard will inspect the guard at reveille
and retreat, and at such other times as may be necessary, to assure
himself that the men are in proper condition to perform their duties
and that their arms and equipments are in proper condition. For
inspection by other officers, he prepares the guard in each case as
directed by the inspecting officer. (56)
=1619.= The guard will not be paraded during ceremonies unless
directed by the commanding officer. (57)
=1620.= At all formations members of the guard or reliefs will execute
inspection arms as prescribed in the drill regulations of their arm.
(58)
=1621.= The commander of the guard will see that all sentinels are
habitually relieved every two hours, unless the weather or other cause
makes it necessary that it be done at shorter or longer intervals, as
directed by the commanding officer. (59)
=1622.= He will question his noncommissioned officers and sentinels
relative to the instructions they may have received from the old
guard; he will see that patrols and visits of inspection are made as
directed by the officer of the day. (60)
=1623.= He will see that the special orders for each post and member
of the guard, either written or printed, are posted in the guardhouse,
and, if practicable, in the sentry box or other sheltered place to
which the member of the guard has constant access. (61)
=1624.= He will see that the proper calls are sounded at the hours
appointed by the commanding officer. (62)
=1625.= Should a member of the guard be taken sick, or be arrested, or
desert, or leave his guard, he will at once notify the officer of the
day. (63)
=1626.= He will, when the countersign is used (Pars. 1770 to 1776),
communicate it to the noncommissioned officers of the guard and see
that it is duly communicated to the sentinels before the hour for
challenging; the countersign will not be given to sentinels posted at
the guardhouse. (64)
=1627.= He will have the details for hoisting the flag at reveille,
and lowering it at retreat, and for firing the reveille and retreat
gun, made in time for the proper performance of these duties. (See
Pars. 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837). He will see that the flags are kept in
the best condition possible, and that they are never handled except in
the proper performance of duty. (65)
=1628.= He may permit members of the guard while at the guardhouse to
remove their headdress, overcoats, and gloves; if they leave the
guardhouse for any purpose whatever he will require that they be
properly equipped and armed according to the character of the service
in which engaged, or as directed by the commanding officer. (66)
=1629.= He will enter in the guard report a report of his tour of
duty, and, on the completion of his tour, will present it to the
officer of the day. He will transmit with his report all passes turned
in at the post of the guard. (67)
=1630.= Whenever a prisoner is sent to the guardhouse or guard tent
for confinement, he will cause him to be searched, and will, without
unnecessary delay, report the case to the officer of the day. (68)
=1631.= Under war conditions, if anyone is to be passed out of camp at
night, he will be sent to the commander of the guard, who will have
him passed beyond the sentinels. (69)
=1632.= The commander of the guard will detain at the guardhouse all
suspicious characters or parties attempting to pass a sentinel's post
without authority, reporting his action to the officer of the day, to
whom persons so arrested will be sent, if necessary. (70)
=1633.= He will inspect the guard rooms and cells, and the irons of
such prisoners as may be ironed, at least once during his tour, and at
such other times as he may deem necessary. (71)
=1634.= He will cause the corporals of the old and new reliefs to
verify together, immediately before each relief goes on post, the
number of prisoners who should then properly be at the guardhouse.
(72)
=1635.= He will see that the sentences of prisoners under his charge
are executed strictly in accordance with the action of the reviewing
authority. (73)
=1636.= When no special prisoner guard has been detailed (Par. 1798),
he will, as far as practicable, assign as guards over working parties
of prisoners sentinels from posts guarded at night only. (74)
=1637.= The commander of the guard will inspect all meals sent to the
guardhouse and see that the quantity and quality of food are in
accordance with regulations. (75)
=1638.= At guard mounting he will report to the old officer of the day
all cases of prisoners whose terms of sentence expire on that day, and
also all cases of prisoners concerning whom no statement of charges
has been received. (76)
=1639.= The commander of the guard is responsible for the security of
the prisoners under the charge of his guard; he becomes responsible
for them after their number has been verified and they have been
turned over to the custody of his guard by the old guard or by the
prisoner guard or overseers. (77)
=1640.= The prisoners will be verified and turned over to the new
guard without parading them, unless the commanding officer or the
officer of the day shall direct otherwise. (78)
=1641.= To receive the prisoners at the guardhouse when they have been
paraded and after they have been verified by the officers of the day,
the commander of the new guard directs his sergeant to form his guard
with an interval, and commands: =1. Prisoners, 2. Right, 3. FACE, 4.
Forward, 5. MARCH.= The prisoners having arrived opposite the interval
in the new guard, he commands: =1. Prisoners, 2. HALT, 3. Left, 4.
FACE, 5. Right (or left), 6. DRESS, 7. FRONT.=
The prisoners dress on the line of the new guard. (79)
Sergeant of the Guard
=1642.= The senior noncommissioned officer of the guard always acts as
sergeant of the guard, and if there be no officer of the guard, will
perform the duties prescribed for the commander of the guard. (80)
=1643.= The sergeant of the guard has general supervision over the
other noncommissioned officers and the musicians and privates of the
guard, and must be thoroughly familiar with all of their orders and
duties. (81)
=1644.= He is directly responsible for the property under charge of
the guard, and will see that it is properly cared for. He will make
lists of articles taken out by working parties, and see that all such
articles are duly returned. If they are not, he will immediately
report the fact to the commander of the guard. (82)
=1645.= Immediately after guard mounting he will prepare duplicate
lists of the names of all noncommissioned officers, musicians, and
privates of the guard, showing the relief and post or duties of each.
One list will be handed as soon as possible to the commander of the
guard; the other will be retained by the sergeant. (83)
=1646.= He will see that all reliefs are turned out at the proper
time, and that the corporals thoroughly understand, and are prompt and
efficient in, the discharge of their duties. (84)
=1647.= During the temporary absence from the guardhouse of the
sergeant of the guard, the next in rank of the noncommissioned
officers will perform his duties. (85)
=1648.= Should the corporal whose relief is on post be called away
from the guardhouse, the sergeant of the guard will designate a
noncommissioned officer to take the corporal's place until his return.
(86)
=1649.= The sergeant of the guard is responsible at all times for the
proper police of the guardhouse or guard tent, including the ground
about them and the prison cells. (87)
=1650.= At "=first sergeant's call=" he will proceed to the adjutant's
office and obtain the guard report book. (88)
=1651.= When the national or regimental colors are taken from the
stacks of the color line, the color bearer and guard, or the sergeant
of the guard, unarmed, and two armed privates as a guard, will escort
the colors to the colonel's quarters, as prescribed for the color
guard in the drill regulations of the arm of the service to which the
guard belongs. (89)
=1652.= He will report to the commander of the guard any suspicious or
unusual occurrence that comes under his notice, will warn him of the
approach of any armed body, and will send to him all persons arrested
by the guard. (90)
=1653.= When the guard is turned out, its formation will be as
follows: The senior noncommissioned officer, if commander of the
guard, is on the right of the right guide; if not commander of the
guard, he is in the line of file closers, in rear of the right four of
the guard; the next in rank is right guide; the next left guide; the
others in the line of file closers, usually, each in rear of his
relief; the field music, with its left three paces to the right of the
right guide. The reliefs form in the same order as when the guard was
first divided, except that if the guard consists of dismounted cavalry
and infantry, the cavalry forms on the left. (91)
=1654.= The sergeant forms the guard, calls the roll, and, if not in
command of the guard, reports to the commander of the guard as
prescribed in drill regulations for a first sergeant forming a troop
or company; the guard is not divided into platoons or sections, and,
except when the whole guard is formed prior to marching off, fours are
not counted. (92)
=1655.= The sergeant reports as follows: "=Sir, all present or
accounted for=," or "=Sir, (so-and-so) is absent="; or if the roll
call has been omitted, "=Sir, the guard, is formed=." Only men absent
without proper authority are reported absent. He then takes his place,
without command. (93)
=1656.= At night, the roll may be called by reliefs and numbers
instead of names; thus, the first relief being on post: =Second
relief; No. 1; No. 2=, etc.; =Third relief, Corporal; No. 1=, etc.
(94)
=1657.= Calling the roll will be dispensed with in forming the guard
when it is turned out as a compliment, on the approach of an armed
body, or in any sudden emergency; but in such cases the roll may be
called before dismissing the guard. If the guard be turned out for an
officer entitled to inspect it, the roll will, unless he directs
otherwise, always be called before a report is made. (95)
=1658.= The sergeant of the guard has direct charge of the prisoners,
except during such time as they may be under the charge of the
prisoner guard or overseers, and is responsible to the commander of
the guard for their security. (96)
=1659.= He will carry the keys of the guardroom and cells, and will
not suffer them to leave his personal possession while he is at the
guardhouse, except as hereinafter provided. (Par. 1661.) Should he
leave the guardhouse for any purpose, he will turn the keys over to
the noncommissioned officer who takes his place. (Par. 1647.) (97)
=1660.= He will count the knives, forks, etc., given to the prisoners
with their food, and see that none of these articles remain in their
possession. He will see that no forbidden articles of any kind are
conveyed to the prisoners. (98)
=1661.= Prisoners when paraded with the guard, are placed in line in
its center. The sergeant, immediately before forming the guard, will
turn over his keys to the noncommissioned officer at the guardhouse.
Having formed the guard, he will divide it into two nearly equal
parts. Indicating the point of division with his hand, he commands:
=1. Right (or left), 2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH, 5. Guard, 6. HALT,
7. Left (or right), 8. FACE.=
If the first command be =right face=, the right half of the guard only
will execute the movements: if =left face=, the left half only will
execute them. The command =halt= is given when sufficient interval is
obtained to admit the prisoners. The doors of the guardroom and cells
are then opened by the noncommissioned officer having the keys. The
prisoners will file out under the supervision of the sergeant, the
noncommissioned officer, and sentinel on duty at the guardhouse, and
such other sentinels as may be necessary; they will form in line in
the interval between the two parts of the guard. (99)
=1662.= To return the prisoners to the guardroom and cells, the
sergeant commands:
=1. Prisoners, 2. Right (or left), 3. FACE, 4. Column right (or left),
5. MARCH.=
The prisoners, under the same supervision as before, return to their
proper rooms or cells. (100)
=1663.= To close the guard, the sergeant commands:
=1. Left (or right), 2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH, 5. Guard, 6. HALT,
7. Right (or left), 8. FACE.=
The left or right half only of the guard as indicated, executes the
movement. (101)
=1664.= If there be but few prisoners, the sergeant may indicate the
point of division as above, and form the necessary interval by the
commands:
=1. Right (or left) step, 2. MARCH, 3. Guard, 4. HALT=, and close the
intervals by the commands:
=1. Left (or right) step, 2. MARCH, 3. Guard, 4. HALT.= (102)
=1665.= If sentinels are numerous, reliefs may, at the discretion of
the commanding officer, be posted in detachments, and sergeants, as
well as corporals, required to relieve and post them. (103)
Corporal of the Guard
=1666.= A corporal of the guard receives and obeys orders from none
but noncommissioned officers of the guard senior to himself, the
officers of the guard, the officer of the day, and the commanding
officer. (104)
=1667.= It is the duty of the corporal of the guard to post and
relieve sentinels, and to instruct the members of his relief in their
orders and duties. (105)
=1668.= Immediately after the division of the guard into reliefs the
corporals will assign the members of their respective reliefs to posts
by number, and a soldier so assigned to his post will not be changed
to another during the same tour of guard duty, unless by direction of
the commander of the guard or higher authority. Usually, experienced
soldiers are placed over the arms of the guard, and at remote and
responsible posts. (106)
=1669.= Each corporal will then make a list of the members of his
relief including himself. This list will contain the number of the
relief, the name, the company, and the regiment of every member
thereof, and the post to which each is assigned. The list will be made
in duplicate, one copy to be given to the sergeant of the guard as
soon as completed, the other to be retained by the corporal. (107)
=1670.= When directed by the commander of the guard, the corporal of
the first relief forms his relief, and then commands: =CALL OFF.=
Commencing on the right, the men call off alternately =rear= and
=front= rank, "=one=," "=two=," "=three=," "=four=," and so on; if in
single rank, they call off from right to left. The corporal then
commands:
=1. Right, 2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH.=
The corporal marches on the left, and near the rear file, in order to
observe the march. The corporal of the old guard marches on the right
of the leading file, and takes command when the last one of the old
sentinels is relieved, changing places with the corporal of the new
guard. (108)
=1671.= When the relief arrives at six paces from a sentinel (See Par.
1729), the corporal halts it and commands, according to the number of
the post: =No. (--).=
Both sentinels execute port arms or saber; the new sentinel approaches
the old, halting about one pace from him. (See Par. 1733.) (109)
=1672.= The corporals advance and place themselves, facing each other,
a little in advance of the new sentinel, the old corporal on his
right, the new corporal on his left, both at a right shoulder, and
observe that the old sentinel transmits correctly his instructions.
The following diagram will illustrate the positions taken:
[Illustration]
R is the relief; A, the new corporal; B, the old; C, the new sentinel:
D, the old. (110)
=1673.= The instructions relative to the post having been
communicated, the new corporal commands, =Post=; both sentinels then
resume the right shoulder, face toward the new corporal and step back
so as to allow the relief to pass in front of them. The new corporal
then commands, =1. Forward, 2. MARCH=; the old sentinel takes his
place in rear of the relief as it passes him, his piece in the same
position as those of the relief. The new sentinel stands fast at a
right shoulder until the relief has passed six paces beyond him, when
he walks his post. The corporals take their places as the relief
passes them. (111)
=1674.= Mounted sentinels are posted and relieved in accordance with
the same principles. (112)
=1675.= On the return of the old relief, the corporal of the new guard
falls out when the relief halts; the corporal of the old guard forms
his relief on the left of the old guard, salutes, and reports to the
commander of his guard: "=Sir, the relief is present="; or "=Sir, (so
and so) is absent=," and takes his place in the guard. (113)
=1676.= To post a relief other than that which is posted when the old
guard is relieved, its corporal commands:
=1. (Such) relief, 2. FALL IN=; and if arms are stacked, they are
taken at the proper commands.
The relief is formed facing to the front, with arms at an =order=; the
men place themselves according to the numbers of their respective
posts, viz., =two=, =four=, =six=, and so on, in the =front rank=, and
=one=, =three=, =five=, and so on, in the =rear rank=. The corporal,
standing about two paces in front of the center of his relief, then
commands: =Call off.=
The men call off as prescribed. The corporal then commands: =1.
Inspection, 2. ARMS, 3. Order, 4. ARMS=; faces the commander of the
guard, executes the rifle salute, reports: "=Sir, the relief is
present=," or "=Sir, (so and so) is absent="; he then takes his place
on the right at order arms. (114)
=1677.= When the commander of the guard directs the corporal: "=Post
your relief=," the corporal salutes and posts his relief as prescribed
(Pars. 108 to 111); the corporal of the relief on post does not go
with the new relief, except when necessary to show the way. (115)
=1678.= To dismiss the old relief, it is halted and faced to the front
at the guardhouse by the corporal of the new relief, who then falls
out; the corporal of the old relief then steps in front of the relief
and dismisses it by the proper commands. (116)
=1679.= Should the pieces have been loaded before the relief was
posted, the corporal will, before dismissing the relief, see that no
cartridges are left in the chambers or magazines. The same rule
applies to sentinels over prisoners. (117)
=1680.= Each corporal will thoroughly acquaint himself with all the
special orders of every sentinel on his relief, and see that each
understands and correctly transmits such orders =in detail= to his
successor. (118)
=1681.= There should be at least one noncommissioned officer
constantly on the alert at the guardhouse, usually the corporal whose
relief is on post. This noncommissioned officer takes post near the
entrance of the guardhouse, and does not fall in with the guard when
it is formed. He will have his rifle constantly with him. (119)
=1682.= Whenever it becomes necessary for the corporal to leave his
post near the entrance of the guardhouse, he will notify the sergeant
of the guard, who will at once take his place, or designate another
noncommissioned officer to do so. (120)
=1683.= He will see that no person enters the guardhouse, or guard
tent, or crosses the posts of the sentinels there posted without
proper authority. (121)
=1684.= Should any sentinel call for the corporal of the guard, the
corporal will, in every case, at once and quickly proceed to such
sentinel. He will notify the sergeant of the guard before leaving the
guardhouse. (122)
=1685.= He will at once report to the commander of the guard any
violation of regulations or any unusual occurrence which is reported
to him by a sentinel, or which comes to his notice in any other way.
(123)
=1686.= Should a sentinel call: "=The Guard=," the corporal will
promptly notify the commander of the guard. (124)
=1687.= Should a sentinel call: "=Relief=," the corporal will at once
proceed to the post of such sentinel, taking with him the man next for
duty on that post. If the sentinel is relieved for a short time only,
the corporal will again post him as soon as the necessity for his
relief ceases. (125)
=1688.= When the countersign is used, the corporal at the posting of
the relief during whose tour challenging is to begin gives the
countersign to the members of the relief, excepting those posted at
the guardhouse. (126)
=1689.= He will wake the corporal whose relief is next on post in time
for the latter to verify the prisoners, form his relief, and post it
at the proper hour. (127)
=1690.= Should the guard be turned out, each corporal will call his
own relief, and cause its members to fall in promptly. (128)
=1691.= Tents or bunks in the same vicinity will be designated for the
reliefs so that all the members of each relief may, if necessary, be
found and turned out by the corporal in the least time and with the
least confusion. (129)
=1692.= When challenged by a sentinel while posting his relief, the
corporal commands: =1. Relief, 2. HALT=; to the sentinel's challenge
he answers "=Relief=," and at the order of the sentinel he advances
alone to give the countersign, or to be recognized. When the sentinel
says, "=Advance relief=," the corporal commands: =1. Forward, 2.
MARCH.=
If to be relieved, the sentinel is then relieved as prescribed. (130)
=1693.= Between retreat and reveille, the corporal of the guard will
challenge all suspicious looking persons or parties he may observe,
first halting his patrol or relief, if either be with him. He will
advance them in the same manner that sentinels on post advance like
parties (Pars. 1751 to 1757), but if the route of a patrol is on a
continuous chain of sentinels, he should not challenge persons coming
near him unless he has reason to believe that they have eluded the
vigilance of sentinels. (131)
=1694.= Between retreat and reveille, whenever so ordered by an
officer entitled to inspect the guard, the corporal will call: "=Turn
out the guard=," announcing the title of the officer, and then, if not
otherwise ordered he will salute and return to his post. (132)
=1695.= As a general rule he will advance parties approaching the
guard at night in the same manner that sentinels on post advance like
parties. Thus, the sentinel at the guardhouse challenges and repeats
the answer to the corporal, as prescribed hereafter (Par. 1760); the
corporal, advancing at "=port arms=," says: "=Advance (so and so) with
the countersign=," or "=to be recognized=," if there be no countersign
used; the countersign being correctly given, or the party being duly
recognized, the corporal says: "=Advance (so and so)="; repeating the
answer to the challenge of the sentinel. (133)
=1696.= When officers of different rank approach the guardhouse from
different directions at the same time, the senior will be advanced
first, and will not be made to wait for his junior. (134)
=1697.= Out of ranks and under arms, the corporal salutes with the
rifle salute. He will salute all officers whether by day or night.
(135)
=1698.= The corporal will examine parties halted and detained by
sentinels, and if he has reason to believe the parties have no
authority to cross sentinel's posts, will conduct them to the
commander of the guard. (136)
=1699.= The corporal of the guard will arrest all suspicious looking
characters prowling about the post or camp, all persons of a
disorderly character disturbing the peace, and all persons taken in
the act of committing crime against the Government on a military
reservation or post. All persons arrested by corporals of the guard,
or by sentinels, will at once be conducted to the commander of the
guard by the corporal. (137)
Musicians of the Guard
=1700.= The musicians of the guard will sound call as prescribed by
the commanding officer. (138)
=1701.= Should the guard be turned out for national or regimental
colors or standards, uncased, the field music of the guard will, when
the guard present arms, sound, "=To the color=" or "=To the
standard="; or, if for any person entitled thereto, the march,
flourishes, or ruffles, prescribed in paragraphs 375, 376, and 377, A.
R. (139)
Orderlies and Color Sentinels
=1702.= When so directed by the commanding officer, the officer who
inspects the guard at guard mounting will select from the members of
the new guard an orderly for the commanding officer and such number of
other orderlies and color sentinels as may be required. (140)
For these positions the soldiers will be chosen who are most correct
in the performance of duty and in military bearing, neatest in person
and clothing, and whose arms and accouterments are in the best
condition. Clothing, arms, and equipments must conform to regulations.
If there is any doubt as to the relative qualifications of two or more
soldiers, the inspecting officer will cause them to fall out at the
guardhouse and to form in line in single rank. He will then, by
testing them in drill regulations, select the most proficient. The
commander of the guard will be notified of the selection. (141)
=1703.= When directed by the commander of the guard to fall out and
report, an orderly will give his name, company, and regiment to the
sergeant of the guard, and, leaving his rifle in the arm rack in his
company quarters, will proceed at once to the officer to whom he is
assigned, reporting: "=Sir, Private ----, Company ----, reports as
orderly.=" (142)
=1704.= If the orderly selected be a cavalryman, he will leave his
rifle in the arm rack of his troop quarters, and report with his belt
on, but without side arms unless specially otherwise ordered. (143)
=1705.= Orderlies, while on duty as such, are subject only to the
orders of the commanding officer and of the officers to whom they are
ordered to report. (144)
=1706.= When an orderly is ordered to carry a message, he will be
careful to deliver it exactly as it was given to him. (145)
=1707.= His tour of duty ends when he is relieved by the orderly
selected from the guard relieving his own. (146)
=1708.= Orderlies are members of the guard, and their name, company,
and regiment are entered on the guard report and lists of the guard.
(147)
=1709.= If a color line is established, sufficient sentinels are
placed on the color line to guard the colors and stacks. (148)
=1710.= Color sentinels are posted only so long as the stacks are
formed. The commander of the guard will divide the time equally among
them. (149)
=1711.= When stacks are broken, the color sentinels may be permitted
to return to their respective companies. They are required to report
in person to the commander of the guard at reveille and retreat. They
will fall in with the guard, under arms, at guard mounting. (150)
=1712.= Color sentinels are not placed on the regular reliefs, nor are
their posts numbered. In calling for the corporal of the guard, they
call: "=Corporal of the guard. Color line.=" (151)
=1713.= Officers or enlisted men passing the uncased colors will
render the prescribed salute. If the colors are on the stacks, the
salute will be made on crossing the color line or on passing the
colors. (152)
=1714.= A sentinel placed over the colors will not permit them to be
moved, except in the presence of an armed escort. Unless otherwise
ordered by the commanding officer, he will allow no one to touch them
but the color bearer.
He will not permit any soldier to take arms from the stacks, or to
touch them, except by order of an officer or noncommissioned officer
of the guard.
If any person passing the colors or crossing the color line fails to
salute the colors, the sentinel will caution him to do so, and if the
caution be not heeded he will call the corporal of the guard and
report the facts. (153)
Privates of the Guard
=1715.= Privates are assigned to reliefs by the commander of the
guard, and to posts, usually, by the corporal of their relief. They
will not change from one relief or post to another during the same
tour of guard duty unless by proper authority. (154)
Orders for Sentinels
=1716.= Orders for sentinels are of two classes: General orders and
special orders. General orders apply to all sentinels. Special orders
relate to particular posts and duties. (155)
=1717.= Sentinels will be required to memorize the following:
My general orders are:
=1. To take charge of this post and all Government property in view.=
=2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert
and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing.=
=3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.=
=4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse
than my own.=
=5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.=
=6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me all
orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, and officers
and noncommissioned officers of the guard only.=
=7. To talk to no one except in line of duty.=
=8. In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm.=
=9. To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near my post.=
=10. In any case not covered by instructions to call the corporal of
the guard.=
=11. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased.=
=12. To be especially watchful at night, and, during the time for
challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow
no one to pass without proper authority.= (156)
Regulations Relating to the General Orders for Sentinels
=1718.= No. 1: =To take charge of this post and all Government
property in view.=
All persons, of whatever rank in the service, are required to observe
respect toward sentinels and members of the guard when such are in the
performance of their duties. (157)
=1719.= A sentinel will at once report to the corporal of the guard
every unusual or suspicious occurrence noted. (158)
=1720.= He will arrest suspicious persons prowling about the post or
camp at any time, all parties to a disorder occurring on or near his
post, and all, except authorized persons, who attempt to enter the
camp at night, and will turn over to the corporal of the guard all
persons arrested. (159)
=1721.= The number, limits, and extent of his post will invariably
constitute part of the special orders of a sentinel on post. The
limits of his post should be so defined as to include every place to
which he is required to go in the performance of his duties.
No. 2: =To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the
alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or
hearing.= (160)
=1722.= A sentinel is not required to halt and change the position of
his rifle on arriving at the end of his post, nor to execute =to the
rear, march=, precisely as prescribed in the drill regulations, but
faces about while walking, in the manner most convenient to him, and
at any part of his post as may be best suited to the proper
performance of his duties. He carries his rifle on either shoulder,
and in wet or severe weather, when not in a sentry box, may carry it
at a secure. (161)
=1723.= Sentinels when in sentry boxes stand at ease. Sentry boxes
will be used in wet weather only, or at other times when specially
authorized by the commanding officer. (162)
=1724.= In very hot weather, sentinels may be authorized to stand at
ease on their posts, provided they can effectively discharge their
duties in this position, but they will take advantage of this
privilege only on the express authority of the officer of the day or
the commander of the guard. (163)
=1725.= A mounted sentinel may dismount occasionally and lead his
horse but will not relax his vigilance.
No. 3: =To report all violations of orders I am instructed to
enforce.= (164)
=1726.= A sentinel will ordinarily report a violation of orders when
he is inspected or relieved, but if the case be urgent he will call
the corporal of the guard, and also, if necessary, will arrest the
offender.
No. 4: =To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the
guardhouse than my own.= (165)
=1727.= To call the corporal, or the guard, for any purpose other than
relief, fire, or disorder (Pars. 1728 and 1734), a sentinel will call,
"=Corporal of the guard, No. (--)=," adding the number of his post. In
no case will any sentinel call, "=Never mind the corporal="; nor will
the corporal heed such call if given.
No. 5: =To quit my post only when properly relieved.= (166)
=1728.= If relief becomes necessary, by reason of sickness or other
cause, a sentinel will call, "=Corporal of the guard, No. (--),
Relief=," giving the number of his post. (167)
=1729.= Whenever a sentinel is to be relieved, he will halt, and with
arms at a right shoulder, will face toward the relief when it is
thirty paces from him. He will come to a port arms with the new
sentinel, and in a low tone will transmit to him all the special
orders relating to the post, and any other information which will
assist him to better perform his duties.
No. 6: =To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me,
all orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, and
officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard only.= (168)
=1730.= During this tour of duty a soldier is subject to the orders of
the commanding officer, officer of the day, and officers and
noncommissioned officers of the guard only; but any officer is
competent to investigate apparent violations of regulations by members
of the guard. (169)
=1731.= A sentinel will quit his piece on an explicit order from any
person from whom he lawfully receives orders while on post; under no
circumstances will he yield it to any other person. Unless necessity
therefor exists, no person will require a sentinel to quit his piece,
even to allow it to be inspected. (170)
=1732.= A sentinel will not divulge the countersign (Pars. 1769 to
1777) to anyone except the sentinel who relieves him, or to a person
from whom he properly receives orders, on such person's verbal order
given personally. Privates of the guard will not use the countersign
except in the performance of their duties while posted as sentinels.
No. 7: =To talk to no one except in line of duty.= (171)
=1733.= When calling for any purpose, challenging, or holding
communication with any person, a dismounted sentinel, armed with a
rifle or saber, will take the position of "port" arms or saber. At
night a dismounted sentinel, armed with a pistol, takes the position
of raise pistol in challenging or holding communication. A mounted
sentinel does not ordinarily draw his weapon in the daytime when
challenging or holding conversation; but if drawn, he holds it at
advance rifle, raise pistol, or port saber, according as he is armed
with a rifle, pistol, or saber. At night, in challenging and holding
conversation, his weapon is drawn and held as just prescribed,
depending on whether he is armed with a rifle, pistol, or saber.
No. 8: =In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm.= (172)
=1734.= In case of fire, a sentinel will call, "=Fire No. (--)=,"
adding the number of his post; if possible, he will extinguish the
fire himself. In case of disorder, he will call: "=The Guard, No.
(--)=," adding the number of his post. If the danger be great, he
will, in either case, discharge his piece before calling.
No. 11: =To salute all officers and all colors and standards not
cased.= (173)
=1735.= When not engaged in the performance of a specific duty, the
proper execution of which would prevent it, a member of the guard will
salute all officers who pass him. This rule applies at all hours of
the day or night, except in the case of mounted sentinels armed with a
rifle or pistol, or dismounted sentinels armed with a pistol, after
challenging. (See Par. 1742.) (174)
=1736.= Sentinels will salute as follows: A dismounted sentinel armed
with a rifle or saber, salutes by presenting arms; if otherwise armed,
he salutes with the right hand.
A mounted sentinel, if armed with a saber and the saber be drawn,
salutes by presenting saber; otherwise he salutes in all cases with
the right hand. (175)
=1737.= To salute, a dismounted sentinel, with piece at a right
shoulder or saber at a carry, halts and faces toward the person to be
saluted when the latter arrives within thirty paces.
The limit within which individuals and insignia of rank can be readily
recognized is assumed to be about 30 paces, and, therefore, at this
distance cognizance is taken of the person or party to be saluted.
(176)
=1738.= The salute is rendered at 6 paces; if the person to be saluted
does not arrive within that distance, then when he is nearest. (177)
=1739.= A sentinel in a sentry box, armed with a rifle, stands at
attention in the doorway on the approach of a person or party entitled
to salute, and salutes by presenting arms according to the forgoing
rules.
If armed with a saber, he stands at a carry and salutes as before.
(178)
=1740.= A mounted sentinel on a regular post halts, faces, and salutes
in accordance with the foregoing rules. If doing patrol duty, he
salutes, but does not halt unless spoken to. (179)
=1741.= Sentinels salute, in accordance with the foregoing rules, all
persons and parties entitled to compliments from the guard (Pars.
1787, and 1788): officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps;
military and naval officers of foreign powers; officers of volunteers,
and militia officers when in uniform. (180)
=1742.= A sentinel salutes as just prescribed when an officer comes on
his post; if the officer holds communication with the sentinel, the
sentinel again salutes when the officer leaves him.
During the hours when challenging is prescribed, the first salute is
given as soon as the officer has been duly recognized and advanced. A
mounted sentinel armed with a rifle or pistol, or a dismounted
sentinel armed with a pistol, does not salute after challenging.
He stands at advance rifle or raise pistol until the officer passes.
(181)
=1743.= In case of the approach of an armed party of the guard, the
sentinel will halt when it is about 30 paces from him, facing toward
the party with his piece at the right shoulder. If not himself
relieved, he will, as the party passes, place himself so that the
party will pass in front of him; he resumes walking his post when the
party has reached 6 paces beyond him. (182)
An officer is entitled to the compliments prescribed, whether in
uniform or not. (183)
=1744.= A sentinel in communication with an officer will not interrupt
the conversation to salute. In the case of seniors the officer will
salute, whereupon the sentinel will salute. (184)
=1745.= When the flag is being lowered at retreat, a sentinel on post
and in view of the flag will face the flag, and, at the first note of
the "Star Spangled Banner" or to the color will come to a present
arms. At the sounding of the last note he will resume walking his
post.
No. 12: =To be especially watchful at night and during the time for
challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow
no one to pass without proper authority.= (185)
=1746.= During challenging hours, if a sentinel sees any person or
party on or near his post, he will advance rapidly along his post
toward such person or party and when within about 30 yards will
challenge sharply, "=HALT. Who is there?=" He will place himself in
the best possible position to receive or, if necessary, to arrest the
person or party. (186)
=1747.= In case a mounted party be challenged, the sentinel will call,
"=HALT. DISMOUNT. Who is there?=" (187)
=1748.= The sentinel will permit only one of any party to approach him
for the purpose of giving the countersign (Pars. 1769 to 1777), or if
no countersign be used, of being duly recognized. When this is done
the whole party is advanced, i. e., allowed to pass. (188)
=1749.= In all cases the sentinel must satisfy himself beyond a
reasonable doubt that the parties are what they represent themselves
to be and have a right to pass. If he is not satisfied, he must cause
them to stand and call the corporal of the guard. So, likewise, if he
have no authority to pass persons with the countersign, or when the
party has not the countersign, or gives an incorrect one. (189)
=1750.= A sentinel will not permit any person to approach so close as
to prevent the proper use of his own weapon before recognizing the
person or receiving the countersign. (190)
=1751.= When two or more persons approach in one party, the sentinel
on receiving an answer that indicates that someone in the party has
the countersign, will say, "=Advance one with the countersign=," and,
if the countersign is given correctly, will then say, "=Advance (So
and so)=," repeating the answer to his challenge. Thus, if the answer
be, "=Relief (friends with the countersign, patrol, etc.)=," the
sentinel will say, "=Advance one with the countersign="; then,
"=Advance relief (friends, patrol, etc.)=." (191)
=1752.= If a person having the countersign approach alone, he is
advanced to give the countersign. Thus, if the answer be, "=Friend
with the countersign (or officer of the day, or etc.)=," the sentinel
will say, "=Advance, friend (or officer of the day, or etc.), with the
countersign="; then, "=Advance, friend (or officer of the day, or
etc.)=." (192)
=1753.= If two or more persons approach a sentinel's post from
different directions at the same time, all such persons are challenged
in turn and required to halt and to remain halted until advanced.
The senior is first advanced, in accordance with the foregoing rules.
(193)
=1754.= If a party is already advanced and in communication with a
sentinel, the latter will challenge any other party that may approach;
if the party challenged be senior to the one already on his post, the
sentinel will advance the new party at once. The senior may allow him
to advance any or all of the other parties; otherwise, the sentinel
will not advance any of them until the senior leaves him. He will then
advance the senior only of the remaining parties, and so on. (194)
=1755.= The following order of rank will govern a sentinel in
advancing different persons or parties approaching his post:
Commanding officer, officer of the day, officer of the guard,
officers, patrols, reliefs, noncommissioned officers of the guard in
order of rank, friends. (195)
=1756.= A sentinel will never allow himself to be surprised, nor
permit two parties to advance upon him at the same time. (196)
=1757.= If no countersign be used, the rules for challenging are the
same. The rules for advancing parties are modified only as follows:
Instead of saying "=Advance (so and so) with the countersign=," the
sentinel will say, "=Advance (so and so) to be recognized=." Upon
recognition he will say, "=Advance (so and so)=." (197)
=1758.= Answers to a sentinel's challenge intended to confuse or
mislead him are prohibited, but the use of such an answer as "=Friends
with the countersign=," is not to be understood as misleading, but as
the usual answer made by officers, patrols, etc., when the purpose of
their visit makes it desirable that their official capacity should not
be announced. (198)
Special Orders For Sentinels at the Post of the Guard
=1759.= Sentinels posted at the guard will be required to memorize the
following:
=Between reveille and retreat to turn out the guard for all persons
designated by the commanding officer, for all colors or standards not
cased, and in time of war for all armed parties approaching my post,
except troops at drill and reliefs and detachments of the guard.=
=At night, after challenging any person or party, to advance no one
but call the corporal of the guard, repeating the answer to the
challenge.= (199)
=1760.= After receiving an answer to his challenge, the sentinel
calls, "=Corporal of the guard (So and so)=," repeating the answer to
the challenge.
He does not in such cases repeat the number of his post. (200)
=1761.= He remains in the position assumed in challenging until the
corporal has recognized or advanced the person or party challenged,
when he resumes walking his post, or, if the person or party be
entitled thereto, he salutes and, as soon as the salute has been
acknowledged, resumes walking his post. (201)
=1762.= The sentinel at the post of the guard will be notified by
direction of the commanding officer of the presence in camp or
garrison of persons entitled to the compliment (Par. 1784.) (202)
=1763.= The following examples illustrate the manner in which the
sentinel at the post of the guard will turn out the guard upon the
approach of persons or parties entitled to the compliment (Pars. 1784,
1787, and 1788): "=Turn out the guard, Commanding Officer="; "=Turn
out the guard, Governor of a Territory="; "=Turn out the guard,
national colors="; "=Turn out the guard, armed party="; etc.
At the approach of the new guard at guard mounting the sentinel will
call "=Turn out the guard, armed party=." (203)
=1764.= Should the person named by the sentinel not desire the guard
formed, he will salute, whereupon the sentinel will call "=Never mind
the guard=." (204)
=1765.= After having called "=Turn out the guard=," the sentinel will
never call "=Never mind the guard=," on the approach of an armed
party. (205)
=1766.= Though the guard be already formed he will not fail to call
"=Turn out the guard=," as required in his special orders, except that
the guard will not be turned out for any person while his senior is at
or coming to the post of the guard. (206)
=1767.= The sentinels at the post of the guard will warn the commander
of the approach of any armed body and of the presence in the vicinity
of all suspicious or disorderly persons. (207)
=1768.= In case of fire or disorder in sight or hearing, the sentinel
at the guardhouse will call the corporal of the guard and report the
facts to him. (208)
Countersigns and Paroles
=1769. Seventy-seventh Article of War.= Any person subject to military
law makes known the parole or countersign to any person not entitled
to receive it according to the rules and discipline of war, or gives a
parole or countersign different from that which he received, shall, if
the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other
punishment as a court-martial may direct. (See Par. 1732.) (209)
=1770.= The =countersign= is a word given daily from the principal
headquarters of a command to aid guards and sentinels in identifying
persons who may be authorized to pass at night.
It is given to such persons as may be authorized to pass and repass
sentinels' posts during the night, and to officers, noncommissioned
officers, and sentinels of the guard. (210)
=1771.= The =parole= is a word used as a check on the countersign in
order to obtain more accurate identification of persons. It is
imparted only to those who are entitled to inspect guards and to
commanders of guards.
The parole or countersign, or both, are sent sealed in the form of an
order to those entitled to them. (211)
=1772.= When the commander of the guard demands the parole, he will
advance and receive it as the corporal receives the countersign. (See
Par. 1695.) (212)
=1773.= As the communications containing the parole and countersign
must at times be distributed by many orderlies, the parole intrusted
to many officers, and the countersign and parole to many officers and
sentinels, and as both the countersign and parole must, for large
commands, be prepared several days in advance, there is always danger
of their being lost or becoming known to persons who would make
improper use of them; moreover, a sentinel is too apt to take it for
granted that any person who gives the right countersign is what he
represents himself to be; hence for outpost duty there is greater
security in omitting the use of the countersign and parole, or in
using them with great caution. The chief reliance should be upon
personal recognition or identification of all persons claiming
authority to pass.
Persons whose sole means of identification is the countersign, or
concerning whose authority to pass there is a reasonable doubt, should
not be allowed to pass without the authority of the corporal of the
guard after proper investigation; the corporal will take to his next
superior any person about whom he is not competent to decide. (213)
=1774.= The =countersign= is usually the name of a battle; the
=parole=, that of a general or other distinguished person. (214)
=1775.= When they can not be communicated daily, a series of words for
some days in advance may be sent to posts or detachments that are to
use the same parole or countersign as the main body. (215)
=1776.= If the countersign be lost, or if a member of the guard desert
with it, the commander on the spot will substitute another for it and
report the case at once to headquarters. (216)
=1777.= In addition to the countersign, use may be made of
preconcerted signals, such as striking the rifle with the hand or
striking the hands together a certain number of times, as agreed upon.
Such signals may be used only by guards that occupy exposed points.
They are used before the countersign is given, and must not be
communicated to anyone not entitled to know the countersign. Their use
is intended to prevent the surprise of a sentinel.
In the daytime signals such as raising a cap or a handkerchief in a
prearranged manner may be used by sentinels to communicate with the
guard or with each other. (217)
Guard Patrols
=1778.= A guard patrol consists of one or more men detailed for the
performance of some special service connected with guard duty. (218)
=1779.= If the patrol be required to go beyond the chain of sentinels,
the officer or noncommissioned officer in charge will be furnished
with the countersign, and the outposts and sentinels warned. (219)
=1780.= If challenged by a sentinel, the patrol is halted by its
commander, and the noncommissioned officer accompanying it advances
alone and gives the countersign. (220)
Watchmen
=1781.= Enlisted men may be detailed as watchmen or as overseers over
prisoners, and as such will receive their orders and perform their
duties as the commanding officer may direct. (221)
Compliments From Guards
=1782.= The compliment from a guard consists in the guard turning out
and presenting arms. (See Par. 1612.) No compliments will be paid
between retreat and reveille except as provided in paragraphs 361 and
362, nor will any person other than those named in paragraph 224
receive the compliment. (222)
=1783.= Though a guard does not turn out between retreat and reveille
as a matter of compliment, it may be turned out for inspection at any
time by a person entitled to inspect it. (223)
=1784.= Between reveille and retreat the following persons are
entitled to the compliment: The President, sovereign or chief
magistrate of a foreign country, and members of a royal family;
Vice-President; President and President pro tempore of the Senate;
American and foreign ambassadors; members of the Cabinet; Chief
Justice; Speaker of the House of Representatives; committees of
Congress officially visiting a military post; governors within their
respective States and Territories; governors general[20]; Assistant
Secretary of War officially visiting a military post; all general
officers of the Army; general officers of foreign services visiting a
post; naval, marine, volunteer, and militia officers in the service of
the United States and holding the rank of general officer; American or
foreign envoys or ministers; ministers accredited to the United
states: charges d'affaires accredited to the United States; consuls
general accredited to the United States; commanding officer of a coast
artillery district, coast defense command, post, fort or camp; officer
of the day. (224) (C. M. I. G. D., No. 1, Feb. 24, 1915.)
=1785.= The relative rank between officers of the Army and Navy is as
follows: General with admiral, lieutenant general with the vice
admiral, major general with rear admiral, brigadier general with
commodore,[21] colonel with captain, lieutenant colonel with
commander, major with lieutenant commander, captain with lieutenant,
first lieutenant with lieutenant (junior grade), second lieutenant
with ensign. (A. R. 12.) (225)
=1786.= Sentinels will not be required to memorize paragraph 1784, and
except in the cases of general officers of the Army, the commanding
officer, and the officer of the day, they will be advised in each case
of the presence in camp or garrison of persons entitled to the
compliment. (226)
=1787.= Guards will turn out and present arms when the national or
regimental colors or standards, not cased, are carried past by a guard
or an armed party. This rule also applies when the party carrying the
colors is at drill. If the drill is conducted in the vicinity of the
guardhouse, the guard will be turned out when the colors first pass,
and not thereafter. (227)
=1788.= In case the remains of a deceased officer or soldier are
carried past, the guard will turn out and present arms. (228)
=1789.= In time of war all guards will turn out under arms when armed
parties, except troops at drill and reliefs or detachments of the
guard, approach their post. (See Par. 1615.) (229)
=1790.= The commander of the guard will be notified of the presence in
camp or garrison of all persons entitled to the compliment, except
general officers of the Army, the commanding officer, and the officer
of the day. Members of the guard will salute all persons entitled to
the compliment and all officers in the military or naval service of
foreign powers, officers of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, officers
of volunteers, and officers of militia when in uniform. (230)
General Rules Concerning Guard Duty
=1791. Eighty-sixth Article of War.= Any sentinel who is found drunk
or sleeping upon his post, or who leaves it before he is regularly
relieved, shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer
death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct; and if
the offense be committed in time of peace, he shall suffer any
punishment, except death, that a court-martial may direct. (232)
=1792.= All material instructions given to a member of the guard by an
officer having authority will be promptly communicated to the
commander of the guard by the officer giving them. (233)
=1793.= Should the guard be formed, soldiers will fall in ranks under
arms. At roll call, each man, as his name or number and relief are
called, will answer "Here," and come to an =order arms=. (234)
=1794.= Whenever the guard or a relief is dismissed, each member not
at once required for duty will place his rifle in the arms racks, if
they be provided, and will not remove it therefrom unless he requires
it in the performance of some duty. (235)
=1795.= Without permission from the commander of the guard, members of
the main guard, except orderlies, will not leave the immediate
vicinity of the guard house. Permission to leave will not be granted
except in cases of necessity. (236)
=1796.= Members of the main guard, except orderlies, will not remove
their accouterments or clothing without permission from the commander
of the guard. (Par. 1628.) (237)
Guarding Prisoners
=1797.= The sentinel at the post of the guard has charge of the
prisoners except when they have been turned over to the prisoner guard
or overseers. (Par. 1798 to 1802 and 300 to 304.)
(a) =He will allow none to escape.=
(b) =He will allow none to cross his post leaving the guardhouse
except when passed by an officer or noncommissioned officer of the
guard.=
(c) =He will allow no one to communicate with prisoners without
permission from proper authority.=
(d) =He will promptly report to the corporal of the guard any
suspicious noise made by the prisoners.=
(e) =He will be prepared to tell whenever asked how many prisoners are
in the guardhouse and how many are out at work or elsewhere.=
Whenever prisoners are brought to his post returning from work or
elsewhere, he will halt them and call the corporal of the guard,
notifying him of the number of prisoners returning. Thus: "=Corporal
of the guard, (so many) prisoners.="
He will not allow prisoners to pass into the guardhouse until the
corporal of the guard has responded to the call and ordered him to do
so. (299)
=1798.= Whenever practicable special guards will be detailed for the
particular duty of guarding working parties composed of such prisoners
as cannot be placed under overseers. (300)
=1799.= The prisoner guard and overseers will be commanded by the
police officer; if there be no police officer, then by the officer of
the day. (301)
=1800.= The provost sergeant is sergeant of the prisoner guard and
overseers, and as such receives orders from the commanding officer and
the commander of the prisoner guard only. (302)
=1801.= Details for prisoner guard are marched to the guardhouse and
mounted by being inspected by the commander of the main guard, who
determines whether all of the men are in proper condition to perform
their duties and whether their arms and equipments are in proper
condition, and rejects any men found unfit. (303)
=1802.= When prisoners have been turned over to the prisoner guard or
overseers, such guards or overseers are responsible for them under
their commander, and all responsibility and control of the main guard
ceases until they are returned to the main guard. (Par. 1804.) (304)
=1803.= If a prisoner attempts to escape, the sentinel will call
"=Halt=." If he fails to halt when the sentinel has once repeated his
call, and if there be no other possible means of preventing his
escape, the sentinel will fire upon him.
=1804.= On approaching the post of the sentinel at the guardhouse, a
sentinel of the prisoner guard or an overseer in charge of prisoners
will halt them and call, "=No. 1, (so many prisoners.)=" He will not
allow them to cross the post of the sentinel until so directed by the
Corporal of the guard. (306)
=1805.= Members of the prisoner guard and overseers placed over
prisoners for work will receive specific and explicit instructions
covering the required work; they will be held strictly responsible
that the prisoners under their charge properly and satisfactorily
perform the designated work. (307)
Stable Guards
=1806.= Under the head of stable guards will be included guards for
cavalry stables, artillery stables and parks, mounted infantry
stables, machine-gun organization stables and parks, and quartermaster
stables and parks. Where the words "troop" and "cavalry" are used they
will be held to include all of these organizations. (308)
=1807.= When troop stable guards are mounted they will guard the
stables of the cavalry. When no stable guards are mounted, the stables
will be guarded by sentinels posted from the main guard, under the
control of the officer of the day.
The instructions given for troop stable guard will be observed as far
as applicable by the noncommissioned officers and sentinels of the
main guard when in charge of the stables. (309)
Troop Stable Guards
=1808.= Troops stable guards will not be used except in the field, or
when it is impracticable to guard the stables by sentinels from the
main guard. (310)
=1809.= Troop stable guards will be under the immediate control of
their respective troop commanders; they will be posted in each cavalry
stable, or near the picket line, and will consist of not less than one
noncommissioned officer and three privates.
Stable guards are for the protection of the horses, stables, forage,
equipments, and public property generally. They will in addition
enforce the special regulations in regard to stables, horses, and
parks. (311)
=1810.= Sentinels of stable guards will be posted at the stables or at
the picket lines when the horses are kept outside. The troop stable
guard may be used as a herd guard during the day time or when grazing
is practicable. (312)
=1811.= The troop stable guard, when authorized by the post commander,
will be mounted under the supervision of the troop commander. It will
be armed, at the discretion of the troop commander, with either rifle
or pistol. (313)
=1812.= The tour continues for 24 hours, or until the guard is
relieved by a new guard. (314)
=1813.= The employment of stable guards for police and fatigue duties
at the stables is forbidden; but this will not prohibit them from
being required to assist in feeding grain before reveille. (315)
The troop stable guard will attend stables with the rest of the troop
and groom their own horses, the sentinels being taken off post for the
purpose. (316)
=1814.= Neither the noncommissioned officer nor the members of the
stable guard will absent themselves from the immediate vicinity of the
stables except in case of urgent necessity, and then for no longer
time than is absolutely necessary. No member of the guard will leave
for any purpose without the authority of the noncommissioned officer
of the guard. (317)
=1815.= The noncommissioned officer and one member of the stable guard
will go for meals at the proper hour; upon their return the other
members of the guard will be directed to go by the noncommissioned
officer. (318)
=1816.= When the horses are herded each troop will furnish its own
herd guard. (319)
=1817.= Smoking in the stables or their immediate vicinity is
prohibited. No fire or light, other than electric light or stable
lanterns, will be permitted in the stables. A special place will be
designated for trimming, filling, and lighting lanterns. (320)
Noncommissioned Officer of the Troop Stable Guard
=1818.= The noncommissioned officer receives his orders from his troop
commander, to whom he will report immediately after posting his first
relief, and when relieved will turn over all his orders to his
successor. He instructs his sentinels in their general and special
duties; exercises general supervision over his entire guard; exacts
order and cleanliness about the guardroom; prevents the introduction
of intoxicants into the guardhouse and stables; receives, by count,
from his predecessor, the animals, horse equipments, and all property
(both private and public) pertaining thereto; examines, before
relieving his predecessor, all locks, windows, and doors, and should
any be found insecure he will report the fact to his troop commander
when he reports for orders. He will personally post and relieve each
sentinel, taking care to verify the property responsibility of the
sentinel who comes off post, and see that the sentinel who goes on
post is aware of the property responsibility that he assumes. (321)
=1819.= That the noncommissioned officer may be more thoroughly
informed of his responsibility, =all= horses returning, except those
from a regular formation, will be reported to him. He will then notify
the sentinel on post, and, in the absence of the stable sergeant, will
see that the horses are promptly cared for.
In case of abuse, he will promptly report to the troop commander.
Should the horse be the private property of an officer, he will report
such abuse to the owner. (322)
=1820.= The noncommissioned officer will report any unusual occurrence
during his tour direct to his troop commander. (323)
=1821.= Horses and other property for which the noncommissioned
officer is responsible will not be taken from the stables without the
authority of the post or troop commander. (324)
=1822.= The noncommissioned officer must answer the sentinel's calls
promptly. (325)
=1823.= In case of fire, the noncommissioned officer will see that the
requirements of paragraph 1831 are promptly carried out. (326)
=1824.= Whenever it becomes necessary for the noncommissioned officer
to leave his guard, he will designate a member of it to take charge
and assume his responsibility during his absence. (327)
Sentinels of the Troop Stable Guard
=1825.= The sentinel in the discharge of his duties will be governed
by the regulations for sentinels of the main guard whenever they are
applicable--such as courtesies to officers, walking post in a
soldierly manner, challenging, etc.; he will not turn out the guard
except when ordered by proper authority. (328)
=1826.= The sentinel will receive orders from the commanding officer,
the troop commander, and the noncommissioned officers of the stable
guard only, except when the commanding officer directs the officer of
the day to inspect the stable guard. (329)
=1827.= In the field and elsewhere when directed by the commanding
officer the sentinel when posted will verify the number of horses for
which he is responsible, and when relieved will give the number to his
successor. (330)
=1828.= The sentinel will not permit any horse or equipments to be
taken from the stables, except in the presence of the noncommissioned
officer. (331)
=1829.= Should a horse get loose, the sentinel will catch him and tie
him up. If he be unable to catch the horse, the noncommissioned
officer will at once be notified. In case a horse be cast, or in any
way entangled, he will relieve him, if possible; if unable to relieve
him, he will call the noncommissioned officer. Sentinels are forbidden
to punish or maltreat a horse. (332)
=1830.= When a horse is taken sick, the sentinel will notify the
noncommissioned officer, who in turn will call the farrier, and see
that the horse is properly attended to. (333)
=1831.= In case of fire the sentinel will give the alarm by stepping
outside the stable and firing his pistol or piece repeatedly, and
calling out at the same time, "=Fire, stables, Troop (----)=."
As soon as the guard is alarmed, he will take the necessary
precautions in opening or closing the doors so as to prevent the
spreading of the fire and make it possible to remove the horses; he
will drop the chains and bars, and, with the other members of the
guard, proceed to lead out the horses and secure them at the picket
line or such other place as may have been previously designated. (334)
=1832.= Sentinels over horses, or in charge of prisoners, receive
orders from the stable sergeant, so far as the care of the horses and
the labor of prisoners are concerned. (335)
=1833.= In field artillery and machine-gun organizations, the guard
for the stables has charge of the guns, caissons, etc., with their
ammunition and stores, as well as the horses, harness, and forage.
(336)
The Flag
=1834.= The lowering of the flag will be regulated as to be completed
at the last note of "The Star Spangled Banner" or "to the color."
(338)
=1835.= When practicable, a detail consisting of a noncommissioned
officer and two privates of the guard will raise or lower the flag.
This detail wears side arms or, if the special equipments do not
include side arms, then belts only.
The noncommissioned officer, carrying the flag, forms the detail in
line, takes his post in the center, and marches it to the staff. The
flag is then securely attached to the halyards and rapidly hoisted.
The halyards are then securely fastened to the cleat on the staff and
the detail marched to the guardhouse. (344)
=1836.= When the flag is to be lowered, the halyards are loosened from
the staff and made perfectly free. At retreat the flag is lowered at
the last note of retreat. It is then neatly folded and the halyards
made fast. The detail is then reformed and marched to the guardhouse,
where the flag is turned over to the commander of the guard.
The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and should always
be hoisted or lowered from the leeward side of the staff, the halyards
being held by two persons. (345)
Reveille and Retreat Gun
=1837.= The morning and evening gun will be fired by a detachment of
the guard, consisting, when practicable, of a corporal and two
privates. The morning gun is fired at the first note of reveille, or,
if marches be played before the reveille, it is fired at the beginning
of the first march The retreat gun is fired at the last note of
retreat.
The corporal marches the detachment to and from the piece, which is
fired, sponged out, and secured under his direction. (346)
Guard Mounting
=1838.= Guard mounting will be formal or informal as the commanding
officer may direct. It will be held as prescribed in the drill
regulations of the arm of the service to which the guard belongs; if
none is prescribed, then as for infantry. In case the guard is
composed wholly of mounted organizations, guard mounting may be held
mounted. (347)
=1839.= When infantry and mounted troops dismounted are united for
guard mounting, all details form as prescribed for infantry. (348)
Formal Guard Mounting for Infantry
=1840.= Formal guard mounting will ordinarily be held only in posts or
camps where a band is present. (349)
=1841.= At the =assembly=, the men designated for the guard fall in on
their company parade grounds as prescribed in paragraph 106. I. D. R.
The first sergeant then verifies the detail, inspects it, replaces any
man unfit to go on guard, turns the detail over to the senior
noncommissioned officer, and retires. The band takes its place on the
parade ground so that the left of its front rank shall be 12 paces to
the right of the front rank of the guard when the latter is formed.
(350)
=1842.= At =adjutant's call=, the adjutant, dismounted, and the
sergeant-major on his left, marches to the parade ground. The adjutant
halts and takes post so as to be 12 paces in front of and facing the
center of the guard when formed; the sergeant-major continues on,
moves by the left flank, and takes post, facing to the left, 12 paces
to the left of the front rank of the band; the band plays in quick or
double time; the details are marched to the parade ground by the
senior noncommissioned officers; the detail that arrives first is
marched to the line so that, upon halting, the breast of the
front-rank man shall be near to and opposite the left arm of the
sergeant-major; the commander of the detail halts his detail, places
himself in front of and facing the sergeant-major, at a distance equal
to or a little greater than the front of his detail, and commands: =1.
Right, 2. DRESS.= The detail dresses up to the line of the
sergeant-major and its commander, the right front-rank man placing his
breast against the left arm of the sergeant-major; the noncommissioned
officers take post two paces in rear of the rear rank of the detail.
The detail aligned, the commander of the detail commands: =FRONT=,
salutes, and then reports: "=The detail is correct=;" or "=So many
sergeants, corporals, or privates are absent=;" the sergeant-major
returns the salute with the right hand after the report is made; the
commander then passes by the right of the guard and takes post in the
line of noncommissioned officers in rear of the right file or his
detail.
Should there be more than one detail, it is formed in like manner on
the left of the one preceding; the privates, noncommissioned officers,
and commander of each detail dress on those of the preceding details
in the same rank or line; each detail commander closes the rear rank
to the right and fills blank files, as far as practicable, with the
men from his front rank.
Should the guard from a company not include a noncommissioned officer,
one will be detailed to perform the duties of commander of the detail.
In this case the commander of the detail, after reporting to the
sergeant-major, passes around the right flank between the guard and
the band and retires. (351)
=1843.= When the last detail has formed, the sergeant-major takes a
side step to the right, draws sword, verifies the detail, takes post
two paces to the right and two paces to the front of the guard, facing
to the left, causes the guard to count off, completes the left squad,
if necessary, as in the school of the company, and if there be more
than three squads, divides the guard into two platoons, again takes
post as described above and commands: =1. Open ranks, 2. MARCH.=
At the command march, the rear rank and file closers march backward
four steps, halt, and dress to the right. The sergeant major aligns
the ranks and file closers and again, taking post as described above,
commands: =FRONT=, moves parallel to the front rank until opposite the
center, turns to the right, halts midway to the adjutant, salutes,
and reports: "=Sir, the details are correct=;" or, "=Sir, (so many)
sergeants, corporals, or privates are absent=;" the adjutant returns
the salute, directs the sergeant-major: =Take your post=, and then
draws saber; the sergeant-major faces about, approaches to within two
paces of the center of the front rank, turns to the right, moves three
paces beyond the left of the front rank, turns to the left, halts on
the line of the front rank, faces about, and brings his sword to the
order. When the sergeant-major has reported, the officer of the guard
takes post, facing to the front, three paces in front of the center of
the guard, and draws saber.
The adjutant then commands: =1. Officer (or officers) and
noncommissioned officers, 2. Front and Center, 3. MARCH.=
At the command =center=, the officers carry saber. At the command
=march=, the officer advances and halts three paces from the adjutant,
remaining at the carry; the noncommissioned officers pass by the
flanks, along the front, and form in order of rank from right to left,
three paces in rear of the officer, remaining at the right shoulder;
if there is no officer of the guard the noncommissioned officers halt
on a line three paces from the adjutant; the adjutant then assigns the
officers and noncommissioned officers according to rank, as follows:
=Commander of the guard, leader of first platoon, leader of second
platoon, right guide of first platoon, left guide of second platoon,
left guide of first platoon, right guide of second platoon=, and =file
closers=, or, if the guard is not divided into platoons: =Commander of
the guard, right guide, left guide=, and =file closers=.
The adjutant then commands: =1. Officer (or officers) and
noncommissioned officers, 2. POSTS, 3. MARCH.=
At the command =posts=, all, except the officer commanding the guard,
face about. At the command =march=, they take the posts prescribed in
the school of the company with open ranks. The adjutant directs:
=Inspect your guard, sir=; at which the officer commanding the guard
faces about, commands: =Prepare for inspection=, returns saber, and
inspects the guard.
During the inspection, the band plays; the adjutant returns saber,
observes the general condition of the guard, and falls out any man who
is unfit for guard duty or does not present a creditable appearance.
Substitutes will report to the commander of the guard at the
guardhouse. (352)
=1844.= The adjutant, when so directed, selects orderlies and color
sentinels, as prescribed in paragraphs 140 and 141, and notifies the
commander of the guard of his selection. (353)
If there be a junior officer of the guard he takes post at the same
time as the senior, facing to the front, 3 paces in front of the
center of the first platoon; in going to the front and center he
follows and takes position on the left of the senior and is assigned
as leader of the first platoon; he may be directed by the commander of
the guard to assist in inspecting the guard.
If there be no officer of the guard, the adjutant inspects the guard.
A noncommissioned officer commanding the guard takes post on the right
of the right guide, when the guard is in line; and takes the post of
the officer of the guard, when in column or passing in review. (354)
=1845.= The inspection ended, the adjutant places himself about 30
paces in front of and facing the center of the guard, and draws saber;
the new officer of the day takes post in front of and facing the
guard, about 30 paces from the adjutant; the old officer of the day
takes post 3 paces to the right of and 1 pace to the rear of the new
officer of the day; the officer of the guard takes post 3 paces in
front of its center, draws saber with the adjutant and comes to the
order; thereafter he takes the same relative positions as a captain of
a company.
The adjutant then commands: =1. Parade, 2. REST, 3. SOUND OFF=, and
comes to the order and parade rest.
The band, playing, passes in front of the officer of the guard to the
left of the line, and back to its post on the right, when it ceases
playing.
The adjutant then comes to attention, carries saber, and commands: =1.
Guard, 2. ATTENTION, 3. Close ranks, 4. MARCH.=
The ranks are opened and closed as in paragraph 745, I. D. R.
The adjutant then commands: =1. Present, 2. ARMS=, faces toward the
new officer of the day, salutes, and then reports: =Sir, the guard is
formed.= The new officer of the day, after the adjutant has reported,
returns the salute with the hand and directs the adjutant: =March the
guard in review, sir.=
The adjutant carries saber, faces about, brings the guard to an order,
and commands: =1. At trail, platoons (or guard) right, 2. MARCH, 3.
Guard, 4. HALT.=
The platoons execute the movements; the band turns to the right and
places itself 12 paces in front of the first platoon.
The adjutant places himself 6 paces from the flank and abreast of the
commander of the guard; the sergeant major, 6 paces from the left
flank of the second platoon.
The adjutant then commands: =1. Pass in review, 2. FORWARD, 3. MARCH.=
The guard marches in quick time past the officer of the day, according
to the principles of review, and is brought to =eyes right= at the
proper time by the commander of the guard; the adjutant, commander of
the guard, leaders of platoons, sergeant-major, and drum major salute.
The band, having passed the officer of the day, turns to the left out
of the column, places itself opposite and facing him, and continues to
play until the guard leaves the parade ground. The field music
detaches itself from the band when the latter turns out of the column,
and, remaining in front of the guard, commences to play when the band
ceases.
Having passed 12 paces beyond the officer of the day, the adjutant
halts; the sergeant-major halts abreast of the adjutant and 1 pace to
his left; they then return saber, salute, and retire; the commander of
the guard then commands: =1. Platoons, right by squads, 2. MARCH=, and
marches the guard to its post.
The officers of the day face toward each other and salute; the old
officer of the day turns over the orders to the new officer of the
day.
When the band is sounding off, and while the guard is marching in
review, the officers of the day stand at parade rest with arms folded.
They take this position when the adjutant comes to parade rest, resume
the attention with him, again take the parade rest at the first note
of the march in review, and resume attention as the head of the column
approaches.
The new officer of the day returns the salute of the commander of the
guard and the adjutant, making one salute with the hand. (355)
=1846.= If the guard be not divided into platoons, the adjutant
commands: =1. At trail, guard right, 2. MARCH, 3. Guard, 4. HALT=, and
it passes in review as above; the commander of the guard is 3 paces in
front of its center; the adjutant places himself 6 paces from the left
flank and abreast of the commander of the guard; the sergeant covers
the adjutant on a line with the front rank. (356)
Informal Guard Mounting for Infantry
=1847.= Informal guard mounting will be held on the parade ground of
the organization from which the guard is detailed. If it is detailed
from more than one organization, then at such place as the commanding
officer may direct. (357)
=1848. At assembly=, the detail for guard falls in on the company
parade ground. The first sergeant verifies the detail, inspects their
dress and general appearance, and replaces any man unfit to march on
guard. He then turns the detail over to the commander of the guard and
retires. (358)
=1849. At adjutant's call=, the officer of the day takes his place 15
paces in front of the center of the guard and commands: =1. Officer
(or officers) and noncommissioned officers, 2. Front and center, 3.
MARCH=; whereupon the officers and noncommissioned officers take their
positions, are assigned and sent to their posts as prescribed in
formal guard mounting. (Par. 1843.)
The officer of the day will then inspect the guard with especial
reference for its fitness for the duty for which it is detailed, and
will select as prescribed in paragraphs 1702, the necessary orderlies
and color sentinels. The men found unfit for guard will be returned to
quarters and will be replaced by others found to be suitable, if
available in the company. If none are available in the company, the
fact will be reported to the adjutant immediately after guard
mounting.
When the inspection shall have been completed, the officer of the day
resumes his position and directs the commander of the guard to march
the guard to its post. (359)
Relieving the Old Guard
=1850.= As the new guard approaches the guardhouse, the old guard is
formed in line, with its field music 3 paces to its right; and when
the field music at the head of the new guard arrives opposite its
left, the commander of the new guard commands: =1. Eyes, 2. RIGHT=;
the commander of the old guard commands: =1. Present, 2. ARMS=;
commanders of both guards salute. The new guard marches in quick time
past the old guard.
When the commander of the new guard is opposite the field music of the
old guard, he commands: =FRONT=; the commander of the old guard
commands: =1. Order, 2. ARMS=, as soon as the new guard shall have
cleared the old guard.
The field music having marched 3 paces beyond the field music of the
old guard, changes direction to the right, and, followed by the guard,
changes direction to the left when on a line with the old guard; the
changes of direction are without command. The commander of the guard
halts on the line of the front rank of the old guard, allows his guard
to march past him, and when its rear approaches forms it in line to
the left, establishes the left guide 3 paces to the right of the field
music of the old guard, and on a line with the front rank, and then
dresses his guard to the left; the field music of the new guard is 3
paces to the right of its front rank. (360)
=1851.= The new guard being dressed, the commander of each guard, in
front of and facing its center, commands: =1. Present, 2. ARMS=,
resumes his front, salutes, carries saber, faces his guard and
commands: =1. Order, 2. ARMS.=
Should a guard be commanded by a noncommissioned officer, he stands on
the right or left of the front rank, according as he commands the old
or new guard, and executes the rifle salute. (361)
=1852.= After the new guard arrives at its post, and has saluted the
old guard, each guard is presented by its commander to its officer of
the day; if there be but one officer of the day present, or if one
officer acts in the capacity of old and new officer of the day, each
guard is presented to him by its commander. (362)
=1853.= If other persons entitled to a salute approach, each commander
of the guard will bring his own guard to attention if not already at
attention. The senior commander of the two guards will then command
"=1. Old and new guards, 2. Present, 3. ARMS.="
The junior will salute at the command "=Present Arms=" given by the
senior. After the salute has been acknowledged, the senior brings both
guards to the order. (363)
=1854.= After the salutes have been acknowledged by the officers of
the day, each guard is brought to an order by its commander; the
commander of the new guard then directs the orderly or orderlies to
fall out and report, and causes bayonets to be fixed if so ordered by
the commanding officer; bayonets will not then be unfixed during the
tour except in route marches while the guard is actually marching, or
when specially directed by the commanding officer.
The commander of the new guard then falls out members of the guard for
detached posts, placing them under charge of the proper
noncommissioned officers, divides the guard into three reliefs,
=first=, =second=, and =third=, from right to left, and directs a list
of the guard to be made by reliefs. When the guard consists of troops
of different arms combined, the men are assigned to reliefs so as to
insure a fair division of duty, under rules prescribed by the
commanding officer. (364)
=1855.= The sentinels and detachments of the old guard are at once
relieved by members of the new guard; the two guards standing at ease
or at rest while these changes are being made. The commander of the
old transmits to the commander of the new guard all his orders,
instructions, and information concerning the guard and its duties. The
commander of the new guard then takes possession of the guardhouse and
verifies the articles in charge of the guard. (365)
=1856.= If considerable time is required to bring in that portion of
the old guard still on post, the commanding officer may direct that as
soon as the orders and property are turned over to the new guard, the
portion of the old guard at the guardhouse may be marched off and
dismissed. In such a case, the remaining detachment or detachments of
the old guard will be inspected by the commander of the new guard when
they reach the guardhouse. He will direct the senior noncommissioned
officer present to march these detachments off and dismiss them in the
prescribed manner. (366)
=1857.= In bad weather, at night, after long marches, or when the
guard is very small, the field music may be dispensed with. (367)
FOOTNOTES:
[20] The term "governors general" shall be taken to mean
administrative officers under whom officers with the title of governor
are acting.
[21] The grade of commodore ceased to exist as a grade on the active
list of the Navy of the United States on Mar. 3, 1899. By section 7 of
the act of Mar. 3, 1899, the nine junior rear admirals are authorized
to receive the pay and allowances of a brigadier general of the Army.
PART VIII
MILITARY ORGANIZATION
=1858.= The tabulations that follow are based on the National Defense
Act of June 3, 1916, and on the Tables of Organization.
Composition of Infantry Units
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
Regiment | Battalions (3)
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
Each | Each
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
1 Colonel | 1 Major
1 Lt. Colonel | 1 1st Lieut., mounted
3 Majors | (battalion adjutant)
15 Captains | 4 Companies.
16 1st Lieuts. |
15 2nd Lieuts. | _Attached_
-- |
51 | 1 Battalion Sergt. Major
-- | (from Hdqrs. Co.)
1 Hdqrs. Co. |
1 Machine Gun Co. |
1 Supply Co. |
12 Infantry Cos., organized into 3 |
battalions of 4 companies each |
|
_Attached_ |
|
1 Major, Med. Dept. |
3 Capts., or 1st Lieuts., |
Med. Dept. |
1 Chaplain |
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Companies
-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------
Infantry (12) | Headquarters (1) | Machine Gun (1) | Supply (1)
-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------
1 Captain | 1 Captain, mounted,| 1 Captain, Mtd. | 1 Captain, Mtd.
1 1st Lieut. | (Regtl. Adjt.) | 1 1st Lt., Mtd. | 1 2nd Lt., Mtd.
1 2nd Lieut. | | 2 2nd Lts., Mtd.|--
-- | 1 Regtl. Sergt. |-- | 2
3 | Major, mounted. | 4 |--
-- | 3 Batln. Sergts. |-- | 3 Regtl. Supply
| Major, mounted. | 1 1st Sergt., | Sergts., Mtd.
1 1st Sergt. | 1 1st Sergt. | Mtd. | 1 1st Sergt.,
1 Mess Sergt. | (drum major) | 1 Mess Sergt. | Mtd.
1 Supply Sergt.| 2 Color Sergts. | 1 Supply Sergt.,| 1 Mess Sergt.
6 Sergts. | 1 Mess Sergt. | Mtd. | 1 Stable Sergt.
11 Corpls. | 1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Stable Sergt.,| 1 Corpl., Mtd.
2 Cooks | 1 Stable Sergt. | Mtd. | 1 Cook
2 Buglers | 1 Sergt. | 1 Horseshoer | 1 Saddler
1 Mechanic | 2 Cooks | 5 Sergeants | 1 Horseshoer
19 Pvts. (1st | 1 Horseshoer | 6 Corporals | 1 Wagoner for
Class) | 1 Band leader | 2 Cooks | each
56 Pvts. | 1 Asst. Band leader| 2 Buglers | authorized
--- | 1 Sergt. bugler | 1 Mechanic | wagon
100 | 2 Band Sergts. | 8 Pvts., 1st | of the field
--- | 4 Band Corpls. | Class | and combat
(The President | 2 Musicians, 1st |24 Privates | train.
may add 2 | Class |-- |
Sergts., 6 | 4 Musicians, 2nd |53 |
Corpls., 1 | Class |-- |
Mechanic, 9 Pvts.|13 Musicians, 3rd |(The President |
1st Class and 31 | Class |may add 2 |
Pvts.--total, 49)| 4 Pvts., 1st Class,|Sergts., 2 |
| Mtd. |Corpls., |
|12 Pvts, Mtd. |1 Mechanic, |
|-- |4 Pvts., 1st |
|58 |Class and 12 |
|-- |Pvts.--total, |
| |21) |
-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------
=Transportation, orderlies, etc.= To Hdqrs. Co., 27 riding horses; to
Machine Gun Co., 6 riding horses and 8 pack mules; to Supply Co., 3
riding horses; to each Battalion Hdqrs., 6 riding horses, 1 wagon, 4
draft mules, and 2 mounted orderlies; to Regtl. Hdqrs., 5 riding
horses.
Composition of Cavalry Units
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
Regiment | Squadrons (3)
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
Each | Each
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
1 Colonel | 1 Major
1 Lt. Colonel | 1 1st Lieut., squadron adjutant
3 Majors |
15 Captains | 4 troops
16 1st Lieuts. |
16 2nd Lieuts. | _Attached_
-- |
52 | 1 Squadron Sergt. Major
-- | (from Hdqrs. Troop)
|
1 Hdqrs. Troop |
1 Machine Gun Troop |
1 Supply Troop |
12 Troops organized into 3 |
squadrons of 4 troops each |
|
_Attached_ |
|
1 Major, Med. Dept. |
3 Capts., or 1st Lieuts., |
Med. Dept. |
1 Chaplain |
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Troops
-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------
Cavalry (12) | Headquarters (1) | Machine Gun (1) | Supply (1)
-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------
1 Captain | 1 Captain, Regtl. | 1 Captain | 1 Captain,
1 1st Lieut. | Adjt. | 1 1st Lieut. | Regtl. Supply
1 2nd Lieut. | 1 Regtl. Sergeant | 2 2nd Lieuts. | Officer
-- | Major |-- | 2 2nd Lieuts.
3 | 3 Squadron Sergts. | 4 |--
-- | Major |-- | 3
| 1 1st Sergt. | |--
1 1st Sergt. | (Drum Major) | 1 1st Sergt. |
1 Mess Sergt. | 2 Color Sergts. | 1 Mess Sergt. | 3 Regtl. Supply
1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Mess Sergt. | 1 Supply Sergt. | Sergts.
1 Stable Sergt. | 1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Stable Sergt. | 1 1st Sergt.
5 Sergts. | 1 Stable Sergt. | 2 Horseshoers | 1 Mess Sergt.
8 Corpls. | 1 Sergt. | 5 Sergts. | 1 Stable Sergt.
2 Cooks | 2 Cooks | 6 Corpls. | 1 Corpl.
2 Horseshoers | 1 Horseshoer | 2 Cooks | 1 Cook
1 Saddler | 1 Saddler | 1 Mechanic | 1 Horseshoer
2 Buglers | 2 Pvts. (1st Class)| 1 Saddler | 1 Saddler
10 Pvts. (1st | 9 Pvts. | 2 Buglers | 1 Wagoner for
Class) | 1 Band leader |12 Pvts. 1st | each
36 Pvts. | 1 Asst. Band Leader| Class | authorized
-- | 1 Sergt. Bugler |35 Pvts. | wagon of the
70 | 2 Band Sergts. |-- | field and
-- | 4 Band Corpls. |70 | combat train.
| 2 Musicians, 1st |-- |
(The President | Class | |
may add 10 Pvts. | 4 Musicians, 2nd |(The President |
(1st Class) and | Class |may add 3 |
25 Pvts.--total, |13 Musicians, 3rd |Sergts., 2 |
35) | Class |Corpls., 1 |
|-- |Mechanic, 1 Pvt. |
|54 |1st Class, 14 |
|-- |Pvts.--total, 21)|
| | |
|(The President may | |
| add 2 Sergts, 5 | |
| Corpls., 1 | |
| Horseshoer, 5 Pvts.| |
| 1st Class, 18 | |
| Pvts.--total, 31) | |
-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------------
=Transportation, orderlies, etc.= To each Squadron Hdqrs., 6 or 7
riding horses and 2 orderlies; to each squadron; 292 riding horses, 1
wagon and 4 draft mules.
Composition of Field Artillery Units
------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------
| Battalion | Battery
Regiment | (Gun or Howitzer) | (Gun or Howitzer)
------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------
Each | Each | Each
------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------
1 Colonel | 1 Major | 1 Captain
1 Lt. Colonel | 1 Captain | 2 1st Lieuts.
1 Captain | -- | 2 2nd Lieuts.
-- | 2 | --
3 | -- | 5
-- | | --
| Batteries as follows: |
1 Hdqrs. Co., | | 1 1st Sergt.
1 Supply Co., | Mountain artillery | 1 Supply Sergt.
| battalions and light | 1 Stable Sergt.
And such number of | artillery gun or | 1 Mess Sergt.
guns and howitzer as | howitzer battalions | 6 Sergts.
the President may | serving with the field | 13 Corpls.
direct. | artillery or Infantry | 1 Chief Mechanic
| divisions shall contain| 1 Saddler
_Attached_ | three batteries; horse | 2 Horseshoers
| artillery battalions | 1 Mechanic
1 Major, Med. Dept. | and heavy field | 2 Buglers
3 Capts. or 1st | artillery gun or | 3 Cooks
Lieuts., Med. Dept. | howitzer battalions | 22 Pvts., 1st Class
1 Chaplain | shall contain two | 71 Pvts.
| batteries. | ---
| | 125
| | ---
| |
| | When no enlisted men
| | of the Quartermaster
| | Corps are attached for
| | such positions there
| | shall be added to each
| | battery of mountain
| | artillery:
| |
| | 1 Packmaster Sergt.,
| | 1st Class
| | 1 Asst. Packmaster
| | Sergt.
| | 1 Cargador, Corpl.
| |
| | (The President may add
| | 3 Sergts., 7 Corpls.,
| | 1 Horseshoer, 2
| | Mechanics, 1 Bugler,
| | 13 Pvts. 1st Class, 37
| | Pvts.--total, 64)
------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
Headquarters Company of Regt., of |
2 battalions | Supply (1) Regt. of 2 Batlns.
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
1 Captain | 1 Captain
1 1st Lieut. | 1 1st Lieut.
-- | --
2 | 2
-- | --
|
1 Regtl. Sergt. Major | 2 Regtl. Supply Sergts.
2 Batln. Sergts. Major | 1 1st Sergt.
1 1st Sergt. | 1 Mess Sergt.
2 Color Sergts. | 1 Corpl.
1 Mess Sergt. | 1 Cook
1 Supply Sergt. | 1 Horseshoer
1 Stable Sergt. | 1 Saddler
2 Sergts. | 2 Pvts.
9 Corpls. | 1 Wagoner for each authorized
1 Horseshoer | wagon of the field train.
1 Saddler |
1 Mechanic | When Regt. consists of 3 Batlns.
3 Buglers | there shall be added 1 2nd Lieut.
2 Cooks | (1), 1 Regtl. Supply Sergt., 1
5 Pvts. 1st Class | Pvt., 1 Wagoner for each
15 Pvts. | additional authorized wagon of the
1 Band leader | field train.
1 Asst. Band leader |
1 Sergt. Bugler | (The President may add 1 Corpl., 1
2 Band Sergts. | Cook, 1 Horseshoer, 1
4 Band Corpls. | Saddler.--total, 4)
2 Musicians, 1st Class |
4 Musicians, 2nd Class | Supply Co., of Regt. of 3 Batlns.
13 Musicians, 3rd Class | may have added, the same number as
-- | given above for Regt. of 2 Batlns.
76 |
-- |
|
When a regiment consists of three |
battalions there shall be added to |
Hdqrs. Co.: 1 Batln. Sergt. Major, |
1 Sergt., 3 Corpls., 1 Bugler, 1 |
Pvt. 1st Class, 5 Pvts.--total, 12.|
|
When no enlisted men of the |
Quartermaster Corps are attached |
for such positions there shall be |
added to each mountain artillery |
Hdqrs. Co., |
|
1 Packmaster Sergt., 1st Class |
1 Asst. Packmaster, Sergt. |
1 Cargador, Corpl.--total, 3. |
|
(The President may add 2 Sergts., |
5 Corpls., 1 Horseshoer, 1 |
Mechanic, 1 Pvt. 1st Class, 6 |
Pvts.--total 16 to a regiment of 2 |
battalions; and to a regiment of 3 |
battalions 1 Sergt., 7 Corpls., |
1 Horseshoer, 1 Mechanic, 2 Cooks, |
2 Pvts. 1st Class, 7 Pvts.--total, |
21) |
------------------------------------+------------------------------------
=Transportation, orderlies, etc.= To Battery Hdqrs., 8 riding horses;
to each Battery, 24 riding horses, 88 draft horses, 1 Battery wagon, 1
Store wagon, 8 Caissons and 4 Guns.
PART IX
MAP READING AND MILITARY SKETCHING
CHAPTER I
MAP READING
=1859. Definition of map.= A map is a representation on paper of a
certain portion of the earth's surface.
A military map is one that shows the things which are of military
importance, such as roads, streams, bridges, houses, depressions, and
hills.
=1860. Map reading.= By map reading is meant the ability to get a
clear idea of the ground represented by the map,--of being able to
_visualize_ the ground so represented.
For some unknown reason, military map reading is generally considered
a very difficult matter to master, and the beginner, starting out with
this idea, seemingly tries to find it difficult.
However, as a matter of fact, map reading is not difficult, if one
goes about learning it in the right way,--that is, by first becoming
familiar with scales, contours, conventional signs, and other things
that go to make up map making.
Practice is most important in acquiring ability in map reading.
Practice looking at maps and then _visualizing_ the actual country
represented on the map.
=1861. Scales.= In order that you may be able to tell the distance
between any two points on a map, the map must be drawn to scale,--that
is, it must be so drawn that a certain distance on the map, say, one
inch, represents a certain distance on the ground, say, one mile. On
such a map, then, two inches would represent two miles on the ground;
three inches, three miles, and so on. Therefore, we may say--
_The scale of a map is the ratio between actual distances on the
ground and those between the same points as represented on the map._
=1862. Methods of representing scales.= There are three ways in which
the scale of a map may be represented:
1st. By words and figures, as 3 inches = 1 mile; 1 inch = 200 feet.
2d. By Representative Fraction (abbreviated R. F.), which is a
fraction whose numerator represents units of distance on the map and
whose denominator, units of distance on the ground.
For example, R. F. = 1 inch (on map)/1 mile (on ground) which is
equivalent to R. F. = 1/63360, since 1 mile = 63,360 inches. So the
expression, "R. F. 1/63360" on a map merely means that 1 inch on the
map represents 63,360 inches (or 1 mile) on the ground. This fraction
is usually written with a numerator 1, as above, no definite unit of
inches or miles being specified in either the numerator or
denominator. In this case the expression means that one unit of
distance on the map equals as many of the same units on the ground as
are in the denominator. Thus, 1/63360 means that 1 inch on the map =
63,360 inches on the ground, 1 foot on the map = 63,360 feet on the
ground; 1 yard on the map = 63,360 yards on the ground, etc.
3d. By Graphical Scale, that is, a drawn scale. A graphical scale is a
line drawn on the map, divided into equal parts, each part being
marked not with its actual length, but with the distance which it
represents on the ground. Thus:
[Illustration: Fig. 1]
For example, the distance from 0 to 50 represents fifty yards on the
ground; the distance from 0 to 100, one hundred yards on the ground,
etc.
If the above scale were applied to the road running from A to B in
Fig. 2, it would show that the length of the road is 675 yards.
[Illustration: Fig. 2]
=1863. Construction of Scales.= The following are the most usual
problems that arise in connection with the construction of scales:
1. Having given the R. F. on a map, to find how many miles on the
ground are represented by one inch on the map. Let us suppose that the
R. F. is 1/21120.
Solution
Now, as previously explained, 1/21120 simply means that one inch on
the map represents 21,120 inches on the ground. There are 63,360
inches in one mile. 21,120 goes into 63,360 three times--that is to
say, 21,120 is 1/3 of 63,360, and we, therefore, see from this that
one inch on the map represents 1/3 of a mile on the ground, and
consequently it would take three inches on the map to represent one
whole mile on the ground. So, we have this general rule: To find out
how many miles one inch on the map represents on the ground, divide
the denominator of the R. F. by 63,360.
2. Being given the R. F. to construct a graphical scale to read yards.
Let us assume that 1/21120 is the R. F. given--that is to say, one
inch on the map represents 21,120 inches on the ground, but, as there
are 36 inches in one yard, 21,120 inches = 21,120/36 yds. = 586.66
yds.--that is, one inch on the map represents 586.66 yds. on the
ground. Now, suppose about a 6-inch scale is desired. Since one inch
on the map = 586.66 yards on the ground, 6 inches (map) = 586.66 x 6 =
3,519.96 yards (ground). In order to get as nearly a 6-inch scale as
possible to represent even hundreds of yards, let us assume 3,500
yards to be the total number to be represented by the scale. The
question then resolves itself into this: How many inches on the map
are necessary to represent 3,500 yards on the ground. Since, as we
have seen, one inch (map) = 586.66 yards (ground), as many inches are
necessary to show 3,500 yards as 586.66 is contained in 3,500; or
3500/586.66 = 5.96 inches.
[Illustration: Fig. 3]
Now lay off with a scale of equal parts the distance A-I (Figure 3) =
5.96 inches (about 5 and 9-1/2 tenths), and divided it into 7 equal
parts by the construction shown in figure, as follows: Draw a line
A-H, making any convenient angle with A-I, and lay off 7 equal
convenient lengths (A-B, B-C, C-D, etc.), so as to bring H about
opposite to I. Join H and I and draw the intermediate lines through B,
C, etc., parallel to H-I. These lines divide A-I into 7 equal parts,
each 500 yards long. The left part, called the Extension, is similarly
divided into 5 equal parts, each representing 100 yards.
=3. To construct a scale for a map with no scale.= In this case,
measure the distance between any two definite points on the ground
represented, by pacing or otherwise, and scale off the corresponding
map distance. Then see how the distance thus measured corresponds with
the distance on the map between the two points. For example, let us
suppose that the distance on the ground between two given points is
one mile and that the distance between the corresponding points on the
map is 3/4 inch. We would, therefore, see that 3/4 inch on the map =
one mile on the ground. Hence 1/4 inch would represent 1/3 of a mile,
and 4-4, or one inch, would represent 4 x 1/3 = 4/3 = 1-1/3 miles.
The R. F. is found as follows:
R. F. 1 inch/(1-1/3 mile) = 1 inch/(63,360 x 1-1/3 inches) = 1/84480.
From this a scale of yards is constructed as above (2).
4. To construct a graphical scale from a scale expressed in unfamiliar
units. There remains one more problem, which occurs when there is a
scale on the map in words and figures, but it is expressed in
unfamiliar units, such as the meter (= 39.37 inches), strides of a man
or horse, rate of travel of column, etc. If a noncommissioned officer
should come into possession of such a map, it would be impossible for
him to have a correct idea of the distances on the map. If the scale
were in inches to miles or yards, he would estimate the distance
between any two points on the map to be so many inches and at once
know the corresponding distance on the ground in miles or yards. But
suppose the scale found on the map to be one inch = 100 strides
(ground), then estimates could not be intelligently made by one
unfamiliar with the length of the stride used. However, suppose the
stride was 60 inches long; we would then have this: Since 1 stride =
60 inches, 100 strides = 6,000 inches. But according to our
supposition, 1 inch on the map = 100 strides on the ground; hence 1
inch on the map = 6,000 inches on the ground, and we have as our R.
F., 1 inch (map)/6,000 inches (ground) = 1/6000. A graphical scale can
now be constructed as in (2).
Problems in Scales
=1864.= The following problems should be solved to become familiar
with the construction of scales:
=Problem No. 1.= The R. F. of a map is 1/1000. Required: 1. The
distance in miles shown by one inch on the map; 2. To construct a
graphical scale of yards; also one to read miles.
=Problem No. 2.= A map has a graphical scale on which 1.5 inches reads
500 strides. 1. What is the R. F. of the map? 2. How many miles are
represented by 1 inch?
=Problem No. 3.= The Leavenworth map in back of this book has a
graphical scale and a measured distance of 1.25 inches reads 1,100
yards. Required: 1. The R. F. of the map; 2. Number of miles shown by
1 inch on the map.
=Problem No. 4.= 1. Construct a scale to read yards for a map of R. F.
= 1/21120. 2. How many inches represent 1 mile?
=1865. Scaling distances from a map.= There are four methods of
scaling distances from maps:
1. Apply a piece of straight edged paper to the distance between any
two points, A and B, for instance, and mark the distance on the paper.
Now, apply the paper to the graphical scale, (Fig. 2, Par. 1862), and
read the number of yards on the main scale and add the number
indicated on the extension. For example: 600 + 75 = 675 yards.
2. By taking the distance off with a pair of dividers and applying the
dividers thus set to the graphical scale, the distance is read.
3. By use of an instrument called a map measurer, Fig. 4, set the hand
on the face to read zero, roll the small wheel over the distance; now
roll the wheel in an opposite direction along the graphical scale,
noting the number of yards passed over. Or, having rolled over the
distance, note the number of inches on the dial and multiply this by
the number of miles or other units per inch. A map measurer is
valuable for use in solving map problems in patrolling, advance guard,
outpost, etc.
[Illustration: Fig. 4]
4. Apply a scale of inches to the line to be measured, and multiply
this distance by the number of miles per inch shown by the map.
=1866. Contours.= In order to show on a map a correct representation
of ground, the depressions and elevations,--that is, the
undulations,--must be represented. This is usually done by
_contours_.
Conversationally speaking, a _contour_ is the outline of a figure or
body, or the line or lines representing such an outline.
In connection with maps, the word _contour_ is used in these two
senses:
1. It is a projection on a horizontal (level) plane (that is, a map)
of the line in which a horizontal plane cuts the surface of the
ground. In other words, it is a line on a map which shows the route
one might follow on the ground and walk on the absolute level. If, for
example, you went half way up the side of a hill and, starting there,
walked entirely around the hill, neither going up any higher nor down
any lower, and you drew a line of the route you had followed, this
line would be a _contour line_ and its projection on a horizontal
plane (map) would be a _contour_.
By imagining the surface of the ground being cut by a number of
horizontal planes _that are the same distance apart_, and then
projecting (shooting) on a horizontal plane (map) the lines so cut,
the elevations and depressions on the ground are represented on the
map.
It is important to remember that the imaginary horizontal planes
cutting the surface of the ground must be the same distance apart. The
distance between the planes is called the _contour interval_.
2. The word _contour_ is also used in referring to _contour
line_,--that is to say, it is used in referring to the line itself in
which a horizontal plane cuts the surface of the ground as well as in
referring to the projection of such line on a horizontal plane.
An excellent idea of what is meant by contours and contour-lines can
be gotten from Figs. 5 and 6. Let us suppose that formerly the island
represented in Figure 5 was entirely under water and that by a sudden
disturbance the water of the lake fell until the island stood twenty
feet above the water, and that later several other sudden falls of the
water, twenty feet each time, occurred, until now the island stands
100 feet out of the lake, and at each of the twenty feet elevations a
distinct water line is left. These water lines are perfect
contour-lines measured from the surface of the lake as a reference (or
datum) plane. Figure 6 shows the contour-lines in Figure 5 projected,
or shot down, on a horizontal (level) surface. It will be observed
that on the gentle slopes, such as F-H (Fig. 5), the contours (20, 40)
are far apart. But on the steep slopes, as R-O, the contours (20, 40,
60, 80, 100) are close together. Hence, it is seen that contours far
apart on a map indicate gentle slopes, and contours close together,
steep slopes. It is also seen that the shape of the contours gives an
accurate idea of the form of the island. The contours in Fig. 6 give
an exact representation not only of the general form of the island,
the two peaks, O and B, the stream, M-N, the Saddle, M, the water shed
from F to H, and steep bluff at K, but they also give the slopes of
the ground at all points. From this we see that the slopes are
directly proportional to the nearness of the contours--that is, the
nearer the contours on a map are to one another, the steeper is the
slope, and the farther the contours on a map are from one another, the
gentler is the slope. A wide space between contours, therefore,
represents level ground.
[Illustration: Fig. 5]
[Illustration: Fig. 6]
The contours on maps are always numbered, the number of each showing
its height above some plane called a datum plane. Thus in Fig. 6 the
contours are numbered from 0 to 100 using the surface of the lake as
the datum plane.
The numbering shows at once the height of any point on a given contour
and in addition shows the contour interval--in this case 20 feet.
Generally only every fifth contour is numbered.
The datum plane generally used in maps is mean sea level, hence the
elevations indicated would be the heights above mean sea level.