[1] Not to be confounded with his contemporary Jean Joseph Dumons
(1687-1779), sometimes called Dumont, best known for his designs for
the Aubusson tapestries.
DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857), Belgian geologist, was born at Liege
on the 15th of February 1809. His first work was a masterly _Memoire_ on
the geology of the province of Liege published in 1832. A few years
later he became professor of mineralogy and geology and afterwards
rector in the university of Liege. His attention was now given to the
mineralogical and stratigraphical characters of the geological
formations in Belgium--and the names given by him to many subdivisions
of Cretaceous and Tertiary ages have been adopted. His _Memoire sur les
terrains ardennais et rhenan de l'Ardenne, du Brabant et du Condroz_
(1847-1848) is notable for the care with which the mineral characters of
the strata were described, but the palaeontological characters were
insufficiently considered, and neither the terms "Silurian" nor
"Devonian" were adopted. During twenty years he laboured at the
preparation of a geological map of Belgium (1849). He spared no pains to
make his work as complete as possible, examining on foot almost every
area of importance in the country. Journeying to the more southern parts
of Europe, he investigated the shores of the Bosphorus, the mountains of
Spain and other tracts, and gradually gathered materials for a
geological map of Europe: a work of high merit which was "one of the
first serious attempts to establish on a larger scale the geological
correlation of the various countries of Europe." The Geological Society
of London awarded him in 1840 the Wollaston medal. He died at Liege on
the 28th of February 1857.
See Memoir by Major-General J.E. Portlock in _Address to Geol. Soc._
(London, 1858).
DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831), French miniature painter, was born at
Luneville (Meurthe), and was left an orphan when quite young, with five
brothers and sisters to support. He was for a while a student under Jean
Girardet, and then, on the advice of a Luneville Academician, Madame
Coster, set up a studio for himself. In 1784 he journeyed to Rome,
returning after four years' careful study, and in 1788 was accepted as
an Academician and granted an apartment in the Louvre. He married the
daughter of Antoine Vestier, the miniature painter, and had two sons,
Aristide and Bias, both of whom became painters. He was one of the three
greatest miniature painters of France, painting portraits of Louis XVI.
and Marie Antoinette, Louis XVIII. and Charles X., and of almost all the
important persons of his day. His own portrait was engraved both by
Audouin and by Tardieu. He resided the greater part of his life in
Paris, and there he died. A younger brother, known as Tony Dumont, was
also a miniature painter, a pupil of his brother, a frequent exhibitor
and the recipient of a medal from the Academy in 1810. Each artist
signed with the surname only, and there is some controversy concerning
the attribution to each artist of his own work. Tony was an expert
violinist and delighted in painting portraits of persons who were
playing upon the violin. Many of Dumont's finest paintings came into the
collection of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, but others are in the Louvre,
presented by the heir of Bias Dumont. The work of both painters is
distinguished by breadth, precision and a charming scheme of colouring,
and the unfinished works of the elder brother are amongst some of the
most beautiful miniatures ever produced.
See _The History of Portrait Miniatures_, by G.C. Williamson (London,
1904); also the privately printed _Catalogue of the Collection of
Miniatures of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan_, vol. iv. (G. C. W.)
DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726), French publicist, was born in France in the 17th
century, the precise date being unknown. He followed the profession of
arms; but, not obtaining promotion so rapidly as he expected, he quitted
the service and travelled through different parts of Europe. He stopped
in Holland with the intention of publishing an account of his travels.
But in the interval, at the request of his bookseller, he wrote and
published several pamphlets, which were eagerly sought after, owing to
the unceremonious manner in which he treated the ministry of France.
This freedom having deprived him of all hope of employment in his own
country, he thought of forming a permanent establishment in that where
he resided, and accordingly commenced a course of lectures on public
law. The project succeeded far beyond his expectations; and some useful
compilations which he published about the same period made him
favourably known in other countries. The emperor appointed him his
historiographer, and some time afterwards conferred on him the title of
baron de Carlscroon. He died at Vienna in 1726, at an advanced age.
The following is a list of his publications:--(1) _Voyages en France,
en Italie, en Allemagne, a Malte, et en Turquie_ (Hague, 1699, 4 vols.
12mo); (2) _Memoires politiques pour servir a la parfaite intelligence
de l'histoire de la Paix de Ryswick_ (Hague, 1699, 4 vols. 12mo); (3)
_Recherches modestes des causes de la presente guerre, en ce qui
concerne les Provinces Unies_ (1713, 12mo); (4) _Recueil de traites
d'alliance, de pai, et de commerce entre les rois, princes, et etats,
depuis la Paix de Munster_ (Amsterdam, 1710, 2 vols. 12mo); (5)
_Soupirs de l'Europe a la vue du projet de paix contenu dans la
harangue de la reine de la Grande-Bretagne_ (1712, 12mo); (6) _Corps
universel diplomatique du droit des gens, contenant un recueil des
traites de paix, d'alliance, &c., faits en Europe, depuis Charlemagne
jusqu'a present_ (Amsterdam, 1626, and following years, 8 vols. fol.,
continued after Dumont's death by J. Rousset); and (7) _Batailles
gagnees par le Prince Eugene de Savoie_ (Hague, 1723). Dumont was also
the author of _Lettres historiques contenant ce qui se passe de plus
important en Europe_ (12mo). This periodical, which was commenced in
1692, two volumes appearing annually, Dumont conducted till 1710, from
which time it was continued by Basnage and others until 1728. The
earlier volumes are much prized.
DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829), French political writer, was
born on the 18th of July 1759 at Geneva, of which his family had been
citizens of good repute from the days of Calvin. He was educated for the
ministry at the college of Geneva, and in 1781 was chosen one of the
pastors of the city. The political troubles which disturbed Geneva in
1782, however, suddenly turned the course of his life. He belonged to
the liberals or democrats, and the triumph of the aristocratic party,
through the interference of the courts of France and Sardinia, made
residence in his native town impossible, though he was not among the
number of the proscribed. He therefore went to join his mother and
sisters at St Petersburg. In this he was probably influenced in part by
the example of his townsman Pierre Lefort, the first tutor, minister,
and general of the tsar. At St Petersburg he was for eighteen months
pastor of the French church. In 1785 he removed to London, Lord
Shelburne, then a minister of state, having invited him to undertake the
education of his sons. It was at the house of Lord Shelburne, now 1st
marquess of Lansdowne, where he was treated as a friend or rather member
of the family, that he became acquainted with many illustrious men,
amongst others Fox, Sheridan, Lord Holland and Sir Samuel Romilly. With
the last of these he formed a close and enduring friendship, which had
an important influence on his life and pursuits.
In 1788 Dumont visited Paris with Romilly. During a stay of two months
in that city he had almost daily intercourse with Mirabeau, and a
certain affinity of talents and pursuits led to an intimacy between two
persons diametrically opposed to each other in habits and in character.
On his return from Paris Dumont made the acquaintance of Jeremy Bentham.
Filled with admiration for the genius of Bentham, Dumont made it one of
the chief objects of his life to recast and edit the writings of the
great English jurist in a form suitable for the ordinary reading public.
This literary relationship was, according to Dumont's own account, one
of a somewhat peculiar character. All the fundamental ideas and most of
the illustrative material were supplied in the manuscripts of Bentham;
Dumont's task was chiefly to abridge by striking out repeated matter, to
supply lacunae, to secure uniformity of style, and to improve the
French. The following works of Bentham were published under his
editorship: _Traite de legislation civile et penale_ (1802), _Theorie
des peines et des recompenses_ (1811), _Tactique des assemblees
legislatives_ (1815), _Traite des preuves judiciaires_ (1823) and _De
l'organization judiciaire et de la codification_ (1828).
In the summer of 1789 Dumont went to Paris. The object of the journey
was to obtain through Necker, who had just returned to office, an
unrestricted restoration of Genevese liberty, by cancelling the treaty
of guarantee between France and Switzerland, which prevented the
republic from enacting new laws without the consent of the parties to
this treaty. The proceedings and negotiations to which this mission gave
rise necessarily brought Dumont into connexion with most of the leading
men in the Constituent Assembly, and made him an interested spectator,
sometimes even a participator, indirectly, in the events of the French
Revolution. The same cause also led him to renew his acquaintance with
Mirabeau, whom he found occupied with his duties as a deputy, and with
the composition of his journal, the _Courier de Provence_. For a time
Dumont took an active and very efficient part in the conduct of this
journal, supplying it with reports as well as original articles, and
also furnishing Mirabeau with speeches to be delivered or rather read in
the assembly, as related in his highly instructive and interesting
posthumous work entitled _Souvenirs sur Mirabeau_ (1832). In fact his
friend George Wilson used to relate that one day, when they were dining
together at a _table d'hote_ at Versailles, he saw Dumont engaged in
writing the most celebrated paragraph of Mirabeau's address to the king
for the removal of the troops. He also reported such of Mirabeau's
speeches as he did not write, embellishing them from his own stores,
which were inexhaustible. But this co-operation soon came to an end;
for, being attacked in pamphlets as one of Mirabeau's writers, he felt
hurt at the notoriety thus given to his name in connexion with a man
occupying Mirabeau's peculiar position, and returned to England in 1791.
In 1801 he travelled over various parts of Europe with Lord Henry Petty,
afterwards 3rd marquess of Lansdowne, and on his return settled down to
the editorship of the works of Bentham already mentioned. In 1814 the
restoration of Geneva to independence induced Dumont to return to his
native place, and he soon became the leader of the supreme council. He
devoted particular attention to the judicial and penal systems of his
native state, and many improvements on both are due to him. He died at
Milan when on an autumn tour on the 29th of September 1829.
DUMONT D'URVILLE, JULES SEBASTIEN CESAR (1790-1842), French navigator,
was born at Conde-sur-Noireau, in Normandy, on the 23rd of May 1790. The
death of his father, who before the revolution had held a judicial post
in Conde, devolved the care of his education on his mother and his
maternal uncle, the Abbe de Croizilles. Failing to pass the entrance
examination for the Ecole Polytechnique, he went to sea in 1807 as a
novice on board the "Aquilon." During the next twelve years he gradually
rose in the service, and added a knowledge of botany, entomology,
English, German, Spanish, Italian and even Hebrew and Greek to the
professional branches of his studies. In 1820, while engaged in a
hydrographic survey of the Mediterranean, he was fortunate enough to
recognize the Venus of Milo (Melos) in a Greek statue recently
unearthed, and to secure its preservation by the report he presented to
the French ambassador at Constantinople. A wider field for his energies
was furnished in 1822 by the circumnavigating expedition of the
"Coquille" under the command of his friend Duperrey; and on its return
in 1825 his services were rewarded by promotion to the rank of
_capitaine de fregate_, and he was entrusted with the control of a
similar enterprise, with the especial purpose of discovering traces of
the lost explorer La Perouse, in which he was successful. The
"Astrolabe," as he renamed the "Coquille," left Toulon on the 25th of
April 1826, and returned to Marseilles on the 25th of March 1829, having
traversed the South Atlantic, coasted the Australian continent from King
George's Sound to Port Jackson, charted various parts of New Zealand,
and visited the Fiji Islands, the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, New
Guinea, Amboyna, Van Diemen's Land, the Caroline Islands, Celebes and
Mauritius. Promotion to the rank of _capitaine de vaisseau_ was bestowed
on the commander in August 1829; and in August of the following year he
was charged with the delicate task of conveying the exiled king Charles
X. to England. His proposal to undertake a voyage of discovery to the
south polar regions was discouraged by Arago and others, who criticized
the work of the previous expedition in no measured terms; but at last,
in 1837, all difficulties were surmounted, and on the 7th of September
he set sail from Toulon with the "Astrolabe" and its convoy "La Zelee."
On the 15th of January 1838 they sighted the Antarctic ice, and soon
after their progress southward was blocked by a continuous bank, which
they vainly coasted for 300 m. to the east. Returning westward they
visited the South Orkney Islands and part of the New Shetlands, and
discovered Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land, but were compelled
by scurvy to seek succour at Talcahuano in Chile. Thence they proceeded
across the Pacific and through the Asiatic archipelago, visiting among
others the Fiji and the Pelew Islands, coasting New Guinea, and
circumnavigating Borneo. In 1840, leaving their sick at Hobart Town,
Tasmania, they returned to the Antarctic region, and on the 21st of the
month were rewarded by the discovery of Adelie Land, which D'Urville
named after his wife, in 140 deg. E. The 6th of November found them at
Toulon. D'Urville was at once appointed _contre-amiral_, and in 1841 he
received the gold medal of the Societe de Geographie. On the 8th of May
1842 he was killed, with his wife and son, in a railway accident near
Meudon.
His principal works are--_Enumeratio plantarum quas in insulis
Archipelagi aut littoribus Ponti Euxini_, &c. (1822); _Voyage de la
corvette "l'Astrolabe," 1826-1829_ (Paris, 1830-1835), and _Voyage au
pole sud et dans l'Oceanie, 1837-1840_ (Paris, 1842-1854), in each of
which his scientific colleagues had a share; _Voyages autour du monde;
resume general des voyages de Magellan_, &c. (Paris, 1833 and 1844). An
island (also called Kairu) off the north coast of New Guinea, and a cape
on the same coast, bear the name of D'Urville.
DUMORTIERITE, a mineral described in 1881 by M.F. Gonnard, who named it
after Eugene Dumortier, a palaeontologist of Lyons, France. It is
essentially a basic aluminium borosilicate, belonging to the
orthorhombic system; it occurs usually in fibrous forms, of smalt-blue,
greenish-blue, lavender or almost black colour, and exhibits strong
pleochroism. According to W.T. Schaller (_Amer. Journ. Sci._, 1905
(iv.), 19, p. 211) a purple colour may be due to the presence of
titanium. Analyses of some specimens point to the formula
(SiO4)3Al(AlO)7(BO)H, which, written in this form, explains the analogy
with andalusite and the alteration into muscovite. Dumortierite occurs
in gneiss at Chaponost, near Lyons, and at a few other European
localities; it is found also in the United States, being known from near
New York City, from Riverside and San Diego counties, California, and
from Yuma county, Arizona. The last-named locality yields the mineral in
some quantity in the form of dense fibres embedded in quartz, to which
it imparts a blue colour. The mineral aggregate is polished as an
ornamental stone, rather resembling lapis-lazuli.
DUMOULIN, CHARLES [MOLINAEUS] (1500-1566), French jurist, was born in
Paris in 1500. He began practice as an advocate before the parlement of
Paris. Dumoulin turned Calvinist, and when the persecution of the
Protestants began he went to Germany, where for a long time he taught
law at Strassburg, Besancon and elsewhere. He returned to France in
1557. Dumoulin had, in 1552, written _Commentaire sur l'edit du roi
Henri II sur les petites dates_, which was condemned by the Sorbonne,
but his _Conseil sur le fait du concile de Trente_ created a still
greater stir, and aroused against him both the Catholics and the
Calvinists. He was imprisoned by order of the parlement until 1564. It
was as a jurist that Dumoulin gained his great reputation, being
regarded by his contemporaries as the "prince of jurisconsults." His
remarkable erudition and breadth of view had a considerable effect on
the subsequent development of French law. He was a bitter enemy of
feudalism, which he attacked in his _De feudis_ (Paris, 1539). Other
important works were his commentaries on the customs of Paris (Paris,
1539, 1554; Frankfort, 1575; Lausanne, 1576), valuable as the only
commentary on those in force in 1510, and the _Extricatio labyrinthi
dividui et individui_, a treatise on the law of surety.
A collected edition of Dumoulin's works was published in Paris in 1681
(5 vols.).
DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739-1823), French general, was born at
Cambray in 1739. His father was a commissary of the royal army, and
educated his son most carefully in various branches of learning. The boy
continued his studies at the college of Louis-le-Grand, and in 1757
began his military career as a volunteer in the campaign of Rossbach. He
received a commission for good conduct in action, and served in the
later German campaigns of the Seven Years' War with distinction; but at
the peace he was retired as a captain, with a small pension and the
cross of St Louis. Dumouriez then visited Italy and Corsica, Spain and
Portugal, and his memorials to the duc de Choiseul on Corsican affairs
led to his re-employment on the staff of the French expeditionary corps
sent to the island, for which he gained the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
After this he became a member of the _Secret du roi_, the secret service
under Louis XV., where his fertility of diplomatic resource had full
scope. In 1770 he was sent on a mission into Poland, where in addition
to his political business he organized a Polish militia. The fall of
Choiseul brought about his recall, and somewhat later he was imprisoned
in the Bastille, where he spent six months, occupying himself with
literary pursuits. He was then removed to Caen, where he was detained
until the accession of Louis XVI.
Upon his release in 1774 he married his cousin Mlle de Broissy, but he
was neglectful and unfaithful, and in 1789 the pair separated, the wife
taking refuge in a convent. Meanwhile Dumouriez had devoted his
attention to the internal state of his own country, and amongst the very
numerous memorials which he sent in to the government was one on the
defence of Normandy and its ports, which procured him in 1778 the post
of commandant of Cherbourg, which he administered with much success for
ten years. He became _marechal de camp_ in 1788; but his ambition was
not satisfied, and at the outbreak of the Revolution, seeing the
opportunity for carving out a career, he went to Paris, where he joined
the Jacobin Club. The death of Mirabeau, to whose fortunes he had
attached himself, was a great blow to him; but, promoted to the rank of
lieutenant-general and commandant of Nantes, his opportunity came after
the flight to Varennes, when he attracted attention by offering to march
to the assistance of the Assembly. He now attached himself to the
Girondist party, and on the 15th of March 1792 was appointed minister of
foreign affairs. He was mainly responsible for the declaration of war
against Austria (April 20), and the invasion of the Low Countries was
planned by him. On the dismissal of Roland, Claviere and Servan (June
13), he took the latter's post of minister of war, but resigned it two
days later on account of the king's refusal to come to terms with the
Assembly, and went to join the army of Marshal Luckner. After the
_emeute_ of August 10 and Lafayette's flight he was appointed to the
command of the "Army of the Centre," and at the same moment the
Coalition assumed the offensive. Dumouriez acted promptly. His
subordinate Kellermann repulsed the Prussians at Valmy (September 20,
1792), and he himself severely defeated the Austrians at Jemappes
(November 6). Returning to Paris, he was received with a popular
ovation; but he was out of sympathy with the extremists in power, his
old-fashioned methodical method of conducting war exposed him to the
criticism of the ardent Jacobins, and a defeat would mean the end of his
career. Defeat coming to him at Neerwinden in January 1793, he ventured
all on a desperate stroke. Arresting the commissaries of the Convention
sent to inquire into his conduct, he handed them over to the enemy, and
then attempted to persuade his troops to march on Paris and overthrow
the revolutionary government. The attempt failed, and Dumouriez, with
the duc de Chartres (afterwards King Louis Philippe) and his brother the
duc de Montpensier, fled into the Austrian camp.
He now wandered from country to country, occupied in ceaseless intrigues
with Louis XVIII., or for setting up an Orleanist monarchy, until in
1804 he settled in England, where the government conferred on him a
pension of L1200 a year. He became a valuable adviser to the War Office
in connexion with the struggle with Napoleon, though the extent to which
this went was only known in public many years later. In 1814 and 1815 he
endeavoured to procure from Louis XVIII. the baton of a marshal of
France, but was refused. He died at Turville Park, near
Henley-on-Thames, on the 14th of March 1823. His memoirs were published
at Hamburg in 1794. An enlarged edition, _La Vie et les memoires du
General Dumouriez_, appeared at Paris in 1823. Dumouriez was also the
author of a large number of political pamphlets.
See A. von Boguslawski, _Das Leben des Generals Dumouriez_ (Berlin,
1878-1879); _Revue des deux mondes_ (15th July, 1st and 15th August
1884); H. Welschinger, _Le Roman de Dumouriez_ (1890); A. Chuquet, _La
Premiere Invasion, Valmy, La Retraite de Brunswick, Jemappes, La
Trahison de Dumouriez_ (Paris, 1886-1891); A. Sorel, _L'Europe et la
Revolution francaise_ (1885-1892); J. Holland Rose and A.M. Broadley,
_Dumouriez and the Defence of England_ (1908); E. Daudet, _La
Conjuration de Pichegru et les complots royalistes du midi et du
l'est, 1795-1797_ (Paris, 1901).
DUMP. (1) (Of obscure origin; corresponding in form and possibly
connected with the word, are the Mid. Dutch _domp_, mist or haze, and
the Ger. _dumpf_, dull or dazed), a state of wonder, perplexity or
melancholy. The word thus occurs particularly in the plural, in such
phrases as "doleful dumps." It was also formerly used for a tune,
especially one of a mournful kind, a dirge. (2) (Connected with "dumpy,"
but appearing later than that word, and also of obscure origin),
something short and thick, and hence used of many objects such as a lead
counter or medal, of a coin formerly used in Australia, formed by
punching a circular piece out of a Spanish dollar, and of a short thick
bolt used in shipbuilding. (3) (Probably of Norse origin, cf. Nor.
_dumpa_, and Dan. _dumpe_, meaning "to fall" suddenly, with a bump), to
throw down in a heap, and hence particularly applied to the depositing
of any large quantity of material, to the shooting of rubbish, or
tilting a load from a cart. It is thus used of the method of disposal of
the masses of gravel, &c., disintegrated by water in the hydraulic
method of gold mining. A "dump" or "dumping-ground" is thus the place
where such waste material is deposited. The use of the term "dumping" in
the economics of international trade has come into prominence in the
tariff reform controversy in the United Kingdom. It is sometimes used
loosely of the importing of foreign goods at prices below those ruling
in the importing country; but strictly the term is applied to the
importing, at a price below the cost of production, of the surplus of
manufactures of a foreign country over and above what has been disposed
of in its home market. The ability to sell such a surplus in a foreign
market below the cost of production depends on the prices of the home
market being artificially sustained at a sufficiently high level by a
monopoly or by a tariff or by bounties. An essential factor in the
operation of "dumping" is the lessening of the whole cost of production
by manufacture on a large scale.
DUNASH, the name of two Jewish scholars of the 10th century.
1. DUNASH BEN LABRAT, grammarian and poet, belonged to the brilliant
circle attracted to Cordova by Hasdai, and took a large share in
promoting the Jewish "Golden Age" under the Moors in Andalusia. Dunash
not only helped in the foundation of a school of scientific philology,
but adapted Arabian metres to Hebrew verse, and thereby gave an impulse
to the neo-Hebraic poetry, which reached its highest level in Spain.
2. DUNASH IBN TAMIM was, like the preceding, a leader in the critical
study of language among Arabic-speaking Jews. Professor Bacher says of
him: "In the history of Hebrew philology, Ibn Tamim ranks as one of the
first representatives of the systematic comparison of Hebrew and
Arabic." The philological researches of the 10th century were closely
associated with the Spanish-Moorish culture of the period. (I. A.)
DUNBAR, GEORGE (1774-1851), English classical scholar and lexicographer,
was born at Coldingham in Berwickshire. In early life he followed the
humble profession of gardening, but, having been permanently injured by
an accident, devoted himself to the study of the classics. When about
thirty years of age, he settled in Edinburgh, where he obtained a
tutorship in the family of Lord Provost Fettes. In 1807 he succeeded
Andrew Dalzel as professor of Greek in the university. Dunbar held his
appointment till his death on the 6th of December 1851. Although a man
of great energy and industry, Dunbar did not produce anything of
permanent value. He deserves mention, however, for his Greek-English and
English-Greek lexicon (1840), on the compilation of which he spent eight
years. Although now superseded, it was the best work of its kind that
had appeared in England.
The little that is known of Dunbar's life will be found in the
_Caledonian Mercury_ (8th of December 1851).
DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872-1906), American author, of negro descent,
was born in Dayton, Ohio, on the 27th of June 1872. He graduated (1891)
from the Dayton high school, had a varied experience as elevator boy,
mechanic and journalist, and in 1897-1898 held a position on the staff
of the Library of Congress, resigning in December 1898 to devote himself
to literary work. He died of consumption at his home in Dayton on the
8th of February 1906. His poetry was brought to the attention of
American readers by William Dean Howells, who wrote an appreciative
introduction to his _Lyrics of Lowly Life_ (1896). Subsequently Dunbar
published eleven other volumes of verse, three novels and five
collections of short stories. Some of his short stories and sketches,
especially those dealing with the American negro, are charming; they are
far superior to his novels, which deal with scenes in which the author
is not so much at home. His most enduring work, however, is his poetry.
Some of this is in literary English, but the best is in the dialect of
his people. In it he has preserved much of their very temperament and
outlook on life, usually with truth and freshness of feeling, united
with a happy choice of language and much lyrical grace and sweetness,
and often with rare humour and pathos. These poems of the soil are a
distinct contribution to American literature, and entitle the author to
be called pre-eminently the poet of his race in America.
See _Life and Works of Paul Laurence Dunbar_ (Naperville, Ill., 1907),
with a biography by L.K. Wiggins.
DUNBAR, WILLIAM (c. 1460-c. 1520), Scottish poet, was probably a native
of East Lothian. This is assumed from a satirical reference in the
_Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie_, where, too, it is hinted that he was a
member of the noble house of Dunbar. His name appears in 1477 in the
Register of the Faculty of Arts at St Andrews, among the Determinants or
Bachelors of Arts, and in 1479 among the masters of the university.
Thereafter he joined the order of Observantine Franciscans, at St
Andrews or Edinburgh, and proceeded to France as a wandering friar. He
spent a few years in Picardy, and was still abroad when, in 1491,
Bothwell's mission to secure a bride for the young James IV. reached the
French court. There is no direct evidence that he accompanied
Blackadder, archbishop of Glasgow, on a similar embassy to Spain in
1495. On the other hand, we know that he proceeded with that prelate to
England on his more successful mission in 1501. Dunbar had meanwhile
(about 1500) returned to Scotland, and had become a priest at court, and
a royal pensioner. His literary life begins with his attachment to
James's household. All that is known of him from this date to his death
about 1520 is derived from the poems or from entries in the royal
registers of payments of pension and grants of livery. He is spoken of
as the Rhymer of Scotland in the accounts of the English privy council
dealing with the visit of the mission for the hand of Margaret Tudor,
rather because he wrote a poem in praise of London, than because, as has
been stated, he held the post of laureate at the Scottish court. In 1511
he accompanied the queen to Aberdeen and commemorated her visit in
verse. Other pieces such as the _Orisoun_ ("Quhen the Gouernour past in
France"), apropos of the setting out of the regent Albany, are of
historical interest, but they tell us little more than that Dunbar was
alive. The date of his death is uncertain. He is named in Lyndsay's
_Testament and Complaynt of the Papyngo_ (1530) with poets then dead,
and the reference precedes that to Douglas who had died in 1522. He
certainly survived his royal patron. We may not be far out in saying
that he died about 1520.
Dunbar's reputation among his immediate successors was considerable. By
later criticism, stimulated in some measure by Scott's eulogy that he is
"unrivalled by any which Scotland has produced," he has held the highest
place among the northern makars. The praise, though it has been at times
exaggerated, is on the whole just, certainly in respect of variety of
work and mastery of form. He belongs, with James I., Henryson and
Douglas, to the Scots Chaucerian school. In his allegorical poems
reminiscences of the master's style and literary habit are most
frequent. Yet, even there, his discipleship shows certain limitations.
His wilder humour and greater heat of blood give him opportunities in
which the Chaucerian tradition is not helpful, or even possible. His
restlessness leads us at times to a comparison with Skelton, not in
respect of any parallelism of idea or literary craftsmanship, but in his
experimental zeal in turning the diction and tuning the rhythms of the
chaotic English which only Chaucer's genius had reduced to order. The
comparison must not, however, be pushed too far. Skelton's work carries
with it the interest of attempt and failure. Dunbar's command of the
medium was more certain. So that while we admire the variety of his
work, we also admire the competence of his effort.
One hundred and one poems have been ascribed to Dunbar. Of these at
least ninety are generally accepted as his: of the eleven attributed to
him it would be hard to say that they should not be considered
authentic. Most doubt has clung to his verse tale _The Freiris of
Berwik_.
Dunbar's chief allegorical poems are _The Goldyn Targe_ and _The
Thrissil and the Rois_. The motif of the former is the poet's futile
endeavour, in a dream, to ward off the arrows of Dame Beautee by
Reason's "scheld of gold." When wounded and made prisoner, he discovers
the true beauty of the lady: when she leaves him, he is handed over to
Heaviness. The noise of the ship's guns, as the company sails off, wakes
the poet to the real pleasures of a May morning. Dunbar works on the
same theme in a shorter poem, known as _Beauty and the Prisoner_. _The
Thrissil and the Rois_ is a prothalamium in honour of James IV. and
Margaret Tudor, in which the heraldic allegory is based on the familiar
beast-parliament.
The greater part of Dunbar's work is occasional--personal and social
satire, complaints (in the style familiar in the minor verse of
Chaucer's English successors), orisons and pieces of a humorous
character. The last type shows Dunbar at his best, and points the
difference between him and Chaucer. The best specimen of this work, of
which the outstanding characteristics are sheer whimsicality and
topsy-turvy humour, is _The Ballad of Kynd Kittok_. This strain runs
throughout many of the occasional poems, and is not wanting in odd
passages in Dunbar's contemporaries; and it has the additional interest
of showing a direct historical relationship with the work of later
Scottish poets, and chiefly with that of Robert Burns. Dunbar's satire
is never the gentle funning of Chaucer: more often it becomes invective.
Examples of this type are _The Satire on Edinburgh_, _The General
Satire_, the _Epitaph on Donald Owre_, and the powerful vision of _The
Dance of the Sevin Deidlie Synnis_. In the _Flyting of Dunbar and
Kennedie_, an outstanding specimen of a favourite northern form,
analogous to the continental _estrif_, or _tenzone_, he and his rival
reach a height of scurrility which is certainly without parallel in
English literature. This poem has the additional interest of showing the
racial antipathy between the "Inglis"-speaking inhabitants of the
Lothians and the "Scots" or Gaelic-speaking folk of the west country.
There is little in Dunbar which may be called lyrical, and little of the
dramatic. His _Interlud of the Droichis [Dwarf's] part of the Play_, one
of the pieces attributed to him, is supposed to be a fragment of a
dramatic composition. It is more interesting as evidence of his turn for
whimsicality, already referred to, and may for that reason be safely
ascribed to his pen. If further selection be made from the large body of
miscellaneous poems, the comic poem on the physician Andro Kennedy may
stand out as one of the best contributions to medieval Goliardic
literature; _The Two Mariit Wemen and the Wedo_, as one of the richest
and most effective _pastiches_ in the older alliterative style, then
used by the Scottish Chaucerians for burlesque purposes; _Done is a
battell on the Dragon Blak_, for religious feeling expressed in
melodious verse; and the well-known _Lament for the Makaris_. The main
value of the last is historical, but it too shows Dunbar's mastery of
form, even when dealing with lists of poetic predecessors.
The chief authorities for the text of Dunbar's poems are:--(a) the
Asloan MS. (c. 1515); (b) the Chepman and Myllar Prints (1508)
preserved in the Advocates' library, Edinburgh; (c) Bannatyne MS.
(1568) in the same; (d) the Maitland Folio MS. (c. 1570-1590) in the
Pepysian library, Magdalene College, Cambridge. Some of the poems
appear in the Makculloch MS. (before 1500) in the library of the
university of Edinburgh; in MS. Cotton Vitellius A. xvi., appendix to
Royal MSS. No. 58, and Arundel 285, in the British Museum; in the
Reidpath MS. in the university library of Cambridge; and in the
Aberdeen Register of Sasines. The first complete edition was published
by David Laing (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1834) with a supplement
(Edinburgh, 1865). This has been superseded by the Scottish Text
Society's edition (ed. John Small, Aeneas J.G. Mackay and Walter
Gregor, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1893), and by Dr Schipper's 1 vol. edition
(Vienna; Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, 1894). The editions by James
Paterson (Edinburgh, 1860) and H.B. Baildon (Cambridge, 1907) are of
minor value. Selections have been frequently reprinted since Ramsay's
_Ever-Green_ (1724) and Hailes's _Ancient Scottish Poems_ (1817). For
critical accounts see Irving's _History of Scottish Poetry_,
Henderson's _Vernacular Poetry of Scotland_, Gregory Smith's
_Transition Period_, J.H. Millar's _Literary History of Scotland_,
and the _Cambridge History of English Literature_, vol. ii. (1908).
Professor Schipper's _William Dunbar, sein Leben und seine Gedichte_
(with German translations of several of the poems), appeared at Berlin
in 1884. (G. G. S.)
DUNBAR (Gaelic, "the fort on the point"), a royal, municipal and police
burgh, and seaport of Haddingtonshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 3581. It is
situated on the southern shore of the entrance to the Firth of Forth,
29-1/4 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh by the North British railway. Dunbar is
said to have the smallest rainfall in Scotland and is a favourite summer
resort. The ruins of the castle, and the remains of the Grey Friars'
monastery, founded in 1218, at the west end of the town, and Dunbar
House in High Street, formerly a mansion of the Lauderdales, but now
used as barracks, are of historic interest. The parish church, a fine
structure in red sandstone, the massive tower of which, 107 ft. high, is
a landmark for sailors, dates only from 1819, but occupies the site of
what was probably the first collegiate church in Scotland, and contains
the large marble monument to Sir George Home, created earl of Dunbar and
March by James VI. in 1605. Among other public buildings are the town
hall, assembly rooms, St Catherine's hall, the Mechanics' institute and
library.
There are two harbours, difficult of access owing to the number of reefs
and sunken rocks. Towards the cost of building the eastern or older
harbour Cromwell contributed L300. The western or Victoria harbour is a
refuge for vessels between Leith Roads and the Tyne. On the advent of
steam the shipping declined, and even the herring fishery, which
fostered a large curing trade, has lost much of its prosperity. The
industries are chiefly those of agricultural-implement making,
rope-making, brewing and distilling, but a considerable business is done
in the export of potatoes. Dunbar used to form one of the Haddington
district group of parliamentary burghs, but its constituency was merged
in that of the county in 1885.
About 4 m. S.W. is the village of Biel, where, according to some
authorities, William Dunbar the poet was born. One mile to the S.E. of
the town is Broxmouth Park (or Brocksmouth House), the first position of
the English left wing in the battle of 1650, now belonging to the duke
of Roxburghe.
The site of Dunbar is so commanding that a castle was built on the
cliffs at least as early as 856. In 1070 Malcolm Canmore gave it to
Cospatric, earl of Northumberland, ancestor of the earls of Dunbar and
March. The fortress was an important bulwark against English invasion,
and the town--which was created a royal burgh by David II.--grew up
under its protection. The castle was taken by Edward I., who defeated
Baliol in the neighbourhood in 1296, and it afforded shelter to Edward
II. after Bannockburn. In 1336 it was besieged by the English under
William, Lord Montacute, afterwards 1st earl of Salisbury, but was
successfully defended by Black Agnes of Dunbar, countess of March, a
member of the Murray family. Joanna Beaufort, widow of James I., chose
it for her residence, and in 1479, after his daring escape from
Edinburgh Castle, the duke of Albany concealed himself within its walls,
until he contrived to sail for France. In 1567 Mary made Bothwell keeper
of the castle, and sought its shelter herself after the murder of Rizzio
and again after her flight from Borthwick Castle. When she surrendered
at Carberry Hill the stronghold fell into the hands of the regent Moray,
by whom it was dismantled in 1568, but its ruins are still a picturesque
object on the hill above the harbour.
The BATTLE OF DUNBAR was fought on the 3rd (13th) of September 1650
between the English army under Oliver Cromwell and the Scots under David
Leslie, afterwards Lord Newark. It took place about 3 m. S.E. of the
centre of the town, where between the hills and the sea coast there is a
plain about 1 m. wide, through the middle of which the main road from
Dunbar to Berwick runs. The plain and the road are crossed at right
angles by the course of the Brocksburn, or Spott Burn, which at first
separated the hostile armies. Rising from the right bank of the Brock is
Doon Hill (650 ft.), which overlooks the lower course of the stream and
indeed the whole field. For the events preceding the battle, see GREAT
REBELLION.
Cromwell, after a war of manoeuvre near Edinburgh, had been compelled by
want of supplies to withdraw to Dunbar; Leslie pursued and took up a
position on Doon Hill, commanding the English line of retreat on
Berwick. The situation was more than difficult for Cromwell. Some
officers were for withdrawing by sea, but the general chose to hold his
ground, though his army was enfeebled by sickness and would have to
fight on unfavourable terrain against odds of two to one. Leslie,
however, who was himself in difficulties on his post among the bare
hills, and was perhaps subjected to pressure from civil authorities,
descended from the heights on the 2nd of September and began to edge
towards his right, in order first to confront, and afterwards to
surround, his opponent. The cavalry of his left wing stood fast, west of
Doon Hill, as a pivot of manoeuvre, the northern face of Doon (where the
ground rises from the burn at an average slope of fifteen degrees and is
even steeper near the summit) he left unoccupied. The centre of infantry
stood on the forward slope of the long spur which runs east from Doon,
and beyond them, practically on the plain, was the bulk of the Scottish
cavalry. In the evening Cromwell drew up his army, under 11,000
effective men, along the ravine, and issued orders to attack the Scots
at dawn of the 3rd (13th). The left of the Scots was ineffective, as was
a part of their centre of foot on the upper part of the hillside, and
the English commander proposed to deal with the remainder. Before dawn
the English advanced troops crossed the ravine, attacked Doon, and
pinned Leslie's left; under cover of this the whole army began its
manoeuvre. The artillery was posted on the Dunbar side of the burn,
directly opposite and north of Doon, the infantry and cavalry crossed
where they could, and formed up gradually in a line south of and roughly
parallel to the Berwick road, the extreme left of horse and foot, acting
as a reserve, crossed at Brocksmouth House on the outer flank. The Scots
were surprised in their bivouacs, but quickly formed up, and at first
repulsed both the horse and the foot. But ere long Cromwell himself
arrived with his reserve, and the whole English line advanced again. The
fresh impulse enabled it to break the Scottish cavalry and repulse the
foot, and Leslie's line of battle was gradually rolled up from right to
left. In the words of an English officer, "The sun appearing upon the
sea, I heard Nol say, 'Now let God arise, and let His enemies be
scattered,' and following us as we slowly marched I heard him say, 'I
profess they run.'" Driven into the broken ground, and penned between
Doon Hill and the ravine, the Scots were indeed helpless. "They routed
one another after we had done their work on their right wing," says the
same officer. Ten thousand men, including almost the whole of the
Scottish foot, surrendered, and their killed numbered three thousand.
Few of the English were killed. "I do not believe," wrote Cromwell,
"that we have lost twenty men."
[Illustration: Map of Dunbar.]
The account of the battle of Dunbar here followed is that of C.H.
Firth, for which see his _Cromwell_, pp. 281 ff. and references there
given. For other accounts see Carlyle, _Cromwell's Letters and
Speeches_, letter cxl.; Hoenig, _Cromwell_; Baldock, _Cromwell as a
Soldier_; and Gardiner, _Hist. of the Commonwealth and Protectorate_,
vol. i.
DUNBLANE, a police burgh of Perthshire, Scotland, on the left bank of
Allan Water, a tributary of the Forth, 5 m. N. by W. of Stirling by the
Caledonian railway. Pop. (1901) 2516. It is a place of great antiquity,
with narrow streets and old-fashioned houses. The leading industry is
the manufacture of woollens. The cathedral is situated by the side of
the river, and was one of the few ecclesiastical edifices that escaped
injury at the hands of the Reformers. The first church is alleged to
have been erected by Blane, a saint of the 7th century, but the
cathedral was founded by David I. in 1141, and almost entirely rebuilt
about 1240 by Bishop Clemens. Excepting the tower, which is Early Norman
and was probably incorporated from the earlier structure, the building
is of the Early Pointed style. It consists of a nave (130 ft. long, 58
ft. wide, 50 ft. high), aisles, choir (80 ft. long by 30 ft. wide),
chapter-house and tower. Ruskin considered that there was "nothing so
perfect in its simplicity" as the west window, the design of which
resembles a leaf. After the decline of episcopacy the building was
neglected for a long period, but the choir, which contains some carved
oak stalls of the 16th century, was restored in 1873, and the nave
roofed and restored in 1892-1895, under the direction of Sir Rowand
Anderson, the architect. From the time of the Reformation the choir had
been used as the parish church, but since its restoration the whole
cathedral has been devoted to this purpose. The new oak roof is
emblazoned with the arms of the Scottish and later British monarchs, and
of the old earls of Strathearn. Several members of the families of
Strathearn and Strathallan were buried in the cathedral, and three
stones of blue marble in the floor of the choir are supposed to mark the
graves of Lady Margaret Drummond (b. 1472), mistress of James IV., and
her two sisters, daughters of Lord Drummond, who were mysteriously
poisoned in 1501. An ancient Celtic cross, 6-1/2 ft. high, stands in the
north-western corner of the nave. Robert Leighton was the greatest of
the bishops of Dunblane, and held the see from 1661 to 1670. The library
of 1500 volumes which he bequeathed to the clergy of the diocese is
housed in a building with an outside stair, standing near the cathedral,
and the Bishop's Walk by the river also perpetuates his memory. Of the
bishop's palace only a few ruins remain. The battlefield of Sheriffmuir
is about 2-1/2 m. E. of the town. A mile and a half S. of Dunblane is
the estate of Keir which belonged to Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, the
historian and art critic. The duke of Leeds derives the title of one of
his viscounties from Dunblane.
DUNCAN, the name of two Scottish kings.
DUNCAN I. (d. 1040) was a son of Crinan or Cronan, lay abbot of Dunkeld,
and became king of the Scots in succession to his maternal grandfather,
Malcolm II., in 1034, having previously as _rex Cumbrorum_ ruled in
Strathclyde. His accession was "the first example of inheritance of the
Scottish throne in the direct line." Duncan is chiefly known through his
connexion with Macbeth, which has been immortalized by Shakespeare. The
feud between these two princes originated probably in a dispute over the
succession to the throne; its details, however, are obscure, and the
only fact which can be ascertained with any certainty is that Duncan was
slain by Macbeth in 1040. Two of Duncan's sons, Malcolm III. Canmore and
Donald V. Bane, were afterwards kings of the Scots.
DUNCAN II. (d. 1094) was a son of Malcolm III. and therefore a grandson
of Duncan I. For a time he lived as a hostage in England and became king
of the Scots after driving out his uncle, Donald Bane, in 1093, an
enterprise in which he was helped by some English and Normans. He was
killed in the following year.
See W.F. Skene, _Celtic Scotland_ (1876-1880), and A. Lang, _History
of Scotland_, vol. i. (1900).
DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804), British naval commander,
was born on the 1st of July 1731, at Lundie, in Forfarshire, Scotland.
After receiving the rudiments of his education at Dundee, he was in 1746
placed under Captain Haldane, of the "Shoreham" frigate, and in 1749 he
became a midshipman in the "Centurion." In 1755 he was appointed second
lieutenant of the "Norwich," but on the arrival of that ship in America,
whither, with the rest of Keppel's squadron, it had convoyed General
Braddock's forces, he was transferred to the "Centurion." Once again in
England, he was promoted to be second lieutenant of the "Torbay," and
after three years on the home station he assisted in the attack on the
French settlement of Goree, on the African coast, in which he was
slightly wounded. He returned to England as first lieutenant of the
"Torbay"; and in 1759 was made a commander, and in 1761 a post-captain.
His vessel, the "Valiant" (74), was Commodore Keppel's flag-ship in the
expedition against Belle-Ile en Mer in that year, and also in 1762, when
it took an important part in the capture of Havana. In 1778, on the
recommencement of war with France, Captain Duncan was appointed to the
"Suffolk" (74), whence before the close of the year he removed to the
"Monarch" (74), one of the Channel Fleet. On the 16th of January 1780,
in an action off Cape St Vincent, between a Spanish squadron under Don
Juan de Langara and the British fleet under Sir George Rodney, Captain
Duncan in the "Monarch" was the first to engage the enemy; and in 1782,
as captain of the "Blenheim" (90), he took part in Lord Howe's relief of
Gibraltar. From the rank of rear-admiral of the blue, received in 1789,
he was gradually promoted until, in 1799, he became admiral of the
white. In February 1795 he hoisted his flag as commander-in-chief of the
North Sea fleet, appointed to harass the Batavian navy. Towards the end
of May 1797, though, in consequence of the widespread mutiny in the
British fleet, he had been left with only the "Adamant" (50), besides
his own ship the "Venerable" (74), Admiral Duncan proceeded to his usual
station off the Texel, where lay at anchor the Dutch squadron of fifteen
sail of the line, under the command of Vice-Admiral de Winter. From time
to time he caused signals to be made, as if to the main body of a fleet
in the offing, a stratagem which probably was the cause of his freedom
from molestation until, in the middle of June, reinforcements arrived
from England. On the 3rd of October the admiral put into Yarmouth Roads
to refit and victual his ships, but, receiving information early on the
9th that the enemy was at sea, he immediately hoisted the signal for
giving him chase. On the morning of the 11th de Winter's fleet,
consisting of 4 seventy-fours, 7 sixty-fours, 4 fifty-gun ships, 2
forty-four-gun frigates, and 2 of thirty-two guns, besides smaller
vessels, was sighted lying about 9 m. from shore, between the villages
of Egmont and Camperdown. The British fleet numbered 7 seventy-fours, 7
sixty-fours, 2 fifties, 2 frigates, with a sloop and several cutters,
and was slightly superior in force to that of the Dutch. Shortly after
mid-day the British ships, without waiting to form in order, broke
through the Dutch line, and an engagement commenced which, after heavy
loss on both sides, resulted in the taking by the British of eleven of
the enemy's vessels. When the action ceased the ships were in nine
fathoms water, within 5 m. of a lee shore, and there was every sign of
an approaching gale. So battered were the prizes that it was found
impossible to fit them for future service, and one of them, the "Delft,"
sank on her way to England. In recognition of this victory, Admiral
Duncan was, on the 21st of October, created Viscount Duncan of
Camperdown and baron of Lundie, with an annual pension of L3000 to
himself and the two next heirs to his title. The earldom of Camperdown
was created for his son Robert (1785-1859) in 1831, and is still in the
possession of his descendants. In 1800 Lord Duncan withdrew from naval
service. He died on the 4th of August 1804.
See Charnock, _Biog. Nav._ (1794-1796); Collins, _Peerage of England_,
p. 378 (1812); W. James, _Naval History of Great Britain_ (1822);
Yonge, _History of the British Navy_, vol. i. (1863); Earl of
Camperdown, _Admiral Duncan_ (1898), vol. xvi. of the Navy Record Soc.
Publications, contains the logs of the ships engaged in the battle of
Camperdown.
DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891), English palaeontologist, was born on
the 20th of April 1824 at Twickenham, and was educated partly at the
local grammar school and partly in Switzerland. Having entered the
medical department of King's College, London, in 1842, he obtained the
degree of M.B. (Lond.) in 1846, and then acted for a short time as
assistant to a doctor at Rochester. Subsequently he practised at
Colchester (1848-1860), and during this period he served for a year as
mayor of the city. Returning to London in 1860 he practised for a few
years at Blackheath, and then gave his time entirely to scientific
research, first in botany, and later in geology and palaeontology. His
attention was directed especially to fossil corals, and in 1863 he
contributed to the Geological Society of London the first of a series of
papers on the fossil corals of the West Indian Islands in which he not
only described the species, but discussed their bearings on the physical
geography of the Tertiary period. Corals from various parts of the world
and from different geological formations were subsequently dealt with by
Duncan, and he came to be regarded as a leading authority on these
fossils. He prepared also for the Palaeontographical Society (1866-1872)
an important work on British fossil corals, as a supplement to the
monograph by Henri Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime. He was elected F.R.S.
in 1868. In 1870 he was chosen professor of geology at King's College.
He was president of the Geological Society (1876-1877), and in 1881 was
awarded the Wollaston medal. In addition to papers on fossil corals, he
dealt with some of the living forms, also with the Echinoidea and other
groups, recent and fossil. He edited the six volumes of Cassell's
_Natural History_ (1877, &c.). He died at Gunnersbury on the 28th of May
1891.
DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807-1845), Scottish portrait and historical painter,
was born at Kinclaven, in Perthshire. He was educated at the Perth
Academy, and began the study of the law, but abandoned it for art.
Beginning under the instruction of Sir William Allan, he early attained
distinction as a delineator of the human figure; and his first pictures
established his fame so completely, that at a very early age he was
appointed professor of colouring, and afterwards of drawing, in the
Trustees' Academy of Edinburgh. In 1840 he painted one of his finest
pictures, "Prince Charles Edward and the Highlanders entering Edinburgh
after the Battle of Prestonpans," which secured his election as an
associate of the Royal Academy in 1843. In the same year he produced his
picture of "Charles Edward asleep after Culloden, protected by Flora
MacDonald," which, like many other of his works, has been often
engraved. In 1844 appeared his "Cupid" and his "Martyrdom of John Brown
of Priesthill." His last work was a portrait of himself, now in the
National Gallery in Edinburgh. He particularly excelled in his portraits
of ladies and children. He died in Edinburgh on the 25th of May 1845.
DUNCE, a slow or stupid person, one incapable of learning. The word is
derived from the name of the great schoolman, John Duns Scotus, whose
works on logic, theology and philosophy were accepted text-books in the
universities from the 14th century. "Duns" or "Dunsman" was a name early
applied by their opponents to the followers of Duns Scotus, the
Scotists, and hence was equivalent to one devoted to sophistical
distinctions and subtleties. When, in the 16th century, the Scotists
obstinately opposed the "new learning," the term "duns" or "dunce"
became, in the mouths of the humanists and reformers, a term of abuse, a
synonym for one incapable of scholarship, a dull blockhead.
DUNCKER, MAXIMILIAN WOLFGANG (1811-1886), German historian and
politician, eldest son of the publisher Karl Duncker, was born at Berlin
on the 15th of October 1811. He studied at the universities of Bonn and
Berlin till 1834, was then accused of participation in the students'
societies, which the government was endeavouring to suppress, and was
condemned to six years' imprisonment, afterwards reduced to six months.
He had already begun his labours as a historian, but after serving his
sentence in 1837, found himself debarred till 1839 from completing his
course at Halle, where in 1842 he obtained a professorship. Elected to
the National Assembly at Frankfort in 1848, he joined the Right Centre
party, and was chosen reporter of the projected constitution. He sat in
the Erfurt assembly in 1850, and in the second Prussian chamber from
1849 to 1852. During the crisis in Schleswig and Holstein in 1850 he
endeavoured in person to aid the duchies in their struggles. An
outspoken opponent of the policy of Manteuffel, he was refused
promotion by the Prussian government, and in 1857 accepted the
professorship of history at Tubingen. In 1859, however, he was recalled
to Berlin as assistant in the ministry of state in the Auerswald
cabinet, and in 1861 was appointed councillor to the crown prince. In
1867 he became director of the Prussian archives, with which it was his
task to incorporate those of Hanover, Hesse and Nassau. He retired on
the 1st of January 1875, and died at Ansbach on the 21st of July 1886.
Duncker's eminent position among German historians rests mainly on his
_Geschichte des Alterthums_ (1st ed., 1852-1857); 5th ed. in 9 vols.,
1878-1886; (English translation by Evelyn Abbott, 1877-1882). He edited,
with J.G. Droysen, _Preussische Staatsschriften_, _Politische
Correspondenz Friedrichs des Grossen_, and _Urkunden und Actenstucke zur
Geschichte des Kurfursten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg_. To the
period of his political activity belong _Zur Geschichte der deutschen
Reichsversammlung in Frankfurt_ (1849); _Heinrich von Gagern_ (1850), in
the series of _Manner der Gegenwart_; and the anonymous _Vier Monate
auswartiger Politik_ (1851). His other works include _Origines
Germanicae_ (1840); the lectures _Die Krisis der Reformation_ (1845) and
_Feudalitat und Aristokratie_ (1858); _Aus der Zeit Friedrichs des
Grossen und Friedrich Wilhelms III. Abhandlungen zur preussischen
Geschichte_ (1876); followed after his death by _Abhandlungen aus der
griechischen Geschichte_ and _Abhandlungen aus der neueren Geschichte_
(1887).
DUNCKLEY, HENRY (1823-1896), English journalist, was born at Warwick on
the 24th of December 1823. Educated at the Baptist college at
Accrington, Lancashire, and at Glasgow University, he became in 1848
minister of the Baptist church at Salford, Lancashire. Here he closely
investigated the educational needs of the working-classes, embodying the
results of his inquiries in an essay, _The Glory and the Shame of
Britain_ (1851), which gained a prize offered by the Religious Tract
Society. In 1852 he won the Anti-Corn-law League's prize with an essay
on the results of the free-trade policy, published in 1854 under the
title _The Charter of the Nations_. In 1855 he abandoned the ministry to
edit the _Manchester Examiner and Times_, a prominent Liberal newspaper,
in charge of which he remained till 1889. For twenty years he wrote,
over the signature "Verax," weekly letters to the Manchester papers;
those on _The Crown and the Cabinet_ (1877) and _The Crown and the
Constitution_ (1878) evoked so much enthusiasm that a public
subscription was set on foot to present the writer with a handsome
testimonial for his public services. In 1878 Dunckley, who had often
declined to stand for parliament, was elected a member of the Reform
Club in recognition of his services to the Liberal party, and in 1883 he
was made an LL.D. by Glasgow University. He died at Manchester on the
29th of June 1896.
DUNCOMBE, SIR CHARLES (c. 1648-1711), English politician, was a London
apprentice, who became a goldsmith and a banker; he amassed great wealth
in his calling and was chosen an alderman of the city of London in 1683.
Duncombe's parliamentary career began in 1685, when he was elected
member of parliament for Hedon, and he was afterwards one of the
representatives of Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight and of Downton in
Wiltshire. He was made receiver of the customs, and upon the flight of
James II. from England in 1688 refused to forward to him the sum of
L1500 as requested; accordingly his name alone was excepted from the
pardon issued by the exiled king in 1692. A strong Tory, Duncombe held
for a short time the office of receiver of the excise, and in this
capacity he profited slightly by a transaction over some exchequer bills
which had been falsely endorsed. Consequently he was imprisoned by the
House of Commons, and expelled from parliament; and having been released
by order of the House of Lords, where his friends were more powerful, he
was again imprisoned by the Commons. Tried before the court of king's
bench he was found "not guilty" on two occasions and the matter was
allowed to drop. Duncombe made three unsuccessful attempts to enter
parliament as member for the city of London, and then represented
Downton a second time from 1702 until his death. In 1699 he was
knighted, and in 1709 he served as lord mayor of London. Upon retiring
from business in 1695 Duncombe caused some stir by giving the
representatives of the duke of Buckingham a high price for an estate at
Helmsley in Yorkshire, where he built a magnificent house.
He died at his residence at Teddington on the 9th of April 1711, and
much of his great wealth passed to his sister, Ursula, wife of Thomas
Browne, who took the name of Duncombe. Ursula's great-grandson, Charles
Duncombe (1764-1841), was created Baron Feversham in 1826, and in 1868
his grandson, William Ernest, the 3rd baron (b. 1829), was made earl of
Feversham. Sir Charles Duncombe's nephew, Anthony Duncombe (c.
1695-1763), who was made a baron in 1747, left an only daughter, Anne
(1757-1829), who married Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, 2nd earl of Radnor, by
whom she was the ancestress of the succeeding earls of Radnor.
A celebrated member of the Duncombe family was THOMAS SLINGSBY DUNCOMBE
(1796-1861), a Radical politician, who was member of parliament for
Hertford from 1826 to 1832 and for Finsbury from 1834 until his death.
Duncombe defended Lord Durham's administration of Canada; he sought to
obtain the release of John Frost and other Chartists, whose immense
petition he presented to parliament in 1842; and he interested himself
in the affairs of Charles II., the deposed duke of Brunswick. He showed
a practical sympathy with Mazzini, whose letters had been opened by
order of the English government, by urging for an inquiry into this
occurrence; and also with Kossuth. He died at Lancing on the 13th of
November 1861.
See _Life and Correspondence of T.S. Duncombe_, edited by T.H.
Duncombe (1868).
DUNDALK, a seaport of Co. Louth, Ireland, in the north parliamentary
division, on the Castletown river near its mouth in Dundalk Bay. Pop. of
urban district (1901), 13,076. It is an important junction on the Great
Northern railway, by the main line of which it is 54 m. N. from Dublin.
The company has its works here, and a line diverges to the north-west of
Ireland. Dundalk is connected with the port of Greenore (for Holyhead)
by a line owned by the London & North-Western railway company of
England. The parish church is an old and spacious edifice with a curious
wooden steeple covered with copper; and the Roman Catholic chapel is a
handsome building in the style of King's College chapel, Cambridge.
There are ruins of a Franciscan priory, with a lofty tower. Adjacent to
the town are several fine parks and demesnes. Until 1885 a member was
returned to parliament. A brisk trade, chiefly in agricultural and dairy
produce, is carried on, and the town contains some manufactories.
Distilling and brewing are the principal industrial works, and there are
besides a flax and jute-spinning mill, salt works, &c. The port is the
seat of a considerable trade, mainly in agricultural produce and live
stock. It is also the centre of a sea-fishery district and of salmon
fisheries. Dundalk was a borough by prescription, and received charters
from Edward III. and successive monarchs. Edward Bruce, having invaded
Ireland from Scotland in 1315, proceeded south from his landing-place in
Antrim, ravaging as he came, to Dundalk, which he stormed, and
proclaimed himself king here. In this neighbourhood, too, he was
defeated and killed by the English under Sir John de Bermingham in 1318,
and at Faughart near Dundalk, near the ruined church of St Bridget, he
is buried.
DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689), Scottish
soldier, was the elder son of Sir William Graham and Lady Madeline
Carnegie. Of his youth little record has been kept; but in the year 1665
he became a student at the university of St Andrews. His education was
upon the whole good, as appears from the varied and valuable
correspondence of his later years. Young Graham was destined for a
military career; and after about four years he proceeded abroad as a
volunteer in the service of France. In 1673 or 1674 he went to Holland,
and obtained a cornetcy, and he was soon raised to the rank of captain,
as a reward for having saved the life of the prince of Orange at the
battle of Seneff. A few years later, being disappointed in his hopes of
obtaining a regiment, Graham resigned his commission. In the beginning
of 1677 he returned to England, bearing, it is said, letters of strong
recommendation from the prince to Charles II. and the duke of York. In
1678 he became a lieutenant, and soon afterwards captain of a troop, in
the regiment commanded by his relative the marquis of Montrose. The task
before him was the suppression of the Covenanters' rebellion. To this he
brought, over and above the feelings of romantic loyalty and the
cavalier spirit, which in his case was free from its usual defects, a
hatred of the Covenanters which was based largely on his hero-worship of
the great Montrose. Further, his uncompromising disposition and
unmistakable capacity at once marked him out as a leader upon whom the
government could rely. But the difficulties of his task, the open or
secret hostility of the whole people, and the nature and extent of the
country he was required to watch, were too great for the leader of a
small body of cavalry, and in spite of his vigorous and energetic
action, Graham accomplished but little. He entered, however, upon his
occupation with zest, and interpreted consistently the orders he
received. There is evidence, also, that his efforts were appreciated at
headquarters in his appointment, jointly with the laird of Earlshall,
his subaltern, to the office of sheriff-depute of Dumfries and Annandale
in March 1679, with powers--specially narrated in his commission--anent
"separation," conventicles, "disorderly baptisms and marriages," and the
like.
For some years thereafter the position of Graham was in the highest
degree difficult and delicate. In the midst of enemies, and in virtue of
the most erroneous but direct orders of his government, he combined the
functions of soldier, spy, prosecutor and judge. Shortly after the
murder of Archbishop Sharp (1679), he was summoned to increased
activity. There were reports of rebels gathering near Glasgow, and
Graham went in pursuit. On the 1st of June, the Covenanters being in a
well-protected position upon the marshy ground of Drumclog, Graham
advanced to the attack. Hindered by the ground, he had to wait till the
impatience of his adversaries induced them to commence an impetuous
attack. The charge of the Covenanters routed the royal cavalry, who
turned and fled, Graham himself having a narrow escape. This was the
only regular engagement he had with the Covenanters. The enthusiasm
raised by this victory was the beginning of a serious and open
rebellion.
On the 22nd of June Graham was present at the battle of Bothwell Bridge,
at the head of his own troop. Immediately thereafter he was commissioned
to search the south-western shires for those who had taken part in the
insurrection. In this duty he seems to have been engaged till the early
part of 1680, when he disappears for a time from the record of these
stringent measures. The wide powers given to him by his commission were
most sparingly used, and the gravest accusation made against him in
reference to this period is that he was a robber.
He was, in any case, an advocate of rigorous measures, and his own
systematic and calculated terrorism, directed principally against the
ringleaders, proved far more efficacious than the irregular and
haphazard brutalities of other commanders. During these months he was
despatched to London, along with Lord Linlithgow, to influence the mind
of Charles II. against the indulgent method adopted by Monmouth with the
extreme Covenanting party. The king seems to have been fascinated by his
loyal supporter, and from that moment Graham was destined to rise in
rank and honours. Early in 1680 he obtained a royal grant of the barony
of the outlawed Macdougal of Freuch, and the grant was after some delay
confirmed by subsequent orders upon the exchequer in Scotland. In April
1680 it appears that his roving commission had been withdrawn by the
privy council. He is thus free from all concern with the severe measures
which followed the Sanquhar Declaration of the 22nd of June 1680.
The turbulence occasioned by the passing of the Test Act of 1681
required to be quelled by a strong hand; and in the beginning of the
following year Graham was again commissioned to act in the disaffected
districts. In the end of January he was appointed to the sheriffships of
Wigtown, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Annandale. He retained his
commission in the army--the pernicious combination of his offices being
thus repeated. He appears further to have had powers of life and death
in virtue of a commission of justiciary granted to him about the same
time. These powers he exercised strictly and in conformity with the
tenor of his orders, which were not more severe than he himself desired.
He quartered on the rebels, rifled their houses, and, to use his own
words, "endeavoured to destroy them by eating up their provisions." The
effect of his policy, if we believe his own writ, is not overstated as
"Death, desolation, ruin and decay."
The result of a bitter quarrel between Graham and Sir John Dalrymple,
who, with many others of the gentry, was far from active in the
execution of the government's orders, confirmed his prestige. Graham was
acquitted by the privy council of the charges of exaction and oppression
preferred against him, and Sir John condemned to fine and imprisonment
for interference with his proceedings. In December 1682 Graham was
appointed colonel of a new regiment raised in Scotland. He had still
greater honours in view. In January 1683 the case of the earl of
Lauderdale, late Maitland of Hatton, was debated in the House of Lords.
Maitland was proprietor of the lands and lordship of Dundee and Dudhope,
and the decree of the Lords against him was in March 1683 issued for the
sum of L72,000. Graham succeeded in having part of the property of the
defaulter transferred to him by royal grant, and in May he was nominated
to the privy council of Scotland.
Shortly afterwards Claverhouse was appointed to be present at the
sittings of the Circuit Court of Justiciary in Stirling, Glasgow,
Dumfries and Jedburgh, recently instituted for the imposition of the
test and the punishment of rebels. Several were sentenced to death.
During the rest of the year he attended the meetings of council, in
which he displayed the spirit of an obedient soldier rather than that of
a statesman capable of independent views. There is, however, one record
of his direct and efficacious interference. He declared decisively
against the proposal to let loose the Highland marauders upon the south
of Scotland.
In June 1684 he was again at his old employment--the inspection of the
southern shires; and in August he was commissioned as second in command
of the forces in Ayr and Clydesdale to search out the rebels. By this
time he was in possession of Dudhope, and on the 10th of June he married
Lady Jean, daughter of William, Lord Cochrane. As constable of Dundee he
recommended the remission of extreme punishment in the case of many
petty offences. He issued from his retirement to take part in a
commission of lieutenancy which perambulated the southern districts as a
criminal court; and in the end of the year he was again in the same
region on the occasion of disturbances in the town of Kirkcudbright.
Shortly after the death of Charles II. (February 1685) Graham incurred a
temporary disgrace by his deposition from the office of privy
councillor; but in May he was reinstated, although his commission of
justiciary, which had expired, was not renewed.
In May 1685 he was ordered with his cavalry to guard the borders, and to
scour the south-west in search of rebels. By act of privy council, a
certificate was required by all persons over sixteen years of age to
free them from the hazard of attack from government officials. Without
that they were at once liable to be called upon oath to abjure the
declaration of Renwick, which was alleged to be treasonable. While on
this mission he pursued and overtook two men, one of whom, John Brown,
called the "Christian carrier," having refused the abjuration oath, was
shot dead. The order was within the authorized powers of Graham.
In 1686 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and had added to
his position of constable the dignity of provost of Dundee. In 1688 he
was second in command to General Douglas in the army which had been
ordered to England to aid the falling dynasty of the Stuarts.
His influence with James II. was great and of long standing, and amid
the hurry of events in this critical time he was created Viscount Dundee
on the 12th of November 1688. Throughout the vexed journeyings of the
king, Dundee is found accompanying or following him, endeavouring in
vain to prompt him to make his stand in England, and fight rather than
flee from the invader. At last James announced his resolve to go to
France, promising that he would send Dundee a commission to command the
troops in Scotland.
Dundee returned to Scotland in anticipation of the meeting of the
convention, and at once exerted himself to confirm the waning resolution
of the duke of Gordon with regard to holding Edinburgh Castle for the
king. The convention proving hostile (March 16th, 1688), he conceived
the idea of forming another convention at Stirling to sit in the name of
James II., but the hesitancy of his associates rendered the design
futile, and it was given up. Previous to this, on the 18th of March, he
had left Edinburgh at the head of a company of fifty dragoons, who were
strongly attached to his person. He was not long gone ere the news was
brought to the alarmed convention that he had been seen clambering up
the castle rock and holding conference with the duke of Gordon. In
excitement and confusion order after order was despatched in reference
to the fugitive. Dundee retired to Dudhope. On the 30th of March he was
publicly denounced as a traitor, and in the latter half of April
attempts were made to secure him at Dudhope, and at his residence in
Glen Ogilvy. But the secrecy and speed of his movements outwitted his
pursuers, and he retreated to the north.
In the few years which had elapsed since 1678 he had risen, despite the
opposition of his superiors in rank, from the post of captain and the
social status of a small Scottish laird to positions as a soldier and
statesman and the favourite of his sovereigns, of the greatest dignity,
influence and wealth. In this period he had, justly or unjustly, earned
the reputation of being a cruel and ruthless oppressor. When the ruling
dynasty changed, and he had himself become an outlaw and a rebel, he
supported the cause of his exiled monarch with such skill and valour
that his name and death are recorded as heroic.
In the Highlands his diplomatic skill was used with effect amongst the
chieftains. General Hugh Mackay was now in the field against him, and a
Highland chase began. The campaign resembled those of Montrose forty
years earlier. The regular troops were at a great disadvantage in the
wild Highland country, and Dundee, like Montrose, invariably anticipated
his enemy. But, as usual, the army of the clans required the most
careful management. After the first few weeks of operations, Dundee's
army melted away, and Mackay, unable to follow his opponent, retired
also.
Throughout the whole of the campaign Dundee was indefatigable in his
exertions with the Highland chiefs and his communications with his
exiled king. To the day of his death he believed that formidable succour
for his cause was about to arrive from Ireland and France. He justly
considered himself at the head of the Stewart interest in Scotland, and
his despatches form a record of the little incidents of the campaign,
strangely combined with a revelation of the designs of the statesman. It
mattered little to him that on the 24th of July a price of L20,000 had
been placed upon his head. The clans had begun to reassemble; he was now
in command of a considerable force, and in July both sides took the
field again. A contest for the castle of Blair forced on the decision.
Mackay, in his march towards that place, entered the pass of
Killiecrankie, the battleground selected by Dundee and his officers.
Here, on the 17th-27th of July 1689, was fought the battle of
Killiecrankie (q.v.). The Highlanders were completely victorious, but
their leader, in the act of encouraging his men, was pierced beneath the
breastplate by a bullet of the enemy, and fell dying from his horse.
Dundee asked "How goes the day?" of a soldier, who replied, "Well for
King James, but I am sorry for your lordship." The dying general
replied, "If it goes well for him, it matters the less for me." Dundee
was conveyed to the castle of Blair, where he died on the night of the
battle. Within an hour or two of his death he wrote a short account of
the engagement to King James. The battle, disastrous as it was to the
government forces, was in reality the end of the insurrection, for the
controlling and commanding genius of the rebellion was no more. The
death of Dundee, in the mist and the confusion of a cavalry charge,
formed the subject of numerous legends, the best known of which is the
long prevalent tradition that he was invulnerable to all bullets and was
killed by a silver button from his own coat.
See Mark Napier, _Memorials and Letters of Graham of Claverhouse_
(1859-1862); Bannatyne Club, _Letters of the Viscount Dundee_ (1826);
C.S. Terry, _John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee_; and
authorities quoted in _Dict. Nat. Biogr._, s.v. "Graham of
Claverhouse."
DUNDEE, a royal, municipal and police burgh, county of a city, and
seaport of Forfarshire, Scotland. Pop. (1891) 153,587; (1901) 161,173.
It lies on the north shore of the Firth of Tay, 59-1/4 m. N. by E. of
Edinburgh by the North British railway via the Forth and Tay bridges.
The Caledonian railway finds access to the city by way of Perth, which
is distant about 22 m. W. by S. The general disposition of the town is
from east to west, with a frontage on the water of 4 m. The area
northwards that has already been built over varies in depth from half a
mile to nearly 2-1/2 m. (from Esplanade Station to King's Cross). The
city rises gradually from the river to Dundee Law and Balgay Hill. Since
the estuary to the E. of Tay bridge is 1-1/2 m. wide, and the commodious
docks--in immediate contact with the river at all stages of the
tide--are within 12 m. of the sea, the position of the city eminently
adapts it to be the emporium of a vast trade by land and sea. But its
prosperity is due in a far greater measure to its manufactures of jute
and linen--of which it is the chief seat in the United Kingdom--than to
its shipping.
_Public Buildings._--The town-hall, built in 1734 from the designs of
Robert Adam, stands in High Street. It is surmounted by a steeple 140
ft. high, carrying a good peal of bells, and beneath it is a piazza. The
old Town Cross, a shaft 15 ft. high, bearing a unicorn with the date of
1586, once stood in High Street also, but was re-erected within the
enclosure on the S.W. of Town Churches (see below). Albert Square, with
statues of Robert Burns, George Kinloch, the first member for Dundee in
the Reform Parliament (both by Sir John Steell), and James Carmichael
(1776-1853), inventor of the fan-blast (by John Hutchison, R.S.A.),
contains several good buildings, among them the Royal Exchange in
Flemish Pointed (erected in 1853-1856), the Eastern Club-house, and the
Albert Institute, founded in memory of the prince consort. The last,
built mainly from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, is one of the most
important edifices in the city, since it embraces the art gallery, free
library, reference library, museum and several halls. On the north side
of the building is the seated figure, in bronze, of Queen Victoria, on a
polished red granite pedestal containing bas-reliefs of episodes in Her
Majesty's life, the work of Harry Bates, A.R.A. The custom house, near
the docks, is in Classical style and dates from 1843. The Sheriff Court
buildings and Police Chambers, a structure of Grecian design, with a
bold portico, was erected in 1864-1865. The halls used for great public
meetings are the Volunteer Drill Hall in Parker Square, and Kinnaird
Hall in Bank Street. Of the newer streets, Commercial, Reform,
Whitehall, Bank and Lindsay contain many buildings of good design and
the principal shops. In Bank Street are the offices of the _Dundee
Advertiser_, the leading newspaper in the north-east of Scotland; and in
Lindsay Street the headquarters of the _Dundee Courier_. In Dock Street
stands the Royal Arch, an effective structure, erected to commemorate
the visit of Queen Victoria in 1844. Among places of amusement are the
Theatre Royal, the People's Palace theatre, the Music Hall, the Circus
and the Gymnasium. The cattle market and slaughter-houses, both on an
extensive scale, are in the east end of the city, not far from
Camperdown Dock. Dudhope Castle, once the seat of the Scrymgeours,
hereditary constables of the burgh--one of whom (Sir Alexander) was a
companion-in-arms of Wallace,--was granted by James II. to John Graham
of Claverhouse. On his death it reverted to the crown, and at a later
date was converted into barracks. When the new barracks at Dudhope Park
were occupied, the Castle was transformed into an industrial museum.
Though Dundee was once a walled town, the only relic of its walls is the
East Port, the preservation of which was due to the tradition that
George Wishart preached from the top of it during the plague of 1544.
_Churches._--Of the many churches and chapels the most interesting is
Town Churches--St Mary's, St Paul's and St Clement's, the three under
one roof--surmounted by the noble square tower, 156 ft. high, called the
Old Steeple, once the belfry of the church which was erected on this
spot by David, earl of Huntingdon, as a thank-offering for his escape
from shipwreck on the shoals at the mouth of the Tay (1193). The church
perished, but the bell-tower remained and was restored in 1871-1873 by
Sir Gilbert Scott. The fine Roman Catholic pro-cathedral of St Andrew's
is in Early English style, and St Paul's Episcopal church, in Decorated
Gothic style, with a spire 211 ft. high, from designs by Sir Gilbert
Scott, was due to the zeal of Bishop Forbes (1817-1875), who transferred
the headquarters of the see of Brechin to Dundee. It occupies the site
of the old castle. Memorial churches commemorate the work of Robert
Murray McCheyne (1813-1843) and of George Gilfillan (1813-1878), long
ministers in Dundee. John Glas (1695-1773), founder of the Glasites
(q.v.), ministered here from 1730 to 1733.
_Cemeteries._--The ancient burying-ground in the centre of the city is
called the Howff. It has long been closed, but contains several
interesting monuments and epitaphs. Not far from it the New Cemetery was
laid out in West Bell Street; to the east of Baxter Park lies the
Eastern Cemetery; and the Western Cemetery was constructed in Perth
Road. The most beautifully situated of all the burying-grounds, however,
is the Western Necropolis, which occupies the western portion of the
hill of Balgay. A bridge over the ravine connects it with Balgay Park.
_Public Parks and Open Spaces._--On the N. of the city rises Dundee Law
(571 ft.), the property of the Corporation, a prominent landmark, on the
summit of which are traces of an old vitrified fort. The surrounding
park covers 18 acres. Near the eastern boundary of the city lies Baxter
Park, of 37 acres, presented to the town by Sir David Baxter
(1793-1872), a leading manufacturer, and his sisters. It was laid out by
Sir Joseph Paxton, and contains a statue of Sir David by Sir John
Steell, erected by public subscription. In the west the finely wooded
hill of Balgay was acquired in 1869 and 36 acres of the area were
converted into a park. Immediately adjoining it on the north is Lochee
Park, of 25 acres, given to the city in 1891 by Messrs Cox Brothers of
Camperdown Works. In the extreme north lies the park of Fair Muir, of 12
acres, which was secured in 1890, and nearer to the heart of the town is
Dudhope or Barrack Park, purchased in 1893. Near the north end of the
Tay bridge is Magdalen Green, an old common of 17 acres, and along the
shore of the estuary there runs for a distance of 2-1/2 m. from Magdalen
Point to beyond Craig Pier a promenade called the Esplanade.
_Education._--University College in Nethergate, founded in 1880 by Miss
Baxter of Balgavies (d. 1884) and Dr John Boyd Baxter, was opened in
1883, and united to the university of St Andrews in 1890. The
affiliation was cancelled in 1895 owing to divergence of view in the
governing body, but this was overcome and the college finally
incorporated in 1897. The staff consists of a principal, professors and
lecturers, and the curriculum, which may be taken by students of both
sexes, is especially concerned with medicine and natural and applied
science. The endowments exceed L250,000. Adjoining the buildings is the
Technical Institute, built and endowed by Sir David Baxter and opened in
1888. In connexion with the high school, a building in the Doric style,
dating from 1833, there is a museum which was endowed in 1880 by Mr
William Harris. Morgan hospital, a structure in the Scots Baronial
style, situated immediately to the north of Baxter Park, was founded in
1868 by John Morgan, a native of Dundee, for the board and education of
a hundred boys, sons of indigent tradesmen, but was acquired by the
school board and transformed into a secondary school. Besides a high
school for girls and Roman Catholic and Episcopalian schools, there are
numerous efficient and thoroughly equipped board schools.
_Charitable Institutions._--One of the most conspicuous buildings in the
city, occupying a prominent position in the centre, is the Royal
Infirmary, a fine structure in the Tudor style. On the southern face of
Balgay Hill stands the Royal Victoria hospital for incurables, opened in
1889. In addition to the maternity hospital and nurses' home, there are
several institutions devoted to special afflictions and diseases--among
them the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb institutions, the Royal asylum, the
fever hospital at King's Cross, and, in the parish of Mains--beyond the
municipal boundary--the Baldovan asylum for imbeciles, founded in 1854
by Sir John Ogilvy and said to be the earliest of its kind in Scotland,
besides the smallpox and cholera hospital. The large Dundee hospital
adjoins the poorhouse, and an epidemic hospital has been built in the
Fair Muir district. One of the convalescent homes is situated at
Broughty Ferry. Among other institutions are the Royal Orphan and the
Wellburn Charitable institutions, the rescue home for females, the
sailors' home and Lady Jane Ogilvy's orphanage in Mains.
_Trade._--Hector Boece, in his _History and Croniklis of Scotland_, thus
quaintly writes of the manufactures of Dundee in the opening of the 16th
century--"Dunde, the toun quhair we wer born; quhair mony virtewus and
lauborius pepill ar in, making of claith." Jute is, _par excellence_,
the industry of the city. Enormous quantities of the raw
material--estimated at 300,000 tons a year--are imported directly from
India in a fleet solely devoted to this trade, and many of the factories
in Bengal are owned by Dundee merchants. Fabrics in jute range from the
roughest sacking to carpets of almost Oriental beauty. Another staple
industry is the linen manufacture, which is also one of the oldest,
although it was not till the introduction of steam power that headway
was made. Bell Mill, erected in 1806, was the first work of any
importance, and the first power-loom factory dates from 1836. Now
factories and mills are to be counted by the score, and the jute, hemp
and flax manufactures alone employ about 50,000 hands, while the value
of the combined annual output exceeds L6,000,000. Some of the works are
planned on a colossal scale, and many of the buildings in respect of
design and equipment are among the finest and most complete in the
world. In the thriving quarter of Lochee are situated the Camperdown
Linen Works, covering an immense area and employing more than 5000
hands. The chimney-stalk (282 ft. high), in the style of an Italian
campanile, built of parti-coloured bricks with stone cornices, is a
conspicuous feature. The chief textile products are drills, ducks,
canvas (for which the British navy is the largest customer), ropes,
sheetings, sackings and carpets. Dundee is also celebrated for its
confectionery and preserves, especially marmalade. Among other prominent
industries are bleaching and dyeing, engineering, shipbuilding, tanning,
the making of boots and shoes and other goods in leather, foundries,
breweries, corn and flour mills, and the construction of motor-cars.
_Shipping._--By reason of its excellent docking facilities Dundee can
cope with a shipping trade of the largest proportions. On the front
wharves and harbour works extend for 2 m., and the docks cover an area
of 35-1/2 acres, made up thus--Earl Grey Dock, 5-1/4 acres; King William
IV. Dock, 6-1/4 acres; Tidal Harbour, 4-3/4 acres; Victoria Dock, 10-3/4
acres; Camperdown Dock, 8-1/2 acres. There are, besides, graving docks,
the Ferry harbour and timber ponds. The warehouses are capacious and the
ample quays equipped with steam cranes and other modern appliances. In
1898 there entered and cleared 2914 vessels of 1,390,331 tons; in 1904
the numbers were 2428 vessels of 1,227,429 tons. At the close of 1904
the registered shipping of the port was 131 vessels of 109,885 tons.
Dundee is the seat of the Arctic fishery, once an important and
lucrative business, but now shrunk to the most meagre dimensions in
consequence of the increasing scarcity of whales and seals. There is
regular communication by steamer with London, Hull, Newcastle, Liverpool
and Leith, besides Rotterdam, Hamburg and other continental ports. Of
the local excursions the two hours' run to Perth is the favourite summer
trip.
_Local Government._--Dundee returns two members to parliament. The city
council consists of the lord provost, bailies and councillors. The
corporation owns the gas and water supplies (the latter drawn from the
loch of Lintrathen, 18 m. to the N.W.) and the electric tramcars.
_History._--There appears to be some doubt as to the origin of the name
of Dundee. It is extravagant to trace it to the Latin _Donum Dei_, "the
gift of God," as some have done, or the Celtic _Dun Dhia_, "the hill of
God." More probably it is the Gaelic _Dun Taw_, "the fort of the Tay,"
of which the Latin _Taodunum_ is a transliteration--the derivation
pointing to the fact of a Pictish settlement on the site. The earliest
authentic mention of the city is in a deed of gift by David, earl of
Huntingdon, younger brother of William the Lion, dated about 1200, in
which it is designated as "Dunde." Shortly afterwards it was erected
into a royal burgh by William the Lion. When Edward I. visited it,
however, as he did twice (in 1296 and 1303) with hostile intent, he is
said to have removed its charter. Consequently Robert Bruce and
successive kings confirmed its privileges and rights, and Charles I.
finally granted it its great charter. Dundee played a prominent part in
the War of Scottish Independence. Here Wallace finished his education,
and here he slew young Selby, son of the English constable, in 1291, for
which deed he was outlawed. In that year the town fell into the hands of
the English, and it was whilst engaged in besieging the castle in 1297
that Wallace withdrew to fight the battle of Stirling Bridge. In their
incursion into Scotland under John of Gaunt the English captured and
partially destroyed the town in 1385, but retreated to meet a
counter-invasion of their own country. The English seized it again for a
brief space during one of the 1st earl of Hertford's devastating raids
in the reign of Edward VI. Dundee bore such a prominent part in
propagating the Reformed doctrines that it was styled "the Scottish
Geneva." It saw more trouble at the time of the Civil War, for the
marquess of Montrose sacked it in 1645, and then gave a considerable
portion of it to the flames. Charles II. spent a few days in the castle
after his crowning at Scone (January 1st, 1651). In the same year
General Monk demanded the submission of the town to Cromwell, and on its
refusal captured it after an obstinate resistance and visited it with
condign punishment. More than one-sixth of the inhabitants and garrison,
including its governor Lumsden, were put to the sword, and no fewer than
60 vessels were seized and filled with plunder; but the ships, says
Gumble in his _Life of Monk_, "were cast away within sight of the town
and that great wealth perished." In 1684 John Graham of
Claverhouse--whose family derived its name from the lands of Claverhouse
in the parish of Mains immediately to the north of the town--became
constable, and in 1688 provost. In the same year James II. created him
Viscount Dundee. Thenceforward the annals of the town cease to touch
national history, save at very rare intervals. The greatest local
disaster of modern times was the destruction of the first Tay bridge
(see TAY).
Many interesting old documents have been preserved in the Town House,
such as certain characteristic despatches from Edward I. and Edward II.,
the original charter of Robert Bruce, dated 1327, a papal order from Leo
X., and a letter from Queen Mary, dated 1564, providing for extra-mural
interments. It may be mentioned that to describe Claverhouse himself as
"bonnie Dundee" is a modern invention, the old song from which Sir
Walter Scott borrowed a hint for his refrain referring solely to the
town.
Since the middle and particularly during the last quarter of the 19th
century many of the more unsightly districts have been demolished. In
the process several picturesque but insanitary buildings, narrow winding
streets and unsavoury closes disappeared, along with a few structures of
more or less historic interest, like the castle, the mint and numerous
convents. The wholesale clearances, however, improved both the public
health and the appearance of the city, some of the new thoroughfares
vieing with the finest business streets of the largest commercial
centres in the United Kingdom. Queen Victoria granted a charter to
Dundee, dated the 25th of January 1889, erecting it to the status of a
city, and since 1892 its chief magistrate has been styled lord provost.
Among men more or less eminent who were born in Dundee may be named
Hector Boece (1465-1536), the historian; George Dempster of Dunnichen
(1732-1818), the agriculturist, a former owner of Skibo; Thomas Dick
(1774-1857), the author of _The Christian Philosopher_; Admiral Lord
Duncan (1731-1804); Viscount Dundee (1643-1689); James Halyburton
(1518-1589), the Scottish Reformer, who was provost of the town for
thirty-three years; Sir James Ivory (1765-1842), the mathematician, who
bequeathed his science library to the town, and his nephew Lord Ivory
(1792-1866), the judge; Sir George Mackenzie (1636-1691), the celebrated
lawyer; Sir Alexander Scrymgeour (d. 1310), Wallace's standard-bearer,
and many of the Scrymgeours, his successors, who were constables of the
town; James (1495-1553), John (1500-1556) and Robert Wedderburn
(1510-1557), the poets, who were all concerned in the authorship or
collection of the book of _Gude and Godlie Ballatis_ published in 1578;
Sir John Wedderburn (1599-1679), the physician; and Sir Peter Wedderburn
(1616-1679), the judge. Many well-known persons lived for longer or
shorter periods in the town. James Chalmers (1782-1853), the inventor of
the adhesive postage stamp (1834), was a bookseller in Castle Street.
George Constable of Wallace Craigie, the prototype of Jonathan Oldbuck
in Sir Walter Scott's _Antiquary_, had a residence in the east end of
Seagate, the house standing until about 1820. Thomas Hood's father was a
native and the poet spent part of his youth in the town, his first
literary effort appearing in the _Dundee Advertiser_ about 1816. James
Bowman Lindsay (1799-1862), electrician and philologist, carried on his
experiments for many years in Dundee, where he died. Robert Nicoll
(1814-1837), the poet, kept a circulating library in Castle Street; and
William Thom (1798-1848), the writer of _The Rhymes of a Handloom
Weaver_, was buried in the Western Cemetery.
_Suburbs._--Close to the municipal boundaries on the N.W. lies Benvie,
where John Playfair (1748-1819), the mathematician, was born, and which
has a mineral well that once enjoyed considerable repute. Camperdown
House, the seat of the earl of Camperdown, a fine building of Greek
design, standing in beautiful grounds, is situated in the parish.
Fowlis, 5 m. N.W., is remarkable for its church, which dates from the
15th century, but has even been assigned to the 12th. It contains a
carved ambry and rood-screen (with a curious representation of the
Crucifixion), decorated font, crocketed door canopy and several
pictures. The ruined castle adjoining the church ultimately became a
dwelling for labourers. The Dell of Balruddery is rich in geological and
botanical specimens. Lundie, 3 m. farther out in the same direction,
contains several lakelets, and its kirkyard is the burial-place of the
earls of Camperdown. Tealing, 4 m. N. of Dundee, was the scene of the
ministry of John Glas before he was deposed for heresy.
AUTHORITIES.--David Barrie, _The City of Dundee Illustrated_ (Dundee,
1890); Alexander Maxwell, _Old Dundee_ (Dundee, 1891); A.C. Lamb,
_Dundee: its Quaint and Historic Buildings_ (Dundee, 1895); A.H.
Millar, _Roll of Eminent Burgesses of Dundee_ (Dundee, 1887).
DUNDERLANDSDAL, a valley of northern Norway, in Nordland _amt_ (county),
draining south-westward from the neighbouring glaciers to the Ranenfjord
(lat. 66 deg. 20' N.). There are deposits of iron ore, the working of
which was undertaken in 1902 by the Dunderland Iron Ore Company,
water-power being provided by the strong Dunderland river. There are
also pyrites mines. At the mouth of the river is Mo, a considerable
trading village. The valley is remarkable for several stalactite caverns
in the limestone, some of the tributary streams flowing for considerable
distances underground. From Mo a fine road crosses the mountains to the
head-lake of the great Ume river, draining to the Baltic, and from the
head of Dunderlandsdal a sequestered bridle-path runs to Saltdal on the
Skjerstadfjord, with a branch through the magnificent Junkersdal.
DUNDONALD, THOMAS COCHRANE, 10TH EARL OF (1775-1860), British admiral,
was born at Annsfield in Lanarkshire on the 14th of December 1775. He
came of an old Scottish family, the first earl having been Sir William
Cochrane (d. 1686), a soldier who was created Baron Cochrane in 1647 and
earl of Dundonald in 1669. He was the son of Archibald Cochrane, 9th
Earl (1749-1831), who is remembered as a most ingenious, but also most
unfortunate, scientific speculator and inventor, who was before his time
in suggesting and attempting new processes of alkali manufacture, and
various other uses of applied science. The family was greatly
impoverished owing to his losses over these schemes, but still possessed
a good deal of interest. By the help of friends Thomas was provided with
a commission in an infantry regiment, and at the same time put on the
books of a man-of-war by his uncle, Captain A.F.I. Cochrane
(1758-1832), while still a boy. He finally chose the navy, and went to
sea in his uncle's ship, the "Hind," in 1793. He could already count
nearly five years' nominal service, an example of those naval abuses
which he was to denounce (and to profit by) during a large part of his
career. His promotion was rapid. He became a lieutenant in 1796. While
in that rank he was led by his self-assertive temper into a quarrel with
his superior, Lieutenant Philip Beaver (1766-1813), for which he was
sent before a court-martial. A warning to avoid flippancy in future was,
however, the worst that happened to him.
In 1800 he was appointed to the command of the "Speedy" brig, a small
vessel in which he gained a great and deserved reputation as a daring
and skilful officer. His capture of the Spanish frigate "El Gamo" (32)
on the 6th of May 1801 was indeed a feat of unparalleled audacity. His
promotion to post rank followed on the 8th of August. Though he was apt
to represent himself as disliked and neglected by the admiralty, and was
frequently insolent towards his superiors, he was, as a matter of fact,
pretty constantly employed, and he more than justified his appointments
by his activity and success as captain of the "Pallas" (32) and
"Imperieuse" (38) on the ocean and in the Mediterranean. Unfortunately
for himself he secured his return to parliament as member for Honiton in
1806 and for Westminster in 1807. In the House of Commons he soon made
his mark as a radical, and as a denouncer of naval abuses. But his views
did not prevent him from profiting to the utmost by one very bad abuse,
for he did his utmost to secure the retention of his frigate in port, in
order that he might be able to attend parliament. In spite of his
radical opinions he made a furious attack on the admiralty for the new
prize money regulations which diminished the shares of the captains to
the advantage of the men. In April 1809 he was engaged in the attack on
the French squadron in the Basque Roads, which was very ill conducted by
Lord Gambier. The conduct of Lord Cochrane, as he was called till the
death of his father, was brilliant and was rewarded by the order of the
Bath, but his aggressive temper led him into making attacks on the
admiral which necessitated a court-martial on Gambier. The admiral was
acquitted, and Cochrane naturally fell into disfavour with the
admiralty. He was not employed again till 1813, when he was named to the
command of the "Tonnant," which was ordered for service as flagship on
the coast of America. In the interval he was restlessly active in
parliament in denouncing naval abuses, and was also, most disastrously
for himself, led into speculations on the Stock Exchange, by which he
was brought at the beginning of 1814 into pressing danger of total ruin.
At this moment a notorious fraud was perpetrated on the Stock Exchange
by an uncle of his and by other persons with whom he habitually acted in
his speculations. Lord Cochrane was brought to trial with the others
before Lord Ellenborough on the 8th of June 1814 and all were condemned.
He was sentenced to an hour in the pillory, which was remitted, and to
fine and imprisonment, which were enforced. He continued to assert his
innocence, and to protest that he had been unjustly condemned, but he
was expelled from parliament and the order of the Bath. He was, however,
almost immediately re-elected member for Westminster, but he had to
serve his term (one year) of imprisonment, and, after escaping and being
recaptured, he regained his liberty in 1815 on payment of the fine of
L1000 to which he had been sentenced.
In 1817 he accepted the invitation of the Chileans, who were then in
revolt against Spain, to take command of their naval forces, and
remaining in their service until 1822 contributed largely to their
success. His capture of the Spanish frigate "Esmeralda" (40) in the
harbour of Callao, on the 5th of November 1820, was an achievement of
signal daring. In 1823 he transferred his services to Brazil, where he
helped the emperor Dom Pedro I. to shake off the yoke of Portugal; but
by the end of 1825 he had fallen out with the Brazilians, and he
returned to Europe. His activity was next devoted to the aid of the
Greeks, then at the end of their struggle with the Turks, but he found
no opportunity for distinguishing himself, and in 1828 he returned home.
His efforts were now steadily directed to securing his restoration to
the navy, and in this he succeeded in 1832; but though he was granted a
"free pardon" he failed to obtain the new trial for which he was
anxious, or to secure the arrears of pay he claimed.[1] He was restored
to his place in the order of the Bath in 1847. In 1848 he was appointed
to the command of the North American and West India station, which he
retained till 1851. At various periods of his life he occupied himself
with scientific invention. He took out patents for lamps to burn oil of
tar, for the propulsion of ships at sea, for facilitating excavation,
mining and sinking, for rotary steam-engines and for other purposes; and
so early as 1843 he was an advocate of the employment of steam and the
screw propeller in war-ships. During the Crimean War he revived his
"secret war plan" for the total destruction of an enemy's fleet, and
offered to conduct in person an attack on Sevastopol and destroy it in a
few hours without loss to the attacking force. This plan, the details of
which have never been divulged, he had proposed so far back as 1811, and
the committee which was then appointed to consider it reported on it as
effective but inhuman. Lord Dundonald died in London on the 30th of
October 1860, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. No one ever excelled
him in daring and resource as a naval officer, but he suffered from
serious defects of character, and even those who think him guiltless of
the charge on which he was convicted in 1814 must feel that he had his
own imprudence and want of self-command to thank for many of his
misfortunes.
He was succeeded in the title by his son Thomas as 11th earl (d. 1885),
and the latter by his son Douglas (b. 1852) as 12th earl, a
distinguished cavalry officer who became a lieutenant-general in 1907.
The 10th earl's _Autobiography of a Seaman_ (2 vols., 1860-1861), the
main source for his _Life_ (1869, by his son and heir), is written
with spirit, but it was composed at the end of his career when his
memory was failing, and was chiefly executed by others. He also wrote
_Notes on the Mineralogy, Government and Condition of the British West
India Islands_ (1851), and a _Narrative of Services in the Liberation
of Chili, Peru and Brazil_ (1858). The whole story of his trial and of
the Stock Exchange fraud for which he was condemned has been examined
by Mr J.B. Atlay in _The Trial of Lord Cochrane before Lord
Ellenborough_ (1897).