[1] The term "dumb," strictly meaning mute or destitute of speech
(see DEAF AND DUMB), is applied in this and other analogous cases
(e.g. dumb-bell, dumb-barge) as connoting the absence of some normal
capacity in the term with which it is associated.
DUM-DUM, a town and cantonment in British India at the head of an
administrative subdivision in the district of the Twenty-four Parganas,
in the presidency division of Bengal, with a station on the Eastern
Bengal railway, 4-1/2 m. N.E. of Calcutta. It was the headquarters of
the Bengal artillery from 1783 to 1853, when they were transferred to
Meerut as a more central station; and its possession of a cannon foundry
and a percussion-cap factory procured for it the name of the Woolwich of
India. The barracks--still occupied by small detachments--are
brick-built and commodious; and among the other buildings are St
Stephen's Protestant church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a European and
native hospital, a large bazaar and an English school. The population in
1901 of North Dum-Dum was 9916, and of South Dum-Dum 10,904. It was at
Dum-Dum that the treaty of 1757 was signed by which the nawab of Bengal
ratified the privileges of the English, allowed Calcutta to be
fortified, and bestowed freedom of trade. On the 7th of December 1908 a
serious explosion occurred by accident at the Dum-Dum arsenal, resulting
in death or serious injury to about 50 native workmen.
At the Dum-Dum foundry the hollow-nosed "Dum-Dum" (Mark IV.) bullets
were manufactured, the supposed use of which by the British during the
Boer War caused considerable comment in 1899. Their peculiarity
consisted in their expanding on impact and thus creating an ugly wound,
and they had been adopted in Indian frontier fighting owing to the
failure of the usual type of bullets to stop the rushes of fanatical
tribesmen. They were not, in fact, used during the Boer War. Other and
improvised forms of expanding bullet were used in India and the Sudan,
the commonest methods of securing expansion being to file down the point
until the lead core was exposed and to make longitudinal slits in the
nickel envelope. All these forms of bullet have come to be described
colloquially, and even in diplomatic correspondence, as "dum-dum
bullets," and their alleged use by Russian troops in the Russo-Japanese
War of 1904-1905 formed the subject of a protest on the part of the
Japanese government. The proposals made at the second Hague Conference
to forbid the use of these bullets by international agreement were
agreed to by all the powers except Great Britain and the United States.
DUMESNIL, MARIE FRANCOISE (1713-1803), French actress, whose real name
was Marchand, was born in Paris on the 2nd of January 1713. She began
her stage career in the provinces, whence she was summoned in 1737 to
make her _debut_ at the Comedie Francaise as Clytemnestre in _Iphigenie
en Tauride_. She at once came into the front rank, playing Cleopatre,
Phedre, Athalie and Hermione with great effect, and when she created
Merope (1743) Voltaire says that she kept the audience in tears for
three successive acts. She retired from the stage in 1776, but lived
until the 20th of February 1803. Her rival, Clairon, having spoken ill
of her, she authorized the publication of a _Memoire de Marie Francoise
Dumesnil, en reponse aux memoires d'Hippolyte Clairon_ (1800).
DUMFRIES (Gaelic, "the fort in the copse"), a royal and parliamentary
burgh and capital of the county, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. It lies on the
left bank of the Nith, about 8 m. from the Solway Firth and 81 m. S.E.
of Glasgow by the Glasgow & South-Western railway. Pop. (1891) 16,675;
(1901) 17,079. Dumfries is beautifully situated and is one of the
handsomest county towns in Scotland. The churches and chapels of the
Presbyterian and other communions are, many of them, fine buildings. St
Michael's (1746), a stately pile, was the church which Robert Burns
attended, and in its churchyard he was buried, his remains being
transferred in 1815 to the magnificent mausoleum erected in the
south-east corner, where also lie his wife, Jean Armour, and several
members of his family. The Gothic church of Greyfriars (1866-1867)
occupies the site partly of a Franciscan monastery and partly of the old
castle of the town. On the site of St Mary's (1837-1839), also Gothic,
stood the small chapel raised by Christiana, sister of Robert Bruce, to
the memory of her husband, Sir Christopher Seton, who had been executed
on the spot by Edward I. St Andrew's (1811-1813), in the Romanesque
style, is a Roman Catholic church, which also serves as the
pro-cathedral of the diocese of Galloway.
Besides numerous schools, there is an admirably equipped Academy. The
old infirmary building is now occupied by St Joseph's College, a
commercial academy of the Marist Brotherhood, in connexion with which
there is a novitiate for the training of members of the order for
missionary service at home or abroad. In the middle of the market-place
stands the old town hall, with red tower and cupola, known from its
situation as the Mid Steeple, built by Tobias Bachup of Alloa (1708).
The new town hall and post-office are near the uppermost bridge. The
county buildings, in Buccleuch Street, are an imposing example of the
Scots Baronial style. To Mr Andrew Carnegie and Mr and Mrs M'Kie of Moat
House was due the free library. The charitable institutions include
Moorhead's hospital (1753) for reduced householders; the Dumfriesshire
and Galloway royal infirmary, dating from 1778, but now housed in a fine
edifice in the northern Italian style; the Crichton royal institution
for the insane, founded by Dr James Crichton of Friars Carse, and
supplemented in 1848 by the Southern Counties asylum; the new infirmary,
a handsome building; the contagious diseases hospital, the industrial
home for orphan and destitute girls and a nurses' home. The Theatre
Royal, reconstructed in 1876, dates from 1787. Burns composed several
prologues and epilogues for some of its actors and actresses. Among
other public buildings are the assembly rooms, St George's hall, the
volunteer drill hall, and the Crichton Institution chapel, completed at
a cost of L30,000. The corporation owns the water supply, public baths
and wash-houses and the gasworks. In front of Greyfriars church stands a
marble statue of Burns, unveiled in 1882, and there is also a monument
to Charles, third duke of Queensberry. The Nith is crossed by three
bridges and the railway viaduct. The bridge, which is used for vehicular
traffic, dates from 1790-1794. Devorgilla's bridge, below it, built of
stone in 1280, originally consisted of nine arches (now reduced to
three), and is reserved in spite of its massive appearance for foot
passengers only, as is also the suspension bridge opened in 1875.
Dumfries, Annan, Kirkcudbright, Lochmaben and Sanquhar--the "Five
Carlins" of Burns's Election Ballads--combine to return one member to
Parliament. As a parliamentary burgh Dumfries includes Maxwelltown, on
the opposite side of the river, which otherwise belongs to
Kirkcudbrightshire.
The leading industries comprise manufactures of tweeds, hosiery, clogs,
baskets and leather, besides the timber trade, nursery gardening and the
making of machinery and iron implements. Dumfries markets for cattle and
sheep, held weekly, and for horses, held five times annually, have
always ranked with the best, and there is also a weekly market for pork
during the five months beginning with November. The sea-borne trade is
small compared with what it was before the railway came.
Although Dumfries was the site of a camp of the Selgovian Britons,
nothing is known of its history until long after the withdrawal of the
Romans. William the Lion (d. 1214) made it a royal burgh, but the oldest
existing charter was granted by Robert II. in 1395. The town became
embroiled in the struggles that ended in the independence of Scotland.
It favoured the claims to the throne, first of John Baliol--whose mother
Devorgilla, daughter of Alan, lord of Galloway, had done much to promote
its prosperity by building the stone bridge over the Nith--and then of
the Red Comyn, as against those of Robert Bruce, who drew his support
from Annandale. When Edward I. besieged Carlaverock Castle in 1300 he
lodged in the Franciscan monastery, which, six years later (10th of
February 1306), was the scene of the murder of Comyn (see ROBERT THE
BRUCE). From this time to nearly the close of the 16th century the burgh
was exposed to frequent raids, both from freebooters on the English side
and from partisans of the turbulent chiefs--Douglases, Maxwells,
Johnstones. The Scottish sovereigns, however, did not wholly neglect
Dumfries. James IV., James V., Mary and her son each visited it. James
VI. was royally entertained on the 3rd of August 1617, and afterwards
presented the seven incorporated trades with a silver gun to encourage
the craftsmen in the practice of musketry. The competition for this
cannon-shaped tube, now preserved in the old town hall, took place
annually--with a great festival every seven years--until 1831. John
Mayne (1759-1836), a native of Dumfries, commemorated the gathering in
an excellent humorous poem called "The Siller Gun." Though in sympathy
with the Covenanters, the town was the scene of few incidents comparable
to those which took place in the northern parts of the shire. The Union
with England was so unpopular that not only did the provost vote against
the measure in the Scottish parliament, but the articles were burned
(20th of November 1706) at the Market Cross by a body of Cameronians,
amidst the approving cheers of the inhabitants. In both 1715 and 1745
Dumfries remained apathetic. Prince Charles Edward indeed occupied the
town, holding his court in a building afterwards known as the Commercial
Hotel, levying L2000 tribute money and requisitioning 1000 pairs of
shoes for his Highlanders, by way of punishing its contumacy. But, in a
false alarm, the Jacobites suddenly retreated, and a few years later the
town was reimbursed by the State for the Pretender's extortions. The
most interesting event in the history of Dumfries is its connexion with
Burns, for the poet resided here from December 1791 till his death on
the 21st of July 1796. The house in which he died is still standing.
The picturesque ruins of Carlaverock Castle--the "Ellangowan" of _Guy
Mannering_--are 8 m. to the south. Above the entrance are the arms of
the Maxwells, earls of Nithsdale, to whose descendant, the duchess of
Norfolk, it belongs. The castle, which is in an excellent state of
preservation, is built of red sandstone, on the site of a fortress
supposed to have been erected in the 6th century, of which nothing now
remains. In plan it is a triangle, protected by a double moat, and has
round towers at the angles. Part of the present structure is believed to
date from 1220 and once sheltered William Wallace. It withstood Edward
I.'s siege in 1300 for two days, although garrisoned by only sixty men.
In the troublous times that followed it often changed hands. In 1570 it
fell into disrepair, but was restored, and in 1641 was besieged for the
last time by the Covenanters.
A mile and a half to the north-west of Dumfries lies Lincluden Abbey,
"an old ruin," says Burns, "in a sweet situation at the confluence of
the Cluden and the Nith." Originally the abbey was a convent, founded in
the 12th century, but converted two centuries later into a collegiate
church by Archibald, earl of Douglas. The remains of the choir and south
transept disclose rich work of the Decorated style.
DUMFRIESSHIRE, a border county of Scotland, bounded S. by the Solway
Firth, S.E. by Cumberland, E. by Roxburghshire, N. by the shires of
Lanark, Peebles and Selkirk, and W. by Ayrshire and Kirkcudbrightshire.
Its area is 686,302 acres or 1072 sq. m. The coast line measures 21 m.
The county slopes very gradually from the mountainous districts in the
north down to the sea, lofty hills alternating in parts with stretches
of tableland or rich fertile holms. At various points within a few miles
of the Solway are tracts of moss land, like Craigs Moss, Lochar Moss and
Longbridge Moor in the west, and Nutberry Moss in the east, all once
under water, but now largely reclaimed. The principal mountains occur
near the northern boundaries, the highest being White Coomb (2695 ft.),
Hart Fell (2651), Saddle Yoke (2412), Swatte Fell (2389), Lowther Hills
(2377), Queensberry (2285), which gives his secondary title to the duke
of Buccleuch and the title of marquess to a branch of the house of
Douglas, and Ettrick Pen (2269). The three longest rivers are the Nith,
the Annan and the Esk, the basins of which form the great dales by which
the county is cleft from north to south--Nithsdale, Annandale and
Eskdale. From the point where it enters Dumfriesshire, 16 m. from its
source near Enoch Hill in Ayrshire, the course of the Nith is mainly
south-easterly till it enters the Solway, a few miles below Dumfries.
Its total length is 65 m., and its chief affluents are, on the right,
the Kello, Euchan, Scar, Cluden and Cargen, and, on the left, the
Crawick, Carron and Campie. The Annan rises near the Devil's Beef Tub, a
remarkable chasm in the far north, and after flowing about 40 m., mainly
in a southerly course, it enters the Solway at Barnkirk headland. It
receives, on the right, the Kinnel (reinforced by the Ae), and, on the
left, the Moffat, the Dryfe and the Milk. From the confluence of the
White Esk (rising near Ettrick Pen) and the Black Esk (rising near
Jock's Shoulder, 1754 ft.) the Esk flows in a gradually south-easterly
direction till it crosses the Border, whence it sweeps to the S.W.
through the extreme north-western territory of Cumberland and falls into
the Solway. Of its total course of 42 m., 12 belong to the White Esk, 20
are of the Esk proper on Scottish soil and 10 are of the stream in its
English course. On the right the Wauchope is the chief affluent, and on
the left it receives the Megget, Ewes, Tarras and Line--the last being
an English tributary. Other rivers are the Lochar (18 m.), the Kirtle
(17) and the Sark (12), all flowing into the Solway. For one mile of its
course the Esk, and for 7 m. of its course the Sark, form the boundaries
between Dumfriesshire and Cumberland. Loch Skene in the north (1750 ft.
above the sea), the group of lochs around Lochmaben, and Loch Urr in the
west, only part of which belongs to Dumfriesshire, are the principal
lakes. There are few glens so named in the shire, but the passes of
Dalveen, Enterkin and Menock, leading up from Nithsdale to the Lowther
and other hills, yield to few glens in Scotland in the wild grandeur of
their scenery. For part of the way Enterkin Pass runs between mountains
rising sheer from the burn to a height of nearly 2000 ft. Loch Skene
finds an outlet in Tail Burn, the water of which at a short distance
from the lake leaps from a height of 200 ft. in a fine waterfall, known
as the Grey Mare's Tail. A much smaller but picturesque fall of the same
name, also known as Crichope Linn, occurs on the Crichope near
Thornhill. Mineral waters are found at Moffat, Hartfell Spa, some three
miles farther north, Closeburn and Brow on the Solway.
_Geology._--The greater portion of the county of Dumfries belongs to
the Silurian tableland of the south of Scotland which contains
representatives of all the divisions of that system from the Arenig to
the Ludlow rocks. By far the largest area is occupied by strata of
Tarannon and Llandovery age which cover a belt of country from 20 to
25 m. across from Drumlanrig Castle in the north to Torthorwald in the
south. Consisting of massive grits, sometimes conglomeratic,
greywackes, flags and shales, these beds are repeated by innumerable
folds frequently inverted, striking N.E. and S.W. and usually dipping
towards the N.W. In the midst of this belt there are lenticular bands
of older strata of Arenig, Llandeilo, Caradoc and Llandovery age
composed of fine sediments such as cherts, black and grey shales,
white clays and flags, which come to the surface along anticlinal
folds and yield abundant graptolites characteristic of these
divisions. These black shale bands are typically developed in
Moffatdale, indeed the three typical sections chosen by Professor
Lapworth to illustrate his three great groups--(1) the Glenkill shales
(Upper Llandeilo), (2) the Hartfell shales (Caradoc), (3) Birkhill
shales (Lower Llandovery)--occur respectively in the Glenkill Burn
north of Kirkmichael, on Hartfell and in Dobbs Linn near St Mary's
Loch in the basin of the river Annan. In the extreme N.W. of the
county between Drumlanrig Castle and Dalveen Pass in the S. and the
Spango and Kello Waters on the N., there is a broad development of
Arenig, Llandeilo and Caradoc strata, represented by Radiolarian
cherts, black shales, grits, conglomerates, greywackes and shales
which rise from underneath the central Tarannon belt and are repeated
by innumerable folds. In the cores of the arches of Arenig cherts
there are diabase lavas, tuffs and agglomerates which are typically
represented on Bail Hill E. of Kirkconnel. Along the southern margin
of the Tarannon belt, the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks follow in normal
order, the boundary between the two being defined by a line extending
from the head of the Ewes Water in Eskdale, S.W. by Lockerbie to
Mouswald. These consist of greywackes, flags and shales with bands of
dark graptolite shales, the finer sediments being often well cleaved.
They are likewise repeated by inverted folds, the axial planes being
usually inclined to the S.E. The Silurian tableland in the N.W. of the
county is pierced by intrusive igneous rocks in the form of dikes and
bosses, which are regarded as of Lower Old Red Sandstone age. Of
these, the granite mass of Spango Water, N.E. of Kirkconnel, is an
excellent example. Along the N.W. margin of the county, on the N. side
of the fault bounding the Silurian tableland, the Lower Old Red
Sandstone occurs, where it consists of sandstones and conglomerates
associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks. The Upper Old Red
Sandstone forms a narrow strip on the south side of the Silurian
tableland, resting unconformably on the Silurian rocks and passing
upwards into the Carboniferous formation. It stretches from the county
boundary E. of the Ewes Water, S.W. by Langholm to Birrenswark. Along
this line these Upper Red sandstones and shales are overlaid by a thin
zone of volcanic rocks which point to contemporaneous volcanic action
in this region at the beginning of the Carboniferous period. Some of
the vents from which these igneous materials may have been discharged
are found along the watershed between Liddesdale and Teviotdale in
Roxburghshire. The strata of Carboniferous age are found in three
areas: (1) between Sanquhar and Kirkconnel, (2) at Closeburn near
Thornhill, (3) in the district between Liddesdale and Ruthwell. In the
first two instances (Sanquhar and Thornhill) the Carboniferous
sediments lie in hollows worn out of the old Silurian tableland. In
the Sanquhar basin the strata belong to the Coal Measures, and include
several valuable coal-seams which are probably the southern
prolongations of the members of this division in Ayrshire. At the S.E.
limit of the Sanquhar Coalfield there are patches of the Carboniferous
Limestone series, but towards the N. these are overlapped by the Coal
Measures which thus rest directly on the Silurian platform. At
Closeburn and Barjarg there are beds of marine limestone, associated
with sandstones and shales which probably represent marine bands in
the Carboniferous Limestone series. The most important development of
Carboniferous strata occurs between Liddesdale and Ruthwell. In the
valleys of the Liddel and the Esk the following zones are represented
which are given in ascending order: (1) The Whita Sandstone, (2) the
Cementstone group, (3) the Fell Sandstones, (4) the Glencartholm
volcanic group, (5) Marine limestone group with Coal seams, (6)
Millstone Grit, (7) Rowanburn coal group, (8) Byreburn coal group, (9)
Red Sandstones of Canonbie yielding plants characteristic of the Upper
Coal Measures. The coal-seams of the Rowanburn field have been chiefly
wrought, and in view of their exhaustion bores have been sunk to prove
the coals beneath the red sandstone of upper Carboniferous age. From
a palaeontological point of view the Glencartholm volcanic zone is of
special interest, as the calcareous shale associated with the tuffs
has yielded a large number of new species of fishes, decapod
crustaceans, phyllopods and scorpions. The Triassic rocks rest
unconformably on all older formations within the county. In the tract
along the Solway Firth they repose on the folded and eroded edges of
the Carboniferous strata, and when traced westwards to the Dumfries
basin they rest directly on the Silurian platform. They occur in five
areas, (1) between Annan and the mouth of the Esk, (2) the Dumfries
basin, (3) the Thornhill basin, (4) at Lochmaben and Corncockle Moor,
(5) at Moffat. The strata consist of breccias, false-bedded sandstones
and marls, the sandstones being extensively quarried for building
purposes. In the sandstones of Corncockle Moor reptilian footprints
have been obtained. In the Thornhill basin there is a thin zone of
volcanic rocks at the base of this series which are evidently on the
horizon of the lavas beneath the Mauchline sandstones in Ayrshire. In
the Sanquhar basin there are small outliers of lavas probably of this
age and several vents filled with agglomerate from which these igneous
materials in the Thornhill basin may have been derived. There are
several striking examples of basalt dikes of Tertiary age, one having
been traced from the Lead Hills south-east by Moffat, across
Eskdalemuir to the English border.
_Climate and Industries._--The climate is mild, with a mean yearly
temperature of 48 deg. F. (January, 38.5 deg.; July, 59.5 deg.), and the
average annual rainfall is 53 ins. Towards the middle of the 18th
century farmers began to raise stock for the south, and a hundred years
later 20,000 head of heavy cattle were sent annually to the English
markets. The Galloways, which were the breed in vogue at first, have
been to a large extent replaced by shorthorns and Ayrshire dairy cattle.
Sheep breeding, of later origin, has attained to remarkable dimensions,
the walks in the higher hilly country being given over to Cheviots, and
the richer pasture of the low-lying farms being reserved for half-bred
lambs, a cross of Cheviots and Leicesters or other long-woolled rams.
Pig-feeding, once important, has declined before the imports of bacon
from foreign countries. Horse-breeding is pursued on a considerable
scale. Grain crops, of which oats are the principal, show a downward
tendency. Arable farms range from 100 acres to 300 acres, and pastoral
from 300 to 3000 acres.
In general the manufactures are only of local importance and mostly
confined to Dumfries and a few of the larger towns. Langholm is famous
for its tweeds; breweries and distilleries are found at Annan, Sanquhar
and elsewhere; some shipping is carried on at Annan and Dumfries; and
the salmon fisheries of the Nith and Annan and the Solway Firth are of
value.
_Communications._--The Glasgow & South-Western railway from Glasgow to
Carlisle runs through Nithsdale, practically following the course of the
river, and lower Annandale to the Border. The Caledonian railway runs
through Annandale, throwing off at Beattock a small branch to Moffat, at
Lockerbie a cross-country line to Dumfries, and at Kirtlebridge a line
that ultimately crosses the Solway to Bowness. From Dumfries westwards
there is communication with Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright, Newton
Stewart, Stranraer and Portpatrick. The North British railway sends a
short line to Langholm from Riddings Junction in Cumberland, giving
access to Carlisle and, by the Waverley route, to Edinburgh. There is
also coach service between various points, as from Dumfries to New Abbey
and Dalbeattie, and from Langholm to Eskdalemuir.
_Population and Government._--The population in 1891 was 74,245, and in
1901, 72,571, when there were 176 persons who spoke Gaelic and English.
The chief towns are Annan (pop. in 1901, 4309), Dumfries (14,444),
Langholm (3142), Lockerbie (2358) and Moffat (2153). The county returns
one member to parliament. Dumfries, the county town, Annan, Lochmaben
and Sanquhar are royal burghs; Dumfries forms a sheriffdom with the
shires of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown, and there is a resident
sheriff-substitute at Dumfries, who sits also at Annan, Langholm and
Lockerbie. The shire is under school-board jurisdiction, and some of the
public schools earn grants for higher education. The county council and
most of the borough councils give the bulk of the "residue" grant to the
county committee on secondary education, which is thus enabled, besides
assisting building schemes, to subsidize high schools, to provide
bursaries and apparatus, and to carry on science and technical classes,
embracing agriculture, dairying (at Kilmarnock Dairy school) and
practical chemistry. There are academies at Dumfries, Annan, Moffat and
other centres.
_History._--The British tribe which inhabited this part of Scotland was
called by the Romans Selgovae. They have left many signs of their
presence, such as hill forts in the north, stone circles (as in Dunscore
and Eskdalemuir), camps (Dryfesdale), tumuli and cairns (Closeburn), and
sculptured stones (Dornock). The country around Moffat especially is
rich in remains. At Holywood, near Dumfries, there stand the relic of
the grove of sacred oaks from which the place derived its name, and a
stone circle known locally as the Twelve Apostles. In the parish church
of Ruthwell (pron. Rivvel: the "rood, or cross, well") is preserved an
ancient cross which tells in Runic characters the story of the
Crucifixion. There are traces of the Roman roads which ran by Dalveen
Pass into Clydesdale and up the Annan to Tweeddale, and at Birrens is
one of the best-preserved examples of a Roman camp. Roman altars, urns
and coins are found in many places. Upon the withdrawal of the Romans,
the Selgovae were conquered by Scots from Ireland, who, however, fused
with the natives. The Saxon conquest of Dumfriesshire does not seem to
have been thorough, the people of Nithsdale and elsewhere maintaining
their Celtic institutions up to the time of David I.
As a Border county Dumfriesshire was the scene of stirring deeds at
various epochs, especially in the days of Robert Bruce. Edward I.
besieged Carlaverock Castle, and the factions of Bruce (who was lord of
Annandale), John Comyn and John Baliol were at constant feud. The Border
clans, as haughty and hot-headed as the Gaels farther north, were always
at strife. There is record of a bloody fight in Dryfesdale in 1593, when
the Johnstones slew 700 Maxwells, and, overtaking the fugitives at
Lockerbie, there massacred most of the remnant. These factions embroiled
the dalesmen until the 18th century. The highlands of the shire afforded
retreat to the persecuted Covenanters, who, at Sanquhar, published in
1680 their declaration against the king, anticipating the principles of
the "glorious Revolution" by several years. Prince Charles Edward's
ambition left the shire comparatively untouched, for the Jacobite
sentiment made little appeal to the people.
Dumfriesshire is inseparably connected with the name of Robert Burns,
who farmed at Ellisland on the Nith for three years, and spent the last
five years of his life at Dumfries. Thomas Carlyle was born at
Ecclefechan, in a house still standing, and was buried beside his
parents in the kirkyard of the old Secession church (now the United
Free). His farm of Craigenputtock was left to Edinburgh University in
order to found the John Welsh bursaries in classics and mathematics.
See W. M'Dowall, _History of the Burgh of Dumfries_ (Edinburgh, 1887);
Sir Herbert Maxwell, _Dumfries and Galloway_ (Edinburgh and London,
1897); J. Macdonald and J. Barbour, _Birrens and its Antiquities_
(Dumfries, 1897); Sir William Fraser, _The Book of Carlaverock_
(Edinburgh, 1873); _The Douglas Book_ (Edinburgh, 1885); _The
Annandale Book_ (Edinburgh, 1894); G. Neilson, _Annandale under the
Bruces_ (Annan, 1887); C.T. Ramage, _Drumlanrig Castle and the
Douglases_ (Dumfries, 1876).
DUMICHEN, JOHANNES (1833-1894), German Egyptologist, was born near
Grossglogau. He studied philology and theology in Berlin and Breslau.
Subsequently he became a pupil of Lepsius and Brugsch, and devoted
himself to the study of Egyptian inscriptions. He travelled widely in
Egypt, and published his results in a number of important books. In 1872
he was chosen professor of Egyptology at Strassburg. The value of his
work consists not only in the stores of material which he collected, but
also in the success with which he dealt with many of the problems raised
by the inscriptions.
Among his works are _Bauurkunde des Tempels von Dendera_ (1865);
_Geographische Inschriften altagyptischer Denkmaler_ (4 vols.,
1865-1885); _Altagyptische Kalenderinschriften_ (1866); _Altagypt.
Tempelinschriften_ (2 vols., 1867); _Historische Inschriften altagypt.
Denkmaler_ (2 vols., 1867-1869); _Baugeschichte und Beschreibung des
Denderatempels_ (Strassburg, 1877); _Die Oasen der libyschen Wuste_
(1878); _Die kalendarischen Opferfestlisten von Medinet-Habu_(1881);
_Gesch. des alten Aegypten_ (1878-1883); _Der Grabpalast des
Patuamenap in der thebanischen Nekropolis_ (1884-1894).
DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG (1830-1902), German historian, the son of
Ferdinand Dummler (1777-1846), a Berlin bookseller, was born in Berlin,
on the 2nd of January 1830. He studied at Bonn under J.W. Lobell
(1786-1863), under L. von Ranke and W. Wattenbach, and his doctor's
dissertation, _De Arnulfo Francorum rege_ (Berlin, 1852), was a notable
essay. He entered the faculty at Halle in 1855, and started an
historical _Seminar_. In 1858 he became professor extraordinary, in 1866
full professor. In 1875 he became a member of the revised committee
directing the _Monumenta Germaniae historica_, himself undertaking the
direction of the section _Antiquitates_, and in 1888 became president of
the central board in Berlin. This was an official recognition of
Dummler's leading position among German historians. In addition to
numerous critical works and editions of texts, he published _Piligrim
von Passau und das Erzbistum Lorch_ (1854), _Uber die alteren Slawen in
Dalmatien_ (1856), _Das Formelbuch des Bischofs Salomo III. von
Konstanz_ (1857) and _Anselm der Peripatetiker_ (1872). But his great
work was the _Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiches_ (Berlin, 1862-1865,
in 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1887-1888, in 3 vols.). In conjunction with
Wattenbach he completed the _Monumenta Alcuiniana_ (Berlin, 1873), which
had been begun by Philipp Jaffe, and with R. Kopke he wrote _Kaiser Otto
der Grosse_ (Leipzig, 1876). He edited the first and second volumes of
the _Poetae latini aevi Carolini_ for the _Monumenta Germaniae
historica_ (Berlin, 1881-1884). Dummler died in Berlin on the 11th of
September 1902.
His son, Ferdinand (1859-1896), who won some reputation as an
archaeologist and philologist, was professor at the university of Basel
from 1890 until his death on the 15th of November 1896.
DUMONT, the name of a family of prominent French artists. Francois
Dumont (1688-1726), a sculptor, best known for his figures in the church
of Saint Sulpice, Paris, was the brother of the painter Jacques
Dumont,[1] known as "le Romain" (1701-1781), whose chief success was
gained with a great allegorical composition for the Paris
_hotel-de-ville_ in 1761. Francois's son Edme (1720-1775), the latter's
son Jacques Edme (1761-1844), and the last-named's son Augustin
Alexander (1801-1884) were also famous sculptors.
See G. Vattier, _Une Famille d'artistes_ (1890).