----------
[Original Advertisement, included for historical context.]
Lately publish'd, in the Collections for December, January, February,
and March,
The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands;
containing their History, Ancient and Modern, Natural and Political:
Their Description, Product, Religion, Government, Laws, Languages,
Customs, Manners, Habits, Shape, and Inclinations of the Natives.
With an Account of many other adjacent Islands, and several remarkable Voyages
through the Streights of Magellan, and in other Parts. Written in Spanish
by Bartholomew Leonardo Argensola, Chaplain to the Empress,
and Rector of Villahermosa. Now translated into English;
and illustrated with a Map and several Cuts.
[End of Original Advertisement.]
Transcriber's Notes to etext:
This book was originally published in London in 1709.
This text follows the original spellings, which are somewhat irregular,
though still quite readable.
A footnote from William Gilmore Simms' "Life of Francis Marion" (online):
Lawson's "Journal of a Thousand Miles' Travel among the Indians,
from South to North Carolina", is a work equally rare and interesting.
This unfortunate man fell a victim to his official duties.
He was confounded, by the savages, with the government which he represented,
and sacrificed to their fury, under the charge of depriving them,
by his surveys, of their land. He was made captive
with the Baron de Graffenreid. The latter escaped,
but Lawson was subjected to the fire-torture.
Simms, however, was never a stickler for details. Other accounts differ
as to John Lawson's exact fate, and no one is sure how he died.
Mike Lawson, (MIKE_LAWSON@intertec.com, http://www.mixbooks.com),
a direct descendant of the author, contacted me while I was working
on putting this book online, and sent me some interesting information,
which is summarized below. Baron de Graffenreid = Degraffenreid, etc.
From about 1705 to 1708 John Lawson had lived in Bath Town, NC,
where his primary interests were his orchards and vines.
When he went to England to have his book published, he was "called upon
by the Lord Proprietors to assist DeGraffenreid" who was trying to settle
a colony of Palatines in North Carolina. Franz Louis Michel,
of Bern, Switzerland, (Lawson refers to him as Francis-Louis Mitchell)
had come to America in 1702, and discovered evidence of silver
in the mountains. He returned to Europe to start a company
to found a colony in America, and met Degraffenreid, who had similar plans,
and had already contracted with the city of Bern to remove some Anabaptists
to America -- they formed a partnership, and intended to search for silver.
After the course of events which included John Lawson's death
and a massacre of these colonists, they had a falling out,
and that plan never came off.
According to De Graffenreid, some days before the New Bern massacre
John Lawson proposed that they go up the Neuse River,
where there were plenty of wild grapes. They were assured
"that no savages lived on that branch of the river. But to feel safer
we took two Indians to guide, which we knew well, with two negroes to row."
Two days out, near the village of Coram, they were overtaken
by a large number of Tuscaroras, and captured.
There was a trial of sorts, where their intentions were examined,
and Mr. Lawson was charged with being too severe, and for selling their land.
After a lengthy debate, it was decided that they should be released
the next day, but the following morning, one Cor Tom reproached Mr. Lawson,
and they quarrelled. "I made every effort to get Lawson to quit quarrelling.
I did not succeed. All at once three or four Indians fell upon us
in a furious manner. . . . They took our hats and periwigs and threw them
into the fire, and a council of war being held we were immediately
sentenced to death." One of the Indians, a relation of King Taylor,
from whom De Graffenreid had bought the land for New Bern,
appealed in his behalf. "The Indians whispered in my ear
that I had nothing to fear, but that Lawson would die, what affected me much.
They also liberated my negro, but I never saw him since. . . .
As to his death, I know nothing. Some said he was hung,
some said he was burnt. The Indians kept that execution very secret."
The Tuscaroras then informed De Graffenreid that they were going to war,
but would not harm Chattooka (New Bern), but that the people of New Bern
ought to stay in the town -- unfortunately, there was no way to inform
the people of New Bern. Several days later prisoners were brought back,
and De Graffenreid tells of recognizing some of them as his tenants,
including a boy who reported that his whole family had been killed.
After six weeks imprisonment at Catechna, he was released,
and returned to New Bern, where the people were surprised to find him alive.
(The relevant passages from De Graffenreid's journal were printed
in the North Carolina Booklet, Vol. I, No. 2, June 10, 1901,
`Colonial New Bern', by Mrs. Sara Beaumont Kennedy, pp. 7-13.
Issued by the North Carolina Society of the Daughters of the Revolution.
Raleigh: Capital Printing Company, 1901.)
Due to the age of this book, there are a number of nonstandard spellings,
and the font used in the original, with the s's much like f's,
has surely led to an error or two in the transcription, though every effort
was made to minimize this factor. The standards of printing at the time
were also somewhat low, and combine all this with those instances
where Indian names and words are given, and some of the material
is doubtless inaccurate -- though Lawson's comments on zoology
should make that quite clear. Nonetheless, this account remains
one of our best sources for information on the Indians of North Carolina
in and about the year 1700.
Sidenotes, throughout, are presented in squiggly brackets. {As here.}
Where the sidenote precedes a paragraph, it is given on a separate line.
Corrections:
(p. 11)
[ and become Cripples all ther Life-time; ]
changed to:
[ and become Cripples all their Life-time; ]
(p. 13)
[ to satisfy the Apppetite of the Rich alone. ]
changed to:
[ to satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone. ]
(p. 14)
[ so we got that Night to Mons. Gallian's the elder, ]
changed to:
[ so we got that Night to Mons. Galliar's the elder, ]
As the difference between "n" and "r" is significant,
other evidence (William Dobein James) suggests the real name was Gaillard,
and "Mons. Galliar's, jun'," is mentioned on the next page.
(In giving the background of Marion, in his "Life of Gen. Francis Marion",
Judge William Dobein James quotes from "A New Voyage to Carolina",
and in his footnotes gives some additional commentary on the area
in relation to Lawson's description. This text is online.)
(p. 19)
[ which was s Parrade of all Nations, ]
changed to:
[ which was a Parrade of all Nations, ]
and:
[ most Natious of the known World. ]
changed to:
[ most Nations of the known World. ]
(p. 21)
[ about it is hung Gourds Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ]
changed to:
[ about it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ]
(p.28)
[ for tho' this most bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ]
changed to:
[ for tho' this Moss bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ]
(p. 44)
[ the Sinnagers, or Troquois. ]
changed to:
[ the Sinnagers, or Iroquois. ]
(p. 47-48)
[ At that, time these Toteros Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ]
changed to:
[ At that time these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ]
(p. 73)
[ on the 6th of February, 166(3/4) came to an Anchor ]
changed to:
[ on the 6th of February, 1664, came to an Anchor ]
(p. 75)
[ to more Certainty, and greater Anvantage; whereby they might arrive ]
changed to:
[ to more Certainty, and greater Advantage; whereby they might arrive ]
(p. 80)
[ to leave the more Northerly Platations, and sit down under ]
changed to:
[ to leave the more Northerly Plantations, and sit down under ]
(p. 87)
[ In the Year 1707. we had the severest Winter ]
changed to:
[ In the Year 1707, we had the severest Winter ]
(p. 91)
[ and dry it in the Sun. to keep for Use. ]
changed to:
[ and dry it in the Sun to keep for Use. ]
(p. 111)
[ {Plum.} ]
inserted before:
[Damson, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all I have met withal ]
(This follows the paragraph on Apricots ["Apricock"],
and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.)
(p. 118)
[ This Beast is the greatast Enemy to the Planter, ]
changed to:
[ This Beast is the greatest Enemy to the Planter, ]
(p. 120)
[ There Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ]
changed to:
[ Their Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ]
(p. 120)
[ great Gust in September. 1700. brought ]
changed to:
[ great Gust in September, 1700. brought ]
(p. 134)
[ and make Euquiries therein, when, at least, ]
changed to:
[ and make Enquiries therein, when, at least, ]
(the ol' upside-down "n" error.)
(p. 136)
(from the list of Water Fowl)
[ Whifflers. ]
changed to:
[ Whistlers. ]
(in accordance with the text about them that follows.)
(p. 137)
(from the list of Water Fowl)
[ Men. ]
changed to:
[ Mew. ]
(in accordance with the text about them that follows.)
(p. 151)
[ {Swaddle-Bills.} ]
inserted before:
[ Swaddle-Bills are a sort of an ash-colour'd Duck, ]
(This follows the paragraph on Tutcocks, precedes that on Mew,
and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.)
(p. 165)
[ although their be Water enough for as large Ships ]
changed to:
[ although there be Water enough for as large Ships ]
(p. 189)
[ Their Remedies area great Cause of this Easiness ]
changed to:
[ Their Remedies are a great Cause of this Easiness ]
(p. 194)
[ and so strung, as Beds are, and a Cubit ]
changed to:
[ and so strung, as Beads are, and a Cubit ]
(p. 203)
[ that is common amongst them, If they are caught in theft ]
changed to:
[ that is common amongst them. If they are caught in theft ]
In "An Account of the Indians of North-Carolina", the side-notes
do not always perfectly match the text in the original. In this edition,
an attempt has been made to match them to the relevent text.
The most notable changes are:
p. 204, side note {Get Fire.} has been omitted, as at the end of p. 203
there is the note {Get Fire how.} which refers to the same text,
which is only broken by the turn of a page. The second note
appears to serve no other purpose than continuity, which is no longer needed.
p. 207, the side note {Moss Match.} actually refers to text
that begins at the end of p. 206, and in this edition the side note
has been inserted at the beginning of the relevant text.
(p. 208)
[ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose, ]
changed to:
[ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose) ]
(Closing parenthesis was missing.)
(pp. 212-213)
Throughout the book, a curious device is used -- at the end of each page,
on a separate line, and right-justified, appears the first word
of the next page. This does not generally need comment,
but at the junction of pages 212 and 213, an error occurs,
in that at the bottom of page 212 the next-word-to-come is given as "being",
but the first word on page 213 is "because". The latter is retained,
and the former omitted, as seeming best to fit the context.
It is a possibility that both should have been retained,
i.e., "being because".
(p. 214)
[ is a great Man or hath good Frieds, the Doctor is sent for. ]
changed to:
[ is a great Man or hath good Friends, the Doctor is sent for. ]
also:
[ keeps sucking. till he has got a great Quaatity of very ]
changed to:
[ keeps sucking, till he has got a great Quantity of very ]
(p. 220)
[ girded him as hard for a great while) as if he had ]
changed to:
[ girded him as hard for a great while, as if he had ]
(No opening parenthesis.)
(p. 226)
[ Mif-kis-'su ]
changed to:
[ Mis-kis-'su ]
as Lawson notes the Indian languages have no "f" sound,
and the old `s' and `f' are very similar in shape.
(p. 227)
(In the Dictionary of Indian terms, the translations for "Minx" [Mink])
[ Min ]
changed to:
[ Minx ]
(in accordance with context and the preferred spelling in the text)
(p. 231)
[ settled America so easily, at they have done, ]
changed to:
[ settled America so easily, as they have done, ]
(p. 246)
[ into any other Countries, either of our Dominins or foreign, ]
changed to:
[ into any other Countries, either of our Dominions or foreign, ]
(p. 248)
[ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constitued by the said ]
changed to:
[ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constituted by the said ]
(p. 253)
[ To Give and Grant unto such Person any Persons, Inhabiting, ]
changed to:
[ To Give and Grant unto such Person and Persons, Inhabiting, ]
(p. 257)
[ to the Westward of of the Messiasippi River, ]
changed to:
[ to the Westward of the Messiasippi River, ]
I am unable to match all of Lawson's spellings with modern versions,
especially when it comes to the names of people, places, and tribes.
However, quite likely:
Tuscarora: Tuskeruro, and probably Turkeiruro also.
Roanoke: Ronoack.
Neuse River: Neus-River.
Falls-of-Neuse (north of Raleigh): Falls of Neus-Creek.
Deep River: Sapona-River (possible -- given as the West Branch of Cape Fair).
Cape Fear: Cape Fair.
Haw River: Hau River.
Congaree: Congeree
Wateree: Waterree
Catawba: Kadapau (possible -- the location seems correct)
Waxhaw: Waxsaw
Seneca: Sinnager
"Rocky-River" is probably still "Rocky River", but there are two by that name
in North Carolina, and the one in question is doubtless the larger one,
situated between Haw River and Deep River.
Other non-standard spellings follow, but first some notes
on how nonstandard items were handled in the text:
1. It seems as if "off" is occasionally spelled "of",
but almost always in conjunction with "far" or the like:
i.e., "not far of", "when farthest of". On p. 128, "when cut of"
may also be an example. In all these examples, though,
"of" *could* be the correct word, if used in the sense of "from".
If is difficult to ascertain if the difference is spelling or usage.
2. Where modern English would always use "than", Lawson sometimes
uses "that". This instance is repeated, so it is not conclusively
an error. One example is on p. 119, "larger that a Panther".
3. Abbreviated words often end with an apostrophe, rather than a period,
which is now the standard. "Through" is usually abbreviated as "thro'".
4. Italics have been kept throughout, with these notable exceptions:
in the original, every case of "&c." was italicized;
the side-notes were entirely italicized, except those words
generally italicized in the text, which were rendered in normal type --
this has been reversed. (Where "&c." appeared in an italicized section,
it was presented in normal type. This too was ignored.)
5. Printing was not as exact an art in 1709 as it is now,
and this should be kept in mind throughout the text.
As spelling was also not as standardized as it is now,
it is difficult to tell sometimes whether a word has an old spelling,
has a typographical error, or refers to something entirely different
from what the first impression would suggest. In addition to this,
there is a problem of battered type, which seems especially common
in italic text -- which, unfortunately, is commonly used here
for words in Indian languages, which makes reading the text
extremely difficult at times. And even without broken type,
as in Lawson's dictionary entry for "A Rundlet" (perhaps a Roundlet,
a small round object?) he gives `Ynpyupseunne' as the Woccon term,
which remains unclear on several accounts, as `u' and `n'
were not infrequently accidentally inverted in old texts --
i.e., it might be `Yupyupseunne', but where can we check it?
No exact answers can be given here, but all these factors
should be kept in mind when attempting to read this text.
Also in Lawson's Dictionary, occur the Indian words
Pulawa and Mif-kis-'su -- the latter has been rendered Mis-kis-'su,
as the old `s' and `f' were nearly identical, and were probably
inadvertently switched -- which according to his own notes on p. 231,
cannot happen, there being no `l' or `f' sounds in the languages.
(In this old type, `s' has an f-like appearance in most cases,
but a modern `s' was used if it was the last letter in a word,
which follows a similar usage with the `s' sound in the Greek alphabet.)
It is much harder to guess what Pulawa ought to have been.
Modern Spelling is listed first: alternate spelling(s) follow:
(More or less in the order they appear in the text.)
1. When multiple spellings in text include the modern spelling,
it is not noted.
2. Any word ending in -ed, such as "viewed", may end in -'d,
as "view'd". This gets a little complicated in such cases
as "accompany'd" (accompanied), "try'd" (tried), "supply'd" (supplied),
"carry'd" (carried), "hurry'd" (hurried), and the like.
Also cases where the root word originally ended with an "e",
such as "us'd" and "continu'd". These cases are not always noted.
them: 'em
Mississippi: Missisipi, Messiasippi (older concept -- seems to refer
to a vast area, probably everything drained by that river.)
New York: New-York
spacious: spatious
public: publick
style: stile
fur: furr
situate: soituate
price: prize
privilege: priviledge
show: shew
frontier: fronteer
enterprise: enterprize
scalp: sculp
flay: flea
allege: alledge (applies also to alleging, alleged, etc.)
mountainous: mountanous
gulf: gulph
lemon: limon
trial: tryal
palmetto: palmeto
mosquitoes: musketoes, musquetos
troublesome: troblesome (p. 8)
tried: try'd
vegetable: vegitable
buckets or boquets?: bokeets
Pennsylvania: Pensilvania, Pensylvania
isthmus: istmus
Glasgow: Glasco
corpses: corps
o'clock: a Clock
cattle: cattel
deer (plural): deers
beach: beech
clam: clann (probable -- may be a textual error)
curlew: curleu
pelican: pellican
Cyprus: Ciprus
alarm: allarm
turkey: turkie, turky
morbific: morbifick
complement: compliment (warning: compliment is also spelled this way)
specific: specifick
most impatient (impatientest): impatients (textual error?)
Mons. Huger: Mons. Eugee
(according to `Life of Gen. Francis Marion', by Judge William Dobein James,
"Huger, who lived in the fork between South Santee and Wambaw Creek.")
splendid: splended
continued: continu'd
courses: coarses
crowded: crouded
Ashley River: Ashley-River, Ashly-River
clothe or cloth: cloath
tribe: trible (textual error?)
rejoice: rejoyce
Mons. Gendron: Mons. L'Jandro
???: Mons. L'Grand
Mons. Gaillard: Mons. Galliar
affirmed: affir'm'd
knoll: knowl (possible)
paddling: padling
fabrics (fabrication, a structure): fabricks
loam: loom
hut: hutt
used: us'd
oil: oyl
chinquapin, chinkapin, chincapin: chinkapin, thinkapin (error?)
quiddany (a confection of quinces made with sugar): quiddony
barbecued: barbacu'd
loaves: loves
creoles: criolo's
courtesan: curtesan
monsieur: mounsieur
Leaguer-Ladies (soldier's wives -- Scottish term): Leager Ladies
parade: parrade
physic (medicine): physick
surgery: chirurgery
expense: expence
retaliation: retalliation
villainy: villany
balsamic: balsamick
belly-ache: belly-ach
crutches (i.e., props): crotches
smoke: smoak
straight: strait (probable), streight
complete: compleat
scraped: scrapt
fatigue: fatiegue (textual error?)
maize: maiz
over-flowed: over-flown
Stroud-water-Blue?: Stroud-water-Blew
[From the American Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 1896 (AED):
stroud: (Etym. doubtful: perhaps from Stroud, in Gloucester, England,
where flannel and cloth are manufactured in large quantities.)
A kind of coarse blanket or garment of strouding (a coarse kind of cloth
employed in trade with North American Indians) worn by the Indians
of North America.]
medley: medly
ragout: ragoo
burden: burthen (archaic)
availing (useful): eviling [possible, but questionable]
[Note also that the "e" in the print is badly formed,
and there is a slim chance it might be an "a" or another letter.]
chalybeate: chalybid
most dismal (dismallest): dismall'st
surprisal: surprizal
threatening: threatning
music: musick
tiger: tyger (note that in 1709 "tyger" and "panther" were generic terms)
drizzly: drisly
acorns: acrons (textual error?)
polecat (skunk): polcat
arithmetic: arithmetick
straggling: stragling
hickory: hiccory, hickery, hickerie
broth: broath
loblolly
[AED: 1. water-gruel or spoon-meat. 2. a sweet.]
brunette: brounetto (probable)
[Probably in the older sense of a woman of brownish complexion;
i.e., skin, eyes, and hair.]
squaw: squah
swaddling-cloths: swadling-clouts
rive: reave (possible -- not a common word)
pigged: pig'd
[AED: To be huddled together with several others in a single room
by night as well as by day; to live like pigs.]
tetter (generic term, skin disease): tettar
colic: cholick
gourd: goard
saddled: sadl'd
Brussels, Bruxelles: Bruxels (probable)
fuller's-earth: fullers-earth
stopped: stopt
portion: potion (possible -- or textual error?)
wondering: wondring
mechanics: mechanicks
domestic: domestick
passed: past
cornuted
[horned. These references to horns reflect the time this book was written,
when a man whose wife was unfaithful was said to have horns.]
stews
[archaic: a brothel.]
barbecues: barbakues
fusil: fusee, fuzee (probable)
[a fusee can be one of several things, but the context here suggests
that it was a fusil, which was a type of small, firelock musket.]
festination
[haste, hurry, expedition.]
human: humane
fuel: fewel
ankle: ancle
wondered: wondred
cully
[several senses, including a dupe or fool, especially one imposed upon
by a prostitute.]
caddis: cadis
Winchester-wedding
[The AED had no entry for this, but notes that "Winchester-goose"
is "a cant term for a venereal sore, said to have originated from
the public stews (brothels) in Southwark, England,
being under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester."
It is probable that a Winchester-wedding would be of the type (or non-type)
performed in these same institutions.]
bachelor: batchelor
widower: widdower
shoes: shooes
moccasins: moggisons, moggizons
merchandise: merchandize
valleys: vallies
chestnut: chesnut
perch: pearch
soup: soop, soupe
Appalachian: Appallatche
desert: desart
Cape Fear: Cape-Fair, Caip-Fair
befall: befal
beaver: bever
buffalo: buffelo
palisades: palisadoes
necromantic: necromantick
Cologne, Koeln: Cologn (possible)
cliff or cleft?: clift
mustaches: mustachoes
alligator: allegator (despite Lawson's claim, NOT a crocodile)
turnip: turnep
biscuit: bisket (probable)
wholesome: wholsome
basin: bason
percoarson = perkoson, but I can not find any external references to either
certify: certifie
threatened: threatned
hindrance: hinderance
Atlantic: Atlantick
honeysuckle: honysuckle, hony-suckle
molasses: molosses
Roanoke: Ronoack, Ronoak
shore: shoar
moored: mor'd
parakeet: parrakeeto (doubtless the Carolina Parakeet, now extinct.)
inferior: inferiour
tie: tye
ashore: ashoar
peas: pease
garlic: garlick
chives: cives
salad: sallad
lettuce: lettice
spinach: spinage
cauliflower: colly-flower
watermelon: water-melon
basil: bazil
assuaging: asswaging
chamomile, camomile: camomil
houseleek: housleek
conveniences: conveniencies
rounceval: rouncival (in the text, a type of pea, now called a marrowfat)
rosin: rozin
subterranean, subterraneous: subteraneous
gigantic: gigantick
linen: linnen
housewife/housewives: houswife/houswives
housewifery: houswifry
woolens: woollens
choleric: cholerick
watery: watry
emetic: emetick
weirs: wares (probable -- pp. 86, 127. Can also be "wares", however.)
whaling: whale-fishing
porket: a young pig or hog.
thrived: throve
fit: fitt
Maryland: Mariland
supplied: supplyed
wig: wigg
cutlery: cuttlery
jasmine, jessamine: jessamin
browse/browsing: browze/browzing
evergreen: ever-green
household: houshold
virtue: vertue
vermin: vermine
Appamattox: Apamaticks, Appamaticks (probable)
cloud: clowd
aspen: aspin
ache: ach
burr, bur. (Both are still used, but "burr" is now more common,
where John Lawson tends towards "bur".)
cathartic: cathartick
cachexia (plural): cachexies ("cachexy" is an English form of the word,
now rarely, if ever, used.)
calico: callico
hazelnut: hazle-nut
conic/conical: conick
exotic: exotick
serviceberry/Juneberry/shadblow: service (given as the name of a fruit),
the plant it grows on is called the shadbush. (probable)
relished?: relisht
apricot: apricock
gooseberry: goosberry
vinedresser/vine dresser/vine-dresser: vigneroon (French "vigneron")
Madeira: Madera
rabbit: rabbet
jackal: jackall
havoc: havock
holler: hollow (Not all cases. Of the Panther, "He hollows like a Man"
should be "He hollers like a Man".)
sourwood tree: sowr-wood-tree, sowr wood, sorrel
surprise: surprize
raspberry: rasberry
mink: minx
mussel: muscle (in cases such as "muscle-shell")
rheum/rheumatism: rhume/rhumatism
rheumatic: rhumatick
tortoise: tortois
burrow: borough
chipmunk: ground squirrel (probable)
chase: chace
insect: reptile
reptile: insect
("Insect" is used strangely, to include reptiles and amphibians.
Conversely, Lawson uses "Reptile" to refer to insects.)
thoroughly: throughly (possible, p. 127)
entering: entring
frightened: frightned
connection: connexion (spelling in common use through the 19th century)
excrementitious (spelling still technically correct, but rare enough
that "excrescent" is suggested as an alternative, yet even that
has the wrong connotation in modern usage.)
terrapin: terebin
tadpole: tad-pool
easy: easie
wandering: wandring
leech: loach
Screech Owl: Scritch Owl (probable)
Trumpeter Swan: Swans, called Trompeters (probable)
fish hawk: fishawk
smallness: smalness
grasshopper: grashopper
set: sett
shot (past tense of shoot): shotten (see case on p. 151)
livor: liver
waiving: waving (??? -- p. 163)
rye: rie
indigo: indico (??? -- p. 164)
plasterers: plaisterers
governor: governour
joists: joices (probably this or a related word)
hazel: hazle
dye: die (p. 172)
gait: gate (p. 172)
inventor: inventer (both spellings acceptable, but "inventer" non-standard)
pare: pair (p. 173)
warrior: warriour
Trap-Ball (from Sense 8 of "Trap" in the AED)
A game and also one of the instruments used in playing the game,
the others being a small bat and a ball. The trap is of wood,
made like a slipper, with a hollow at the heel end,
and a kind of wooden spoon working on a pivot, in which
the ball is placed. By striking the handle or end of the spoon
the ball is projected up into the air, and the striker endeavors
to hit it as far as possible with the bat before it falls to the ground.
The opponents endeavor to catch the ball, or to bowl it
so as to hit the trap. Also called Trap-bat and Trap-bat and ball.
baton, bat: batoon (a variant spelling of baton, with a meaning
closer to that of bat. See Trap-Ball)
worse: worser
wrangling: rangling
sepulchre: sepulcre
hominy (grits): Rockahomine Meal (conjecture: Lawson gives Roocauwa
as the Woccon word for homine [hominy].), homine
nowadays: now adays
flag (p. 189) is another word for rushes or reeds.
artificially (p. 189) has changed meaning over the years. Means "artfully".
plaid: plad (in the sense of the garment, not the pattern)
porcelain: porcelan (used in a very old sense, referring to a cowry shell)
antic: antick
hero: heroe
disappointment: disapointment
relic: relick
tomahawk: tamahauk
unmanned: unman'd
frolic: frolick
prefixed: prefixt (obsolete sense)
enough: enow (correct but obsolete)
hieroglyphic: hieroglyphick
republic: republick
pestle: pestil, pestel
lightninged: lightned (the strict conversion to modern spelling
would be "lightened", but "lightninged" adheres to modern usage)
lie: lye
dripping: dropping (probable)
barricaded: barricadoed
stolen: stoln
frightened: frightned
lingering: lingring
mere: meer (at least in one case -- "meer Motion" may mean something else.)
foul: fowl (p. 222 -- same spelling used elsewhere for "fowl".)
phthisis, phthisic: phthisick (may be the old sense of the term,
designating any waste, decay, or emaciation; including tuberculosis,
which it now designates.)
torrefy: To dry, roast, scorch, or parch by a fire. AED.
This dictionary also notes that "torrefy" is a formation from the French,
whereas "torrify" (meaning the same thing) is an English formation,
from "torrid".
Waccon & Woccon used interchangeably
baked: bak't
Mongolian Hordes: Tartarian Hurds
(`Tartar' or `Tatar' is still in use, but in this context,
`Mongolian Hordes' is now used almost exclusively. What is curious
is why Lawson has this sidenote in the first place --
apparently he is comparing the Indians to the Tatars,
though on what grounds is unclear.)
jailor: jaylor
ghastly: gastly
stuffed: stufft
stalking: stauking
choose: chuse
mutinying: mutining
sylvan: sylvian
forewarn: forwarn
recall: recal
lies, lieth: lyeth
chapel: chappel
manor: mannor (possible)
ore: oar
dignified: dignifyed
enjoin: enjoyn
increase: encrease
liege: leige (may be an error in one case)
cheerful: chearful
let: lett (p. 246) (not sure if this is the same type of `let')
twig: twigg
brier: bryar
wherever: whereever (p.141 -- may be an error resulting from being broken
at the end of a line -- i.e., where-ever.)
red clay?: "A marl as red as blood" (p. 40)
aperitive?: apersive (a laxative -- it fits the context. p. 83)