{Sheeps-Head.}

Sheeps-Head has the general Vogue of being the choicest Fish in this Place.

Indeed, it is a very delicate Fish, and well relish'd; yet I think,

there are several others full as good as the Sheeps-Head.

He is much of the Bigness of the Angel-Fish, and flat as he is;

they sometimes weigh two or three Pound Weight. This Fish hath Teeth

like a Sheep, and is therefore so call'd.

{Plaice.}

Plaice are here very large, and plentiful, being the same as in England.

{Flounder.}

Flounders should have gone amongst the Fresh-Water Fish,

because they are caught there, in great Plenty.

{Soles.}

Soles are a Fish we have but lately discover'd; they are as good,

as in any other Part.

{Mullets.}

Mullets, the same as in England, and great Plenty in all Places

where the Water is salt or brackish.

{Shads.}

Shads are a sweet Fish, but very bony; they are very plentiful

at some Seasons.

{Fat-Backs.}

Fat-Backs are a small Fish, like Mullets, but the fattest ever known.

They put nothing into the Pan, to fry these. They are excellent sweet Food.

{White Guard-Fish.}

The white Guard-Fish is shaped almost like a Pike, but slenderer;

his Mouth has a long small Bill set with Teeth, in which he catches

small Fish; his Scales are knit together like Armour. When they dress him,

they strip him, taking off Scales and Skin together. His Meat is very white,

and rather looks like Flesh than Fish. The English account them

no good Fish; but the Indians do. The Gall of this Fish is green,

and a violent Cathartick, if taken inwardly.

{Green-Guard.}

The green Guard is shaped, in all respects, like the other,

save that his Scales are very small and fine. He is indifferent good Meat;

his Bones, when boil'd or fry'd, remain as green as Grass.

The same sort of Fish come before the Mackarel in England.

{Scate.}

Scate, or Stingray, the same as in England, and very common;

but the great Plenty of other Fish makes these not regarded;

for few or none eat them in Carolina, though they are almost

at every ones Door.

{Thornback.}

Thornbacks are the same as in England. They are not so common

as the Scate and Whip-Rays.

{Congar-Eels.}

Congar-Eels always remain in the Salt-Water; they are much more known

in the Northward Parts of America, than with us.

{Lamprey.}

Lampreys are not common; I never saw but one, which was large,

and caught by the Indians, in a Ware. They would not eat him,

but gave him to me.

{Eels.}

Eels are no where in the World better, or more plentiful, than in Carolina.

{Sun-Fish.}

Sun-Fish are flat and rounder than a Bream, and are reckon'd

a fine-tasted Fish, and not without Reason. They are much

the size of Angel-Fish.

{Toad-Fish.}

Toad-Fish are nothing but a Skin full of Prickles, and a few Bones;

they are as ugly as a Toad, and preserv'd to look upon,

and good for nothing else.

{Sea-Tench.}

They are taken by a Bait, near the Inlet, or out at Sea a little way.

They are blackish, and exactly like a Tench, except in the Back-fins,

which have Prickles like a Pearch. They are as good, if not better

than any Tench.

{Salt-Water Trouts.}

Trouts of the Salt-Water are exactly shaped like the Trouts in Europe,

having blackish, not red Spots. They are in the Salts,

and are not red within, but white, yet a very good Fish. They are so tender,

that if they are in or near fresh Water, and a sudden Frost come,

they are benumm'd, and float on the Surface of the Water, as if dead;

and then they take up Canoe-Loads of them. If you put them into warm Water,

they presently recover.

{Crocus.}

The Crocus is a Fish, in Shape like a Pearch, and in Taste like a Whiting.

They croke and make a Noise in your Hand, when taken with Hook or Net.

They are very good.

{Herring.}

The Herrings in Carolina are not so large as in Europe.

They spawn there in March and April, running up the fresh Rivers

and small fresh Runs of Water in great Shoals, where they are taken.

They become red if salted; and, drest with Vinegar and Oil,

resemble an Anchovy very much; for they are far beyond an English Herring,

when pickled.

{Smelts.}

The same as in England; they lie down a great way in the Sound,

towards the Ocean, where (at some certain Seasons) are a great many

very fine ones.

{Breams.}

The fresh Water affords no such Bream as in England, that I have

as yet discover'd; yet there is a Sea-Bream, which is a flat and thin Fish,

as the European Breams are.

{Taylors.}

The Taylor is a Fish about the Bigness of a Trout, but of

a bluish and green Colour, with a forked Tail, as a Mackarel has.

They are a delicate Fish, and plentiful in our Salt-Waters.

Infinite numbers of other Species will be hereafter discover'd

as yet unknown to us; although I have seen and eaten of several other

sorts of Fish, which are not here mention'd, because, as yet,

they have no certain Names assign'd them. Therefore, I shall treat no farther

of our Salt-Water Fish, but proceed to the Fresh.

{Fresh Water Sturgeon.}

The first of these is the Sturgeon, of which we have Plenty,

all the fresh Parts of our Rivers being well stor'd therewith.

The Indians upon and towards the Heads and Falls of our Rivers,

strike a great many of these, and eat them; yet the Indians

near the Salt-Waters will not eat them. I have seen an Indian

strike one of these Fish, seven Foot long, and leave him on the Sands

to be eaten by the Gulls. In May, they run up towards

the Heads of the Rivers, where you see several hundreds of them in one day.

The Indians have another way to take them, which is by Nets

at the end of a Pole. The Bones of these Fish make good Nutmeg-Graters.

{Pike.}

The Jack, Pike, or Pickerel, is exactly the same, in Carolina,

as they are in England. Indeed, I never saw this Fish so big and large

in America, as I have in Europe, these with us being seldom

above two Foot long, as far as I have yet seen. They are very plentiful

with us in Carolina, all our Creeks and Ponds being full of them.

I once took out of a Ware, above three hundred of these Fish, at a time.

{Trouts.}

The same in England as in Carolina; but ours are a great way up

the Rivers and Brooks, that are fresh, having swift Currents,

and stony, and gravelly Bottoms.

{Gudgeon.}

The same Gudgeons as in Europe are found in America.

{First Pearch.}

The same sort of Pearch as are in England, we have likewise in Carolina,

though, I think, ours never rise to be so large as in England.

{Second Pearch.}

We have a white Pearch, so call'd, because he is of a Silver Colour,

otherwise like the English Pearch. These we have in great Plenty,

and they are preferable to the red ones.

{Third Pearch.}

The brown Pearch, which some call Welch-men, are the largest

sort of Pearches that we have, and very firm, white and sweet Fish.

These grow to be larger than any Carp, and are very frequent

in every Creek and Pond.

{Fourth flat.}

The flat or mottled Pearch are shaped almost like a Bream.

They are called Irish-men, being freckled or mottled with black,

and blue Spots. They are never taken any where, but in the fresh Water.

They are good Fish; but I do not approve of them, no more

than of the other sorts of Pearch.

{Fifth Pearch, or Round Robin.}

We have another sort of Pearch, which is the least sort of all,

but as good Meat as any. These are distinguish'd from the other sorts,

by the Name of Round-Robins; being flat, and very round-shap'd;

they are spotted with red Spots very beautiful, and are easily caught

with an Angle, as all the other sort of Pearches are.

{Carp.}

We have the same Carp as you have in England.

{Roach.}

And the same Roach; only scarce so large.

{Dace.}

Dace are the same as yours too; but neither are these so large nor plentiful,

as with you.

{Loach.}

The same as in England.

{Sucking-Fish.}

Sucking-Fish are the nearest in Taste and Shape to a Barbel,

only they have no Barbs.

{Cat-Fish.}

Cat-Fish are a round blackish Fish, with a great flat Head, a wide Mouth,

and no Scales; they something resemble Eels in Taste. Both this sort,

and another that frequents the Salt Water, are very plentiful.

{Grindals.}

Grindals are a long scaled Fish with small Eyes; and frequent Ponds, Lakes,

and slow-running Creeks and Swamps. They are a soft sorry Fish,

and good for nothing; though some eat them for good Fish.

{Old-Wives.}

These are a bright scaly Fish, which frequent the Swamps, and fresh Runs;

they seem to be between an English Roach and a Bream, and eat much like

the latter. The Indians kill abundance of these, and barbakue them,

till they are crisp, then transport them, in wooden Hurdles,

to their Towns and Quarters.

{Fountain-Fish.}

The Fountain-Fish are a white sort which breed in the clear Running Springs

and Fountains of Water, where the Clearness thereof makes them very difficult

to be taken. I cannot say how good they are; because I have not as yet

tasted of them.

{White-Fish.}

The white Fish are very large; some being two Foot and a half long and more.

They are found a great way up in the Freshes of the Rivers; and are firm Meat,

and an extraordinary well-relish'd Fish.

{Barbouts Millers Thumbs.}

Barbouts and Millers-Thumbs, are the very same here, in all respects,

as they are in England. What more are in the fresh Waters

we have not discover'd, but are satisfied, that we are not acquainted

with one third part thereof; for we are told by the Indians,

of a great many strange and uncouth shapes and sorts of Fish,

which they have found in the Lakes laid down in my Chart.

However as we can give no farther Account of these than by Hear-say;

I proceed to treat of the Shell-Fish that are found in the Salt-Water,

so far as they have already come to our Knowledge.

{Large Crabs.}

The large Crabs, which we call Stone-Crabs, are the same sort

as in England, having black Tips at the end of their Claws.

These are plentifully met withal, down in Core Sound,

and the South Parts of North-Carolina.

{Small flat Crabs.}

The smaller flat Crabs I look upon to be the sweetest of all the Species.

They are the Breadth of a lusty Man's Hand, or rather larger.

These are innumerable, lying in most prodigious quantities,

all over the Salts of Carolina. They are taken not only to eat,

but are the best Bait for all sorts of Fish, that live in the Salt-Water.

These Fish are mischievous to Night-Hooks, because they get away all the Bait

from the Hooks.

{Oysters.}

Oysters, great and small, are found almost in every Creek

and Gut of Salt-Water, and are very good and well-relish'd.

The large Oysters are excellent, pickled.

{Cockles.}

One Cockle in Carolina is as big as five or six in England.

They are often thrown upon the Sands on the Sound-Side, where the Gulls

are always ready to open and eat them.

{Clams.}

Clams are a sort of Cockles, only differing in Shell,

which is thicker and not streak'd, or ribb'd. These are found throughout

all the Sound and Salt-Water-Ponds. The Meat is the same for Look and Taste

as the Cockle. These make an excellent strong Broth, and eat well,

either roasted or pickled.

{Muscles.}

The Muscles in Carolina have a very large Shell, striped with Dents.

They grow by the side of Ponds and Creeks, in Salt-Water,

wherein you may get as many of them as you please. I do not like them so well

as the English Muscle, which is no good Shell-Fish.

{Conks.}

Some of the Shells of these are as large as a Man's Hand,

but the lesser sort are the best Meat, and those not extraordinary.

They are shap'd like the end of a Horses Yard. Of their Shells,

the Peak or Wampum is made, which is the richest Commodity

amongst the Indians. They breed like a long Thing shap'd like a Snake,

but containing a sort of Joints, in the Hollowness whereof

are thousands of small Coaks, no bigger then small Grains of Pepper.

{Skellops.}

The Skellops, if well dress'd, are a pretty Shell-Fish;

but to eat them only roasted, without any other Addition, in my Judgment,

are too luscious.

{Man of Noses.}

Man of Noses are a Shell-Fish commonly found amongst us. They are valued

for increasing Vigour in Men, and making barren Women fruitful;

but I think they have no need of that Fish; for the Women in Carolina

are fruitful enough without their Helps.

{Wilks.}

Wilks, or Periwinkles, are not so large here, as in the Islands of Scilly,

and in other Parts of Europe, though very sweet.

{Snail-Horn.}

The Sea-Snail-Horn is large, and very good Meat; they are exactly shaped

as other Snail-Horns are.

{Fidlar.}

Fidlars are a sort of small Crabs, that lie in Holes in the Marshes.

The Raccoons eat them very much. I never knew any one try,

whether they were good Meat or no.

{Runner.}

Runners live chiefly on the Sands, but sometimes run into the Sea.

They have Holes in the Sand-Beaches and are a whitish sort of a Crab.

Tho' small, they run as fast as a Man, and are good for nothing

but to look at.

{Spanish-Oysters.}

Spanish Oysters have a very thin Shell, and rough on the outside.

They are very good Shell-Fish, and so large, that half a dozen

are enow to satisfy an hungry Stomach.

{Flattings.}

The Flattings are inclosed in a broad, thin Shell, the whole Fish being flat.

They are inferiour to no Shell-Fish this Country affords.

{Finger-Fish.}

Finger-Fish are very plentiful in this Country; they are

of the Length of a Man's Finger, and lie in the Bottom of the Water

about one or two Foot deep. They are very good.

{Shrimps.}

Shrimps are here very plentiful and good, and are to be taken

with a Small-Bow-Net, in great Quantities.

{Small-Cockles.}

The small Cockles are about the Bigness of the largest English Cockles,

and differ nothing from them, unless in the Shells, which are striped

cross-wise as well as long-wise.

The Fresh-Water Shell-Fish are,

{Muscles.}

Muscles, which are eaten by the Indians, after five or six hours Boiling,

to make them tender, and then are good for nothing.

{Craw-Fish.}

Craw-Fish, in the Brooks, and small Rivers of Water,

amongst the Tuskeruro Indians, and up higher, are found very plentifully,

and as good as any in the World.

And thus I have gone through the several Species of Fish,

so far as they have come to my Knowledge, in the eight Years

that I have lived in Carolina. I should have made a larger Discovery,

when travelling so far towards the Mountains, and amongst the Hills,

had it not been in the Winter-Season, which was improper to make any Enquiry

into any of the Species before recited. Therefore, as my Intent was,

I proceed to what remains of the Present State of Carolina, having already

accounted for the Animals, and Vegetables, as far as this Volume

would allow of; whereby the Remainder, though not exactly known,

may yet be guess'd at, if we consider what Latitude Carolina lies in,

which reaches from 29 to 36 deg. 30 min. Northern Latitude,

as I have before observ'd. Which Latitude is as fertile and pleasant,

as any in the World, as well for the Produce of Minerals,

Fruit, Grain, and Wine, as other rich Commodities. And indeed,

all the Experiments that have been made in Carolina,

of the Fertility and natural Advantages of the Country,

have exceeded all Expectation, as affording some Commodities,

which other Places, in the same Latitude, do not. As for Minerals,

as they are subterraneous Products, so, in all new Countries,

they are the Species that are last discover'd; and especially,

in Carolina, where the Indians never look for any thing

lower than the Superficies of the Earth, being a Race of Men

the least addicted to delving of any People that inhabit so fine a Country

as Carolina is. As good if not better Mines than those

the Spaniards possess in America, lie full West from us; and I am certain,

we have as Mountainous Land, and as great Probability of having rich Minerals

in Carolina, as any of those Parts that are already found

to be so rich therein. But, waving this Subject, till some other Opportunity,

I shall now give you some Observations in general, concerning Carolina,

which are, first, that it lies as convenient for Trade

as any of the Plantations in America; that we have Plenty of Pitch, Tar,

Skins of Deer, and Beeves, Furs, Rice, Wheat, Rie, Indian Grain,

sundry sorts of Pulse, Turpentine, Rozin, Masts, Yards, Planks and Boards,

Staves and Lumber, Timber of many common sorts, fit for any Uses;

Hemp, Flax, Barley, Oats, Buck-Wheat, Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides,

Whale-Bone and Oil, Wax, Cheese, Butter, &c. besides Drugs, Dyes,

Fruit, Silk, Cotton, Indico, Oil, and Wine that we need not doubt of,

as soon as we make a regular Essay, the Country being adorn'd

with pleasant Meadows, Rivers, Mountains, Valleys, Hills, and rich Pastures,

and blessed with wholesome pure Air; especially a little backwards

from the Sea, where the wild Beasts inhabit, none of which are voracious.

The Men are active, the Women fruitful to Admiration, every House

being full of Children, and several Women that have come hither barren,

having presently prov'd fruitful. There cannot be a richer Soil;

no Place abounding more in Flesh and Fowl, both wild and tame,

besides Fish, Fruit, Grain, Cider, and many other pleasant Liquors;

together with several other Necessaries for Life and Trade,

that are daily found out, as new Discoveries are made. The Stone and Gout

seldom trouble us; the Consumption we are wholly Strangers to,

no Place affording a better Remedy for that Distemper,

than Carolina. For Trade, we lie so near to Virginia,

that we have the Advantage of their Convoys; as also Letters from thence,

in two or three Days at most, in some Places in as few Hours.

Add to this, that the great Number of Ships which come within those Capes,

for Virginia and Maryland, take off our Provisions,

and give us Bills of Exchange for England, which is Sterling Money.

The Planters in Virginia and Maryland are forc'd to do the same,

the great Quantities of Tobacco that are planted there,

making Provisions scarce; and Tobacco is a Commodity oftentimes so low,

as to bring nothing, whereas Provisions and Naval Stores

never fail of a Market. Besides, where these are raised,

in such Plenty as in Carolina, there always appears good Housekeeping,

and Plenty of all manner of delicate Eatables. For Instance,

the Pork of Carolina is very good, the younger Hogs fed on Peaches, Maiz,

and such other natural Produce; being some of the sweetest Meat

that the World affords, as is acknowledged by all Strangers

that have been there. And as for the Beef, in Pampticough,

and the Southward Parts, it proves extraordinary. We have not only

Provisions plentiful, but Cloaths of our own Manufactures, which are made,

and daily increase; Cotton, Wool, Hemp, and Flax, being of our own Growth;

and the Women to be highly commended for their Industry in Spinning,

and ordering their Houswifry to so great Advantage as they generally do;

which is much more easy, by reason this happy Climate,

visited with so mild Winters, is much warmer than the Northern Plantations,

which saves abundance of Cloaths; fewer serving our Necessities,

and those of our Servants. But this is not all; for we can go out

with our Commodities, to any other Part of the West-Indies,

or elsewhere, in the Depth of Winter; whereas, those in New-England,

New-York, Pensylvania, and the Colonies to the Northward of us,

cannot stir for Ice, but are fast lock'd into their Harbours.

Besides, we can trade with South-Carolina, and pay no Duties or Customs,

no more than their own Vessels, both North and South being under

the same Lords-Proprietors. We have, as I observ'd before,

another great Advantage, in not being a Frontier, and so continually alarm'd

by the Enemy; and what has been accounted a Detriment to us,

proves one of the greatest Advantages any People could wish; which is,

our Country's being faced with a Sound near ten Leagues over in some Places,

through which, although there be Water enough for as large Ships

to come in at, as in any part hitherto seated in both Carolinas;

yet the Difficulty of that Sound to Strangers, hinders them from attempting

any Hostilities against us; and, at the same time, if we consider

the Advantages thereof, nothing can appear to be a better Situation,

than to be fronted with such a Bulwark, which secures us from our Enemies.

Furthermore, our Distance from the Sea rids us of two Curses,

which attend most other Parts of America, viz. Muskeetos,

and the Worm-biting, which eats Ships Bottoms out; whereas at Bath-Town,

there is no such thing known; and as for Muskeetos, they hinder us

of as little Rest, as they do you in England. Add to this,

the unaccountable Quantities of Fish this great Water, or Sound,

supplies us withal, whenever we take the Pains to fish for them;

Advantages I have no where met withal in America, except here.

As for the Climate, we enjoy a very wholsome and serene Sky,

and a pure and thin Air, the Sun seldom missing to give us his daily Blessing,

unless now and then on a Winters Day, which is not often; and when cloudy,

the first Appearance of a North-West Wind clears the Horizon,

and restores the Light of the Sun. The Weather, in Summer, is very pleasant;

the hotter Months being refresh'd with continual Breezes of cool reviving Air;

and the Spring being as pleasant, and beautiful, as in any Place

I ever was in. The Winter, most commonly, is so mild,

that it looks like an Autumn, being now and then attended

with clear and thin North-West Winds, that are sharp enough to regulate

English Constitutions, and free them from a great many dangerous Distempers,

that a continual Summer afflicts them withal, nothing being wanting,

as to the natural Ornaments and Blessings of a Country,

that conduce to make reasonable Men happy. And, for those that are otherwise,

they are so much their own Enemies, where they are, that they will scarce ever

be any ones Friends, or their own, when they are transplanted;

so, it's much better for all sides, that they remain as they are.

Not but that there are several good People, that, upon just Grounds,

may be uneasy under their present Burdens; and such I would advise

to remove to the Place I have been treating of, where they may enjoy

their Liberty and Religion, and peaceably eat the Fruits of their Labour,

and drink the Wine of their own Vineyards, without the Alarms

of a troublesome worldly Life. If a Man be a Botanist,

here is a plentiful Field of Plants to divert him in; If he be a Gardner,

and delight in that pleasant and happy Life, he will meet with

a Climate and Soil, that will further and promote his Designs,

in as great a Measure, as any Man can wish for; and as for

the Constitution of this Government, it is so mild and easy,

in respect to the Properties and Liberties of a Subject,

that without rehearsing the Particulars, I say once for all,

it is the mildest and best establish'd Government in the World,

and the Place where any Man may peaceably enjoy his own,

without being invaded by another; Rank and Superiority ever giving Place

to Justice and Equity, which is the Golden Rule that every Government

ought to be built upon, and regulated by. Besides, it is worthy our Notice,

that this Province has been settled, and continued the most free

from the Insults and Barbarities of the Indians, of any Colony

that was ever yet seated in America; which must be esteem'd

as a particular Providence of God handed down from Heaven, to these People;

especially, when we consider, how irregularly they settled North-Carolina,

and yet how undisturb'd they have ever remain'd, free from any foreign

Danger or Loss, even to this very Day. And what may well be look'd upon

for as great a Miracle, this is a Place, where no Malefactors are found,

deserving Death, or even a Prison for Debtors; there being no more

than two Persons, that, as far as I have been able to learn,

ever suffer'd as Criminals, although it has been a Settlement

near sixty Years; One of whom was a Turk that committed Murder;

the other, an old Woman, for Witchcraft. These, 'tis true,

were on the Stage, and acted many Years, before I knew the Place;

but as for the last, I wish it had been undone to this day;

although they give a great many Arguments, to justifie the Deed,

which I had rather they should have a Hand in, than myself;

seeing I could never approve of taking Life away upon such Accusations,

the Justice whereof I could never yet understand.

But, to return to the Subject in Hand; we there make extraordinary good Bricks

throughout the Settlement. All sorts of Handicrafts, as Carpenters, Joiners,

Masons, Plaisterers, Shooemakers, Tanners, Taylors, Weavers, and most others,

may, with small Beginnings, and God's Blessing, thrive very well

in this Place, and provide Estates for their Children, Land being sold

at a much cheaper Rate there, than in any other Place in America, and may,

as I suppose, be purchased of the Lords-Proprietors here in England,

or of the Governour there for the time being, by any that shall have a mind

to transport themselves to that Country. The Farmers that go thither

(for which sort of Men it is a very thriving Place) should take with them

some particular Seeds of Grass, as Trefoil, Clover-grass all sorts,

Sanfoin, and Common Grass, or that which is a Rarity in Europe; especially,

what has sprung and rose first from a warm Climate, and will endure the Sun

without flinching. Likewise, if there be any extraordinary sort of Grain

for Increase or Hardiness, and some Fruit-Trees of choice Kinds,

they will be both profitable and pleasant to have with you,

where you may see the Fruits of your Labour in Perfection,

in a few Years. The necessary Instruments of Husbandry

I need not acquaint the Husbandman withal; Hoes of all sorts,

and Axes must be had, with Saws, Wedges, Augurs, Nails, Hammers,

and what other Things may be necessary for building with Brick,

or Stone, which sort your Inclination and Conveniency lead you to.

For, after having look'd over this Treatise, you must needs be acquainted

with the Nature of the Country, and therefore cannot but be Judges, what it is

that you will chiefly want. As for Land, none need want it for taking up,

even in the Places there seated on the Navigable Creeks, Rivers, and Harbours,

without being driven into remoter Holes and Corners of the Country,

for Settlements, which all are forced to do, who, at this day,

settle in most or all of the other English Plantations in America;

which are already become so populous, that a New-Comer cannot get

a beneficial and commodious Seat, unless he purchases, when,

in most Places in Virginia and Maryland, a thousand Acres of good Land,

seated on a Navigable Water, will cost a thousand Pounds; whereas, with us,

it is at present obtain'd for the fiftieth Part of the Money.

Besides, our Land pays to the Lords, but an easy Quit-Rent,

or yearly Acknowledgement; and the other Settlements pay

two Shillings per hundred. All these things duly weighed,

any rational Man that has a mind to purchase Land in the Plantations

for a Settlement of himself and Family, will soon discover

the Advantages that attend the Settlers and Purchasers of Land in Carolina,

above all other Colonies in the English Dominions in America.

And as there is a free Exercise of all Persuasions amongst Christians,

the Lords-Proprietors, to encourage Ministers of the Church of England,

have given free Land towards the Maintenance of a Church, and especially,

for the Parish of S. Thomas in Pampticough, over-against the Town,

is already laid out for a Glebe of two hundred and twenty three Acres

of rich well-situated Land, that a Parsonage-House may be built upon.

And now I shall proceed to give an Account of the Indians,

their Customs and Ways of Living, with a short Dictionary of their Speech.

An

ACCOUNT

of the

INDIANS

of

NORTH-CAROLINA.

The Indians, which were the Inhabitants of America, when the Spaniards

and other Europeans discover'd the several Parts of that Country,

are the People which we reckon the Natives thereof; as indeed they were,

when we first found out those Parts, and appear'd therein.

Yet this has not wrought in me a full Satisfaction, to allow these People

to have been the Ancient Dwellers of the New-World, or Tract of Land

we call America. The Reasons that I have to think otherwise,

are too many to set down here; but I shall give the Reader a few,

before I proceed; and some others he will find scatter'd

in my Writings elsewhere.

In Carolina (the Part I now treat of) are the fairest Marks of a Deluge,

(that at some time has probably made strange Alterations,

as to the Station that Country was then in) that ever I saw,

or, I think, read of, in any History. {Wood under Ground.}

Amongst the other Subterraneous Matters, that have been discover'd,

we found, in digging of a Well that was twenty six foot deep,

at the Bottom thereof, many large Pieces of the Tulip-Tree,

and several other sorts of Wood, some of which were cut and notch'd,

and some squared, as the Joices of a House are, which appear'd

(in the Judgment of all that saw them) to be wrought with Iron Instruments;

it seeming impossible for any thing made of Stone, or what they were found

to make use of, to cut Wood in that manner. It cannot be argu'd,

that the Wood so cut, might float from some other Continent;

because Hiccory and the Tulip-Tree are spontaneous in America,

and in no other Places, that I could ever learn. {Shells some Fathoms

in the Earth, the Sea probably has thrown up in part of this Country.}

{Mexico Buildings.} It is to be acknowledg'd, that the Spaniards

give us Relations of magnificent Buildings, which were raised

by the Indians of Mexico and other Parts, which they discover'd,

and conquer'd; amongst whom no Iron Instruments were found:

But 'tis a great Misfortune, that no Person in that Expedition was so curious,

as to take an exact Draught of the Fabricks of those People,

which would have been a Discovery of great Value, and very acceptable

to the Ingenious; for, as to the Politeness of Stones, it may be effected

by Collision, and Grinding, which is of a contrary Nature,

on several Accounts, and disproves not my Arguments, in the least.

{Earthen Pots under Ground.}

The next is, the Earthen Pots that are often found under Ground,

and at the Foot of the Banks where the Water has wash'd them away. They are

for the most part broken in pieces; but we find them of a different sort,

in Comparison of those the Indians use at this day, who have had no other,

ever since the English discover'd America. The Bowels of the Earth

cannot have alter'd them, since they are thicker, of another Shape,

and Composition, and nearly approach to the Urns of the Ancient Romans.

{Indian Peaches.}

Again, the Peaches, which are the only tame Fruit, or what is Foreign,

that these People enjoy, which is an Eastern Product, and will keep and retain

its vegetative and growing Faculty, the longest of any thing of that Nature,

that I know of. {The Stone. Water-Melon and Gourds the Indians

have always had.} The Stone, as I elsewhere have remark'd, is thicker

than any other sort of the Peaches in Europe, or of the European sort,

now growing in America, and is observed to grow if planted,

after it has been for several Years laid by; and it seems very probable,

that these People might come from some Eastern Country; for when you ask them

whence their Fore-Fathers came, that first inhabited the Country,

they will point to the Westward and say, `Where the Sun sleeps,

our Forefathers came thence', which, at that distance, may be reckon'd

amongst the Eastern Parts of the World. And to this day,

they are a shifting, wandring People; for I know some Indian Nations,

that have chang'd their Settlements, many hundred Miles;

sometimes no less than a thousand, as is prov'd by the Savanna Indians,

who formerly lived on the Banks of the Messiasippi, and remov'd thence

to the Head of one of the Rivers of South-Carolina; since which,

(for some Dislike) most of them are remov'd to live in the Quarters

of the Iroquois or Sinnagars, which are on the Heads of the Rivers

that disgorge themselves into the Bay of Chesapeak. I once met

with a young Indian Woman, that had been brought from beyond the Mountains,

and was sold a Slave into Virginia. She spoke the same Language,

as the Coranine Indians, that dwell near Cape-Look-out,

allowing for some few Words, which were different, yet no otherwise,

than that they might understand one another very well.

{Indian well shap'd People.}

The Indians of North-Carolina are a well-shap'd clean-made People,

of different Statures, as the Europeans are, yet chiefly inclin'd

to be tall. They are a very streight People, and never bend forwards,

or stoop in the Shoulders, unless much overpower'd by old Age.

Their Limbs are exceeding well-shap'd. As for their Legs and Feet,

they are generally the handsomest in the World. Their Bodies are

a little flat, which is occasion'd, by being laced hard down to a Board,

in their Infancy. This is all the Cradle they have, which I shall

describe at large elsewhere. Their Eyes are black, or of a dark Hazle;

The White is marbled with red Streaks, which is ever common to these People,

unless when sprung from a white Father or Mother. Their Colour is of a tawny,

which would not be so dark, did they not dawb themselves with Bears Oil,

and a Colour like burnt Cork. This is begun in their Infancy,

and continued for a long time, which fills the Pores, and enables them better

to endure the Extremity of the Weather. They are never bald on their Heads,

although never so old, which, I believe, proceeds from their Heads

being always uncover'd, and the greasing their Hair (so often as they do)

with Bears Fat, which is a great Nourisher of the Hair, and causes it

to grow very fast. Amongst the Bears Oil (when they intend to be fine)

they mix a certain red Powder, that comes from a Scarlet Root which they get

in the hilly Country, near the Foot of the great Ridge of Mountains,

and it is no where else to be found. They have this Scarlet Root

in great Esteem, and sell it for a very great Price, one to another.

The Reason of its Value is, because they not only go a long way for it,

but are in great Danger of the Sinnagars or Iroquois,

who are mortal Enemies to all our Indians, and very often

take them Captives, or kill them, before they return from this Voyage.

The Tuskeruros and other Indians have often brought this Seed

with them from the Mountains; but it would never grow in our Land.

With this and Bears Grease they anoint their Heads and Temples,

which is esteem'd as ornamental, as sweet Powder to our Hair.

Besides, this Root has the Virtue of killing Lice, and suffers none

to abide or breed in their Heads. For want of this Root,

they sometimes use Pecoon-Root, which is of a Crimson Colour,

but it is apt to die the Hair of an ugly Hue.

Their Eyes are commonly full and manly, and their Gate sedate and majestick.

They never walk backward and forward as we do, nor contemplate

on the Affairs of Loss and Gain; the things which daily perplex us.

They are dexterous and steady both as to their Hands and Feet, to Admiration.

They will walk over deep Brooks, and Creeks, on the smallest Poles,

and that without any Fear or Concern. Nay, an Indian will walk

on the Ridge of a Barn or House and look down the Gable-end,

and spit upon the Ground, as unconcern'd, as if he was walking

on Terra firma. In Running, Leaping, or any such other Exercise,

their Legs seldom miscarry, and give them a Fall; and as for letting

any thing fall out of their Hands, I never yet knew one Example.

They are no Inventers of any Arts or Trades worthy mention;

the Reason of which I take to be, that they are not possess'd

with that Care and Thoughtfulness, how to provide for the Necessaries of Life,

as the Europeans are; yet they will learn any thing very soon.

I have known an Indian stock Guns better than most of our Joiners,

although he never saw one stock'd before; and besides, his Working-Tool

was only a sorry Knife. I have also known several of them that were Slaves

to the English, learn Handicraft-Trades very well and speedily. {No Dwarf.}

I never saw a Dwarf amongst them, nor but one that was Hump-back'd.

Their Teeth are yellow with Smoaking Tobacco, which both Men and Women

are much addicted to. They tell us, that they had Tobacco amongst them,

before the Europeans made any Discovery of that Continent.

It differs in the Leaf from the sweet-scented, and Oroonoko,

which are the Plants we raise and cultivate in America. {Indian Tobacco.}

Theirs differs likewise much in the Smell, when green, from our Tobacco,

before cured. They do not use the same way to cure it as we do;

and therefore, the Difference must be very considerable in Taste;

for all Men (that know Tobacco) must allow, that it is the Ordering thereof

which gives a Hogoo to that Weed, rather than any Natural Relish it possesses,

when green. Although they are great Smokers, yet they never are seen

to take it in Snuff, or chew it.

They have no Hairs on their Faces (except some few) and those but little,

nor is there often found any Hair under their Arm-Pits.

They are continually plucking it away from their Faces, by the Roots.

As for their Privities, since they wore Tail-Clouts,

to cover their Nakedness, several of the Men have a deal of Hair thereon.

It is to be observ'd, that the Head of the Penis is cover'd

(throughout all the Nations of the Indians I ever saw)

both in Old and Young. Although we reckon these a very smooth People,

and free from Hair; yet I once saw a middle-aged Man, that was hairy

all down his Back; the Hairs being above an Inch long.

{Few Cripples.}

As there are found very few, or scarce any, Deformed, or Cripples,

amongst them, so neither did I ever see but one blind Man;

and then they would give me no Account how his Blindness came.

They had a Use for him, which was, to lead him with a Girl, Woman, or Boy,

by a String; so they put what Burdens they pleased upon his Back,

and made him very serviceable upon all such Occasions. {Indians good Eyes.}

No People have better Eyes, or see better in the Night or Day,

than the Indians. Some alledge, that the Smoke of the Pitch-Pine,

which they chiefly burn, does both preserve and strengthen the Eyes;

as, perhaps, it may do, because that Smoak never offends the Eyes,

though you hold your Face over a great Fire thereof. This is occasion'd

by the volatile Part of the Turpentine, which rises with the Smoke,

and is of a friendly, balsamick Nature; for the Ashes of the Pine-Tree

afford no fix'd Salt in them.

{Not pair their Nails.}

They let their Nails grow very long, which, they reckon,

is the Use Nails are design'd for, and laugh at the Europeans

for pairing theirs, which, they say, disarms them of that which Nature

design'd them for.

{Indians not robust.}

They are not of so robust and strong Bodies, as to lift great Burdens,

and endure Labour and slavish Work, as the Europeans are;

yet some that are Slaves, prove very good and laborious:

{No hard Workers.} But, of themselves, they never work as the English do,

taking care for no farther than what is absolutely necessary to support Life.

In Travelling and Hunting, they are very indefatigable;

because that carries a Pleasure along with the Profit.

I have known some of them very strong; and as for Running and Leaping,

they are extraordinary Fellows, and will dance for several Nights together,

with the greatest Briskness imaginable, their Wind never failing them.

{Indians Dance of War. On what Account they make War.}

Their Dances are of different Natures; and for every sort of Dance,

they have a Tune, which is allotted for that Dance; as,

if it be a War-Dance, they have a warlike Song, wherein they express,

with all the Passion and Vehemence imaginable, what they intend to do

with their Enemies; how they will kill, roast, sculp, beat, and make Captive,

such and such Numbers of them; and how many they have destroy'd before.

All these Songs are made new for every Feast; nor is one and the same Song

sung at two several Festivals. {Indian Poet.} Some one of the Nation

(which has the best Gift of expressing their Designs) is appointed

by their King, and War-Captains, to make these Songs.

{Dance of Peace.}

Others are made for Feasts of another Nature; as, when several Towns,

or sometimes, different Nations have made Peace with one another;

then the Song suits both Nations, and relates, how the bad Spirit

made them go to War, and destroy one another; but it shall never be so again;

but that their Sons and Daughters shall marry together, and the two Nations

love one another, and become as one People.

They have a third sort of Feasts and Dances, which are always

when the Harvest of Corn is ended, and in the Spring. The one,

to return Thanks to the good Spirit, for the Fruits of the Earth;

the other, to beg the same Blessings for the succeeding Year.

And, to encourage the young Men to labour stoutly, in planting

their Maiz and Pulse, they set a sort of an Idol in the Field,

which is dress'd up exactly like an Indian, having all the Indians Habit,

besides abundance of Wampum, and their Money, made of Shells,

that hangs about his Neck. {Plantation Idol.} The Image

none of the young Men dare approach; for the old ones will not suffer them

to come near him, but tell them, that he is some famous Indian Warriour,

that died a great while ago, and now is come amongst them,

to see if they work well, which if they do, he will go to the good Spirit,

and speak to him to send them Plenty of Corn, and to make the young Men

all expert Hunters and mighty Warriours. All this while,

the King and old Men sit round the Image, and seemingly pay

a profound Respect to the same. One great Help to these Indians,

in carrying on these Cheats, and inducing Youth to do what they please,

is, the uninterrupted Silence, which is ever kept and observ'd,

with all the Respect and Veneration imaginable.

{Masquerade.}

At these Feasts, which are set out with all the Magnificence

their Fare allows of, the Masquerades begin at Night, and not before.

There is commonly a Fire made in the middle of the House, which is the largest

in the Town, and is very often the Dwelling of their King, or War-Captain;

where sit two Men on the Ground, upon a Mat; one with a Rattle,

made of a Gourd, with some Beans in it; the other with a Drum,

made of an earthen Pot, cover'd with a dress'd-Deer-Skin,

and one Stick in his Hand to beat thereon; and so they both begin

the Song appointed. {Indian Musicians.} At the same time, one drums,

and the other rattles, which is all the artificial Musick of their own making

I ever saw amongst them. To these two Instruments they sing,

which carries no Air with it, but is a sort of unsavoury Jargon;

yet their Cadences and Raising of their Voices are form'd

with that Equality and Exactness, that (to us Europeans) it seems admirable,

how they should continue these Songs, without once missing to agree,

each with the others Note and Tune.

{Dancing.}

As for their Dancing, were there Masters of that Profession amongst them,

as there are with us, they would dearly earn their Money;

for these Creatures take the most Pains at it, that Men are able to endure.

I have seen thirty odd together a dancing, and every one

dropp'd down with Sweat, as if Water had been poured down their Backs.

They use those hard Labours, to make them able to endure Fatigue,

{Indians long winded.} and improve their Wind, which indeed

is very long and durable, it being a hard matter, in any Exercise,

to dispossess them of it.

At these Feasts, they meet from all the Towns within fifty or sixty

Miles round, where they buy and sell several Commodities, as we do

at Fairs and Markets. {Indian Gaming.} Besides, they game very much,

and often strip one another of all they have in the World; and what is more,

I have known several of them play themselves away, so that they have

remain'd the Winners Servants, till their Relations or themselves

could pay the Money to redeem them; and when this happens,

the Loser is never dejected or melancholy at the Loss, but laughs,

and seems no less contented than if he had won. They never differ at Gaming,

neither did I ever see a Dispute, about the Legality thereof,

so much as rise amongst them.

{Indian Cards.}

Their chiefest Game is a sort of Arithmetick, which is managed

by a Parcel of small split Reeds, the Thickness of a small Bent;

these are made very nicely, so that they part, and are tractable

in their Hands. They are fifty one in Number, their Length

about seven Inches; when they play, they throw part of them

to their Antagonist; the Art is, to discover, upon sight, how many you have,

and what you throw to him that plays with you. Some are so expert

at their Numbers, that they will tell ten times together,

what they throw out of their Hands. Although the whole Play is carried on

with the quickest Motion it's possible to use, yet some are so expert

at this Game, as to win great Indian Estates by this Play.

A good Sett of these Reeds, fit to play withal, are valued and sold

for a dress'd Doe-Skin.

{Indian Dice.}

They have several other Plays and Games; as, with the Kernels or Stones

of Persimmons, which are in effect the same as our Dice,

because Winning or Losing depend on which side appear uppermost,

and how they happen to fall together.

{Indian Trap-Ball.}

Another Game is managed with a Batoon and a Ball, and resembles our Trap-ball;

besides, several Nations have several Games and Pastimes,

which are not used by others.

{Indian Cabins.}

These Savages live in Wigwams, or Cabins built of Bark, which are made round

like an Oven, to prevent any Damage by hard Gales of Wind. They make the Fire

in the middle of the House, and have a Hole at the Top of the Roof

right above the Fire, to let out the Smoke. These Dwellings

are as hot as Stoves, where the Indians sleep and sweat all Night.

The Floors thereof are never paved nor swept, so that they have always

a loose Earth on them. {Fleas.} They are often troubled

with a multitude of Fleas, especially near the Places where

they dress their Deer-Skins, because that Hair harbours them;

yet I never felt any ill, unsavory Smell in their Cabins,

whereas, should we live in our Houses, as they do, we should be poison'd

with our own Nastiness; {Indians a sweet People.} which confirms

these Indians to be, as they really are, some of the sweetest People

in the World.

The Bark they make their Cabins withal, is generally Cypress,

or red or white Cedar; and sometimes, when they are a great way

from any of these Woods, they make use of Pine-Bark, which is the worser sort.

{Making Cabins.} In building these Fabricks, they get very long Poles,

of Pine, Cedar, Hiccory, or any Wood that will bend; these are

the Thickness of the Small of a Man's Leg, at the thickest end,

which they generally strip of the Bark, and warm them well in the Fire,

which makes them tough and fit to bend; afterwards, they stick

the thickest ends of them in the Ground, about two Yards asunder,

in a Circular Form, the distance they design the Cabin to be,

(which is not always round, but sometimes oval) then they bend the Tops

and bring them together, and bind their ends with Bark of Trees,

that is proper for that use, as Elm is, {Black Moss.} or sometimes the Moss

that grows on the Trees, and is a Yard or two long, and never rots;

then they brace them with other Poles, to make them strong; afterwards,

cover them all over with Bark, so that they are very warm and tight,

and will keep firm against all the Weathers that blow.

{Indians Store-Houses.} They have other sorts of Cabins without Windows,

which are for their Granaries, Skins, and Merchandizes;

and others that are cover'd over head; the rest left open for the Air.

{Indians Banqueting Houses.} These have Reed-Hurdles, like Tables,

to lie and sit on, in Summer, and serve for pleasant Banqueting-Houses

in the hot Season of the Year. The Cabins they dwell in have Benches

all round, except where the Door stands; on these they lay Beasts-Skins,

and Mats made of Rushes, whereon they sleep and loll. In one of these,

several Families commonly live, though all related to one another.

As to the Indians Food, it is of several sorts, which are as follows.

{Indian Food.}

Venison, and Fawns in the Bags, cut out of the Doe's Belly;

Fish of all sorts, the Lamprey-Eel excepted, and the Sturgeon

our Salt-Water Indians will not touch; Bear and Bever; Panther; Pole-cat;

Wild-cat; Possum; Raccoon; Hares, and Squirrels, roasted with their Guts in;

Snakes, all Indians will not eat them, tho' some do; All wild Fruits

that are palatable, some of which they dry and keep against Winter,

as all sort of Fruits, and Peaches, which they dry, and make Quiddonies,

and Cakes, that are very pleasant, and a little tartish;

young Wasps, when they are white in the Combs, before they can fly,

this is esteemed a Dainty; All sorts of Tortois and Terebins;

Shell-Fish, and Stingray, or Scate, dry'd; Gourds; Melons; Cucumbers;

Squashes; Pulse of all sorts; Rockahomine Meal, which is their Maiz,

parch'd and pounded into Powder; Fowl of all sorts, that are eatable;

Ground-Nuts, or wild Potato's; Acorns and Acorn Oil; Wild-Bulls, Beef,

Mutton, Pork, &c. from the English; Indian Corn, or Maiz,

made into several sorts of Bread; Ears of Corn roasted in the Summer,

or preserv'd against Winter.

The Victuals is common, throughout the whole Kindred Relations,

and often to the whole Town; especially, when they are in Hunting-Quarters,

then they all fare alike, whichsoever of them kills the Game.

{Feasts of Charity. Indians discern not between fat and lean Meat.}

They are very kind, and charitable to one another, but more especially

to those of their own Nation; for if any one of them has suffer'd any Loss,

by Fire or otherwise, they order the griev'd Person to make a Feast,

and invite them all thereto, which, on the day appointed, they come to,

and after every Man's Mess of Victuals is dealt to him, one of their Speakers,

or grave old Men, makes an Harangue, and acquaints the Company,

That that Man's House has been burnt, wherein all his Goods were destroy'd;

That he, and his Family, very narrowly escaped; That he is every Man's Friend

in that Company; and, That it is all their Duties to help him,

as he would do to any of them, had the like Misfortune befallen them.

After this Oration is over, every Man, according to his Quality,

throws him down upon the Ground some Present, which is commonly Beads,

Ronoak, Peak, Skins or Furs, and which very often amounts to treble

the Loss he has suffer'd. The same Assistance they give to any Man

that wants to build a Cabin, or make a Canoe. They say, it is our Duty

thus to do; for there are several Works that one Man cannot effect,

therefore we must give him our Help, otherwise our Society will fall,

and we shall be depriv'd of those urgent Necessities which Life requires.

{Indians no Fences.} They have no Fence to part one anothers Lots

in their Corn-Fields; but every Man knows his own, and it scarce ever happens,

that they rob one another of so much as an Ear of Corn,

which if any is found to do, he is sentenced by the Elders

to work and plant for him that was robb'd, till he is recompensed

for all the Damage he has suffer'd in his Corn-Field;

and this is punctually perform'd, and the Thief held in Disgrace,

that steals from any of his Country-Folks. {Indians Charity to Widows.}

It often happens, that a Woman is destitute of her Husband,

and has a great many Children to maintain; such a Person they always help,

and make their young men plant, reap, and do every thing

that she is not capable of doing herself; yet they do not allow any one

to be idle, but to employ themselves in some Work or other.

{Indian Women no Scolds.}

They never fight with one another, unless drunk, nor do you ever hear

any Scolding amongst them. They say, the Europeans are always

rangling and uneasy, and wonder they do not go out of this World, since they

are so uneasy and discontented in it. All their Misfortunes and Losses

end in Laughter; for if their Cabins take Fire, and all their Goods

are burnt therein, (indeed, all will strive to prevent farther Damage,

whilst there is any Possibility) yet such a Misfortune ends

in a hearty Fitt of Laughter, unless some of their Kinsfolks and Friends

have lost their Lives; but then the Case is alter'd, and they become

very pensive, and go into deep Mourning, which is continued

for a considerable Time; sometimes longer, or shorter, according to

the Dignity of the Person, and the Number of Relations he had near him.

The Burial of their Dead is perform'd with a great deal of Ceremony,

in which one Nation differs, in some few Circumstances, from another,

yet not so much but we may, by a general Relation, pretty nearly account

for them all.

{Indian Burial of their Dead.}

When an Indian is dead, the greater Person he was, the more expensive

is his Funeral. The first thing which is done, is, to place

the nearest Relations near the Corps, who mourn and weep very much,

having their Hair hanging down their Shoulders, in a very forlorn manner.

After the dead Person has lain a Day and a Night, in one of their

Hurdles of Canes, commonly in some Out-House made for that purpose,

those that officiate about the Funeral, go into the Town, and the first

young Men they meet withal, that have Blankets or Match Coats on,

whom they think fit for their Turn, they strip them from their Backs,

who suffer them so to do, without any Resistance. In these

they wrap the dead Bodies, and cover them with two or three Mats,

which the Indians make of Rushes or Cane; and last of all,

they have a long Web of woven Reeds, or hollow Canes, which is

the Coffin of the Indians, and is brought round several times,

and tied fast at both ends, which indeed, looks very decent and well.

Then the Corps is brought out of the House, into the Orchard of Peach-Trees,

where another Hurdle is made to receive it, about which comes

all the Relations and Nation that the dead Person belong'd to,

besides several from other Nations in Alliance with them;

all which sit down on the Ground, upon Mats spread there, for that purpose;

where the Doctor or Conjurer appears; and, after some time,

makes a Sort of `O-yes', at which all are very silent; then he begins

to give an Account, who the dead Person was, and how stout a Man

he approv'd himself; how many Enemies and Captives he had kill'd and taken;

how strong, tall, and nimble he was; that he was a great Hunter,

a Lover of his Country, and possess'd of a great many beautiful

Wives and Children, esteem'd the greatest of Blessings among these Savages,

in which they have a true Notion. {Indian Funeral Sermon.}

Thus this Orator runs on, highly extolling the dead Man,

for his Valour, Conduct, Strength, Riches, and Good-Humour;

and enumerating his Guns, Slaves and almost every thing

he was possess'd of, when living. After which, he addresses himself

to the People of that Town or Nation, and bids them supply

the dead Man's Place, by following his steps, who, he assures them,

is gone into the Country of Souls, (which they think lies a great way off,

in this World, which the Sun visits, in his ordinary Course)

and that he will have the Enjoyment of handsome young Women,

great Store of Deer to hunt, never meet with Hunger, Cold or Fatigue,

but every thing to answer his Expectation and Desire.

This is the Heaven they propose to themselves; but, on the contrary,

for those Indians that are lazy, thievish amongst themselves,

bad Hunters, and no Warriours, nor of much Use to the Nation,

to such they allot, in the next World, Hunger, Cold, Troubles, old ugly Women

for their Companions, with Snakes, and all sorts of nasty Victuals to feed on.

Thus is mark'd out their Heaven and Hell. {Indian Traditions.}

After all this Harangue, he diverts the People with some of their Traditions,

as when there was a violent hot Summer, or very hard Winter;

when any notable Distempers rag'd amongst them; when they were at War

with such and such Nations; how victorious they were; and what were

the Names of their War-Captains. To prove the times more exactly,

he produces the Records of the Country, which are a Parcel of Reeds,

of different Lengths, with several distinct Marks, known to none

but themselves; by which they seem to guess, very exactly,

at Accidents that happen'd many Years ago; nay two or three Ages or more.

The Reason I have to believe what they tell me, on this Account,

is, because I have been at the Meetings of several Indian Nations;

and they agreed, in relating the same Circumstances, as to Time,

very exactly; {A hard Winter.} as, for Example, they say,

there was so hard a Winter in Carolina, 105 years ago,

that the great Sound was frozen over, and the Wild Geese came into the Woods

to eat Acorns, and that they were so tame, (I suppose, through Want)

that they kill'd abundance in the Woods, by knocking them on the Head

with Sticks.

But, to return to the dead Man. When this long Tale is ended,

by him that spoke first; perhaps, a second begins another long Story;

so a third, and fourth, if there be so many Doctors present;

which all tell one and the same thing. At last, the Corps is brought away

from that Hurdle to the Grave, by four young Men, attended by the Relations,

the King, old Men, and all the Nation. {Interment in the Grave.}

When they come to the Sepulcre, which is about six Foot deep,

and eight Foot long, having at each end (that is, at the Head and Foot)

a Light-Wood, or Pitch-Pine Fork driven close down the sides of the Grave,

firmly into the Ground; (these two Forks are to contain a Ridge-Pole,

as you shall understand presently) before they lay the Corps into the Grave,

they cover the bottom two or three times over with Bark of Trees,

then they let down the Corps (with two Belts, that the Indians

carry their Burdens withal) very leisurely, upon the said Barks;

then they lay over a Pole of the same Wood, in the two Forks, and having

a great many Pieces of Pitch-Pine Logs, about two Foot and a half long,

they stick them in the sides of the Grave down each End,

and near the Top thereof, where the other Ends lie on the Ridge-Pole,

so that they are declining like the Roof of a House. These being

very thick-plac'd, they cover them (many times double) with Bark;

then they throw the Earth thereon, that came out of the Grave,

and beat it down very firm; by this Means, the dead Body lies in a Vault,

nothing touching him; so that when I saw this way of Burial,

I was mightily pleas'd with it, esteeming it very decent and pretty,

as having seen a great many Christians buried without

the tenth Part of that Ceremony and Decency. {Quiogozon Idols.}

Now, when the Flesh is rotted and moulder'd from the Bone,

they take up the Carcass, and clean the Bones, and joint them together;

afterwards, they dress them up in pure white dress'd Deer-Skins,

and lay them amongst their Grandees and Kings in the Quiogozon,

which is their Royal Tomb or Burial-Place of their Kings and War-Captains.

This is a very large magnificent Cabin, (according to their Building)

which is rais'd at the Publick Charge of the Nation, and maintain'd

in a great deal of Form and Neatness. {Idols at the Beds.}

About seven foot high, is a Floor or Loft made, on which lie

all their Princes, and Great Men, that have died for several hundred Years,

all attir'd in the Dress I before told you of. No Person is to have

his Bones lie here, and to be thus dress'd, unless he gives

a round Sum of their Money to the Rulers, for Admittance.

If they remove never so far, to live in a Foreign Country,

they never fail to take all these dead Bones along with them,

though the Tediousness of their short daily Marches keeps them never so long

on their Journey. They reverence and adore this Quiogozon,

with all the Veneration and Respect that is possible for such a People

to discharge, and had rather lose all, than have any Violence or Injury

offer'd thereto. These Savages differ some small matter in their Burials;

some burying right upwards, and otherwise, as you are acquainted withal

in my Journal from South to North Carolina; {Mourning for the Dead.}

Yet they all agree in their Mourning, which is, to appear every Night,

at the Sepulcre, and howl and weep in a very dismal manner, having their Faces

dawb'd over with Light-wood Soot, (which is the same as Lamp-black)

and Bears Oil. This renders them as black as it is possible

to make themselves, so that theirs very much resemble

the Faces of Executed Men boil'd in Tar. {Indians hired to mourn.}

If the dead Person was a Grandee, to carry on the Funeral Ceremonies,

they hire People to cry and lament over the dead Man. Of this sort

there are several, that practise it for a Livelihood, and are very expert

at Shedding abundance of Tears, and howling like Wolves,

and so discharging their Office with abundance of Hypocrisy and Art.

The Women are never accompanied with these Ceremonies after Death;

and to what World they allot that Sex, I never understood,

unless, to wait on their dead Husbands; but they have more Wit,

than some of the Eastern Nations, who sacrifice themselves to accompany

their Husbands into the next World. It is the dead Man's Relations, by Blood,

as his Uncles, Brothers, Sisters, Cousins, Sons, and Daughters,

that mourn in good earnest, the Wives thinking their Duty is discharg'd,

and that they are become free, when their Husband is dead;

so, as fast as they can, look out for another, to supply his Place.

{Indian Women handsome.}

As for the Indian Women, which now happen in my Way; when young,

and at Maturity, they are as fine-shap'd Creatures (take them generally)

as any in the Universe. They are of a tawny Complexion;

their Eyes very brisk and amorous; their Smiles afford the finest Composure

a Face can possess; their Hands are of the finest Make,

with small long Fingers, and as soft as their Cheeks; and their whole Bodies

of a smooth Nature. They are not so uncouth or unlikely, as we suppose them;

nor are they Strangers or not Proficients in the soft Passion.

They are most of them mercenary, except the married Women, who sometimes

bestow their Favours also to some or other, in their Husbands Absence.

For which they never ask any Reward. {Married Women unconstant.}

As for the Report, that they are never found unconstant, like the Europeans,

it is wholly false; for were the old World and the new one put into

a Pair of Scales (in point of Constancy) it would be a hard Matter to discern

which was the heavier. {Trading Girls.} As for the Trading Girls,

which are those design'd to get Money by their Natural Parts,

these are discernable, by the Cut of their Hair; their Tonsure differing

from all others, of that Nation, who are not of their Profession;

which Method is intended to prevent Mistakes; for the Savages of America

are desirous (if possible) to keep their Wives to themselves,

as well as those in other Parts of the World. When any Addresses are made

to one of these Girls, she immediately acquaints her Parents therewith,

and they tell the King of it, (provided he that courts her be a Stranger)

his Majesty commonly being the principal Bawd of the Nation he rules over,

and there seldom being any of these Winchester-Weddings agreed on,

without his Royal Consent. He likewise advises her what Bargain to make,

and if it happens to be an Indian Trader that wants a Bed-fellow,

and has got Rum to sell, be sure, the King must have a large Dram for a Fee,

to confirm the Match. These Indians, that are of the elder sort,

when any such Question is put to them, will debate the Matter

amongst themselves with all the Sobriety and Seriousness imaginable,

every one of the Girl's Relations arguing the Advantage or Detriment

that may ensue such a Night's Encounter; all which is done

with as much Steadiness and Reality, as if it was the greatest Concern

in the World, and not so much as one Person shall be seen to smile,

so long as the Debate holds, making no Difference betwixt

an Agreement of this Nature, and a Bargain of any other. If they comply

with the Men's Desire, then a particular Bed is provided for them,

either in a Cabin by themselves, or else all the young people turn out,

to another Lodging, that they may not spoil Sport; and if the old People

are in the same Cabin along with them all Night, they lie as unconcern'd,

as if they were so many Logs of Wood. If it be an Indian of their own

Town or Neighbourhood, that wants a Mistress, he comes to none but the Girl,

who receives what she thinks fit to ask him, and so lies all Night with him,

without the Consent of her Parents.

{Indian Traders what.}

The Indian Traders are those which travel and abide amongst the Indians

for a long space of time; sometimes for a Year, two, or three.

{Indian Wives.} These Men have commonly their Indian Wives,

whereby they soon learn the Indian Tongue, keep a Friendship

with the Savages; and, besides the Satisfaction of a She-Bed-Fellow,

they find these Indian Girls very serviceable to them,

on Account of dressing their Victuals, and instructing 'em

in the Affairs and Customs of the Country. Moreover, such a Man gets

a great Trade with the Savages; for when a Person that lives amongst them,

is reserv'd from the Conversation of their Women, 'tis impossible for him

ever to accomplish his Designs amongst that People.

But one great Misfortune which oftentimes attends those that converse

with these Savage Women, is, that they get Children by them,

which are seldom educated any otherwise than in a State of Infidelity;

for it is a certain Rule and Custom, amongst all the Savages of America,

that I was ever acquainted withal, to let the Children always fall

to the Woman's Lot; {Children go with the Women.} for it often happens,

that two Indians that have liv'd together, as Man and Wife,

in which Time they have had several Children; if they part,

and another Man possesses her, all the Children go along with the Mother,

and none with the Father. And therefore, on this Score,

it ever seems impossible for the Christians to get their Children

(which they have by these Indian Women) away from them;

whereby they might bring them up in the Knowledge of the Christian Principles.

Nevertheless, we often find, that English Men, and other Europeans

that have been accustom'd to the Conversation of these savage Women,

and their Way of Living, have been so allur'd with that careless sort of Life,

as to be constant to their Indian Wife, and her Relations,

so long as they liv'd, without ever desiring to return again

amongst the English, although they had very fair Opportunities of Advantages

amongst their Countrymen; of which sort I have known several.

As for the Indian Marriages, I have read and heard of a great deal

of Form and Ceremony used, which I never saw, nor yet could learn

in the Time I have been amongst them, any otherwise than I shall here

give you an Account of; which is as follows.

{Indian Marriage.}

When any young Indian has a Mind for such a Girl to his Wife,

he, or some one for him, goes to the young Woman's Parents, if living;

if not, to her nearest Relations; where they make Offers of the Match

betwixt the Couple. The Relations reply, they will consider of it,

which serves for a sufficient Answer, till there be a second Meeting

about the Marriage, which is generally brought into Debate

before all the Relations (that are old People) on both Sides;

and sometimes the King, with all his great Men, give their Opinions therein.

If it be agreed on, and the young Woman approve thereof, (for these Savages

never give their Children in Marriage, without their own Consent)

{Indians buy their Wives.} the Man pays so much for his Wife;

and the handsomer she is, the greater Price she bears. Now, it often happens,

that the Man has not so much of their Money ready, as he is to pay

for his Wife; but if they know him to be a good Hunter, and that he can raise

the Sum agreed for, in some few Moons, or any little time, they agree,

she shall go along with him, as betroth'd, but he is not to have

any Knowledge of her, till the utmost Payment is discharg'd;

all which is punctually observ'd. Thus, they lie together under one Covering

for several Months, and the Woman remains the same as she was

when she first came to him. I doubt, our Europeans would be apt

to break this Custom, {Indian Men not vigorous.} but the Indian Men

are not so vigorous and impatient in their Love as we are.

Yet the Women are quite contrary, and those Indian Girls

that have convers'd with the English and other Europeans,

never care for the Conversation of their own Countrymen afterwards.

They never marry so near as a first Cousin; and although there is nothing

more coveted amongst them, than to marry a Woman of their own Nation,

yet when the Nation consists of a very few People (as now adays

it often happens) so that they are all of them related to one another,

then they look out for Husbands and Wives amongst Strangers.

For if an Indian lies with his Sister, or any very near Relation,

his Body is burnt, and his Ashes thrown into the River, as unworthy

to remain on Earth; yet an Indian is allow'd to marry two Sisters,

or his Brothers Wife. Although these People are call'd Savages,

yet Sodomy is never heard of amongst them, and they are so far

from the Practice of that beastly and loathsome Sin, that they have

no Name for it in all their Language.

The Marriages of these Indians are no farther binding,

than the Man and Woman agree together. Either of them has Liberty

to leave the other, upon any frivolous Excuse they can make;

yet whosoever takes the Woman that was another Man's before,

and bought by him, as they all are, must certainly pay to her former Husband,

whatsoever he gave for her. Nay, if she be a Widow, and her Husband

died in Debt, whosoever takes her to Wife, pays all her Husband's Obligations,

though never so many; yet the Woman is not required to pay any thing

(unless she is willing) that was owing from her Husband, so long as she

keeps Single. But if a Man courts her for a Nights Lodging, and obtains it,

the Creditors will make him pay her Husband's Debts, and he may,

if he will, take her for his Money, or sell her to another for his Wife.

{Selling Wives.} I have seen several of these Bargains driven in a day;

for you may see Men selling their Wives as Men do Horses in a Fair,

a Man being allow'd not only to change as often as he pleases,

but likewise to have as many Wives as he is able to maintain.

{Indian many Wives.} I have often seen, that very old Indian Men

(that have been Grandees in their own Nation) have had three or four

very likely young Indian Wives, which I have much wondered at, because to me

they seem'd incapacitated to make good Use of one of them.

{Night Rambles.}

The young Men will go in the Night from one House to another, to visit

the young Women, in which sort of Rambles they will spend the whole Night.

In their Addresses they find no Delays, for if she is willing

to entertain the Man, she gives him Encouragement and grants him Admittance;

otherwise she withdraws her Face from him, and says, I cannot see you,

either you or I must leave this Cabin, and sleep somewhere else this Night.

They are never to boast of their Intrigues with the Women. If they do,

none of the Girls value them ever after, or admit of their Company

in their Beds. This proceeds not on the score of Reputation,

for there is no such thing (on that account) known amongst them;

and although we may reckon them the greatest Libertines and most extravagant

in their Embraces, yet they retain and possess a Modesty

that requires those Passions never to be divulged.

{Trading Girls marry at last.}

The Trading Girls, after they have led that Course of Life, for several Years,

in which time they scarce ever have a Child; (for they have an Art

to destroy the Conception, and she that brings a Child in this Station,

is accounted a Fool, and her Reputation is lessen'd thereby)

at last they grow weary of so many, and betake themselves to a married State,

or to the Company of one Man; neither does their having been common to so many

any wise lessen their Fortunes, but rather augment them.

{Women not punish'd for Adultery.}

The Woman is not punish'd for Adultery, but 'tis the Man that makes

the injur'd Person Satisfaction, which is the Law of Nations

practis'd amongst them all; and he that strives to evade such Satisfaction

as the Husband demands, lives daily in Danger of his Life;

yet when discharg'd, all Animosity is laid aside, and the Cuckold

is very well pleased with his Bargain, whilst the Rival is laugh'd at

by the whole Nation, for carrying on his Intrigue with no better Conduct,

than to be discover'd and pay so dear for his Pleasure.

The Indians say, that the Woman is a weak Creature, and easily drawn away

by the Man's Persuasion; for which Reason, they lay no Blame upon her,

but the Man (that ought to be Master of his Passion) for persuading her to it.

{Never Love-mad.}

They are of a very hale Constitution; their Breaths are as sweet as the Air

they breathe in, and the Woman seems to be of that tender Composition,

as if they were design'd rather for the Bed than Bondage. Yet their Love

is never of that Force and Continuance, that any of them ever runs Mad,

or makes away with themselves on that score. They never love

beyond Retrieving their first Indifferency, and when slighted,

are as ready to untie the Knot at one end, as you are at the other.

Yet I knew an European Man that had a Child or two by one of these

Indian Women, and afterwards married a Christian, after which

he came to pass away a Night with his Indian Mistress;

but she made Answer that she then had forgot she ever knew him,

and that she never lay with another Woman's Husband, so fell a crying,

and took up the Child she had by him, and went out of the Cabin

(away from him) in great Disorder.

{Indian Women what they do.}

The Indian Womens Work is to cook the Victuals for the whole Family,

and to make Mats, Baskets, Girdles of Possum-Hair, and such-like.

They never plant the Corn amongst us, as they do amongst the Iroquois,

{Iroquois great Warriours.} who are always at War and Hunting;

therefore, the Plantation Work is left for the Women and Slaves to perform,

and look after; whilst they are wandring all over the Continent

betwixt the two Bays of Mexico and St. Laurence.

{Mats how made.}

The Mats the Indian Women make, are of Rushes, and about five Foot high,

and two Fathom long, and sew'd double, that is, two together;

whereby they become very commodious to lay under our Beds,

or to sleep on in the Summer Season in the Day-time, and for our Slaves

in the Night.

There are other Mats made of Flags, which the Tuskeruro Indians make,

and sell to the Inhabitants.

{Baskets.}

The Baskets our Neighbouring Indians make, are all made of a very fine

sort of Bulrushes, and sometimes of Silk-grass, which they work

with Figures of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, &c.

A great way up in the Country, both Baskets and Mats are made

of the split Reeds, which are only the outward shining Part of the Cane.

Of these I have seen Mats, Baskets, and Dressing-Boxes,

very artificially done.

{Indian Wives.}

The Savage Women of America, have very easy Travail with their Children;

sometimes they bring Twins, and are brought to bed by themselves,

when took at a Disadvantage; not but that they have Midwives amongst them,

as well as Doctors, who make it their Profession (for Gain)

to assist and deliver Women, and some of these Midwives are very knowing

in several Medicines that Carolina affords, which certainly expedite,

and make easy Births. Besides, they are unacquainted with those severe Pains

which follow the Birth in our European Women. Their Remedies

are a great Cause of this Easiness in that State; for the Indian Women

will run up and down the Plantation, the same day, very briskly,

and without any sign of Pain or Sickness; yet they look very meager and thin.

Not but that we must allow a great deal owing to the Climate,

and the natural Constitution of these Women, whose Course of Nature

never visits them in such Quantities, as the European Women have.

And tho' they never want Plenty of Milk, yet I never saw an Indian Woman

with very large Breasts; neither does the youngest Wife ever fail of proving

so good a Nurse, as to bring her Child up free from the Rickets and Disasters

that proceed from the Teeth, with many other Distempers

which attack our Infants in England, and other Parts of Europe.

{Nurse Children how.} They let their Children suck till they are well grown,

unless they prove big with Child sooner. They always nurse

their own Children themselves, unless Sickness or Death prevents.

I once saw a Nurse hired to give Suck to an Indian Woman's Child,

which you have in my Journal. After Delivery, they absent

the Company of a Man for forty days. As soon as the Child is born,

they wash it in cold Water at the next Stream, and then bedawb it,

as I have mention'd before. {Cradle.} After which, the Husband takes care

to provide a Cradle, which is soon made, consisting of a Piece of flat Wood,

which they hew with their Hatchets to the Likeness of a Board; it is about

two Foot long, and a Foot broad; to this they brace and tie the Child down

very close, having, near the middle, a Stick fasten'd about two Inches

from the Board, which is for the Child's Breech to rest on,

under which they put a Wad of Moss, that receives the Child's Excrements,

by which means they can shift the Moss, and keep all clean and sweet.

Some Nations have very flat Heads, as you have heard in my Journal,

which is made whilst tied on this Cradle, as that Relation informs you.

These Cradles are apt to make the Body flat; yet they are

the most portable things that can be invented; for there is a String

which goes from one Corner of the Board to the other,

whereby the Mother flings her Child on her Back; so the Infant's Back

is towards hers, and its Face looks up towards the Sky. If it rains,

she throws her Leather or Woollen Match-coat, over her Head,

which covers the Child all over, and secures her and it

from the Injuries of rainy Weather. The Savage Women quit all Company,

and dress not their own Victuals, during their Purgations.

After they have had several Children, they grow strangely out of Shape

in their Bodies; As for Barrenness, I never knew any of their Women,

that have not Children when marry'd.

{Indian Womens Habit.}

The Womens Dress is, in severe Weather, a hairy Match-coat

in the Nature of a Plad, which keeps out the Cold, and (as I said before)

defends their Children from the Prejudices of the Weather. At other times,

they have only a sort of Flap or Apron containing two Yards in Length,

and better than half a Yard deep. Sometimes, it is a Deer-Skin dress'd white,

and pointed or slit at the bottom, like Fringe. When this is clean,

it becomes them very well. Others wear blue or red Flaps

made of Bays and Plains, which they buy of the English, of both which

they tuck in the Corners, to fasten the Garment, and sometimes make it fast

with a Belt. All of them, when ripe, have a small String round the Waste,

to which another is tied and comes between their Legs, where always

is a Wad of Moss against the Os pubis; but never any Hair

is there to be found: Sometimes, they wear Indian Shooes, or Moggizons,

which are made after the same manner, as the Mens are.

The Hair of their Heads is made into a long Roll like a Horses Tail,

and bound round with Ronoak or Porcelan, which is a sort of Beads

they make of the Conk-Shells. Others that have not this,

make a Leather-String serve.

{Indian Mens Habit.}

The Indian Men have a Match-Coat of Hair, Furs, Feathers, or Cloth,

as the Women have. Their Hair is roll'd up, on each Ear, as the Womens,

only much shorter, and oftentimes a Roll on the Crown of the Head, or Temples,

which is just as they fancy; there being no Strictness in their Dress.

Betwixt their Legs comes a Piece of Cloth, that is tuck'd in by a Belt

both before and behind. This is to hide their Nakedness,

of which Decency they are very strict Observers, although never practised

before the Christians came amongst them. They wear Shooes,

of Bucks, and sometimes Bears Skin, which they tan in an Hour or two;

with the Bark of Trees boil'd, wherein they put the Leather whilst hot,

and let it remain a little while, whereby it becomes so qualify'd,

as to endure Water and Dirt, without growing hard. These have no Heels,

and are made as fit for the Feet, as a Glove is for the Hand,

and are very easie to travel in, when one is a little us'd to them.

{Indians washing in the River.} When these Savages live near the Water,

they frequent the Rivers in Summer-time very much, where both Men and Women

very often in a day go in naked to wash themselves, though not

both Sexes together.

{Match-Coats how made.}

Their Feather Match-Coats are very pretty, especially some of them,

which are made extraordinary charming, containing several pretty Figures

wrought in Feathers, making them seem like a fine Flower Silk-Shag;

and when new and fresh, they become a Bed very well, instead of a Quilt.

Some of another sort are made of Hare, Raccoon, Bever, or Squirrel-Skins,

which are very warm. Others again are made of the green Part

of the Skin of a Mallard's Head, which they sew perfectly well together,

their Thread being either the Sinews of a Deer divided very small,

or Silk-Grass. When these are finish'd, they look very finely,

though they must needs be very troublesome to make. Some of their great Men,

as Rulers and such, that have Plenty of Deer Skins by them,

will often buy the English-made Coats, which they wear

on Festivals and other Days of Visiting. Yet none ever buy any Breeches,

saying, that they are too much confin'd in them, which prevents their Speed

in running, &c.

We have some Indians, that are more civilized than the rest,

which wear Hats, Shooes, Stockings, and Breeches, with very tolerable

Linnen Shirts, which is not common amongst these Heathens.

The Paspitank Indians did formerly keep Cattle, and make Butter.

{Civiliz'd Indians. Hatteras Indians.}

These are them that wear the English Dress. Whether they

have Cattle now or no, I am not certain; but I am of the Opinion,

that such Inclinations in the Savages should meet with Encouragement,

and every Englishman ought to do them Justice, and not defraud them

of their Land, which has been allotted them formerly by the Government;

for if we do not shew them Examples of Justice and Vertue,

we can never bring them to believe us to be a worthier Race of Men

than themselves.

The Dresses of these People are so different, according to

the Nation that they belong to, that it is impossible to recount

all the whimsical Figures that they sometimes make by their Antick Dresses.

Besides, Carolina is a warm Country, and very mild in its Winters,

to what Virginia, Maryland, Pensylvania, New-York, the Jerseys,

and New-England are; wherefore, our Indians Habit very much differs

from the Dresses that appear amongst the Savages who inhabit

those cold Countries; in regard their chiefest Cloathing for the Winter-Season

is made of the Furs of Bever, Raccoon, and other Northern Furs,

that our Climate is not acquainted withal, they producing some Furs,

as the Monack, Moor, Marten, Black Fox, and others to us unknown.

{Painting for War.}

Their Dress in Peace and War, is quite different. Besides,

when they go to War, their Hair is comb'd out by the Women,

and done over very much with Bears Grease, and red Root;

with Feathers, Wings, Rings, Copper, and Peak, or Wampum in their Ears.

Moreover, they buy Vermillion of the Indian Traders, wherewith they paint

their Faces all over red, and commonly make a Circle of Black about one Eye,

and another Circle of White about the other, whilst others bedawb their Faces

with Tobacco-Pipe Clay, Lamp-black, black Lead, and divers other Colours,

which they make with the several sorts of Minerals and Earths

that they get in different Parts of the Country, where they hunt and travel.

When these Creatures are thus painted, they make the most frightful Figures

that can be imitated by Men, and seem more like Devils than Humane Creatures.

You may be sure, that they are about some Mischief, when you see them

thus painted; for in all the Hostilities which have ever been acted

against the English at any time, in several of the Plantations of America,

the Savages always appear'd in this Disguize, whereby they might never after

be discover'd, or known by any of the Christians that should happen

to see them after they had made their Escape; for it is impossible,

ever to know an Indian under these Colours, although he has been

at your House a thousand times, and you know him, at other times,

as well as you do any Person living. As for their Women, they never use

any Paint on their Faces; neither do they ever carry them along with them

into the Field, when they intend any Expedition, leaving them at home

with the old Men and Children.

{Ear Bobs.}

Some of the Indians wear great Bobs in their Ears, and sometimes

in the Holes thereof they put Eagles and other Birds, Feathers, for a Trophy.

When they kill any Fowl, they commonly pluck off the downy Feathers,

and stick them all over their Heads. Some (both Men and Women)

wear great Necklaces of their Money made of Shells. They often wear

Bracelets made of Brass, and sometimes of Iron Wire.

{Indian Money.}

Their Money is of different sorts, but all made of Shells,

which are found on the Coast of Carolina, which are very large and hard,

so that they are very difficult to cut. Some English Smiths

have try'd to drill this sort of Shell-Money, and thereby thought

to get an Advantage; but it prov'd so hard, that nothing could be gain'd.

They oftentimes make, of this Shell, a sort of Gorge, which they wear

about their Neck in a string; so it hangs on their Collar,

whereon sometimes is engraven a Cross, or some odd sort of Figure,

which comes next in their Fancy. There are other sorts valued at a Doe-Skin,

yet the Gorges will sometimes sell for three or four Buck-Skins ready drest.

There be others, that eight of them go readily for a Doe Skin;

but the general and current Species of all the Indians in Carolina,

and, I believe, all over the Continent, as far as the Bay of Mexico,

is that which we call Peak, and Ronoak; but Peak more especially.

This is that which at New-York, they call Wampum, and have used it

as current Money amongst the Inhabitants for a great many Years.

This is what many Writers call Porcelan, and is made at New-York

in great Quantities, and with us in some measure. Five Cubits of this

purchase a dress'd Doe-Skin, and seven or eight purchase a dress'd Buck-Skin.

An English-man could not afford to make so much of this Wampum

for five or ten times the Value; for it is made out of a vast great Shell,

of which that Country affords Plenty; where it is ground smaller

than the small End of a Tobacco-Pipe, or a large Wheat-Straw.

Four or five of these make an Inch, and every one is to be drill'd through,

and made as smooth as Glass, and so strung, as Beads are,

and a Cubit of the Indian Measure contains as much in Length,

as will reach from the Elbow to the End of the little Finger.

They never stand to question, whether it is a tall Man, or a short one,

that measures it; but if this Wampum Peak be black or purple,

as some Part of that Shell is, then it is twice the Value. This the Indians

grind on Stones and other things, till they make it current,

but the Drilling is the most difficult to the English-men,

which the Indians manage with a Nail stuck in a Cane or Reed.

Thus they roll it continually on their Thighs, with their Right-hand,

holding the Bit of Shell with their Left, so in time they drill a Hole

quite through it, which is a very tedious Work; but especially in making

their Ronoak, four of which will scarce make one Length of Wampum.

The Indians are a People that never value their time,

so that they can afford to make them, and never need to fear

the English will take the Trade out of their Hands. This is the Money

with which you may buy Skins, Furs, Slaves, or any thing the Indians have;

it being the Mammon (as our Money is to us) that entices and persuades them

to do any thing, and part with every thing they possess,

except their Children for Slaves. As for their Wives, they are often sold,

and their Daughters violated for it. With this they buy off Murders;

and whatsoever a Man can do that is ill, this Wampum will quit him of,

and make him, in their Opinion, good and vertuous, though never

so black before.

{Indians how named.}

All the Indians give a Name to their Children, which is not the same

as the Father or Mother, but what they fancy. This Name they keep,

(if Boys) till they arrive to the Age of a Warriour, which is

sixteen or seventeen Years; then they take a Name to themselves, sometimes,

Eagle, Panther, Allegator, or some such wild Creature;

esteeming nothing on Earth worthy to give them a Name,

but these Wild-Fowl, and Beasts. Some again take the Name of a Fish,

which they keep as long as they live.

{Indian King and Counsellors. Every Town a Ruler,

yet one over all the Nation.}

The King is the Ruler of the Nation, and has others under him, to assist him,

as his War-Captains, and Counsellors, who are pick'd out and chosen

from among the ancientest Men of the Nation he is King of.

These meet him in all general Councils and Debates, concerning War, Peace,

Trade, Hunting, and all the Adventures and Accidents of Humane Affairs,

which appear within their Verge; where all Affairs are discoursed of

and argued pro and con, very deliberately (without making

any manner of Parties or Divisions) for the Good of the Publick;

for, as they meet there to treat, they discharge their Duty

with all the Integrity imaginable, never looking towards their Own Interest,

before the Publick Good. After every Man has given his Opinion,

that which has most Voices, or, in Summing up, is found the most reasonable,

that they make use of without any Jars and Wrangling, and put it in Execution,

the first Opportunity that offers.

{Succession how.}

The Succession falls not to the King's Son, but to his Sister's Son,

which is a sure way to prevent Impostors in the Succession.

Sometimes they poison the Heir to make way for another,

which is not seldom done, when they do not approve of the Youth

that is to succeed them. The King himself is commonly chief Doctor

in that Cure.

They are so well versed in Poison, that they are often found to poison

whole Families; nay, most of a Town; and which is most to be admired,

they will poison a running Spring, or Fountain of Water,

so that whosoever drinks thereof, shall infallible die.

When the Offender is discover'd, his very Relations urge for Death,

whom nothing will appease, but the most cruel Torment imaginable,

which is executed in the most publick Manner that it's possible

to act such a Tragedy in. For all the whole Nation, and all the Indians

within a hundred Mile (if it is possible to send for them) are summon'd

to come and appear at such a Place and Time, to see and rejoyce at

the Torments and Death of such a Person, who is the common and profess'd Enemy

to all the friendly Indians thereabouts, who now lies under

the Condemnation of the whole Nation, and accordingly is to be put to Death.

Then all appear (young and old) from all the adjacent Parts,

and meet, with all the Expressions of Joy, to consummate

this horrid and barbarous Feast, which is carried on after this dismal Manner.

{Poisoning Indians how punished.} First, they bring the Prisoner

to the Place appointed for the Execution, where he is set down on his Breech

on the Ground. Then they all get about him, and you shall not see

one sorrowful or dejected Countenance amongst them, but all

very merrily dispos'd, as if some Comedy was to be acted,

instead of a Tragedy. He that is appointed to be the chief Executioner,

takes a Knife, and bids him hold out his Hands, which he does,

and then cuts round the Wrist through the Skin, which is drawn off

like a Glove, and flead quite off at the Fingers Ends; then they break

his Joints and Bones, and buffet and torment him after a very inhumane Manner,

till some violent Blow perhaps ends his Days; then they burn him to Ashes,

and throw them down the River. Afterwards they eat, drink and are merry,

repeating all the Actions of the Tormentors and the Prisoner,

with a great deal of Mirth and Satisfaction. This Accusation is laid

against an Indian Heroe sometimes wrongfully, or when they have a mind

to get rid of a Man that has more Courage and Conduct than his neighbouring

Kings or great Men; then they alledge the Practice of poisoning Indians

against him, and make a Rehearsal of every Indian that died

for a year or two, and say, that they were poison'd by such an Indian;

which Reports stir up all the Relations of the deceased

against the said Person, and by such means make him away presently.

In some Affairs, these Savages are very reserv'd and politick,

and will attend a long time with a great deal of Patience,

to bring about their Designs; they being never impatient or hasty

in executing any of their Designs of Revenge.

Now I am gone so far in giving an Account of the Indians Temper,

I will proceed; and can give you no other Character of them,

but that they are a very wary People, and are never hasty or impatient.

They will endure a great many Misfortunes, Losses, and Disapointments

without shewing themselves, in the least, vex'd or uneasy.

When they go by Water, if there proves a Head-Wind, they never vex and fret,

as the Europeans do, and let what Misfortune come to them,

as will or can happen, they never relent. Besides, there is one Vice

very common every where, which I never found amongst them,

which is Envying other Mens Happiness, because their Station is not equal to,

or above, their Neighbours. Of this Sin I cannot say I ever saw an Example,

though they are a People that set as great a Value upon themselves,

as any sort of Men in the World; upon which Account they find something

Valuable in themselves above Riches. Thus, he that is a good Warriour,

is the proudest Creature living; and he that is an expert Hunter, is esteem'd

by the People and himself; yet all these are natural Vertues and Gifts,

and not Riches, which are as often in the Possession of a Fool as a Wise-man.

Several of the Indians are possess'd of a great many Skins, Wampum,

Ammunition, and what other things are esteem'd Riches amongst them;

yet such an Indian is no more esteem'd amongst them, than any other

ordinary Fellow, provided he has no personal Endowments, which are

the Ornaments that must gain him an Esteem among them; for a great Dealer,

amongst the Indians, is no otherwise respected and esteemed,

than as a Man that strains his Wits, and fatigues himself, to furnish others

with Necessaries of Life, that live much easier and enjoy more of the World,

than he himself does, with all his Pelf. {Indians not afraid to die.}

If they are taken Captives, and expect a miserable Exit, they sing;

if Death approach them in Sickness, they are not afraid of it;

nor are ever heard to say, Grant me some time. They know by Instinct,

and daily Example, that they must die; wherefore, they have

that great and noble Gift, to submit to every thing that happens,

and value nothing that attacks them.

Their Cruelty to their Prisoners of War is what they are seemingly

guilty of an Error in, (I mean as to a natural Failing) because they strive

to invent the most inhumane Butcheries for them, that the Devils themselves

could invent, or hammer out of Hell; they esteeming Death no Punishment,

but rather an Advantage to him, that is exported out of this

into another World.

{Indians Cruelty to Prisoners of War.}

Therefore, they inflict on them Torments, wherein they prolong Life

in that miserable state as long as they can, and never miss Skulping of them,

as they call it, which is, to cut off the Skin from the Temples,

and taking the whole Head of Hair along with it, as if it was a Night-cap.

Sometimes, they take the Top of the Skull along with it; all which

they preserve, and carefully keep by them, for a Trophy of their Conquest

over their Enemies. Others keep their Enemies Teeth, which are taken in War,

whilst others split the Pitch-Pine into Splinters, and stick them

into the Prisoners Body yet alive. Thus they light them, which burn like

so many Torches; and in this manner, they make him dance round a great Fire,

every one buffeting and deriding him, till he expires, when every one

strives to get a Bone or some Relick of this unfortunate Captive.

One of the young Fellows, that has been at the Wars, and has had the Fortune

to take a Captive, returns the proudest Creature on Earth,

and sets such a Value on himself, that he knows not how to contain himself

in his Senses. The Iroquois, or Sinnagers, are the most Warlike Indians

that we know of, being always at War, and not to be persuaded

from that Way of Living, by any Argument that can be used.

If you go to persuade them to live peaceably with the Tuskeruros,

and let them be one People, and in case those Indians desire it,

and will submit to them, they will answer you, that they cannot live

without War, which they have ever been used to; and that if Peace be made

with the Indians they now war withal, they must find out some others

to wage War against; for, for them to live in Peace, is to live

out of their Element, War, Conquest, and Murder, being what they delight in,

and value themselves for. {Indians flea and cut off part of the Feet.}

When they take a Slave, and intend to keep him to Work in their Fields,

they flea the Skin from the Setting on of his Toes to the middle of his Foot,

so cut off one half of his Feet, wrapping the Skin over the Wounds,

and healing them. By this cruel Method, the Indian Captive is hinder'd

from making his Escape, for he can neither run fast or go any where,

but his Feet are more easily traced and discover'd. Yet I know one Man

who made his Escape from them, tho' they had thus disabled him,

as you may see in my Journal.

The Indians ground their Wars on Enmity, not on Interest, as the Europeans

generally do; for the Loss of the meanest Person in the Nation,

they will go to War and lay all at Stake, and prosecute their Design

to the utmost; till the Nation they were injur'd by, be wholly destroy'd,

or make them that Satisfaction which they demand. They are very politick,

in waging, and carrying on their War, first by advising with

all the ancient Men of Conduct and Reason, that belong to their Nation;

such as superannuated War-Captains, and those that have been Counsellors

for many Years, and whose Advice has commonly succeeded very well.

They have likewise their Field Counsellors, who are accustomed to Ambuscades,

and Surprizes, which Methods are commonly used by the Savages;

for I scarce ever heard of a Field-Battle fought amongst them.

One of their Expeditions afforded an Instance, worthy mention,

which was thus; Two Nations of Indians here in Carolina

were at War together, and a Party of each were in the Forest

ranging to see what Enemies they could take. The lesser Number

found they were discover'd, and could not well get over a River

(that lay betwixt them and their home) without engaging the other Party,

whose Numbers were much the greater; so they call'd a Council,

which met, and having weigh'd their present Circumstances

with a great deal of Argument and Debate, for a considerable time,

and found their Enemies Advantage, and that they could expect no Success

in Engaging such an unequal Number; they, at last, concluded on

this Stratagem, which, in my Opinion, carried a great deal of Policy

along with it. {Indian Politicks.} It was, That the same Night,

they should make a great Fire, which they were certain would be discover'd

by the adverse Party, and there dress up Logs of Wood in their Cloaths,

and make them exactly seem like Indians, that were asleep by the Fireside;

(which is their Way, when in the Woods) so, said they, our Enemies will fire

upon these Images, supposing them to be us, who will lie in Ambuscade,

and, after their Guns are unloaded, shall deal well enough with them.

This Result was immediately put in Execution, and the Fire was made

by the side of a Valley, where they lay perdu very advantageously.

Thus, a little before Break of Day, (which commonly is the Hour

they surprize their Enemies in) the Indians came down to their Fire,

and at once fired in upon those Logs in the Indians Cloaths,

and run up to them, expecting they had kill'd every Man dead;

but they found themselves mistaken, for then the other Indians,

who had lain all the Night stark-naked in the Bottom, attack'd them

with their loaded Pieces, which so surprized them, that every Man

was taken Prisoner, and brought in bound to their Town.

Another Instance was betwixt the Machapunga Indians, and the Coranine's,

on the Sand-Banks; which was as follows. {Machapunga King Charles.}

The Machapungas were invited to a Feast, by the Coranines;

(which two Nations had been a long time at War together,

and had lately concluded a Peace.) Thereupon, the Machapunga Indians

took the Advantage of coming to the Coranines Feast, which was

to avoid all Suspicion, and their King, who, of a Savage,

is a great Politician and very stout, order'd all his Men

to carry their Tamahauks along with them, hidden under their Match-Coats,

which they did; and being acquainted when to fall on, by the Word given,

they all (upon this Design) set forward for the Feast, and came to

the Coranine Town, where they had gotten Victuals, Fruit,

and such things as make an Indian Entertainment, all ready

to make these new Friends welcome, which they did; and, after Dinner,

towards the Evening, (as it is customary amongst them) they went to Dancing,

all together; so when the Machapunga King saw the best Opportunity offer,

he gave the Word, and his Men pull'd their Tamahauks or Hatchets

from under their Match-Coats, and kill'd several, and took the rest Prisoners,

except some few that were not present, and about four or five that escap'd.

The Prisoners they sold Slaves to the English. At the time this was done,

those Indians had nothing but Bows and Arrows, neither side having Guns.

The Indians are very revengeful, and never forget an Injury done,

till they have receiv'd Satisfaction. Yet they are the freest People

from Heats and Passions (which possess the Europeans) of any

I ever heard of. {Drunkenness in Indians.} They never call any Man

to account for what he did, when he was drunk; but say, it was the Drink

that caused his Misbehaviour, therefore he ought to be forgiven:

They never frequent a Christian's House that is given to Passion,

nor will they ever buy or sell with him, if they can get

the same Commodities of any other Person; for they say,

such Men are mad Wolves, and no more Men.

{Indians not Jealous.}

They know not what Jealousy is, because they never think

their Wives are unconstant, unless they are Eye-witnesses thereof.

They are generally very bashful, especially the young Maids,

who when they come into a strange Cabin, where they are not acquainted,

never ask for any thing, though never so hungry or thirsty,

but sit down, without speaking a Word (be it never so long)

till some of the House asks them a Question, or falls into Discourse,

with the Stranger. I never saw a Scold amongst them, and to their Children

they are extraordinary tender and indulgent; neither did I ever see

a Parent correct a Child, excepting one Woman, that was the King's Wife,

and she (indeed) did possess a Temper that is not commonly found amongst them.

{Indians Complements.} They are free from all manner of Compliments,

except Shaking of Hands, and Scratching on the Shoulder,

which two are the greatest Marks of Sincerity and Friendship,

that can be shew'd one to another. They cannot express fare you well;

but when they leave the House, will say, I go straightway,

which is to intimate their Departure; and if the Man of the House

has any Message to send by the going Man, he may acquaint him therewith.

Their Tongue allows not to say, Sir, I am your Servant;

because they have no different Titles for Man, only King, War-Captain,

Old Man, or Young Man, which respect the Stations and Circumstances

Men are employ'd in, and arriv'd to, and not Ceremony. As for Servant,

they have no such thing, except Slave, and their Dogs, Cats,

tame or domestick Beasts, and Birds, are call'd by the same Name:

For the Indian Word for Slave includes them all. So when an Indian

tells you he has got a Slave for you, it may (in general Terms, as they use)

be a young Eagle, a Dog, Otter, or any other thing of that Nature,

which is obsequiously to depend on the Master for its Sustenance.

{Indians not afraid of Spirits.}

They are never fearful in the Night, nor do the Thoughts of Spirits

ever trouble them; such as the many Hobgoblins and Bugbears that we suck in

with our Milk, and the Foolery of our Nurses and Servants suggest to us;

who by their idle Tales of Fairies, and Witches, make such Impressions

on our tender Years, that at Maturity, we carry Pigmies Souls,

in Giants Bodies, and ever after are thereby so much depriv'd of Reason,

and unman'd, as never to be Masters of half the Bravery

Nature design'd for us.

Not but that the Indians have as many Lying Stories

of Spirits and Conjurers, as any People in the World; but they tell it

with no Disadvantage to themselves; for the great Esteem

which the Old Men bring themselves to, is by making the others believe

their Familiarity with Devils and Spirits, and how great a Correspondence

they have therewith, which if it once gains Credit, they ever after are held

in the greatest Veneration imaginable, and whatever they after impose

upon the People, is receiv'd as infallible. They are so little startled

at the Thoughts of another World, that they not seldom murder themselves;

as for Instance, a Bear-River Indian, a very likely young Fellow,

about twenty Years of Age, whose Mother was angry at his drinking

of too much Rum, and chid him for it, thereupon reply'd,

he would have her satisfied, and he would do the like no more;

upon which he made his Words good; for he went aside, and shot himself dead.

This was a Son of the politick King of the Machapunga, I spoke of before,

and has the most Cunning of any Indian I ever met withal.

Most of the Savages are much addicted to Drunkenness, a Vice

they never were acquainted with, till the Christians came amongst them.

Some of them refrain drinking strong Liquors, but very few of that sort

are found amongst them. Their chief Liquor is Rum, without any Mixture.

This the English bring amongst them, and buy Skins, Furs,

Slaves and other of their Commodities therewith. They never are contented

with a little, but when once begun, they must make themselves quite drunk;

otherwise they will never rest, but sell all they have in the World,

rather than not have their full Dose. In these drunken Frolicks,

(which are always carried on in the Night) they sometimes murder one another,

fall into the Fire, fall down Precipices, and break their Necks,

with several other Misfortunes which this drinking of Rum brings upon them;

and tho' they are sensible of it, yet they have no Power

to refrain this Enemy. About five years ago, when Landgrave Daniel

was Governour, he summon'd in all the Indian Kings and Rulers to meet,

and in a full Meeting of the Government and Council, with those Indians,

they agreed upon a firm Peace, and the Indian Rulers desired

no Rum might be sold to them, which was granted, and a Law made,

that inflicted a Penalty on those that sold Rum to the Heathens;

but it was never strictly observ'd, and besides, the young Indians

were so disgusted at that Article, that they threatned to kill the Indians

that made it, unless it was laid aside, and they might have Rum sold them,

when they went to the Englishmens Houses to buy it.

Some of the Heathens are so very poor, that they have no Manner of Cloaths,

save a Wad of Moss to hide their Nakedness. These are either lusty

and will not work; otherwise, they are given to Gaming or Drunkenness;

yet these get Victuals as well as the rest, because that is common

amongst them. If they are caught in theft they are Slaves till they repay

the Person, (as I mention'd before) but to steal from the English

they reckon no Harm. Not but that I have known some few Savages

that have been as free from Theft as any of the Christians.

When they have a Design to lie with a Woman, which they cannot obtain

any otherwise than by a larger Reward than they are able to give,

they then strive to make her drunk, which a great many of them will be;

then they take the Advantage, to do with them what they please,

and sometimes in their Drunkenness, cut off their Hair and sell it

to the English, which is the greatest Affront can be offer'd them.

They never value Time; for if they be going out to hunt, fish,

or any other indifferent Business, you may keep them in talk

as long as you please, so you but keep them in Discourse, and seem pleased

with their Company; yet none are more expeditious and safer Messengers

than they, when any extraordinary Business that they are sent about

requires it.

{Not pass over a Tree.}

When they are upon travelling the Woods, they keep a constant Pace,

neither will they stride over a Tree that lies cross the Path, but always

go round it, which is quite contrary to the Custom of the English,

and other Europeans. {Cut with a Knife how. A Knife of Reed.}

When they cut with a Knife, the Edge is towards them, whereas we

always cut and whittle from us. {Not left-handed.} Nor did I ever see

one of them left-handed. {Get Fire how.} Before the Christians

came amongst them, not knowing the Use of Steel and Flints,

they got their Fire with Sticks, which by vehement Collision,

or Rubbing together, take Fire. This Method they will sometimes practise now,

when it has happen'd thro' rainy Weather, or some other Accident,

that they have wet their Spunk, which is a sort of soft corky Substance,

generally of a Cinnamon Colour, and grows in the concave part of an Oak,

Hiccory, and several other Woods, being dug out with an Ax,

and always kept by the Indians, instead of Tinder or Touch-wood,

both which it exceeds. You are to understand, that the two Sticks

they use to strike Fire withal, are never of one sort of Wood,

but always differ from each other.

They are expert Travellers, and though they have not the Use

of our artificial Compass, yet they understand the North-point exactly,

let them be in never so great a Wilderness. One Guide is a short Moss,

that grows upon some Trees, exactly on the North-Side thereof.