Fadda, Teoria della proprieta (1907).
Labriola, Sul fondamento della proprieta privata (1900).
Loria, La proprieta fondiaria e la questione sociale (1897).
Piccione, Concetto positivo del diritto di proprieta (1890).
Velardita, La proprieta secondo la sociologia (1898).
Grotius, De jure belli et pacis, II, 3, 1-5, II, 6, 1 and 14, Sec. 1.
Pufendorf, De jure naturae et gentium, IV, 4, Sec.Sec. 2-6, 14.
Locke, On Government, ch. 5.
Blackstone, Commentaries, II, 3-10.
Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgruende der Rechtslehre (2 ed.), Sec.Sec. 1, 6-7,
8, 10, 18-21.
Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Sec.Sec. 44, 46, 49.
Lorimer, Institutes of Law (2 ed.), 215 ff.
LECTURE VI
Ely, Property and Contract in Their Relation to the Distribution of
Wealth, II, 576-751.
Amos, Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence, ch. 11.
Herkless, Jurisprudence, ch. 12.
Kohler, Philosophy of Law, Albrecht's translation, 134-191.
De la Grasserie, Les principes sociologiques du droit civil, ch. 6.
Duguit, in Progress of the Law in the Nineteenth Century (Continental
Legal History Series, Vol. XI), 100-124.
Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgruende der Rechtslehre (2 ed.), Sec.Sec. 18-21.
Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Sec.Sec. 71-81.
Richte, Grundlage des Naturrechts, Sec.Sec. 18-20.
Williston, Contracts, I, Sec.Sec. 99-204.
Ames, The History of Assumpsit, 2 Harvard Law Review, 1, 53.
----, Two Theories of Consideration, 12 Harvard Law Review, 515; 13
Harvard Law Review, 29.
Beale, Notes on Consideration, 17 Harvard Law Review, 71.
Langdell, Mutual Promises as a Consideration for Each Other, 14
Harvard Law Review, 496.
Pollock, Afterthoughts on Consideration, 17 Law Quarterly Review, 415.
Hershey, Letters of Credit, 32 Harvard Law Review, 1.
Lorenzen, Causa and Consideration in the Law of Contracts, 28 Yale Law
Journal, 621.
Pound, Consideration in Equity, 13 Illinois Law Review, 667 (Wigmore
Celebration Essays, 435).
Index
Abstract promise 262, 263
Acquisition
by creation 195
by discovery 195, 201
by occupation 196, 211
civil 196-197
derivative 207
in Roman law 194-200
Kant's theory of 210-213
natural 195
things not subject to 197
Act, as basis of liability 158
Acting at one's peril 167, 178
Action
_de deiectis et diffusis_ 162
_de recepto_ 162
_in factum_ 160
_in personam_ 151
_noxal_ 162
Adjudication
administrative element in 122-123
steps in 100
Administration 108
adjustment with law 137
Administrative tribunals 130, 136
Ames, James Barr 178
Analogy, reasoning by 32
Analysis 53
Analytical application 123-125
reasoning 105
theory 53-54
Anglo-Saxon Law 148
Application of Law 100 ff.
agencies of individualizing 129-138
analytical 123-125
equitable 122, 126-129
historical 125-126
latitude of 120, 129
margin of 112
rules 142
theories of 123-129
Aquilian _culpa_ 156, 159, 162
Aquinas, St. Thomas 25-26
Aristotle 25, 38, 76, 82, 138
on application of law 109-110
threefold classification of governmental powers 15
Austin, John 172-174, 259
Bacon 258
Bailment 170, 270, 275
Bartolus 37
Baty, T. 166
Bentham 54, 84
Bergson 141
Bills of Rights 43, 53, 216
Binding 164
Blackstone 26, 180, 208, 268, 278
Buckland, W. W. 161
Callings, restrictions on engaging in 88
Camden, Lord 119
Canon law 252, 254
Carrier, liability of 186
Casuists 254
Catholic jurist-theologians 39
_Causa_ 259
_civilis_ 248, 250, 251
_debendi_ 251, 254, 255
Causation 162, 164
Certainty 142-143
Change, reconciliation with stability 30, 38
Cicero 27, 30, 31, 117
Civilization, as a measure of value 98
jural postulates of, 56, 169-179, 284
Civil law, 237-240
Classes, social, 91
Codification, 46-47, 139-140
Coke, Sir Edward, 133
Commentators, the, 37
Common Law, the, and legislation, 139-140
professional view as to, 278
types of delictal liability in, 168
Community property, 229
Composition, 149, 241-242
Compromises, 94-95
Conceptions, legal, 116
Conditions "implied in law", 259
Conduct, application of law to, 137-139
expectations arising from, 189
Consciousness, as starting point, 84
Consideration, 240, 258-259, 267, 268, 271-273, 278-279
adequacy of, 273-274
circumstances keeping doctrine alive, 278-282
in equity, 258-259, 277
meanings of, 276-277
meritorious, 259
Contract
analogy of real transactions, 242
Anglo-American law of, 257-259
anomalies in law of, 282
bargain theory of, 269, 271-273
by estoppel, 187
categories of, 248
civil-law enforcement of, 238-240
common-law categories of, 274-275
common-law enforcement of, 240
consensual, 249
equivalent theory of, 255-256, 257-259, 269, 273-277
Fichte's theory of, 261-262
formal, 245-271
Hegel's theory of, 263
historical background of law of, 241 ff.
historical category of, 172
historical theory of, 266-269
injurious-reliance theory of, 261
innominate, 249, 261
Kant's theory of, 261
metaphysical theories of, 260-265
natural-law theory of, 260
"natural principle of", 45-46
objective theory of, 264-265
oral, 282
philosophy of, 253
philosophical theories of, 241
positive theory of, 265
real, 249, 275
religious origins of, 242-247, 252
Roman categories of, 45, 253, 260, 266
Romanist theory of, 263-265
simple, 275
specific enforcement of, 238-240
Spencer's theory of, 265
subjective theory of, 271
theory of basis in personality, 263-265
theory of inherent moral force, 259-260, 261
third-party beneficiaries of, 273
will theory of, 264-265, 269-271, 281-282
_Corpus Iuris Canonici_, 252
Court and jury, 111
Courts, contest with Crown, 53
_Culpa_, 170, 175
abstract standard of, 177
concrete standard of, 178
contractual, 170
delictal, 170
Culpability 158
as basis of liability 184
fiction of 158, 178
Custody 222-223
D'Aguesseau 254
Debt 174, 244, 275
Defamation 280, 281
Delicts, equitable 159
historical category of 172
nominate 162, 169-170, 175
Demosthenes 22
_Depositum_ 249
Derivative acquisition 207
Derry v. Peek 281
Dicey, A. V. 184
Digest of Justinian 107
Discovery 195, 201
Discretion 117, 119, 129
margin of 132
of the chancellor 130-133
relation of to rule 112, 141-143
Dispensing power 113
Distributions, Statute of 142
Division of labor 56, 176, 191
Doctor and Student 252, 259
Doe, Chief Justice 185
_Dolus_ 156, 159, 169, 175
_Dominium_ 199, 225
Due care 170, 175
standard of 119-120
Duguit, L. 98, 232
Dumoulin 39
Dunedin, Lord 276
Duress 159
Duties 173
relational 85
Economic interpretation 66-67, 179-180
Eldon, Lord 47
Empiricism, judicial 34, 283
juristic 34
End of law 54, 59-99
as a measure of value 96
Greek conception of 74-77
ideals of as basis of juristic theories 71-72
keeping the peace as 72-74
maximum individual self-assertion as 84-87
medieval conception of 78-80
nineteenth-century conception of 83-85
preserving social _status quo_ as 74-81
rise of new ideas as to 87-99
Roman conception of 77-78
theories of 72-99
English juristic theory 64
Englishmen, common-law rights of 43, 53
Enterprises, conduct of 137-189
Equality 82-85
Equitable application of law 122, 126-129
Equities 121
Equity 28, 47, 57, 59, 117, 130-133, 137-138, 258-259, 271
and natural law 41, 102, 112, 114, 153, 178
of the tribunal 102
provision for a child as consideration in 272, 274
securing a creditor as consideration in 272
settlement on a wife as consideration in 272, 274
will not aid a volunteer 272
Ethical interpretation 266
_Familia_ 200
Fichte, theory of contract 261-262
Fictions 102-108, 115
dogmatic 179, 180, 274
of culpability 178-179
of negligence 179
of representation 166, 179
of undertaking 171
_Fiducia cum amico_ 249
Fifth Amendment 51
Finding law 100, 104-105
Form and intention 154-155
Formal contracts, 245, 271, 275
historical origin of, 245-247
Formal undertaking, 155
Forms in primitive thinking, 247-248
Formulas, elasticity of, 121
Fortescue, 38
Fourteenth Amendment, 51
Freedom of contract, 191, 265, 267-269
Freedom of industry, 191
French Civil Code, 48, 162, 163
law of delictal liability, 167-168
monarchy, legal theory under, 64
Functional attitude, 91
Generalizations, 145
General security, 72, 96, 149-150, 171, 175, 176, 179, 193, 282
how infringed, 177
Germanic law, 36, 41, 79, 251, 254
Gifts, reformation of, 273
Gloss, The, 37
Glossators, 40
Good faith, 153, 155, 157, 170
corollaries of, 188-189
Gray, J. C., 102
Greek city, problem of order in, 75
security of social institutions in, 75
Greek law, 20-27, 151, 175
Greek philosophers, conception of the end of law, 35, 74-77
conception of the nature of law, 81
conception of the general security, 74
on subjects of litigation, 97, 241
Grotius, 196, 205-207, 260
Hammurapi, 60
Hard bargains, 132
Hegel, 84, 216, 274
theory of contract, 262
theory of property, 214-216
Heraditus, 76
Hindu law, 226-227, 243-245
Hippodamus, 241
Historical application of law, 125-126
Historical categories, 172
Historical school, 279
Holmes, Mr. Justice, 166
Household, partition of, 226-227
Husband and wife, 188
matrimonial property regime, 229
_Hybris_, 77
Idealism, juridical, 41-42, 91
Idealistic interpretation, 266
_Imperium_, 199
"Implied" undertakings, 158, 171
Individual free self-assertion, 54
Individualization, 111, 113-114
by juries, 133-134
in criminal procedure, 138
in punitive justice, 134-135
judicial, 120-121
moral element in, 137
of penal treatment, 129-130
Individual life, 96
Inheritance, 139
Innkeeper, liability of, 186
Insult, 151
Intention, 189
as source of liability, 157
Interdependence, 56
Interdicts, 200
Interests, 89-90
compromises of, 94-95
delimitation of, 192
giving effect to, 90
group, 225
harmony of, 96
individual, in promised advantages, 236
intrinsic importance of, 95
inventory of, 90
of substance, 139, 237
recognition of, 90, 192
securing of 96, 97
valuing of 89, 95-99
weighing of 89, 94
Interpretation 51-52, 100
fiction of 102-108
genuine 105, 124
relation to law making 105
Jessel, Sir George 268
Judicial, contrasted with administrative 108
Jural postulates 169-179, 188, 192-193, 193-194, 237, 249, 284
Juridical idealism 41-42, 91
Jurisconsults 30, 43-44
Jurisprudence, problems of 111
Juristic theories, nature of 69
Jurists, metaphysical 52, 68
search for the more inclusive order 145
seventeenth and eighteenth-century 43-44
Jurist-theologians 39
Spanish 81-82, 83
Jury 129, 133-134
lawlessness of 138
_Jus_ 31
_Jus disponendi_ 221
Just, the, by nature or by convention 25, 27, 31, 55
Justice, Aristotle on 25, 77
definition of in the Institutes 77
executive 137
idea of 65
without law 102, 113
Justinian, Institutes of 77-78
Kant 84, 202, 219, 260
theory of contract 260-261
theory of property 210-214
Kenyon, Lord 47
Kin organization 74
_Laesio enormis_ 274
Langdell, C. C. 259
Law, adjustment with administration 137
and morals 27, 30, 41, 111, 112
application of 100 ff.
as an aggregate of rules 110
as a body of agreements 63
as a body of commands 64
as a body of divinely ordained rules 60
as a keeping of the peace 72-74
as a reflection of divine reason 63
as a system of principles 62, 66
as custom 61, 62
as declaratory of economic or social laws 67-68
as precepts discovered by experience 65
as recorded traditional wisdom 61
as restraint on liberty 60
as rules imposed by dominant class 66
as standing between the individual and society 53
as unfolding an idea of right 65
basis of authority of 19, 23-24, 27, 28-29, 38, 69-72
Byzantine theory of 110
distinguished from rules of law 24
elements of 115-116
end of 35-36, 59 ff.
effectiveness of 193
finding 100, 104-105
forms of 27-28
government of 136
historical theory of 65, 68
how far made 107-108
idea of self-sufficiency of 17, 67
judge made 35
jurist made 35
maturity of 48, 59, 102
merchant 155, 271, 275
nature of 59, 91, 111
nature of theories of 68-69
political theory of 68
restatement of the 282
science of 101
soft spots in the 282
theories of the nature of 60-68
Law making, judicial 105
presuppositions of 59
Legal standards 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141
Legal transactions 153
_bonae fidei_ 248
categories of 247
formal 249
_stricti iuris_ 248
Lending 150
Letters of credit 275, 276-277
_Lex_ 31
_Lex Aquilia_ 159
Liability, absolute 179
act as basis of 158, 182
analytical theory of 152-153
as corollary of fault 163-164, 166, 168, 181, 187, 283-284
basis of delictal 177
delictal 163, 167-169
elements of 162-163
employer's 163
fault as basis of 160, 163-164, 167
for cattle going on vacant lands 180-181
for injury by animal 163, 164, 180
for injury by child 159
for injury by minor 162
for injury by a _res ruinosa_ 162
for injury by slave 159
for intentional harm 168
for negligence 175, 180
for non-restraint of agencies 176
for tort, basis of 167
for tort, common-law theory of 168-169
for trespassing cattle 180
for unintended non-culpable harm 168
for unintentional culpable harm 168
for vicious animals 182, 186
from culpability 184
from legal transactions 187
fundamentals of 174
historical anomalies in 166, 179, 186
in French law 161-164
intention as basis of 157, 160
justifiable reliance as basis of 189
meaning of 147
natural sources of 156
noxal 159
of carrier 186
of innkeeper 159, 160, 186
of master of ship 159, 160
of stable keeper 159, 160
on "implied" terms of transaction 170
philosophical theories of 193-194
primitive grounds of 149-151
quasi-contractual 156
quasi-delictal 156
relational 186-188
to make restitution 187
theories of 148
will-theory of 157, 177, 179, 189
without fault 156, 162, 166, 177, 179
Liberty 84-85
idea of 65, 267
idea of as source of liability 157
law and 60
Locke, John 208
Lorimer, James 218
Louis IX 128
Magistrate, power of 112
Maine, Sir Henry 208
_Mala prohibita_ 26
Mandate 272
Mansfield, Lord 47, 260, 262, 273
Manu 60
Maturity of law 48, 59, 102
Maxims 34
Metaphysical jurists 92
_Metus_ 159
Middle Ages, conception of end of law in 78-80
idea of law in 77-81
juristic need in 36
Miller, W. G. 216-217
Mining customs 195
law 201, 222
Minos (pseudo-Platonic dialogue) 24
Mosaic law 60
_Mutuum_ 249
Narada 244
Nationalism in law 39
Natural, meaning of in philosophy of law 31-32
Natural law 25, 31, 35, 40, 41, 45-52, 55, 154, 166, 209, 253,
278, 280
American variant of 50
as a theory of growth 33-34
as deduced from "a free government" 52
as ideal critique 52
economic 205
theory of 42
Natural obligation 250
Natural reason 202
Natural rights 15, 42-43, 55, 83, 92-93, 146, 204, 205
historical-metaphysical theory of 52
theories of 44-45
to produce of labor 209
Nature, meaning of in Greek philosophy 31-32
state of 45
Necessary distinctions 172, 174
Negative community 207
Negligence 119-120, 165, 168, 177, 179, 270, 280
fiction of 179, 180
in speaking 280, 281
_per se_ 179
Neo-Hegelians 94, 98
Neo-Kantians 93, 98
New York, Code of Civil Procedure 105
_Nexum_ 249
_Nomos_, meanings of 22
Noxal liability 159
_Nudum pactum_ 246, 254, 273, 280
Oaths and vows 251
Obligation, civil 252
_ex contractu_ 146, 172
_ex delicto_ 146, 172, 174
_ex uariis causarum figuris_ 16, 172
meaning of 147
moral basis of 250
natural 250, 252-253
nature of 145
oaths as basis of 251-252
_quasi ex contractu_ 257
religious 244
will as basis of 250
Occupation 196, 211
as a legal transaction 213-214
Office or calling, duties attached to 173
Options 272, 274
Ownership, analytical theory of 222-224
development of the idea of 221-231
dogma that everything must be owned 199
things excluded from 199
_Pacta donationis_ 272
Pacts 248, 250, 261, 275
Partition 226-227, 228
Part performance 282
Paul, St. 77
_Peculium_ 227-228
_Pecunia credita_ 249
_Pedis possessio_ 222
Penal treatment, individualizing of 129-130
Penalty, for delict 149
of reparation 149
Personal government 135-136
Personality 191
Pessimism, juristic 57
Petty courts 130, 138
Philosophers, attempt to unify law and law making 19
attempt to reconcile authority with need of change 19
quest for an ultimate solving idea 19
Philosophical thinking, achievements of in law 16-18
as a force in administration of justice 16
needs determining as to law 18
possibilities of in law of contracts 284
Plato 24, 76
Pledge 251
Political interpretation 266
Positivism 54-56
Possession 233-234
Post-Glossators 37
Pothier 45
Primitive law 72-74
faith of in verbal formulas 154
Primogeniture 50
Principles 34, 53, 116
Procedure 111
Proculians 196
Promised advantages 191
Promises, abstract 255, 262, 263
an element in wealth 236
exchange of 254
"from ostentation" 256, 280, 281
moral duty to keep 262
philosophical theory of enforcing 283
simple 275
theories of enforcing 269-276
theory of inherent force of 259-260
Promissory oath 150-151, 251
Property, acquisition of 194-200, 204
analytical theory of 221-224
basis in creation 209
basis in division by agreement 205
basis in economic nature of man 205, 209
community 229
effectiveness of law as to 193
Grotius' theory of 205-207
Hegel's theory of 214-216
historical development of law of 224-232
historical theory of 219, 221-232
household 226-227, 229
inequalities in 215, 221
in natural media of life 201-202
jural postulates of 193, 194
Kant's theory of 210-214
law of 141
Lorimer's theory of 218
medieval theory of 202
metaphysical theories of 210-218
modes of acquiring 194-202
"natural" acquisition of 195
natural-law theories of 204-210
natural limits of right of 195
negative community in 207
philosophical theories of 194 ff.
positive theory of 219-221
psychological theory of 209, 23, 234
restrictions on appropriation of 88
restrictions on use and disposition of 87-88
self-acquired 227-228
seventeenth-century theory of 202
socialization of 233
social-utilitarian theory of 225
sociological theories of 232
Spencer's theory of 219
theories of 202-225
theory of in Anglo-American law 208
theory of in antiquity 202
things not subject to 197
titles to 195-197, 211
twentieth-century theories of 232
Protestant jurist-theologians 39
Psychology 90, 94, 279-280
Publicists, French 110
Public utilities 117, 136
exemption of from competition 88-89
power to contract 187
Pufendorf 207-208
Punitive justice 111
individualization of 134-135
Quasi-delict 161, 162
_Ratio legis_, doctrine of 32, 46
Reason, excessive faith in 39, 46-47
Reform movement, legislative 47, 85
Relations 171
duties attached to 173
economic value of 192
interference with 192
legal protection of 193
Release 272, 274
Religion 242 ff.
Reparation 149
Representation 179
_Res communes_ 197, 198, 199, 207, 210
_extra commercium_ 197, 201, 216, 217
_ipsa loquitur_ 180, 185-186
_nullius_ 199, 205
_publicae_ 198, 210
_religipsae_ 198
_ruinosa_ 162-163
_sacrae_ 198
_sanctae_ 198
Responsibility at one's peril 167
Right, idea of 65
natural and conventional 15, 25-26, 31
Rights, _in personam_ 146
_in rem_ 147
Roman conception of end of law 77-78
jurisconsults 30, 43
Roman law 26, 36, 41, 45, 105-106, 145, 151, 155, 170, 173-174,
195, 199, 200, 225, 228, 245-250, 254, 275
as basis of medieval law 40
as basis of law in XVII and XVIII centuries 41
contribution of to legal philosophy 36
Rousseau 214
Rules 115-116
adapted to commercial transactions 141
adapted to property 141
and discretion 141-143
application of 142
as guides 121
mechanical application of 142-143
Rylands v. Fletcher 168, 182-186
Sabinians 196
Sale 249
Satisfaction of wants, as an ideal 98-99
Savigny, F. C. von 213
Scholastic philosophy 36
permanent contribution of 38
Seals 240, 271, 275
contract under seal 255
Security of transactions 193, 237
Seisin 225
Self help 73
Seller's talk 280
Separation of powers 102-103, 107
Set off 250
Social contract 204
Social control 99, 225
Social engineering 99
Social ideal 56
as a measure of values 98
Social interdependence 232
as a measure of values 98
Social interests 99
in peace and order 148
in security of transactions 237
Social laws 54-55
Social order, feudal 79-80
idealized form of the 35
static 85
Social sciences, unification of 91
Social status quo, as end of law 35-36
Social utilitarianism 92-98
Socialists 209
Society, Greek conception of 79
jural postulates of civilized 169-179
kin-organized 73-74
medieval conception of 79
Sociology 94
_Sophrosyne_ 77
Sovereignty, Byzantine theory of 40
Specification 195
Specific performance 131-132, 238-240
Spencer, Herbert 84, 97, 201, 265
his law of equal freedom 219
his theory of property 219-221
Spirit and letter 154
Standards, legal 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141
_Stare decisis_ 140
Status to contract 266
Statute of Frauds 282
Statute of Uses 277
Stipulation 246
of counsel 273, 274
Stoics 197
Strict law 33, 101, 112-113, 153, 155, 165, 280
Substance, interests of 139, 225
Super constitution 15, 51
Symbols 248
Teleology, legal 92
Theories of law, elements in 70-71
Third-party beneficiaries 273
Title, by creation 195
by discovery 195
by occupation 196, 211
"natural" 195
"Tort of negligence" 105
Torts 283
development of liability for 164-167
generalization of liability for 167
law of 117, 167
nominate 164, 165, 170, 175, 283
_Traditio_ 249
Trust, constructive 173
gratuitous declaration of 272, 274
Twelve Tables 249
Unjust enrichment 173, 187
Utilitarians 267, 268
Utility 53
Value, criteria of 89, 95-99
Vrihaspati 243
Waiver 272, 274
Wants, as juristic starting point 89-90
limitations on satisfaction of 97-98
satisfaction of 89-90
Warranties 174, 249
Whale fishing 195
Will, as basis of liability 157, 169
as basis of obligation 250
as juristic starting point 84, 89
Will theory 189
of contract 264-265
Williston, S. 282
Wills, harmonizing of 84, 90, 92-93
Workman's compensation 167
STORRS LECTURES
PUBLISHED BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
THE REFORM OF LEGAL PROCEDURE. By Moorfield Storey.
THE JUDICIARY AND THE PEOPLE. By Frederick N. Judson.
CONCERNING JUSTICE. By Lucilius A. Emery.
WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE BY CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. By Henry
St. George Tucker.
THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS. By Benjamin N. Cardozo.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.
2. The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version
these letters have been replaced with transliterations.
3. The following misprints have been corrected:
"predicability" corrected to "predictability" (page 33)
"Aristole" corrected to "Aristotle" (page 313)
4. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies
in spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation have been retained.