THE SIEGE OF EXETER.
On the summit of the hill that rises steeply from the left bank of
the River Exe, and is crowned with the capital of Devon, some of the
burghers of Exeter might have been met with, one spring day in 1470,
gossiping about the king and Lord Warwick, and making observations on
several hundreds of armed men, who, not without lance, and plume, and
pennon, were escorting a youthful dame, of patrician aspect and stately
bearing, toward the city gates. The mayor and aldermen were, probably,
the reverse of delighted with the appearance of these fighting men.
Indeed, the warlike strangers were adherents of Warwick and Clarence,
escorting the young duchess who was daughter of one and wife of the
other; and at that time, as was well known, both "The Stout Earl"
and the fickle duke were at enmity with King Edward. The citizens of
Exeter, however, made a virtue of necessity, and cheerfully enough
admitted within their walls those whom they had not the power to
exclude.
At that time Isabel, Duchess of Clarence, was about to become, under
mortifying circumstances, the mother of a son "born to perpetual
calamity;" but, however delicate her situation, Lord Warwick's
daughter, reared in the midst of civil strife, was probably less
troubled than might be imagined with uneasiness as to the present or
apprehension as to the future, as, with all honors due to her rank, she
was conducted to the palace of the Bishop of Exeter.
The Duchess of Clarence soon had need of her hereditary courage; for
she had scarcely been lodged in the bishop's palace, and the lords who
attended her in the houses of the canons, when Sir Hugh Courtenay,
sheriff of Devon, took the opportunity of displaying his zeal in the
king's service, raised an army in the vicinity, and marched toward
Exeter to the assault of the city. Perceiving, however, that its
reduction must be the work of time, the sheriff encamped his men
around the walls, barricaded the roads, stopped every avenue by which
provisions could have reached the garrison, and appeared prepared to
proceed deliberately with the siege. Having taken these measures,
Courtenay sent a messenger to the mayor, demanding that the gates
should be opened forthwith.
The mayor and the other municipal functionaries were by no means
willing to incur the wrath of Edward of York. On the contrary, they
were much inclined to entitle themselves to his favor by complying
with the sheriff's demand. But Warwick's friends were on their guard.
Suspecting that the mayor might prove untrue, and resolved to have
their fate in their own hands, the lords and gentlemen insisted on
the keys of the city being placed in their possession; and, the mayor
yielding on this point, they appointed the watch, manned the walls,
repaired the gates, and took the entire management of the defense.
Finding themselves in a somewhat delicate predicament, and not free
from danger, the mayor and aldermen resolved to speak both parties
fair, and do nothing till one side or other proved triumphant.
At first Warwick's red-jackets made so brave a defense that Courtenay
could not boast of any progress. Ere long, however, they had to contend
with a more formidable foe than the knightly sheriff. After the siege
had lasted some days, provisions fell short; famine was apprehended;
and the inhabitants became inconveniently impatient. The Warwickers,
however, were utterly disinclined to yield. Indeed, with the fate
of Lord Welles and Sir Thomas Dymoke before their eyes, they might
well hesitate to trust to Edward's tender mercies. They, therefore,
determined to endure all privations rather than submit, and declared
their intention to hold out till GOD sent them deliverance. This
resolution might have been difficult to maintain; but, after the
siege had lasted for twelve days, they were relieved by the arrival of
Warwick and Clarence.
The earl did not arrive at Exeter with laurels on his brow. At
Erpingham, Edward had already encountered the insurgents under Sir
Robert Welles; and, having made the northern men fly before his lance,
he had proclaimed Warwick and Clarence traitors, and offered a reward
for their apprehension. Disappointed of Lord Stanley's alliance, and of
aid from Sir John Conyers, the earl and the duke joined their friends
in haste and alarm. Resistance was simply out of the question, for
the king was at the head of an army of forty thousand men; and the
king-maker had merely the yeomanry of the county of Warwick. The earl's
game was clearly up for the present; and his only chance of safety
appeared to lie in a retreat to the Continent. He, therefore, caused
ships to be immediately fitted out at Dartmouth; and, going to that
port, after a three days' stay in Exeter, he sailed for Calais, of
which he still continued captain.
Meanwhile, the king, flushed with his victory over the Lincolnshire
men, learned that Warwick had gone toward Exeter. Thither, at the
head of his army, marched Edward, accompanied by a band of nobles,
among whom were the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the Earls of
Arundel and Rivers, and the Lords Stanley and Hastings. The citizens,
uncomfortable, no doubt, at having harbored the enemies of a prince so
potent, resolved upon doing all in their power to entitle themselves
to his favor. On hearing of the approach of the royal army, the mayor
issued orders that every inhabitant having the means should provide
himself with a gown of the city's livery, and hold himself in readiness
to give the king a loyal reception.
At length, on the 14th of April, Edward's banners appeared in sight;
and the mayor, attended by the recorder and four hundred of the
citizens, clad in scarlet, issued forth from the gates to bid the king
welcome. The scene was such as had generally been witnessed on such
occasions. The mayor made a humble obeisance; the recorder delivered an
oration, congratulating Edward on coming to Exeter. This ceremony over,
the mayor presented the king with the keys of the city and a purse
containing a hundred nobles in gold. Edward returned the keys; but "the
gold," says the historian, "he took very thankfully."
Having thus propitiated the conqueror, the mayor of Exeter, his head
uncovered, and bearing the mace of the city in his hands, conducted
the king through the gate and toward the house which he was to occupy.
After remaining a few days in Exeter, Edward returned to London,
congratulating himself on having put under his feet so many of his
enemies, and out of the kingdom the great noble to whom he owed his
crown. He seemed to think the whole quarrel between the people of
England and the family of Woodville decided in favor of his wife's
kindred by the flight of the Lancastrians from Erpingham and the earl's
retreat from Exeter.