THE DUKE OF YORK AND THE KING-MAKER.
When Suffolk fell a victim to the popular indignation, Richard, Duke of
York, first prince of the blood, was governing Ireland, with a courage
worthy of his high rank, and a wisdom worthy of his great name. Indeed,
his success was such as much to increase the jealousy with which the
queen had ever regarded the heir of the Plantagenets.
York was descended, in the male line, from Edmund of Langley, fifth son
of the third Edward, and was thus heir-presumptive to the crown which
the meek Henry wore. But the duke had another claim, which rendered
him more formidable than, as heir-presumptive, he would ever have made
himself; for, through his mother, Anne Mortimer, daughter of an Earl of
March, he inherited the blood of Lionel of Clarence, elder brother of
John of Gaunt, and, in this way, could advance claims to the English
crown, which, in a hereditary point of view, were infinitely superior
to those of the house of Lancaster.
Richard Plantagenet was nearly ten years older than King Henry. He
first saw the light in 1412; and, when a mere child, became, by the
execution of his father, the Earl of Cambridge, at Southampton, and
the fall of his uncle, the Duke of York, at Agincourt, heir of Edmund
of Langley. His father's misfortune placed Richard, for a time, under
attainder; but after the accession of Henry the dignities of the house
of York were restored; and in 1424, on the death of Edmund, last of the
Earls of March, the young Plantagenet succeeded to the feudal power of
the house of Mortimer.
An illustrious pedigree and a great inheritance rendered York a most
important personage; and, as years passed over, he was, by Gloucester's
influence, appointed Regent of France. In that situation the duke bore
himself like a brave leader in war and a wise ruler in peace; but, as
it was feared that he would obstruct the surrender of Maine and Anjou,
he was displaced by Suffolk, and succeeded by the Duke of Somerset,
who, it was well known, would be most accommodating.
When York returned to England, the queen, not relishing a rival so near
the throne, determined to send him out of the way. She, therefore,
caused the duke to be appointed, for ten years, to the government of
Ireland, and then dispatched armed men to seize him on the road and
imprison him in the castle of Conway. York, however, was fortunate
enough to escape the queen's snares; and, reaching Ireland in safety,
he not only gave peace to that country, but, by his skillful policy,
won much favor among the inhabitants.
Time passed on; and the disappearance of Suffolk, of Beaufort, of
Gloucester, and of Bedford from the theatre of affairs opened up a new
scene. As minister of the king and favorite of the queen, Beaufort and
Suffolk were succeeded by Somerset; as first prince of blood and hero
of the people, Bedford and Gloucester were succeeded by York. Moreover,
the absence of the duke from the country caused much discontent. "If,"
said the people, "he who brought the wild, savage Irish to civil
fashions and English urbanity once ruled in England, he would depose
evil counselors, correct evil judges, and reform all unamended matters."
Firmly established the house of Lancaster then was; but York had
friends sufficiently powerful to make him a formidable rival to any
dynasty. In youth he had married Cicely, daughter of Ralph Neville,
first Earl of Westmoreland; and, of all the English magnates of the
fifteenth century, the Nevilles, who drew strength at once from an
illustrious Saxon origin and distinguished Norman alliances, were by
far the most powerful and popular.
The Nevilles derived the descent, in the male line, from the
Anglo-Saxon Earls of Northumberland. Their ancestor, Cospatrick,
figured in youth at the court of Edward the Confessor, and, relishing
neither the sway of Harold the Usurper, nor of William the Conqueror,
passed most of his life in adversity and exile. After much suffering he
died at Norham, on the south bank of the Tweed, and left two sons, who
were more fortunate. One of these founded the house of Dunbar, whose
chiefs for hundreds of years flourished with honor and renown; the
other was grandfather of Robert Fitzmaldred, who married the heiress of
the Nevilles, and was progenitor of that proud family, whose seat was
long at Raby. About the beginning of the fifteenth century the house of
Dunbar fell, and great was the fall thereof. About the beginning of the
fifteenth century the Nevilles attained to the earldom of Westmoreland,
and to a point of grandeur unrivaled among the nobles of England.
Among the chiefs of the house of Neville, Ralph, first Earl of
Westmoreland, was one of the most important. His possessions were so
extensive that, besides the castle of his Anglo-Saxon ancestors and
those of Brancepath, Middleham, and Sheriff Hutton, inherited through
Norman heiresses of great name, he possessed about fifty manor-houses;
and his feudal following was so grand that, at times, he assembled in
the great hall at Raby no fewer than seven hundred knights, who lived
on his lands in time of peace, and followed his banner in war. Even
the earl's children were more numerous than those of his neighbors. He
was twice married; and the Duchess of York, known among northern men as
"The Rose of Raby," was the youngest of a family of twenty-two. John
Neville, Ralph's eldest son by his first countess, was progenitor of
those chiefs who, as Earls of Westmoreland, maintained baronial rank
at Raby, till one of them risked and lost all in the great northern
rebellion against Elizabeth. Richard Neville, Ralph's eldest son by his
second countess, obtained the hand of the heiress of the Montagues, and
with her hand their earldom of Salisbury and their vast possessions.
In the Continental wars and domestic struggles in which Englishmen
indulged during the fifteenth century, Salisbury was recognized as
a man of military prowess and political influence. But almost ere
reaching middle age his fame grew pale before that of his eldest son,
Richard Neville, who espoused the heiress of the Beauchamps, who, in
her right, obtained the earldom of Warwick, and who, as time passed on,
became celebrated throughout Europe as the king-maker.
At the name of "The Stout Earl," as the people of England proudly
called him, the fancy conjures up a mail-clad man of the tallest
stature and the most majestic proportions; with dark brown hair
clustering over a magnificent head, resting firmly and gracefully
on mighty shoulders; a brow marked with thought, perhaps not without
traces of care; a complexion naturally fair, but somewhat bronzed by
exposure to the sun and wind; a frank and open countenance lighted up
with an eye of deep blue, and reflecting the emotions of the soul,
as clouds are reflected in a clear lake; and a presence so noble and
heroic that, compared with him, the princes and peers of our day would
sink into utter insignificance. Unfortunately, no portrait capable
of conveying an adequate idea of Warwick's appearance exists for the
instruction of our generation; but traditions and chronicles lead to
the conclusion that, if a Vandyke or a Reynolds had existed in the
fifteenth century to transmit to posterity the king-maker as, in form
and feature, he appeared to his contemporaries in Westminster Hall, in
Warwick Castle, or on Towton Field, such a portrait, by such an artist,
would not belie our conceptions as to the personal grandeur of the
warrior-statesman of mediæval England.
But, however that might be, Warwick was the hero of his own times. From
early youth he was in great favor with the people; and, as years passed
on, his frankness, affability, sincerity, love of justice, and hatred
of oppression endeared him to their hearts. In an age of falsehood and
fraud, his word was never broken nor his honor tarnished. Even the
lofty patrician pride, which rendered him an object of mingled awe and
envy to the Woodvilles, the Howards, and the Herberts, recommended him
to the multitude; for the new men, whom the descendant of Cospatrick
would not recognize as his peers, were the instruments used by despotic
sovereigns to grind the faces of the poor. Moreover, Warwick's
patriotism was ardent; and the nation remarked with gratification, that
"The Stout Earl" was animated by all those English sympathies which,
banished from courts and parliaments, still found a home in cottage and
in grange.
Besides being the most patriotic, Warwick had the good fortune to be
the richest, of England's patricians; and his immense revenues were
expended in such a way that his praise as the people's friend was ever
on the tongues of the poor and needy. His hospitality knew no bounds.
The gate of his mansion in London stood open to all comers; six oxen
were usually consumed at a breakfast; no human being was sent hungry
away; and every fighting man had the privilege of walking into the
kitchen and helping himself to as much meat as could be carried away
on the point of a dagger. At the same time, thirty thousand persons
are said to have feasted daily at the earl's mansions and castles in
various parts of England.
And it was not merely as a patriot and a popular patrician that Richard
Neville was distinguished, for great was his renown as a warrior and a
statesman. On fields of fight his bearing reminded men of the Paladins
of romance; and when he broke, sword in hand, into foemen's ranks,
the cry of "A Warwick! A Warwick!" did more service to his friends
than could the lances of five hundred knights. While Warwick's martial
prowess made him the idol of the soldiery, his capacity for affairs
secured him general confidence and admiration. "The Stout Earl," said
the people, "is able to do any thing, and without him nothing can be
done well."
With such a friend as Warwick in England the Duke of York doubtless
felt secure that his hereditary claims were in little danger of being
quite forgotten during his absence. The duke was in Ireland, when an
incident, immortalized by Shakspeare, gave life and color to the rival
factions. One day a violent dispute as to the rights of the houses of
York and Lancaster took place in the Temple Gardens. The disputants,
"The Stout Earl" and the Duke of Somerset, appealed to their friends to
take sides in the controversy; but these, being the barons of England,
declined to enter upon such "nice sharp quillets of the law." Warwick
thereupon plucked a white rose, and Somerset a red rose; and each asked
his friends to follow his example. Thus originated the badges of the
chiefs who involved England in that sanguinary struggle celebrated by
poets and chroniclers as the Wars of the Roses.