THE ENGLISH HOME
FROM CHARLES I. TO GEORGE IV.
[Illustration:
FRONTISPIECE
YORK BUILDINGS, ADELPHI STAIRS AND WATERWORKS.
(_from a water-colour drawing by Thomas Sandby, R.A._)]
THE
ENGLISH HOME
FROM CHARLES I. TO GEORGE IV.
ITS ARCHITECTURE,
DECORATION
AND GARDEN DESIGN
BY
J. ALFRED GOTCH, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
AUTHOR OF “ARCHITECTURE OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ENGLAND,”
“EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND,” “THE GROWTH OF
THE ENGLISH HOUSE,” ETC.
WITH UPWARDS OF 300 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM
PHOTOGRAPHS, DRAWINGS, AND ENGRAVINGS
_SECOND IMPRESSION_
_With Corrections_
LONDON
B. T. BATSFORD LTD., 94 HIGH HOLBORN
_First Impression, August 1918_
_Second Impression, April 1919_
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT
THE DARIEN PRESS, EDINBURGH
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN
The Most Hon. The Marquis of Ailsa
The Rt. Hon. The Countess of Ancaster
The Rt. Hon. The Countess of Antrim
Capt. The Rt. Hon. Viscount Althorp
The Architectural Association, London, per F. R. Yerbury, Esq.,
Secretary
The Society of Architects, London, per C. McArthur Butler, Esq.,
Secretary
J. R. de M. Abbott, Esq., Acton, W.
Peter Adam, Esq., J.P., Cairndhu, Kidderminster
Philip L. Agnew, Esq., J.P., Farthingstone, Northants
Messrs. Ahrend & Zoon, Booksellers, Amsterdam
Akademiska Bokhandeln, Helsingfors
Bryce Allan, Esq., Wemyss Bay, Renfrewshire
Messrs. E. G. Allen & Son, Ltd., Booksellers, London, W.C.
J. A. O. Allan, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Aberdeen
Arthur Acland Allen, Esq., M.P., L.C.C., London, S.W.
Walter C. Alston, Esq., Newmarket
Chas. Ambler, Esq., Bradford, Yorks
John Ambler, Esq., Baildon, Yorks
S. Ambler, Esq., Harrogate, Yorks
Victor Ames, Esq., Thornham, King’s Lynn
J. A. Amschell, Esq., London, S.W.
Cecil Bruyn Andrews, Esq., Hove, Sussex
Messrs. Angus & Robertson, Ltd. Booksellers, Sydney, N.S.W.
F. H. Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, Esq., J.P., Winchfield, Hants
Lieut.-Col. W. Anstruther-Gray, M.P., Kilmany, Fife
Harold D. Arbuthnot, Esq., Worplesden
Messrs. James Archibald & Co., Ltd., Booksellers, Hull
Mrs. H. R. Armitage, Walton Lea, Warrington
Chas. Armstrong, Esq., Cambridge
T. M. E. Armstrong, Esq., Limpsfield, Surrey
Army & Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., Book Dept., London, S.W.
Chas. A. Ashe, Esq.
The Rev. Dr. Dukinfield Astley, M.A. East Rudham, King’s Lynn
His Grace The Duke of Buccleuch
The Most Hon. The Marchioness of Bute
The Rt. Hon. Earl Bathurst
The Rt. Hon. Earl Beauchamp, K.G.
Major The Rt. Hon. Lord Blythswood
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Brunner, Bt. D.L., LL.D.
Belfast Public Library
Birmingham University Library, per W. H. Cope, Esq., Librarian
Bootle Public Library, per C. H. Hunt, Esq., Librarian
Bradford Public Library, per Butler Wood, Esq., Librarian
Brighton Public Library, per Henry D. Roberts, M.B.E., Director
Mrs. J. T. Babington, Great Durnford, Salisbury
W. St. Clair Baddeley, Esq., J.P., Painswick, Glos.
Mr. James Bain, Bookseller, London, W.C.
Mr. Edward Baker, Bookseller, Birmingham
Messrs. J. Baker & Son, Booksellers, Clifton, Bristol
Mrs. A. H. Shorland Ball, Burton, Westmorland
C. H. Barber, Esq., Chelford, Cheshire
S. Barker, Esq.
Messrs. Barnicott & Pearce, Booksellers, Taunton
Captain F. Jardine Barnish, Appleton Cross, nr. Warrington
Stanley G. R. Barratt, Esq., Totteridge, Herts
F. C. W. Barrett, Esq., London, S.W.
Thomas Barrett-Lennard, Esq., D.L. J.P., Horsfold Manor, Norwich
Ernest R. Barrow, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, W.C.
J. M. Barwick, Esq., Yeadon, nr. Leeds
C. F. Bates, Esq., Newport, Mon.
Messrs. Battiscombe & Harris, Ltd., London, W.
Señor M. Bayes, Bookseller, Barcelona
A. Chester Beatty, Esq., London, W.
W. Gedney Beatty, Esq., New York
J. W. Beaumont, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Manchester
A. Stuart Beazley, Esq., Reigate
George Lord Beeforth, Esq., F.S.A., D.L., J.P., Scarborough
Walter P. Belk, Esq., Sheffield
The Rev. Randolph Berens, M.A., London, S.W.
Mrs. Berkeley, Cotheridge Court, Worcester
Mrs. Berkeley, Spetchley Park, Worcester
H. F. M. Berthon, Esq., R.N., H.M.S. Warspite
The Rev. E. Best-Dalison, M.A., Boxley, Maidstone
R. A. P. Bevan, Esq., J.P., Cuckfield, Sussex
Messrs. Bickers & Son, Ltd., Booksellers, London
Mr. J. G. Bisset, Bookseller, Aberdeen
George Blackall-Simonds, Esq., Goring Heath, Oxon
Norman A. Blackburn, Esq., Dewsbury, Yorks.
Mr. B. H. Blackwell, Bookseller, Oxford
Thomas R. Blampied, Esq., Samares, Jersey
Frank Ed. B. Blanc, Esq., Edinburgh
Edw. T. Boardman, Esq., F.R.I.B.A. Norwich
Percy Bois, Esq., Godalming, Surrey
The Rev. Canon Bonney, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Cambridge
The Bon Marché, Book Dept., Liverpool
J. A. N. Booker, Esq., D.L., J.P., Woodfield, nr. Ross,
Herefordshire
John Borie, Esq., London, W.
F. K. Borrow, Esq., Haslemere, Surrey
Señor Agustin Bosch, Bookseller, Barcelona
Hubert S. M. Bourke, Esq., Harlow, Essex
Messrs. Bowes & Bowes, Booksellers, Cambridge
Frederick Bradbury, Esq., Sheffield
R. F. Brain, Esq., Chatham
Mr. T. A. Braithwaite, Bookseller, Wakefield
W. R. Branagan, Esq., Fairfield, Liverpool
Major Leonard Brassey, M.P., Peterborough
John C. E. Bridge, Esq., J.P., Aylesbury
Harry Bridson, Esq., M.A., Bolton
T. R. Bridson, Esq., London, S.W.
Walter H. Brierley, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., York
Messs. Bright’s Stores, Ltd., Booksellers, Bournemouth
Miss Mary Brindle, Polperro, Cornwall
Messrs. Brintons, Ltd., Kidderminster
Mrs. G. O. Broms, Dormans Park, Surrey
The Rev. C. C. Brookes, M.A., Lillington Vicarage, Leamington
Mrs. Brooks, Clifton, Bristol
C. W. Wilsone Broun, Esq., Rugeley, Staffs
W. Langdon Brown, Esq., M.D., London, W.
W. Talbot Brown, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Wellingborough
Mr. William Brown, Bookseller, Edinburgh
Messrs. Browne & Browne, Ltd., Booksellers, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Mr. Charles E. Brumwell, Bookseller, Hereford
John M. Bryce, Esq., Glasgow
Miss Bulley
Messrs. J. & E. Bumpus, Ltd., Booksellers, London, W.
Alfred W. N. Burder, Esq., J.P., F.S.A. Belcombe,
Bradford-on-Avon
Rowland Burdon-Muller, Esq., London, W.
Messrs. Burleigh’s Library, Booksellers, London, S.W.
J. W. Stanley Burmester, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Westminster, S.W.
Messrs. Burnside, Ltd., Booksellers, Blackheath, S.E.
Jas. E. Bush, Esq., Melksham, Wilts.
G. C. Bushy, Esq.
Mrs. A. J. Agard Butler, Church Langton Rectory, Market
Harborough
The Most Hon. The Marquis of Crewe, K.G.
The Rt. Hon. Earl Curzon of Kedleston, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E.
Lady George Campbell
The Rt. Hon. Sir Fairfax Cartwright, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.
The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
Cardiff Public Libraries, per Harry Farr, Esq., Librarian
Charterhouse School Library, Godalming, per J. L. Stokes, Esq.,
Librarian
Chelsea Public Libraries, per J. Henry Quinn, Esq., Librarian
J. T. Cackett, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Newcastle-on-Tyne
Frank R. Calburn, Esq., Effingham Manor, Surrey
Arthur Card, Esq., St. Albans
Miss M. Smith-Carington, Ashby Folville Manor, Melton Mowbray
W. D. Caröe, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., Westminster, S.W.
B. Carpenter, Esq., London, W.
Walter J. Carter, Esq., Oxford
Walter Cave, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, W.
A. Cay, Esq., Leigh Woods, Bristol
H. E. Chafy, Esq., Rous Lench Court, Evesham
E. Beresford Chancellor, Esq., M.A., Wargrave, Berks.
Wm. J. Checkley, Esq., London, N.W.
Frederick Clark, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Darlington
Messrs. Clarke & Satchell, Booksellers, Leicester
Mrs. C. E. Clayton, Henfield, Sussex
H. M. Cleminson, Esq., Writtle, Chelmsford
Messrs. Coates & Bairstow, Booksellers, Huddersfield
S. Pepys Cockerell, Esq., Kensington
J. W. Cockrill, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., M.I.C.E., Gt. Yarmouth
Mons. E. Coenen, Sous-Intendant Militaire Belge, Bourbourg,
France
Marcus E. Collins, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, E.C.
Messrs. Combridge, Ltd., Booksellers, Dublin
Mr. J. G. Commin, Bookseller, Exeter
R. C. de la Condamine, Esq., Chelsea
The Rev. A. H. Coombes, M.A., Hurstpierpoint College, Sussex
Edwin Cooper, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, W.C.
Mr. Ernest Cooper, Bookseller, Bournemouth
L. A. Cooper, Esq., Ealing, W.
G. Wilfred Copeland, Esq., Basford, Stoke-on-Trent
Ronald Copeland, Esq., Tittensor Chase, Stoke-on-Trent
Messrs. Cornish Bros., Ltd., Booksellers, Birmingham
Messrs. James Cornish & Sons, Booksellers, Liverpool
Messrs. J. E. Cornish, Ltd., Booksellers, Manchester
Reginald Cory, Esq., Duffryn, nr. Cardiff
Country Life, Ltd., London, W.C.
Alfred W. Cox, Esq., Glencarse, Perthshire
Frank Crawley, Esq., M.D., Dublin
G. A. Crawley, Esq., London, S.W.
Miss Natalie de M. Croft, Ware, Herts
W. J. Croome, Esq., Feltrim, Weston-super-Mare
Fred. H. Crossley, Esq., Chester
John K. Currie, Esq., Billingham, Stockton-on-Tees
Laurence Currie, Esq., M.A., J.P., Farnborough, Hants
Mrs. Cuthbert, Beaufront Castle, Hexham
His Highness Prince Frederick Duleep Singh, M.V.O.
The Most Hon. Flora, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava
The Rt. Hon. Earl of Donoughmore
Lady Eva Dugdale
The Rt. Hon. Lady D’Abernon
The Rt. Hon. Lord Desborough, K.C.V.O.
Sir Thomas L. Devitt, Bt.
Deptford Public Libraries, per F. J. Peplow, Esq., Librarian
National Library of Ireland, Dublin
Dundee Public Library, per A. H. Millar, Esq., LL.D., Librarian
Hylton B. Dale, Esq., London, W.C.
T. W. Dannatt, Esq., Blackheath
T. J. Daniel, Esq., Moseley, Birmingham
William J. Dargan, Esq., M.D., Dublin
Francis Hastings Dauney, Esq., Ryde, I. of W.
Edward O. Davey, Esq., Dunmow, Essex
E. Guy Dawber, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, W.
The Rev. William Dawson, M.A., Loughton, Essex
Messrs. Wm. Dawson & Sons, Ltd., Booksellers, London, E.C.
W. M. Dean, Esq., Sunningdale, Berks
Messrs. Deighton, Bell & Co., Ltd., Booksellers, Cambridge
Messrs. A. & F. Denny, Booksellers, London, W.C.
H. Llewellyn Dent, Esq., Kew
Devonshire Library, Ltd., Booksellers, Buxton
T. F. G. Dexter, Esq., B.A., B.Sc., Perranporth, Cornwall
Edward Percival Dickin, Esq., Brightlingsea
Messrs. B. Diver & Son, Booksellers, Cambridge
Mrs. Dodsley, Mansfield, Notts
Mrs. Donaldson-Hudson, Market Drayton
Messrs. Aitken Dott & Son, Booksellers, Edinburgh
Messrs. Douglas & Foulis, Booksellers, Edinburgh
Mrs. Edward Douty, Clifford Manor, nr. Stratford-on-Avon
Ernest Dunkels, Esq., Maidenhead
James B. Dunn, Esq., A.R.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., Edinburgh
Ralph S. Dutton, Esq., Alresford, Hants
Mr. W. Dymock, Bookseller, Sydney, N.S.W.
Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh
Major Cyril Earle, T.D., Hull
The Rev. H. V. S. Eck, M.A., Ardeley Vicarage, Hertfordshire
Colonel Robt. W. Edis, C.B., Great Ormesby, Norfolk
The Educational Depository, Booksellers, Dublin
Mr. Francis Edwards, Bookseller, London, W.
Major J. Edward Elin, London, W.
The Rev. Prof. Henry Ellershaw, M.A., Durham
Mr. Andrew Elliott, Bookseller, Edinburgh
Colonel W. Elliott, Sutton Valence, Maidstone
Geoffrey Ellis, Esq., St. Leonards-on-Sea
H. C. Ellis, Esq., Hemel Hempstead
Captain H. C. Ellis, Jarvis Brook, Sussex
John Every, Esq., Lewes, Sussex
Miss M. Fairholme, Mitchelstown Castle, Co. Cork
A. Douglas Farmer, Esq., Windham Club, St. James’, S.W.
Miss Margaret Farnley-Smith, Sherborne, Dorset
Lionel Faudel-Phillips, Esq., Braintree, Essex
J. E. Fawcett, Esq., J.P., Farnham, Knaresborough, Yorks
Major Guy Feilden, Witney, Oxon
Miss V. M. Feilden, Bebington, Cheshire
P. H. Feilding, Esq., Chiddingly, Sussex
F. Fenwick, Esq., Wolsingham, Durham
Ivor A. B. Ferguson, Esq., London
Lieut. F. E. Fetherstonhaugh, R.N.V.R., North Berwick, Scotland
E. Willoughby Firth, Esq., J.P., Hope, nr. Sheffield
Major Benton Fletcher, Cobham, Surrey
Miss M. Fletcher, Newnham College, Cambridge
Messrs. Flooks & Manning, Booksellers, Melksham
Mrs. Follett, Thetford, Norfolk
Chas. W. Forbes, Esq., D.L., J.P., of Callendar, Falkirk,
Scotland
Mrs. James Forman, Nottingham
Mr. Robert Forrester, Bookseller, Glasgow
George Fottrell, Esq., Dublin
Mr. E. S. Fowler, Bookseller, Eastbourne
T. Musgrave Francis, Esq., D.L., J.P. Quy Hall, Cambridge
Herbert Freyberg, Esq., F.S.I., M.S.A., London, S.W.
Mr. C. E. Fritze, Bookseller, Stockholm
T. W. Fry, Esq., J.P., F.S.A., Darlington
Major Robert F. Fuller, J.P., Great Chalfield, Wilts
Lady Henry Grosvenor
Sir Ernest Goodhart, Bt.
Sir William Garforth, LL.D.
Galignani Library, Booksellers, Paris
Messrs. Galloway & Porter, Booksellers, Cambridge
Arthur Galton, Esq., M.A., Bourne, Lincs.
Ewan Cameron Galton, Esq., J.P., Eynsham, Oxon
Miss Clare Galwey, Monkstown, co. Dublin
Mr. Alex. Gardner, Bookseller, Paisley
Mrs. Garnett, Leckhampton, Glos.
Major S. H. Garrard, Daventry, Northants
Francis N. A. Garry, Esq., London
MM. Georg & Co., Librairie, Geneva
Messrs. William George’s Sons, Booksellers, Bristol
Edward M. Gibbs, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Sheffield
Lt.-Colonel George A. Gibbs, M.P., Bristol
H. Martin Gibbs, Esq., J.P., Flax-Bourton, Somerset
John Gibson, Esq., London, E.C.
Messrs. H. M. Gilbert & Son, Booksellers, Southampton
Messrs. Godfrey Giles & Co., London, W.
Francis V. Gill, Esq., Bradford, Yorks
Henry Neville Gladstone, Esq., J.P., Burton Manor, Chester
Maurice Glyn, Esq., J.P., Much Hadham, Herts.
Walter H. Godfrey, Esq., F.S.A., London, S.W.
Messrs. W. E. & J. Goss, Booksellers, Kettering
Mr. H. J. Goulden, Bookseller, Canterbury
Prof. Chas. Gourlay, Esq., B.Sc., A.R.I.B.A., F.S.A. Scot.,
Glasgow
W. V. S. Gradwell-Goodwin, Esq., J.P., Silverdale, Staffordshire
Mrs. Robert Grant, Lingfield, Surrey
Trevor Grant, Esq., London, W.
H. St. George Gray, Esq., Taunton Castle, Somerset
T. Grazebrook, Esq., The Dene, nr. Stourbridge
Frank Green, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer’s House, York
Benson Greenall, Esq., Lt. Cheshire Regt., London, E.C.
O. W. Greene, Esq., Beckenham, Kent
Messrs. Greene’s Library, Dublin
Hubert J. Greenwood, Esq., J.P., L.C.C., F.S.A., London, S.W.
Mr. George Gregory, Bookseller, Bath
John R. Gregory, Esq., London, W.
Major L. Gregson, London, S.W.
E. Hyla Greves, Esq., M.D., Bournemouth
Geo. J. Gribble, Esq., J.P., London
J. Henry Griffith, Esq., Llanbedr, Merioneth.
Percival D. Griffiths, Esq., Sandridge, Herts.
W. H. Grinstead, Esq., Eastbourne
Mrs. Gerald Guinness, Chippenham, Wilts.
Lieut. R. S. Guinness, R.N.V.R., H.M.S. “Monarch”
Mr. N. J. Gumperts, Bookseller, Gothenburg
Dr. Gunther, Hampton Wick, Kingston-on-Thames
Mrs. Reginald Gurney, Norwich
The Rt. Hon. Viscount Halifax, M.A., F.S.A.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Hastings
The Rt. Hon. F. Leverton Harris, M.P.
Sir William St. John Hope, Litt.D., D.C.L., M.A.
The Rev. Andrew Halden, Inverkeilor, Forfarshire
Charles A. H. Hall, Esq., J.P., Basingstoke
Ernest B. Hall, Esq., Market Drayton, Staffs.
John Hall, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Sunderland
Mr. Fred. Hanna, Bookseller, Dublin
George Hampton, Esq., Lingham, Wimborne, Dorset
Mrs. Hargreaves, Bury St. Edmunds
R. L. Harmsworth, Esq., M.P., London, W.
W. H. Harrison, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Westminster, S.W.
Mr. W. Harrison, Bookseller, Ipswich
Messrs. Harrison & Sons, Booksellers, London, W.
Ernest Hartland, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., J.P., Chepstow, Mon.
Messrs. Hatchards, Booksellers, London, W.
Lt.-Colonel Hawkshaw, Liphook, Hants.
E. S. Haynes, Esq., London, W.
A. R. Hayward, Esq., Misterton, Somerset
Messrs. Aldam Heaton & Co., Ltd., London, W.
Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., Booksellers, Cambridge
Andrew G. Henderson, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., Glasgow
Mrs. A. Heneage, Prestbury, Glos.
Claud W. Heneage, Esq., London
Messrs. John Heywood, Ltd., Booksellers, Manchester
Mrs. Hicks-Beach, Witcombe Park, nr. Gloucester
G. Higgs, Esq., London, W.C.
E. D. Hildyard, Esq., Kirby Moorside, Yorkshire
Chas. H. Hill, Esq., J.P., Woodborough Hall, Notts.
Mr. F. R. Hockliffe, Bookseller, Bedford
Victor T. Hodgson, Esq., F.S.A., Harpenden, Herts.
Mrs. George Holdsworth, London, W.
Mrs. Jaqueline Hope-Nicholson, Chelsea, S.W.
Donald Hopewell, B.A., LL.B., Old Basford, Nottingham
Mr. Hugh Hopkins, Bookseller, Glasgow
Chas. H. Hopwood, Esq., F.S.A., Stamford Hill, N.
Mrs. Horan, Lamberhurst, Kent
P. Morley Horder, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, S.W.
Percy P. Hore, Esq., M.Inst.C.E., Streatham, S.W.
C. H. St. John Hornby, Esq., London
A. B. Horne, Esq., Balcombe
E. J. Horniman, Esq., J.P., London
J. P. Hornung, Esq., J.P., Horsham, Sussex
T. C. Horsfall, Esq., Swanscoe Park, nr. Macclesfield
Mr. Bertram Hosier, Bookseller, Sheffield
H. W. Paget Hoskyns, Esq., J.P., Crewkerne, Somerset
F. T. S. Houghton, Esq., Birmingham
Messrs. Edward Howell, Ltd., Booksellers, Liverpool
George Hubbard, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., London, E.C.
H. A. Hubbersty, Esq., J.P., Buxton, Derbyshire
Mr. E. F. Hudson, Bookseller, Birmingham
C. Lang Huggins, Esq., J.P., Hadlow Grange, nr. Uckfield
Maurice Hulbert, Esq., J.P., A.R.I.B.A., Ealing, W.
Sydney Humphries, Esq., Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire
Mrs. F. J. C. Hunter, Bystock, Exmouth
Jas. Kennedy Hunter, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Ayr
John Hunter, Esq., Belper
Messrs. Hunter & Longhurst, Booksellers, London, E.C.
W. Hutchinson, Esq., Liverpool
Mrs. Florence H. S. Iliffe, Foxcombe Hill, Oxford
Mrs. Alfred Illingworth, Daisy Bank, Bradford
Major Douglas Illingworth, Eastcote, Middlesex
Mrs. Harry Illingworth, Wydale, Brompton, Yorks.
W. L. Ingle, Esq., Morley Grange, Churwell
Ernest Innes, Esq., London
Captain A. Linton Iredale, Newhaven
Lady Jenner
Col. Sir Herbert Jekyll, K.C.M.G.
Mr. Richard Jackson, Bookseller, Leeds
W. Geoffrey Jackson, Esq., Witley, Surrey
Messrs. Jackson & Fox, Halifax
W. A. James, Esq., Maidenhead
George Jameson, Esq., Raheny, Co. Dublin
Messrs. Jarrold & Sons, Ltd., Booksellers, Norwich
Mrs. Jarvis, Doddington Hall, Lincoln
Mrs. Leo Jenner, Avebury, Wilts.
Walter Johnston, Esq.
Lieut. C. A. Johnstone, K.S.L.I., Oswestry, Shropshire
C. Sydney Jones, Esq., Princes Park, Liverpool
E. Peter Jones, Esq., J.P., Greenbank, Chester
Frederick Jones, Esq., East Hoathly, Sussex
H. E. Jones, Esq., Mayfield, Sussex
Ronald P. Jones, Esq., M.A., London, W.C.
W. Campbell Jones, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London, E.C.
Messrs. Jones & Evans’ Bookshop Ltd., London, E.C.
W. Joynson-Hicks, Esq., M.P., London, S.W.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Kenyon
The Rt. Hon. Lady Kinloch
Sir Charles Knightley, Bt., D.L., J.P.
Kensington Public Libraries, per Herbert Jones, Esq.
Walter K. Kaye, Esq., M.I.Mech.E. Harrogate
James Kent, Esq., Edenbridge, Kent
John Keppie, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Glasgow
Kettering Book Club, per The Rev. A. K. Pavey, M.A.
Harold C. King, Esq., Westminster
Captain Sydney D. Kitson, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., Kirklington, Notts.
Frederick A. Konig, Tyringham, Bucks.
Messrs. H. A. Kramers & Son, Ltd., Booksellers, Rotterdam
M. Kundig, Libraire, Geneva
Major The Rt. Hon. Viscount Lascelles, D.S.O.
The Rt. Hon. Lady Leconfield
The Rt. Hon. Lord Leith of Fyvie
The Rt. Hon. Lord Leverhulme
The Hon. Claud Lambton
The Hon. Mrs. Archibald Langman
The Hon. Irwin B. Laughlin
Sir Edwin L. Lutyens, A.R.A., F.R.I.B.A.
The Leeds Library, Leeds
Leeds Public Libraries, per Thomas W. Hand, Esq., City Librarian
Leeds & West Yorkshire Architectural Society, per G. J. Coombs,
Esq., A.R.C.A.
Leicestershire Society of Architects, per F. B. Cooper, Esq.,
A.R.I.B.A.
Leicestershire Book Society, per Major W. J. Freer, V.D., D.L.,
F.S.A.
Liverpool Public Libraries, per G. T. Shaw Esq., Librarian
The London Library, per C. T. Hagberg Wright, Esq., LL.D.
Charles E. Lamb, Esq., Kettering
R. E. Lambert, Esq., Battle, Sussex
Messrs. Lamley & Co., Booksellers, Kensington, S.W.
Mrs. Laycock, Wiseton, Bawtry, Yorks.
Stanley H. le Fleming, Esq., D.L., J.P., Ambleside
Frank H. Lehany, Esq., London, N.E.
Mrs. Gerard Leigh, London, W.
Walter L. Levett, Esq., Monmouth
Walter Lewis, Esq., Redditch
Messrs. Liberty & Co., Ltd., London
Captain C. O. Liddell, Chepstow
Mrs. Linley-Howlden, Freshford, Somerset
F. H. Livens, M.Inst.C.E., Lincoln
Nathaniel Lloyd, Esq., O.B.E., Great Dixter, Northiam
James Lochhead, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Hamilton
Mr. Morton Loder, Bookseller, Woodridge
London Literary Lounge, London, W. per James Truslove, Esq.
The Rev. A. M. Luckock, M.A., Titchmarsh, Thrapston
G. D. Lumb, Esq., F.S.A., Leeds
The Rt. Hon. The Countess of Mount-Edgcumbe
The Rt. Hon. Lady Monk Bretton
The Hon. Lady Miller
The Rt. Hon. H. D. McLaren, M.P.
Sir Kenneth Matheson, Bt., D.L., J.P.
A. C. Macdonald, Esq., J.P., Ipley Manor, Marchwood, Hants.
J. W. Macfie, Esq.
James McLachlan, Esq., Edinburgh
Messrs. James Maclehose & Sons, Booksellers, Glasgow
S. A. Macleish, Esq., Liverpool
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_Agents for the United States of America_
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
PREFACE
The following pages take up the story of the English House at the point
to which it was carried in my former work on _Early Renaissance
Architecture in England_, and carry it to the beginning of the
nineteenth century. Between them the two books present the history of
domestic architecture from the time when houses were becoming homes
instead of fortresses, until a period well within the recollection of
our grandfathers.
During the three centuries thus covered, houses were built and
decorated in successive styles, which were universally accepted at the
time. The prevailing character of these styles was derived from classic
sources, as distinguished from our native Gothic traditions, and it
owed its origin to the Renaissance style of Italy. The earlier efforts
towards the change are visible in the work of the sixteenth century and
of the first quarter of the seventeenth.
With the advent of Inigo Jones, however, a further impulse was given
to the desire for a classic treatment of architecture; and it is this
impulse and its consequences which form the basis of the present
inquiry.
There are two views as to English architecture of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. On the one hand, it is held that in the days
of Elizabeth architectural design shows a freshness, vivacity, and
originality which express the genius of the time, and result in a truly
national style, albeit one which never quite fulfilled its promise;
and that in later periods designers became more and more imitative,
and thereby lost from their work, however correct and refined, those
qualities which make for supreme achievement. On the other hand, it
is held that the designers of Elizabeth’s time were hampered in their
efforts at architectural expression by a lack of knowledge; that
they discarded many of the old ideas without appreciating the full
significance of the new ideas which they were anxious to adopt; and
that as they gained wider knowledge, so did their architecture improve.
Much can be said for either of these views, which indeed are not wholly
inconsistent with each other; but it is my desire in the following
pages to avoid controversy, and to present the domestic side of the
subject throughout the period under review in a sympathetic spirit.
During the nineteenth century an increase of acquaintance with the past
led to the adoption of so many different phases of style as almost to
eliminate the interest derived from historical continuity. But the
study of the past need not necessarily have this effect; if rightly
directed, the inventive genius of the present will find in the past a
great help for the future.
I have to express my thanks to many persons who have assisted by
supplying material for the illustrations, and especially to the
owners of the various houses who have kindly permitted them to be
photographed. Of the numerous drawings which have been reproduced,
some, connected with Inigo Jones, are from the collection at Chatsworth
House, by the kindness of the Duke of Devonshire; and others by Jones
and John Webb are from the Burlington-Devonshire Collection, in the
possession of the Royal Institute of British Architects, by permission
of the Council. For leave to include other contemporary drawings I have
to thank the Provost of Worcester College, Oxford; the Warden of All
Souls College, Oxford; and the authorities of the Bodleian Library;
while the illustrations selected from the Smithson Collection are
reproduced by the kind permission of the owner. The drawings by Thomas
Sandby and Edward Dayes are from the British Museum and the Victoria
and Albert Museum, South Kensington, respectively.
The proprietors of _Country Life_ have kindly furnished Figs.
162–63, and the Publishers have supplied illustrations from various
works issued by them, including reproductions of two of Mr. Triggs’
drawings from “Formal Gardens in England and Scotland,” and some of Mr
Tanner’s drawings from “Inigo Jones” and “Interior Woodwork.”
I am indebted to the following photographers for permission to include
photographs taken by them:--Messrs Bedford, Lemere & Co., Figs. 141,
143–44, 318; Messrs F. Frith & Co., Figs. 4, 5, 56, and 255; Messrs
Hills and Saunders, Fig. 155; and Mr. H. Evans, Fig. 52. A number of
photographs have been contributed by Mr. Montague Cooper, Mr. F. H.
Crossley, Mr. Horace Dan, and Dr. G. Granville Buckley. Other subjects
have been furnished by Mr. A. E. Walsham, Messrs Thos. Lewis Ltd.,
of Birmingham, and the late Mr. W. Galsworthy Davie, while those not
otherwise mentioned are from negatives taken by myself.
I must also acknowledge with thanks the kindness of Mr. E. R. M. Pratt,
of Ryston Hall, Norfolk, in placing at my disposal the contents of his
ancestor’s note-books mentioned in the Appendix.
J. A. GOTCH.
KETTERING,
_April 1918_.
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION
Evolution of the Modern House--Elizabethan Domestic
Arrangements--First Signs of Transition--Gradual
Disappearance of Jacobean Features--Predominance
of the Classic Style--The Gothic Revival 1
II. THE CHANGE IN STYLE
The Native _versus_ the Italian Method--Change in the
Status of the Architect--The Influence of Architectural
Books--The Smithson Drawings 25
III. INIGO JONES
Jacobean Design still Prevalent--Significance of the
Banqueting House, Whitehall--The Early Life of
Inigo Jones--His Drawings and his Authentic Executed
Work--His Pupil and Assistant--Work Attributed
to Jones--Characteristics of his Genius 41
IV. THE DRAWINGS OF INIGO JONES AND JOHN WEBB
The Whitehall Designs and their Authorship--John Webb:
his Relation to Jones and Subsequent Career--Contemporary
Evidence on the Drawings--Webb’s Executed
Work 63
V. THE TRANSITION IN MINOR BUILDINGS AND INTERIORS
Lingering Jacobean Detail--Some Country Houses of the
Transitional Period--Curious Blending of the Old
and New Styles--Charm of some of the Successful
Examples--Remodelling of Domestic Fittings 99
VI. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
His Life and Early Work--First Design for St Paul’s
Cathedral--The Work of Building--Other Work,
including Greenwich and Hampton Court--Contemporary
Esteem--His Influence on the Subsequent Course of
Architecture--Domestic Work Attributed to him 141
VII. SOME FURTHER WORK OF THE TIME OF CHARLES II.
Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s “Counsel to Builders”--“Captain
Wynne” and his Work--Hamstead Marshall and Old
Buckingham House--London after the Great Fire--City
Halls and Churches--Some Smaller Houses
Outside London 161
VIII. GREAT HOUSES AND GARDENS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Houses of the Nobility--Grandeur of the Designs and
Lay Outs--Boughton House, Dyrham Park, and
Chatsworth--Nicholas Hawksmoor and his Work at
Easton Neston--Lord Burlington and Sir John
Vanbrugh--Castle Howard and Blenheim--Formal
and Landscape Gardens 195
IX. GEORGIAN HOUSES
The Character of Eighteenth-Century Houses--Campbell,
Gibbs, and other Designers--Interior Design and
Decoration--Typical Georgian Mansions: Houghton
and Wentworth Woodhouse--The Woods of Bath and
Contemporary Town-Planning--William Kent and
Holkham--The Brothers Adam 237
X. SMALLER HOUSES, TOWN HOUSES, AND
EXTERIOR FEATURES
Charm of the Smaller Georgian House--Streets and
Market Places of Country Towns--Inns and Shops--London
Houses of the Period--Their Interior Planning--Growth
of the Suburbs in the Nineteenth Century--Exterior
Features of Smaller Georgian Houses: Chimneys, Gates,
Doors, and Porches--Cupolas, Lantern Lights, Date-Stones,
and Sundials--Garden Ornaments--Ornamental Iron and Lead
Work 287
XI. DECORATION AND INTERIOR FEATURES OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY
HOUSES
Evolution of the Staircase--Its Treatment in Wood and
Stone--The Classic Over-Door--Decoration of Walls:
Wood Panelling and Carving, Moulded Plaster, Wall
Paper, and Tapestry--The Chimney-Piece, the Fire-Grate
and its Accessories--Modelled and Painted
Ceilings--Gradual Decline of the Personal Note in
Craftsmanship--Conclusion 351
APPENDIX I.--SIR ROGER PRATT 395
APPENDIX II.--THE ARCHITECTS OF COLESHILL, BERKSHIRE 399
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS AND TEXT 401
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--VIEW OF WHITEHALL PALACE AS IT WOULD
HAVE APPEARED IF COMPLETED.
(_from a water-colour drawing by Thomas Sandby, R.A._)]
=THE ENGLISH HOME FROM CHARLES I. TO GEORGE IV.=
I
INTRODUCTION
In England, more than in any other country, the affections of people in
all ranks of life have clung round their homes; and to learn something
of how those homes have changed in disposition and appearance with the
changing times is an occupation not only fascinating in itself, but one
which leads into regions of that personal interest which lends life and
colour to the pictures of the historian.
So far as our present conception of a home is concerned, the time of
Elizabeth may be held to have seen its birth; for, although the English
house has an ancestry which goes back to the Conquest, yet it was
in Elizabeth’s days that houses were first built almost exclusively
for pleasure and delight. Hers was a great age of house building.
Peace, wealth, and security from serious turmoil led men in all parts
of the country to reconstruct their old homes or to build new ones;
and records remain, either in actual buildings or in old plans, of
houses of every size, from the great palaces of Burghley or Hatton
wherein they entertained their sovereign, down to the little house,
not forty feet square, which was devised for Sir Walter Raleigh in
St James’s. Much pains and great skill were expended in contriving
these houses so that they should be convenient and well-looking. The
planning of them was in the nature of a new experiment, for there was
no precedent, either of extent or disposition, which was exactly to
the point. The treatment of the exterior--in other words, their style
of architecture--was also something fresh; for it became the fashion,
gradually increasing in extent, to seek inspiration in this direction
from Italy, a country which for more than a century had produced most
marvellous buildings, both as to conception and as to the lovely detail
with which they were embellished.
This new demand in regard to style was partly met by inviting foreign
workmen to this country, and partly by sending English designers to
study in Italy; but the knowledge thus acquired was utilised by our
native craftsmen in their own way. It influenced them, but did not
enslave them. At first it puzzled them, with the result that much
hybrid work was done which would have astonished both their Gothic
forefathers and their Italian contemporaries, but which nevertheless
has an attractive piquancy of its own.
This tentative stage lasted well into the seventeenth century, until
the knowledge and genius of Inigo Jones, most ably seconded by John
Webb, gradually wrought a revolution, and English architecture freed
itself from the pleasant inaccuracies of its earlier exponents.
It is at the time when the old order was beginning to give way to the
new that the story of the English House is taken up in the following
pages. It will be pursued through the next two centuries. We shall
see how the crude ideas of Elizabethan and Jacobean architects were
mellowed under the influence of Inigo Jones; how John Webb carried on
his master’s teaching through the disturbed years of the Civil War; how
wealthy men, following the lead of the Earl of Arundel, indulged their
growing taste for collecting antiques, pictures, and other works of
art. Houses will be described and pictured in which Evelyn and Pepys
must have watched many of the events which they record in their pages.
In due course will come the great homes of the great nobles of William
and Mary, of Anne and the Georges; homes which express in a vivid way
the social distinctions of the times, and indicate the vast interval
which lay between the duke and the merchant--more particularly in the
opinion of the duke. It was at this period that domestic architecture
reached the zenith of its splendour, aided, as it was, not only by the
patronage of noblemen like Lord Burlington, but by their participation
in the work of design. That they were able so to participate was
largely owing to the publication of books on architecture, both
ancient and modern. The point of view from which architecture was
then regarded, largely determined by this literature, is of great
historical interest, although the march of events has been adverse to
its continued acceptance.