2123. Separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in
Latin than in English. Sometimes, however, like the members of single
periods, they are for special reasons put _asyndetically_ (1637).
(A.) WITHOUT A CONNECTIVE.
2124. Asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or
periods:
2125. (_a._) To represent a series of actions as occurring at the same
moment: as,
#hīc diffīsus suae salūtī ex tabernāculō prōdit; videt imminēre hostēs;
capit arma atque in portā cōnsistit; cōnsequuntur hunc centuriōnēs;
relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptīs vulneribus#, 6, 38, 2,
_despairing of his life, he comes out of the tent; sees the enemy close
at hand; seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate; the centurions
rally round him; Sextius becomes unconscious, receiving severe wounds_.
2126. (_b._) When an occurrence is represented as consisting of many
successive actions: the _Enumerative Asyndeton_: as,
#perōrāvit aliquandō, adsēdit. surrēxī ego. respīrāre vīsus est, quod
nōn alius potius dīceret. coepī dīcere. usque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs,
eum aliās rēs agere, antequam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvi; quem simul atque
attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est. intellēxī quid eum
pupugisset#, _RA._ 60, _after a while he wound up, took his seat; up
rose your humble servant. He seemed to take courage from the fact it was
nobody else. I began to speak. I noticed, gentlemen, that he was
inattentive all along till I named Chrysogonus; but the moment I touched
on him, the creature perked up at once, seemed to be surprised. I knew
what the rub was._
2127. (_c._) When the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding
with emphasis: the _Asyndeton of Summary_: as,
#hī dē suā salūte dēspērantēs, aut suam mortem miserābantur, aut
parentēs suōs commendābant. plēna erant omnia timōris et lūctūs#, Caes.
_C._ 2, 41, 8, _despairing of their lives, they either bewailed their
own death, or strove to interest people in their parents. In short, it
was one scene of terror and lamentation._
(B.) WITH A CONNECTIVE.
2128. Separate sentences or periods may be connected: (1.) by pronominal
words: (_a._) demonstrative or determinative; (_b._) relative; (2.) by
conjunctions and adverbs.
(1.) PRONOMINAL WORDS.
(_a._) DEMONSTRATIVE AND DETERMINATIVE WORDS AS CONNECTIVES.
2129. #hīc# and #is# serve as connectives at the beginning of a new
period. In English the equivalent word is usually placed not at the
beginning as a connective, but after some words.
#Gallia est dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam
Aquītānī, tertiam Celtae. hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē
differunt#, 1, 1, 1, _Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is
occupied by Belgians, another by Aquitanians, and the third by Kelts. In
language, customs, and laws these are all different from each other._
#apud Helvētiōs nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx. is M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne
cōnsulibus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit#, 1, 2, 1, _among the
Helvetians the man of highest rank was Orgetorix. In the consulship of
Messala and Piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles._ #angustōs sē
fīnīs habēre arbitrābantur. hīs rēbus adductī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad
proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium
sibī̆ satis esse dūxērunt. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur.
is sibī̆ lēgātiōnem suscēpit#, 1, 2, 5, _they thought they had a narrow
territory; so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as
were necessary for a move. They considered two years ample to do this.
Orgetorix is chosen to do this. He took upon himself the office of
envoy._
2130. Particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a
new period, to show that the first action necessarily took place or was
natural.
#Dionȳsius tyrannus Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat; usque eō
imperiō carēre nōn poterat#, _TD._ 3, 27, _after his expulsion from
Syracuse, the tyrant Dionysius kept school at Corinth; so incapable was
he of getting along without governing_.
(_b._) RELATIVES AS CONNECTIVES.
2131. #quī# serves to connect a new period when it may be translated by
a demonstrative, or when it is equivalent to #et is#, #is autem#, #is
enim#, #is igitur#: as,
#perpetrāret Anicētus prōmissa. quī nihil cunctātus poscit summam
sceleris#, Ta. 14, 7, _Anicetus must carry out his agreement. Without
any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime._ For other
examples, see 1835.
2132. The neuter accusative #quod#, _as to that_, _as to which_,
_whereas_, _now_, _so_, is used to connect a new period, especially
before #sī#, #nisi#, #etsī#, #utinam# (1837): as,
#quod sī tū valērēs, iam mihī̆ quaedam explōrāta essent#, _Att._ 7, 2,
6, _whereas if you were well yourself, some points would have been clear
to me before this_. #quod sī diūtius alātur contrōversia, fore utī pars
cum parte cīvitātis cōnflīgat#, 7, 32, 5, _now if the dispute be kept up
any longer, one half of the community would quarrel with the other_.
#quod nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī
potuissent#, 7, 88, 6, _so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent,
all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated_.
(2.) CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.
2133. The conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are:
(_a._) copulative and disjunctive; (_b._) concessive and adversative;
(_c._) causal and illative.
(_a._) COPULATIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE.
#et#, #neque# or #nec#, #-que#, #atque# or #ac#, #aut#.
#et.#
2134. #et#, _and_, simply adds, as in English (1645). But it is often
used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is
required to bring out the sense.
2135. #et# may continue the discourse with a concessive sentence, which
is to be followed by an adversative. In such cases #quidem# often stands
in the concessive sentence: as,
#prīmōrēs cīvitātis eadem ōrant. et cēterī quidem movēbant minus;
postquam Sp. Lucrētius agere coepit, cōnsul abdicāvit sē cōnsulātū#, L.
2, 2, 8, _the head men of the state make the same request. Now the
others did not influence him much. But when Lucretius began to take
steps the consul resigned his consulship._
2136. #et#, _and strange to say_, _and if you’d believe it_, introduces
something unexpected: as,
#iamque trēs laureātae in urbe statuae, et adhūc raptābat Āfricam
Tacfarinās#, Ta. 4, 23, _there were already three triumphal statues in
Rome, and, strange to say, Tacfarinas was still harrying Africa_.
2137. #et#, _and really_, _and in fact_, _and to be sure_; in this sense
it is usually followed immediately by the verb: as,
#multa quae nōn volt videt. et multa fortasse quae volt!# _CM._ 25, _one
sees much that one would not. Aye, and much perhaps that one would!_
2138. #et# introducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea
before given may be translated _namely_: as,
#cōnsulēs religiō tenēbat, quod prōdigiīs aliquot nūntiātīs, nōn facile
litābant. et ex Campāniā nūntiāta erant Capuae sepulchra aliquot dē
caelō tācta#, L. 27, 23, 1, _the consuls were detained by scruple,
because several prodigies were reported, and they could not readily
obtain good omens; namely from Campania it was reported that at Capua
several tombs were struck by lightning_.
2139. #et#, _and also_, _and besides_: as,
#Pūnicae quoque victōriae sīgnum octō ductī elephantī. et nōn minimum
fuēre spectāculum praecēdentēs Sōsis et Moericus#, L. 26, 21, 9, _as an
emblem of the Punic victory also, elephants to the number of eight
marched in parade. And furthermore not the least attractive part of the
pageant were Sosis and Moericus, moving at the head of the line._
2140. #et#, _and yet_, introduces a contrast or opposition: as,
#canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem
adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs#, _CM._ 28, _the musical element in
the voice actually improves in old age, and this I have not yet lost.
And yet you see my years._
#neque# or #nec#.
2141. #nec#, _and really . . . not_, _and in fact . . . not_: as,
#magnō cum perīculō suō, quī forte patrum in forō erant, in eam turbam
incidērunt. nec temperātum manibus foret, nī properē cōnsulēs
intervēnissent#, L. 2, 23, 9, _it was with great personal risk to such
of the fathers as happened to be in the market place, that they got into
the crowd. And in fact acts of violence would have occurred, unless the
consuls had made haste to interfere._
2142. #nec#, _and to be sure . . . not_: as,
#centum vīgintī līctōrēs cum fascibus secūrēs inligātās praeferēbant.
nec attinuisse dēmī secūrem, cum sine prōvocātiōne creātī essent,
interpretābantur#, L. 3, 36, 4, _a hundred and twenty lictors with rods
displayed axes bound in them. And to be sure they explained the matter
thus, that there would have been no propriety in having the axe taken
out, since the officers were appointed without any appeal._
2143. #nec#, _not . . . either_, _nor either_, _neither_: as,
#eō annō vīs morbī levāta. neque ā pēnūriā frūmentī perīculum fuit#, L.
4, 25, 6, _that year the violence of the plague grew less. Nor was there
any danger from lack of grain either._
2144. #nec#, _but . . . not_: as,
#missī tamen fētiālēs. nec eōrum verba sunt audīta#, L. 4, 30, 14,
_however the fetials were sent. But they were not listened to._
#-que.#
2145. #-que#, _and likewise_: as,
#huic duōs flāminēs adiēcit. virginēsque Vestae lēgit#, L. 1, 20, 2, _to
this god he assigned two special priests. And he likewise chose maids
for Vesta._
2146. #-que#, _and in fact_, _and so_, _and in general_: as,
#tum quoque male pugnātum est. obsessaque urbs foret, nī Horātius esset
revocātus#, L. 2, 51, 2, _then also there was an unsuccessful
engagement. And in fact Rome would have been besieged, unless Horatius
had been recalled._
#atque# or #ac#.
2147. #atque#, _and besides_, _and more than that_, _and actually_: as,
#ex quō efficitur animantem esse mundum. atque ex hōc quoque intellegī
poterit in eō inesse intellegentiam, quod certē est mundus melior quam
ūlla nātūra#, _DN._ 2, 32, _from which it follows that the universe is
alive. And more than that, we can see that it has sense from the
following circumstance, that the universe is certainly superior to any
element of the universe._
2148. #atque#, _and so_, _and consequently_: as,
#impedior religiōne quōminus expōnam quam multa P. Sēstius sēnserit.
atque nihil dīcō praeter ūnum#, _Sest._ 8, _I am prevented by scruples
from setting forth how much Sestius was aware of. And so I will only say
one thing._
#aut.#
2149. #aut# is used to add a new sentence in the sense of #aliōquī#, _or
else_, _otherwise_, or as if #nisi#, _unless_, preceded: as,
#omnia bene sunt ē̆ī dīcenda, aut ēloquentiae nōmen relinquendum est#,
_DO._ 2, 5, _he must be able to speak well on all subjects, or else he
must waive the name of an eloquent man_.
(_b._) CONCESSIVE AND ADVERSATIVE.
2150. A new concessive period is introduced by #sānē#, #quidem#,
#omnīnō#, _to be sure_, or #fortasse#, _perhaps_: as,
#Plīnius et Cluvius nihil dubitātum dē fidē praefectī referunt. sānē
Fabius inclīnat ad laudēs Senecae#, Ta. 13, 20, _Pliny and Cluvius say
that there was no doubt about the loyalty of the prefect. Fabius, it
must be admitted, is always inclined to eulogize Seneca._ #id fortasse
nōn perfēcimus; cōnātī quidem saepissimē sumus#, _O._ 210, _perhaps we
have not attained to it; still we have very often made the attempt_.
2151. A new adversative sentence is introduced by #autem#, _again_,
#sed#, #vērum#, _but_, #vērō#, _but_, _indeed_, #at#, _but_, or #tamen#,
#nihilō minus#, _nevertheless_.
These words when used to connect sentences have the same meaning as when
used to connect the parts of a sentence (1676).
2152. #atquī#, rarely #atquīn#, _and yet_, _but_, is used chiefly in
dialogue. It introduces a strong objection, sometimes in the form of a
conditional protasis. From Cicero on, it is sometimes found after a
question, to introduce an earnest denial.
#nōn sum apud mē :: atquī opus est nunc quom maxumē ut sīs#, T. _Ph._
204, _I’m all abroad :: but that’s just exactly where you must n’t be
now_. #nōn vereor condiscipulōrum nē quis exaudiat :: atquī cavendum
est#, _Leg._ 1, 21, _I’m not afraid of being overheard by any of my
fellow-students :: and yet you must be on your guard_. #sine veniat.
atquī sī illam digitō attigerit ūnō, oculī īlicō ecfodientur#, T. _Eu._
739, _let him come on. But if he lays a finger on the maid, we’ll
scratch his eyes out on the spot._ #quid vērō? modum statuārum habērī
nūllum placet? atquī habeātur necesse est#, _V._ 2, 144, _what? is
there, think you, to be no end to your statues? Yet there must be._
2153. #quamquam#, #etsī#, #tametsī#, _though_, and #nisi#, _but_, are
sometimes used to coordinate a new period, correcting the preceding: as,
#carēre sentientis est, nec sēnsus in mortuō, nē carēre quidem igitur in
mortuō est. quamquam quid opus est in hōc philosophārī?# _TD._ 1, 88,
_foregoing requires a sentient being, and there is no sensation in a
dead man; therefore there is no foregoing either in a dead man. And yet
what is the use of philosophizing over this?_ #utram mālīs vidē; etsī
cōnsilium quod cēpī rēctum esse sciō#, T. _Hau._ 326, _of these two
states choose which you will; though I am sure my plan’s the right one_.
#cūr ego nōn adsum? tametsī hoc minimē tibī̆ deest#, _Fam._ 2, 7, 2,
_why am I not with you? though this is the very last thing you need_.
#spērābam dēfervisse adulēscentiam: ecce autem dē integrō! nisi quidquid
est, volō hominem convenīre#, T. _Ad._ 152, _I hoped his youthful
passion had cooled down; yet here it is afresh! But be it what it may,
I want to see the fellow_.
(_c._) CAUSAL AND ILLATIVE.
2154. #nam#, #enim#, _for_, or #namque#, #etenim#, _for you see_,
introduces a new period which gives the reason of the foregoing: as,
#quā quidem ex rē hominum multitūdō cōgnōscī potuit: nam minus hōrīs
tribus mūnītiōnem perfēcērunt#, 5, 42, 4, _and from this by the way
their numbers could be gauged; for they made a breastwork in less than
three hours_. #quem meminisse potestis: annō enim ūndēvīcēsimō post eius
mortem hī cōnsulēs factī sunt#, _CM._ 14, _you can remember him: for the
present consuls were created only nineteen years after his death_.
2155. The originally asseverative meaning of #nam# appears, even in the
classical period, in colloquial language: as, #tibī̆ ā mē nūlla ortast
iniūria :: nam hercle etiam hoc restat#, T. _Ad._ 189, _I’ve ne’er done
you a wanton wrong :: aye verily that’s still to come_. In old Latin, it
sometimes introduces a question: as, #nam quae haec anus est?# T. _Ph._
732, _why, who’s this old woman?_ Frequently it introduces an
explanation or illustration, and, from Cicero on, a remark or question
made in passing: as, #sīc enim sēsē rēs habet: nam Odyssīa Latīna est
sīc tamquam opus Daedalī#, _Br._ 71, _the case stands thus: the Odyssey
in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus_ (1908). #vīvō
Catōne multī ōrātōrēs flōruērunt: nam A. Albīnus#, _Br._ 81, _many
orators flourished in Cato’s lifetime: for example, Albinus_. #nam quid
dē aedīle loquar?# _Sest._ 95, _for why speak of the aedile?_ #enim#
does not differ essentially in use from #nam#; for its meaning in old
Latin, see 1688. #namque# is rare until Livy, and usually (always in old
Latin) stands before a vowel. #etenim# is common only in classical
Latin.
2156. For #quippe#, _why_, often used as a coordinating word, see 1690.
2157. #proinde# or #proin#, _therefore_, _so_, introduces a command or
direction based upon the foregoing: as,
#ōrātiōnem spērat invēnisse sē, quī differat tē: proin tū fac apud tē ut
siēs#, T. _Andr._ 407, _he trusts he’s found some phrase wherewith he
may confound you: so see you have your wits about you_. #frūstrā meae
vītae subvenīre cōnāminī. proinde abīte, dum est facultās#, 7, 50, 6,
_in vain ye try to save my life. So away, while ye have the power._ #iam
undique silvae et sōlitūdō magna cōgitātiōnis incitāmenta sunt. proinde
cum vēnābere, licēbit pugillārēs ferās#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 6, 2, _then
again the surrounding woods and the loneliness are powerful stimulants
to meditation. So when you go hunting, you can take a note book with
you._
2158. A conclusion is denoted by #ergō#, #itaque# or #igitur#,
_therefore_, _so_, introducing a new period: as,
#nihil est praestantius deō; ab eō igitur mundum necesse est regī. nūllī
igitur est nātūrae subiectus deus. omnem ergō regit ipse nātūram#, _DN._
2, 77, _nothing is more excellent than god. Therefore the universe must
be governed by him. Therefore god is in no respect subject to nature.
Consequently he rules all nature himself._ For the position of these
words in their clauses, see 1688; for #ergō igitur# and #itaque ergō#,
1689. For #hinc#, #inde#, #eō#, #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, as
coordinating words, see 1691.