1974. The subjunctive is used with #quō# to express purpose.
#quō# differs but little in meaning from #ut# of purpose. It is used
(_a._) particularly in clauses containing a comparative expression, or
(_b._) in solemn law language.
(_a._) #equitēs omnibus in locīs pugnant, quō sē legiōnāriīs mīlitibus
praeferrent#, 2, 27, 2, _the troopers fought on every kind of ground,
hoping to outshine the regular infantry thereby_. #medicō putō aliquid
dandum esse, quō sit studiōsior#, _Fam._ 16, 4, 2, _I think it would be
well to fee your medical man, to make him more attentive_. #id amābō
adiūtā mē quō id fīat facilius#, T. _Eu._ 150, _help me in that, I pray,
that it may be the easier done_. #sublāta erat celebritās virōrum ac
mulierum, quō lāmentātiō minuerētur#, _Leg._ 2, 65, _the large
attendance of both sexes was done away with, to make the weeping and
wailing less harrowing_. (_b._) #hominī mortuō nē ossa legitō, quō pos
fūnus faciat#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 60, _he shall not gather up
the bones of a dead man, with intent to celebrate the funeral a second
time_ (1586). #quī eōrum coiīt, coierit, quō quis iūdiciō pūblicō
condemnārētur#, law in _Clu._ 148, _whosoever of that number conspired
or shall have conspired to have anybody condemned in a criminal court_.
Otherwise rarely used without a comparative expression, yet occasionally
found thus in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, and Ovid: as, #hanc simulant
parere quō Chremētem absterreant#, T. _Andr._ 472, _they’re pretending
that she’s lying in, to frighten Chremes off_. So often in Tacitus.
1975. #quō nē#, in a negative clause of purpose, is found in a disputed
passage in Horace, but not again until late Latin. For #nōn quō#, #nōn
eō quō#, introducing an untenable reason, see 1855.
1976. In old Latin #quī#, _whereby_, _wherewith_, _withal_, is partly
felt as a live relative pronoun in the ablative, and partly as a mere
conjunction of purpose; as a pronoun it may even take a preposition; as
a conjunction, it may refer to a plural antecedent (689): as, #quasi
patriciīs puerīs aut monērulae aut anitēs aut cōturnīcēs dantur, quīcum
lūsitent: itidem mī haec upupa, quī mē dēlectem datast#, Pl. _Cap._
1002, _as to the sons of gentlemen or daws or ducks or quails are given,
wherewith to play; just so to me this crow is given, to entertain myself
withal_. #enim mihi quidem aequomst dari vehicla quī vehar#, Pl. _Aul._
500, _in sooth ‘t were fair that carriages be given me, to ride withal_.
The indicative occurs where the subjunctive would be used in classical
Latin: as, #multa concurrunt simul, quī coniectūram hanc faciō#, T.
_Andr._ 511, _a thousand things combine whereby I come to this
conjecture_.
[Erratum:
1974 ... (_b._)
. invisible]
#quōminus.#
1977. The subjunctive with #quōminus# (1972) is used to complete the
sense of verbs of hindering or resisting.
Such verbs are: #impediō#, #teneō#, _hinder_, #interclūdō#, #dēterreō#,
#obstō#, #obsistō#, #resistō#, #repugnō#, #nōn recūsō#; these verbs
often have a subjunctive with #nē# (1960). Cicero rarely and Caesar
never uses #quōminus# with #impediō# or #prohibeō#. For the accusative
and infinitive with these verbs, see 2203. #quōminus# is also used with
#moveor#, _am influenced_, #fit#, _it is owing to_, #stat per aliquem#,
_somebody is responsible_, or indeed any expression implying hindrance.
When the verb of hindering has a negative with it, #quīn# is often used;
see 1986.
#nōn dēterret sapientem mors, quōminus rē̆ī pūblicae suīsque cōnsulat#,
_TD._ 1, 91, _death does not hinder the wise man from working for
country and friends_. #quid obstat, quōminus sit beātus?# _DN._ 1, 95,
_what is to hinder his being happy?_ #neque recūsāvit quōminus lēgis
poenam subīret#, N. 15, 8, 2, _and he did not decline to submit to the
penalty of the law_. #Caesar, ubī̆ cōgnōvit per Āfrānium stāre quōminus
proeliō dīmicārētur, castra facere cōnstituit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 3,
_when Caesar learned that owing to Afranius there was no battle, he
resolved to build a camp_. #sī tē dolor corporis tenuit, quōminus ad
lūdōs venīrēs, fortūnae magis tribuō quam sapientiae tuae#, _Fam._ 7, 1,
1, _if it was bodily suffering that kept you from coming to the
performances, I think more highly of your luck than of your sense_.
Terence first uses #quōminus# thus, but only rarely. He also sometimes
uses the parts separately so that the true relative and negative forces
appear: as, #sī sēnserō quicquam in hīs tē nūptiīs fallāciae cōnārī, quō
fīant minus#, T. _Andr._ 196, _if I catch you trying on any trick in the
matter of this marriage through which it may not come off_ (1451).
1978. In Tacitus, #quōminus# is sometimes found where #quīn# would be
used in classical Latin (1986): as, #nec dubitātum quōminus pācem
concēderent#, Ta. _H._ 2, 45, _there was no hesitation in granting
peace_.
1979. It may be mentioned here that #quō sētius# with the subjunctive,
instead of #quōminus#, is found twice in Cicero’s earliest extant prose,
and twice in older Latin.
#quīn.#
1980. #quīn# is composed of #quī#, the ablative or locative of the
interrogative and relative stem #qui-# (689), and #-ne#, _not_. It is
used in simple sentences and as a conjunctive particle.
1981. For the use of #quīn#, _why not_, in questions with the
indicative, see 1526. Such questions have the sense of an affirmative
command or exhortation (1531): as, #quīn abīs#, Pl. _MG._ 1087, _why
won’t you begone?_ or _get you gone_. #quīn cōnscendimus equōs#, L. 1,
57, 7, _why not mount_, or _to horse, to horse_. For the use of #quīn#
without interrogative force, see 1527.
1982. #quīn# is found occasionally with the subjunctive in a direct
question in Plautus, Terence, Lucilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Tacitus:
thus, #quīn ego hōc rogem?# Pl. _MG._ 426, _why shouldn’t I ask this?_
(1563).
1983. The subjunctive with the conjunctive particle #quīn# is used,
particularly in old Latin, in connection with the common formula #nūlla
causa est# or its equivalents.
Such a subjunctive may be regarded as original (1786) or as due to the
indirect form of question (1773).
#nūlla causast quīn mē condōnēs crucī#, Pl. _R._ 1070, _there’s no
reason why you shouldn’t deliver me up to execution_. #quīn dēcēdam,
nūlla causa est#, _Fam._ 2, 17, 1, _there is no reason why I should not
retire_. #quid causaest quīn in pistrīnum rēctā proficīscar viā?# T.
_Andr._ 600, _what’s the reason I don’t march straight into the mill?_
#haud causificor quīn eam habeam#, Pl. _Aul._ 755, _I don’t quibble
against keeping her_.
1984. #mīrum quīn# with the subjunctive is used by Plautus in sarcastic
expressions where #mīrum# is ironical: as, #mīrum quīn tū illō tēcum
dīvitiās ferās#, Pl. _Tri._ 495, _strange enough, how you can’t take
your money there with you_, that is to Hades.
1985. The subjunctive with #quīn# (or #ut nōn#) is used after #nōn
possum#, or #nōn possum# with an infinitive, usually #facere#, and with
#fierī nōn potest#: as,
#nōn enim possum quīn exclāmem, eugē, eugē, Lȳsitelēs, πάλιν#, Pl.
_Tri._ 705, _upon my word I must cry bravo, bravo, Lysiteles; encore!_
#facere nōn potuī quīn tibī̆ sententiam dēclārārem#, _Fam._ 6, 13, 1,
_I could not help giving you my views_. #fierī nūllō modō poterat, quīn
Cleomenī parcerētur#, _V._ 5, 104, _it was impossible not to spare
Cleomenes_. #ēheu, nequeō quīn fleam, quom abs tē abeam#, Pl. _MG._
1342, _O well-a-day, I needs must weep, for that from thee I part_. #nōn
potuistī ūllō modō facere, ut mihī̆ illam epistulam nōn mitterēs#,
_Att._ 11, 21, 1, _you could not get along at all without writing me
that letter_ (1965).
1986. The subjunctive with _quīn_ is used in clauses which complete the
sense of verbs of restraining, abstaining, delaying, or doubting, when
such verbs have a negative, expressed or implied.
Such verbs are (_a._) restraining: #temperō mihī̆#, #teneō#, _restrain_,
#retineō#, #contineō#, #dēterreō#, #reprimō#. abstaining:
#praetermittō#, #intermittō#. delaying: #cunctor#, #differō#,
#exspectō#, #recūsō#; #nōn multum#, #nihil#, #paulum abest#. (_b._)
doubting: #dubitō#, #dubium est#; a doubt may also be implied in other
words, or forms of words: as, #nōn metuō#, #nōn abest suspīciō#, &c.
(_a._) #neque sibī̆ hominēs barbarōs temperātūrōs exīstimābat, quīn in
prōvinciam exīrent#, 1, 33, 4, _and he thought, as they were savages,
they would not restrain themselves, but would sally out into the
province_. #vix mē contineō quīn involem mōnstrō in capillum#, T. _Eu._
859, _I scarce can keep from flying at the caitiff’s hair_. #nihil
praetermīsī, quīn Pompēium ā Caesaris coniūnctiōne āvocārem#, _Ph._ 2,
23, _I left no stone unturned to prevent Pompey from joining Caesar_.
#abstinēre quīn attingās nōn queās#, Pl. _B._ 915, _you can’t keep from
touching it_. (_b._) #nōn dubitat, quīn tē ductūrum negēs#, T. _Andr._
405, _he doesn’t doubt that you’ll refuse to marry_. #quis dubitet, quīn
in virtūte dīvitiae sint?# _Par._ 48, _who can doubt that there is money
in virtue?_ #neque abest suspīciō quīn ipse sibī̆ mortem cōnscīverit#,
1, 4, 4, _and ground is not wanting for the belief that he made away
with himself_.
1987. #nōn dubitō# has other constructions: (_a._) Indirect question.
(#b.#) Accusative with the infinitive (in some authors: chiefly Nepos
and Livy and later writers). (_c._) Meaning _not hesitate_, the
infinitive alone (2169). #quīn# seldom follows this meaning.
(_a._) #nōn dubitō, quid nōbīs agendum putēs#, _Att._ 10, 1, 2, _I have
no doubt about what you think is our duty to do_. (_b._) #neque enim
dubitābant hostem ventūrum#, L. 22. 55, 2, _for they firmly believed the
enemy would come_. (_c._) #quid dubitāmus pultāre?# Pl. _B._ 1117, _why
do we hesitate to knock?_ #nōlīte dubitāre quīn huic crēdātis omnia#,
_IP._ 68, _do not hesitate to trust all to him_.
1988. The subjunctive with #quīn# is often used after general negative
assertions, or questions implying a negative: as,
#nēmō fuit omnīnō mīlitum quīn vulnerārētur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 53, 3,
_there was absolutely not a single soldier but was wounded_. #nūllust
Ephesī quīn sciat#, Pl. _B._ 336, _there’s not a soul at Ephesus but
knows_. #quis in circum vēnit, quīn is ūnōquōque gradū dē avāritiā tuā
commonērētur?# _V._ 1, 154, _who came to the circus without being
reminded of your avarice at each and every step?_ #nūlla fuit cīvitās
quīn partem senātūs Cordubam mitteret, nōn cīvis Rōmānus quīn
convenīret#, Caes. _C._ 2, 19, 2, _there was not a community but sent a
part of its local senate to Corduba, not a Roman citizen, but went to
the meeting_. For #quī nōn# after such expressions, see 1821. The main
sentence often has #tam#, #ita#, #sīc#, or #tantus#: as, #nēmō est tam
fortis, quīn rē̆ī novitāte perturbētur#, 6, 39, 3, _there was nobody so
brave but was demoralized by the strangeness of the situation_. #nīl tam
difficilest quīn quaerendō investīgārī possiet#, T. _Hau._ 675, _there’s
naught so hard but may by searching be tracked out_. Instead of #quīn#,
#ut nōn# or #quī nōn# is often used in such combinations (1821).
1989. The subjunctive in an untenable reason, negatively put, is
sometimes introduced by #nōn quīn# instead of #nōn quod nōn# or #nōn quō
nōn# (1855): as, #nōn quīn parī virtūte aliī fuerint#, _Ph._ 7, 6, _not
that others may not have been his peers in virtue_.
1990. #quīn# is used very rarely instead of #quōminus# to introduce
clauses completing the sense of verbs which have no negative expressed
or implied: as, once each in the _Bellum Alexandrīnum_, in Tacitus, and
in Seneca’s prose.
#dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#.
1991. With the temporal particles #dum#, _while_, _until_, and #dōnec#,
_until_ (in old Latin #dōnicum# and in Lucretius #dōnique#), may be
conveniently treated the relative #quaad# or #quoad# (that is #quā# or
#quō# combined with #ad#), _while_, _until_, and the comparative
#quamdiū#, _as long as_.
1992. #dum#, _while_, means originally _a while_ (1151): as,
#circumspice dum#, Pl. _Tri._ 146, _look round you a while_, _a minute_,
_just look round_ (1573). #dum servī meī perplacet mihi cōnsilium, dum
haud placet#, Pl. _Merc._ 348, _one while my slave’s plan suits me
completely, another while it doesn’t suit_. #dum . . . dum#, Accius in
_DN._ 2, 89, _one while . . . another_.
1993. As a pure conjunctive particle, #dum#, _while_, means either (A.)
_in the time while_, or (B.) _all the time while_; in the latter sense
#quoad# and #quamdiū# are also used. From _all the time while_, #dum#
comes to mean (C.) _as long as_, _provided_; and (D.) _until_; in this
sense #quoad# and #dōnec# are also used.
1994. The indicative is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, #quoad#,
or #quamdiū#, _while_; and the subjunctive in a protasis introduced by
#dum#, _provided_, or _until_.
The subjunctive is also used for special reasons, as in indirect
discourse (1725), by attraction (1728), of action conceivable (1731), or
by late writers to express repeated past action (1730). See also 1997
and 2009, end.
(A.) #dum#, _in the time while_.
1995. The present indicative is regularly used with #dum#, _in the time
while_ (1739).
#dum# sometimes has as correlative #subitō#, #repente#; #iam#,
#intereā#, &c.
The main verb may be present, future, or past; as, #dum haec dīcit,
abiīt hōra#, T. _Eu._ 341, _while he thus prated, sped an hour away_.
#īnficī dēbet iīs artibus quās sī, dum est tener, combiberit, ad maiōra
veniet parātior#, _Fin._ 3, 9, _he should be imbued with such arts as
will, if absorbed while he is young, render him the better equipped to
deal with weightier business_. #nunc rem ipsam, ut gesta sit, dum
breviter vōbīs dēmōnstrō, attendite#, _Tul._ 13, _now give your
attention to the case itself, while I set forth to you briefly how it
occurred_. #dum in hīs locīs Caesar morātur, ad eum lēgātī vēnērunt#, 4,
22, 1, _while Caesar tarried in these regions, some envoys came to him_.
#dum haec aguntur, vōce clārā exclāmat#, Pl. _Am._ 1120, _while this was
going on, with clarion voice he cries aloud_. #haec dum aguntur, intereā
Cleomenēs iam ad Helōrī lītus pervēnerat#, _V._ 5, 91, _while this was
going on, Cleomenes meantime had already arrived at the shore of
Helorum_. The phrase #dum haec geruntur#, _meanwhile_, is often used by
the historians to shift the scene: as, #dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q.
Titūrius Sabīnus in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit#, 3, 17, 1, _while this
was going on among the Veneti, Sabinus arrived in the territory of the
Venelli_. The present indicative is sometimes retained in indirect
discourse, chiefly in poetry or late prose: as, #dīc, hospes, Spartae
nōs tē hīc vīdisse iacentīs, dum sānctīs patriae lēgibus obsequimur#,
_TD._ 1, 101, _tell it at Sparta, friend, that thou hast seen us lying
here, obedient to our country’s holy laws_. #dīcit sēsē illī ānulum, dum
lūctat, dētrāxisse#, T. _Hec._ 829, _he says that, in the struggle, he
pulled off her ring_.
1996. The future is rare and chiefly confined to old Latin: as,
#animum advortite, dum huius argūmentum ēloquar cōmoediae#, Pl. _prol.
Am._ 95, _attention lend, while I set forth the subject of this comedy_.
#dum pauca dīcam, breviter attendite#, _V._ 3, 163, _while I speak
briefly, give me your attention a few moments_.
1997. The imperfect indicative is rare; the imperfect subjunctive is
sometimes used, chiefly by the poets and historians: as,
(_a._) #dum haec Vēīs agēbantur, interim capitōlium in ingentī perīculō
fuit#, L. 5, 47, 1, _while this was going on at Vei, the capital
meanwhile was in terrible peril_. The pluperfect of resulting state is
rarer: as, #dum in ūnam partem oculōs hostium certāmen āverterat,
plūribus locīs capitur mūrus#, L. 32, 24, 5, _while the eyes of the
enemy were turned away in one direction toward the fight, the wall is
carried in several places_ (1615). (_b._) #dum sē rēx āverteret, alter
ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit#, L. 1, 40, 7, _while the king was
looking another way, the second man raised his axe and brought it down
on his head_.
1998. The clause with #dum# often denotes the cause of the main action,
particularly when the subjects of both verbs are the same and the action
of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).
#dum docent, discunt#, Sen. _E._ 7, 8, _while they are teaching, they
are learning_, or, _by teaching they learn_. #nīmīrum didicī etiam, dum
in istum inquīrō, artificum nōmina#, _V._ 4, 4, _preposterous as it may
seem, in hunting up evidence against the defendant, I have actually
learned artists’ names_. The main action is often one not anticipated or
desired: as, #ita dum pauca mancipia retinēre volt, fortūnās omnīs
lībertātemque suam perdidit#, _Caecil._ 56, _so in her attempt to keep a
few human chattels, she sacrificed all her possessions and her own
liberty_. #dum vītant stultī vitia, in contrāria currunt#, H. _S._ 1, 2,
24, _while fools essay a vice to shun, into its opposite they run_.
Sometimes with the perfect: as, #dum Alexandrī similis esse voluit, L.
Crassī inventus est dissimillimus#, _Br._ 282, _from his desire to be
like Alexander, he came out just the opposite of Crassus_.
(B.) #dum#, #quoad#, #quamdiū# (#dōnec#), _all the time while_.
1999. #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, often has as
correlative #tamdiū#, #tantum#, #tantummodo#, #tantisper#, #usque#, or
#ita#. When #tamdiū# is used, #quam# often stands for #quamdiū#.
2000. (1.) When the main verb is present or future, the protasis with
#dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, is usually in the
same tense as the main verb: as,
#mane dum scrībit#, Pl. _B._ 737, _wait while he writes_. #aegrōtō dum
anima est, spēs esse dīcitur#, _Att._ 9, 10, 3, _as long as a sick man
has breath he is said to have hope_. #vidua vīvitō vel usque dum rēgnum
optinēbit Iuppiter#, Pl. _Men._ 727, _may’st widowed live e’en long as
Jupiter shall reign_. #ego tē meum esse dīcī tantisper volō, dum quod tē
dignumst faciēs#, T. _Hau._ 106, _I’ll have thee called my son but just
so long as thou shalt act as doth become thee_. #dum Latīnae loquentur
litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit#, _Leg._ 1, 2, _as long as Latin
literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak_
(1733). #quamdiū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendere audeat, vīvēs#, _C._ 1,
6, _as long as there shall be a soul who will venture to defend you, you
shall live on_. #discēs quamdiū volēs, tamdiū autem velle dēbēbis quoad
tē quantum prōficiās nōn paenitēbit#, _Off._ 1, 2, _you shall study as
long as you want to, and it will be proper for you to want to, as long
as you are satisfied with your progress_. #dandum hordeum et furfurēs
usque quaad erunt lactantēs#, Varro _R. R._ 2, 7, 12, _give them barley
and bran as long as they are sucklings_. #quoad#, _as long as_, is not
found in Terence.
2001. (2.) With #quamdiū# the perfect is used when the main verb is
perfect; with #dum# or #quoad# the perfect or imperfect is used when the
main verb is perfect or pluperfect, and the imperfect usually when the
main verb is imperfect: as,
(_a._) #quōrum quamdiū mānsit imitātiō, tamdiū genus illud dīcendī
vīxit#, _DO._ 2, 94, _as long as the imitation of these men lasted, so
long was that style in vogue_. #tenuit locum tamdiū quam ferre potuit
labōrem#, _Br._ 236, _he held the position as long as he could stand the
work_. In this use #quamdiū# is found first in Cicero.
(_b._) #vīxit, dum vīxit, bene#, T. _Hec._ 461, _he lived well all the
time he lived_ (1733). #avus noster quoad vīxit, restitit M. Grātidiō#,
_Leg._ 3, 36, _our grandfather as long as he lived, opposed Gratidius_.
(_c._) #Massiliēnsēs quoad licēbat, circumvenīre nostrōs contendēbant#,
Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 1, _as long as the Massilia people had a chance, they
kept trying to surround our men_. #dum necesse erat, rēsque ipsa
cōgēbat, ūnus omnia poterat#, _RA._ 139, _as long as it had to be, and
circumstances demanded, one man controlled the world_ (1733). From
Sallust on, the present of vivid narration (1590) is occasionally found
with #dum# in this sense.
2002. In poetry and in late prose writers, beginning with Lucretius and
Livy, #dōnec# is used in the sense of _all the time while_, usually with
the indicative, but sometimes with the subjunctive of repeated past
action: as, #dōnec grātus eram tibī, Persārum viguī rēge beātior#, H. 3,
9, 1, _as long as I was loved of thee, I flourished happier than the
Persians’ king_. #dōnec armātī cōnfertīque abībant, peditum labor in
persequendō fuit#, L. 6, 13, 4, _as long as they were moving off under
arms and in close array, the task of pursuit fell to the infantry_.
#vulgus trucīdātum est dōnec īra et diēs permānsit#, Ta. 1, 68, _the
rank and file were butchered as long as wrath and daylight held out_.
#nihil trepidābant, dōnec continentī velut ponte agerentur#, L. 21, 28,
10, _the elephants were not a bit skittish as long as they were driven
along what seemed a continuous bridge_ (1730). The future is rare: as,
#nātus enim dēbet quīcumque est velle manēre in vītā, dōnec retinēbit
blanda voluptās#, Lucr. 5, 177, _whoe’er is born must wish in life to
abide, so long as him fond pleasure shall detain_. #dōnec eris fēlīx,
multōs numerābis amīcōs#, O. _Tr._ 1, 9, 5, _as long as fortune smiles,
thou troops shalt count of friends_.
[Erratum:
2000.
. missing]
(C.) #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.
2003. The present and imperfect subjunctive are used in provisos
introduced by #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.
#dum# is sometimes accompanied by #modo#, _only_, or #quidem#, _that
is_; or (from Terence on) #modo# is used without #dum#. The negative is
#nē# (from Ovid on, sometimes #nōn#); #nē# sometimes has as correlative
#ita#.
#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _let them hate, so they
fear_. #absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē#, Pl. _Am._ 644,
_let him go, so only he come home with glory won_. #postulābant prō
homine miserrimō, quī vel ipse sēsē in cruciātum darī cuperet, dum dē
patris morte quaererētur#, _RA._ 119, _they made the request in behalf
of a pitiable wretch, who would be only too glad to be put to the rack
himself, so his father’s death might be investigated_. #itaque dum locus
comminus pugnandī darētur, aequō animō singulās bīnīs nāvibus
obiciēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 4, _therefore, so a chance was given to
fight hand to hand, they did not mind pitting one of their vessels
against two of the enemy’s_. #sī ē̆ī permissum esset, ita id sacrum
faceret, dum nē plūs quīnque sacrificiō interessent#, L. 39, 18, 9, _if
he were allowed, he might perform the sacrifice far better, provided
that not more than five people should have a part in the ceremonial_.
#dum quidem nēquid percontēris quod nōn lubeat prōloquī#, Pl. _Aul._
211, _provided at least you ask nothing that I may not like to
disclose_. #volet, cīvis modo haec sit#, T. _Eu._ 889, _he’ll consent,
only let her be a free born maid_. #magnō mē metū līberābis, dum modo
inter mē atque tē mūrus intersit#, _C._ 1, 10, _you will relieve me of
great fear, provided only there be a wall interposed between you and
myself_.
(D.) #dum#, #quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.
2004. #dum#, #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, often has as correlative
#usque#, #usque eō#, #usque ad eum fīnem# or #tamdiū#.
#dum#, _until_.
2005. The subjunctive present is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#,
_until_, when the main verb denotes either indefinite or present time,
and the subjunctive imperfect when the main verb is past.
The subjunctive is an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540); the
clause denotes something expected or proposed.
#is dum veniat sedens ibī̆ opperībere#, Pl. _B._ 48, _you shall sit
there waiting till he comes_. #ōrandī sunt, ut sī quam habent ulcīscendī
vim, differant in tempus aliud, dum dēfervēscat īra#, _TD._ 4, 78, _we
must always ask such people, if they have any chance to take vengeance,
to put it off to some other time, till their rage cool down_. #cēnseō
latendum tantisper ibīdem, dum effervēscit haec grātulātiō et simul dum
audiāmus, quemadmodum negōtium cōnfectum sit#, _Fam._ 9, 2, 4, _I advise
lying low where you are, while the present congratulation excitement is
cooling off, and at the same time till we may hear how the job was
done_. #dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs exspectāvit#, 4,
23, 4, _he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather
there_ (1725). #Verginius dum collēgam cōnsuleret morātus, dictātōrem
dīxit#, L. 4, 21, 10, _Verginius, after waiting till he should consult
his colleague, appointed a dictator_. #observāvit dum dormitāret canēs#,
Pl. _Tri._ 170, _he watched till the dog should be napping_.
2006. The present indicative with #dum#, _while_, is sometimes used
where the subjunctive might be expected with #dum#, _until_ (1593).
Other indicative tenses are rarely thus used: as,
(_a._) #expectābō, dum venit#, T. _Eu._ 206, _I will wait while he
comes_. #ego hīc tantisper, dum exīs, tē opperiar#, Pl. _Most._ 683,
_I’ll wait for you here a while till you come out_. #ego in Arcānō
opperior, dum ista cōgnōscō#, _Att._ 10, 3, _for myself I am waiting at
the Arcae place, till I ascertain this_. (_b._) #mihī̆ quidem usque
cūrae erit, quid agās, dum quid ēgerīs, scierō#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 3, _for
me I shall be anxious all the time to know what you are doing, till I
know what you have done_. #mānsit in condiciōne usque ad eum fīnem dum
iūdicēs rēiectī sunt#, _V. a. pr._ 16, _he stuck to his bargain till the
jurors were challenged_.
#quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.
2007. #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, introduces a protasis in the present
subjunctive when the main verb is present or future; and in the perfect
indicative when the main verb is past or a general present.
#quoad# is found once in Plautus with the imperfect subjunctive (2008);
in other authors here and there with both moods; not in Tacitus. With
#dōnec# the present subjunctive is found once in Plautus, rarely in late
Latin and in poetry; the perfect indicative is found at all periods; the
present indicative (1590), found once in Plautus, is poetic and late.
But #dōnec# is rarely used by Cicero, and never by Caesar or Sallust.
#dōnicum# is found in old Latin (not in Terence) with the indicative
(2009), and once in Nepos with the subjunctive of indirect discourse.
#dōnique# is found four times in Lucretius with the indicative, always
before vowels (2009). #dōneque# and #dōneque cum# seem to occur a few
times in Vitruvius.
(_a._) #ego hīc cōgitō commorārī, quoad mē reficiam#, _Fam._ 7, 26, 2,
_I am thinking of staying here till I feel better_. #ea continēbis,
quoad ipse tē videam#, _Att._ 13, 21, 4, _you will keep this back till I
see you myself_. #expergēfactīque secuntur inānia saepe cervōrum
simulācra, dōnec discussīs redeant errōribus ad sē#, Lucr. 4, 995, _and
when awakened, often they still keep hunting the shadowy forms of stags,
until the delusion is shaken off and they come to themselves_. #magnus
mīrandusque cliēns sedet ad praetōria rēgis, dōnec Bīthȳnō libeat
vigilāre tyrannō#, J. 10, 160, _a vassal great and strange he sits in
the king’s gate, till it may suit his oriental majesty to wake_. #inter
eadem pecora dēgunt, dōnec aetās sēparet ingenuōs#, Ta. _G._ 20, _they
always live among the same flocks and herds, till maturity puts the
free-born by themselves_.
(_b._) #nostrī reppulērunt neque fīnem sequendī fēcērunt, quoad equitēs
praecipitēs hostēs ēgērunt#, 5, 17, 3, _our people routed them and did
not give up the pursuit till the cavalry drove the enemy headlong_.
#Milō cum in senātū fuisset eō diē quoad senātus est dīmissus, domum
vēnit#, _Mil._ 28, _after staying in the senate that day till the senate
adjourned, Milo went home_. #numquam dēstitit ōrāre usque adeō dōnec
perpulit#, T. _Andr._ 660, _he never ceased to tease until he gained his
point_. #usque eō timuī, dōnec ad rēiciundōs iūdicēs vēnimus#, _V._ 1,
17, _I was afraid all the time till we came to challenging jurors_. The
present indicative of vivid narration (1590) is found in Vergil and
Livy: as, #sociī cōnsurgere tōnsīs, dōnec rōstra tenent siccum et sēdēre
carīnae omnēs innocuae#, V. 10, 299, _with one accord the shipmates rose
to oars, until the beaks dry land attain, and keels all sat unscathed_.
2008. An imperfect subjunctive is rarely found with #quoad#, _until_
(1725): as, #haec diēs praestitūtast, quoad referret#, Pl. _Ps._ 623,
_this day was set by which he was to pay_. #exercēbātur currendō et
lūctandō ad eum fīnem, quoad stāns complectī posset#, N. 15, 2, 5, _he
used to practise running and wrestling, till he could give a grip
standing_. For #dōnec#, see 2009 at the end.
2009. Other constructions occur, chiefly in old Latin or poetry, with
#dōnec#, or #dōnicum#, _until_. (_a._) The future perfect: as, #haud
dēsinam, dōnec perfēcerō hōc#, T. _Ph._ 419, _I shall not stop till I
have finished this_. #dēlīcta maiōrum luēs, dōnec templa refēceris#, H.
3, 6, 1, _for sins of sires thou shalt atone, till thou hast shrines
repaired_. (_b._) The future: #coquitō usque dōnec conmadēbit bene#,
Cato, _RR._ 156, 5, _boil until it is very soft_. #ter centum rēgnābitur
annōs, dōnec geminam partū dabit Īlia prōlem#, V. 1, 272, _for thrice a
hundred years there will be kings, till Ilia gives birth to twins_.
(_c._) The perfect indicative, less frequently the present, introductory
to a general present: #impedit piscīs usque adeō, dōnicum ēdūxit forās#,
Pl. _Tru._ 38, _he always draws his net about the fish, until he’s
brought them out_ (1613). #usque mantant neque id faciunt, dōnicum
parietēs ruont#, Pl. _Most._ 116, _they keep waiting and don’t do it
until the walls are falling_. (_d._) The pluperfect indicative:
#horriferīs accībant vōcibus Orcum, dōnique eōs vītā prīvārant vermina
saeva#, Lucr. 5, 996, _with horrid cries on Death they’d call till
gripings sore had set them free from life_. The imperfect indicative is
found once in Tacitus, who also has the infinitive of intimation (1539)
once or twice. An imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive sometimes occurs
where purpose is intimated, and in Livy and late Latin to express
repeated past action: as, #dōnec ēgregius properāret exsul#, H. 3, 5,
45, _till he could hasten forth a peerless exile_. #trepidātiōnis
aliquantum ēdēbant, dōnec quiētem ipse timor fēcisset#, L. 21, 28, 11,
_the elephants always displayed some nervousness, till terror itself
restored quiet_ (1730). But the habit of using the imperfect subjunctive
is very common in Tacitus where neither purpose nor repetition is
intimated: as #neque proelium omīsit dōnec caderet#, Ta. 3, 20, _he
ceased not fighting till he fell_.
#quandō.#
2010. #quandō#, originally a temporal particle, has the meaning _when_,
which readily passes over to a causal meaning, _since_, _because_. In
both meanings it introduces the indicative. For special reasons,
however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725) or of
action conceivable (1731). #quandō# is also used to introduce a
conditional protasis (2110).
In simple sentences, temporal #quandō# is used in pronoun questions
(1526). As an indefinite adverb it has the meaning _ever_.
(A.) TEMPORAL #quandō#.
2011. #quandō#, _when_, introduces a temporal clause with the
indicative.
The time is often indefinite or iterative; so usually in old Latin.
#quandō# often has #tum# as correlative.
#fīō Iuppiter quandō lubet#, Pl. _Am._ 864, _I turn into Jupiter at my
sweet will_. #laudātō quandō illud quod cupis effēcerō#, Pl. _Cu._ 364,
_cry your bravo when I’ve done what you desire_. #quandō occāsiō illaec
periīt, post sērō cupit#, Pl. _Aul._ 249, _when that chance is lost, he
wants it all too late_ (1613). #quandō omnēs creātī sunt, tum ad eōs
deus fātur#, _Tim._ 40, _when all were created, then to them spake the
god_. #quandō pars maior in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat
cōnsēnsum#, L. 1, 32, 12, _when the majority voted for the same motion,
war was always agreed upon_. Temporal #quandō# is found sporadically at
all periods; not in Terence or Caesar.
2012. #quandōque#, _whenever_, is found once in the Twelve Tables, a few
times in Cicero (chiefly in legal formulae), three times in Horace, and
here and there in later authors. Not in Caesar.
(B.) CAUSAL #quandō#.
2013. #quandō#, _since_, _seeing that_, introduces a causal clause with
the indicative.
The reason is usually one known to the person addressed or one generally
known (1884). #quandō# is often strengthened by #quidem#.
#quandō hīc serviō, haec patriast mea#, Pl. _Per._ 641, _now that I am a
slave here, this is my country_. #quīn ergō abeis, quandō respōnsumst?#
Pl. _MG._ 1085, _why don’t you go then, since you’ve had your answer?_
#melius est, quandōquidem hoc numquam mī ipse voluit dīcere#, T. _Ad._
639, _better so, since he wouldn’t ever tell me about it of his own
accord_. #quandō mē in hunc locum dēdūxit ōrātiō, docēbō#. _DN._ 3, 43,
_seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point, I will show_.
#haec dētur cūra cēnsōribus, quandōquidem eōs in rē pūblicā semper
volumus esse#, _Leg._ 3, 47, _let this be the charge of the censors,
seeing that we want such officers always in our state_. #prō urbe ac
penātibus dīmicandum esse, quandō Ītaliam tuērī nequīssent#, L. 22, 8,
7, _that they must fight for home and country, now that they had failed
to preserve Italy_ (1724). Causal #quandō# is found at all periods,
though not in Caesar, and in Cicero’s orations only with #quidem#.
2014. #quandōque#, _inasmuch as_, is used a few times in a formal or
legal sense in Cicero and Livy: as, #quandōque hīsce hominēs iniussū
populī Rōmānī Quirītium foedus ictum īrī spopondērunt#, L. 9, 10, 9,
_inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made,
without the order of the Roman nation of Quirites_.
#sī.#
2015. #sī#, in early Latin #sei#, is originally a locative, meaning
_under those circumstances_, _so_. With the enclitic #-ce#, it forms
#sīce# or #sīc#, _so_. The two are sometimes found as correlatives in
colloquial style: as, #sīc scrībēs aliquid, sī vacābis#, _Att._ 12, 38,
2, _so you shall have time, so you will write something_. See 708.