1898. When the main clause is an infinitive, #quam# is often followed by
an infinitive: as,
#mālim morīrī me͡os quam mendīcārier#, Pl. _Vid._ 96, _better my bairns
be dead than begging bread_. #vōcēs audiēbantur prius sē cortice ex
arboribus vīctūrōs, quam Pompēium ē manibus dīmissūrōs#, Caes. _C._ 3,
49, 1, _shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees
sooner than let Pompey slip through their fingers_.
#quamquam.#
1899. (1.) #quamquam# is used in old Latin as an indefinite adverb,
_ever so much_, _however much_: as,
#quamquam negōtiumst, sī quid veis, Dēmiphō, nōn sum occupātus umquam
amīcō operam dare#, Pl. _Mer._ 287, _however busy I may be_ (1814), _if
anything you wish, dear Demipho, I’m not too busy ever to a friend mine
aid to lend_. #id quoque possum ferre, quamquam iniūriumst#, T. _Ad._
205, _that also I can bear, however so unfair_. From an adverb,
#quamquam# became a conjunction, _although_.
1900. (2.) #quamquam#, _although_, introduces the indicative in the
concession of a definite fact. In the later writers it is also sometimes
used with the subjunctive, sometimes with a participle or an adjective.
(_a._) #quamquam premuntur aere aliēnō, dominātiōnem tamen exspectant#,
_C._ 2, 19, _though they are staggering under debt, they yet look
forward to being lords and masters_. #quamquam nōn vēnit ad fīnem tam
audāx inceptum, tamen haud omnīnō vānum fuit#, L. 10, 32, 5, _though the
bold attempt did not attain its purpose, yet it was not altogether
fruitless_. This is the classical use; but see 1901. (_b._) #nam et
tribūnīs plēbis senātūs habendī iūs erat, quamquam senātōrēs nōn
essent#, Varro in Gell. 14, 8, 2, _for even the tribunes of the people,
though they were not senators, had the right to hold a meeting of the
senate_. #haud cunctātus est Germānicus, quamquam fingī ea
intellegeret#, Ta. 2, 26, _Germanicus did not delay, though he was aware
this was all made up_. This use is found first in Varro, often in the
Augustan poets, sometimes in Livy, always in Juvenal. It does not become
common before Tacitus and the younger Pliny. (_c._) #sequente, quamquam
nōn probante, Amynandrō#, L. 31, 41, 7, _Amynander accompanying though
not approving_ (1374). #nē Aquītānia quidem, quamquam in verba Othōnis
obstricta, diū mānsit#, Ta. _H._ 1, 76, _Aquitania, though bound by the
oath of allegiance to Otho, did not hold out long either_. This use is
found once each in Cicero and Sallust, half a dozen times in Livy,
oftener in Tacitus.
1901. The subjunctive is also used often with #quamquam# for special
reasons, as by attraction (1728), in indirect discourse (1725), and of
action conceivable (1731).
1902. For #quamquam# appending a fresh main sentence, see 2153; for its
use with the infinitive, 2317.
[Erratum:
1899. (1.)
(1)]
#quam vīs# or #quamvīs#.
1903. #quam vīs# or #quamvīs# is used as an indefinite adverb (712), _as
much as you please_, and is often joined with an adjective or other
adverb to take the place of a superlative: as,
#quam vīs rīdiculus est, ubī̆ uxor nōn adest#, Pl. _Men._ 318, _he’s as
droll as you please when his wife isn’t by_. #quamveis īnsipiēns poterat
persentīscere#, Pl. _Merc._ 687, _the veriest dullard could detect_.
#quamvīs paucī adīre audent#, 4, 2, 5, _the merest handful dares
attack_. #quamvīs callidē#, _V._ 2, 134, _ever so craftily_. #quamvīs#
is also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative (1466), though not in
classical prose.
1904. (1.) The indefinite adverb #quam vīs#, _as much as you please_, is
often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission; such
subjunctives are sometimes coordinated with #licet#: as,
#quod turpe est, id quam vīs occultētur, tamen honestum fierī nūllō modō
potest#, _Off._ 3, 78, _if a thing is base, let it be hidden as much as
you will, yet it cannot be made respectable_ (1553). #locus hīc apud
nōs, quam vīs subitō veniās, semper līber est#, Pl. _B._ 82, _our house
is always open, come as sudden as you may_ (1553). #praeter eōs quam vīs
ēnumerēs multōs licet, nōnnūllōs reperiēs perniciōsōs tribūnōs#, _Leg._
3, 24, _besides these you may tell off as many as you please, you will
still find some dangerous tribunes_ (1710). The combination with #licet#
occurs first in Lucretius, then in Cicero.
Instead of #vīs#, other forms are sometimes used: as, #volumus#,
#volent#, #velit#, &c.: thus, #quam volent facētī sint#, _Cael._ 67,
_they may be as witty as they please_ (1735). #quam volet Epicūrus
iocētur et dīcat sē nōn posse intellegere, numquam mē movēbit#, _DN._ 2,
46, _Epicurus may joke and say he can’t understand it as much as he
likes, he will never shake me_. From an adverb, #quam vīs# became a
conjunction, _however much_, _even if_.
1905. (2.) The subjunctive with the conjunction #quamvīs#, _however
much_, _even if_, _though_, denotes action merely assumed; when the
action is to be denoted as real, #ut# or #sīcut# or the like, with the
indicative, usually follows in the best prose (1943): as,
(_a._) #quamvīs sint hominēs quī Cn. Carbōnem ōderint, tamen hī dēbent
quid metuendum sit cōgitāre#, _V._ 1, 39, _though there may be men who
hate Carbo, still these men ought to consider what they have to fear_.
#nōn enim possīs, quamvīs excellās#, _L._ 73, _you may not have the
power, however eminent you may be_. This use begins with Cicero and
Varro, and gets common in late writers. Not in Livy. (_b._) #illa
quamvīs rīdicula essent, sīcut erant, mihī̆ tamen rīsum nōn mōvērunt#,
_Fam._ 7, 32, 3, _droll as this really was, it nevertheless did not make
me laugh_. #quamvīs enim multīs locīs dīcat Epicūrus, sīcutī dīcit,
satis fortiter dē dolōre, tamen nōn id spectandum est quid dīcat#,
_Off._ 3, 117, _even though Epicurus really does speak in many places
pretty heroically about pain, still we must not have an eye to what he
says_. In the Augustan poets rarely, and often in Tacitus, the younger
Pliny, and late writers, the subjunctive, without a parenthetical phrase
introduced by #ut# or the like, is used of an action denoted as real:
as, #expalluit notābiliter, quamvīs palleat semper#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 5,
13, _he grew pale perceptibly, though he is always a pale man_. #maestus
erat, quamvīs laetitiam simulāret#, Ta. 15, 54, _sad he was, though he
pretended to be gay_.
1906. #quamvīs#, _even if_, _though_, is also sometimes used with the
indicative (1900): as,
#erat dignitāte rēgiā, quamvīs carēbat nōmine#, N. 1, 2, 3, _he had the
authority of a king, though not the title_. #quamvīs tacet Hermogenēs,
cantor est#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 129, _though he open not his mouth,
Hermogenes remains a singer still_. This use occurs twice in Lucretius,
once in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy each, in Varro, in the Augustan poets,
and sometimes in late writers. Not in Tacitus, Pliny the younger,
Juvenal, Martial, or Suetonius.
1907. It may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverb #quamlibet#,
_however you please_, is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or
permission (1904) once or twice by Lucretius, Ovid, and Quintilian.
Velleius has it with the participle, a construction sometimes found with
#quamvīs# in late writers.
#tamquam.#
1908. #tamquam#, _just as_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods
of comparison.
The #tam# properly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the
protasis. #tamquam# has sometimes as correlative #sīc# or #ita#.
#tē hortor ut tamquam poētae bonī solent, sīc tū in extrēmā parte
mūneris tuī dīligentissimus sīs#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 46, _I urge you to be
very particular at the end of your task, just as good poets always are_.
#tamquam philosophōrum habent disciplinae ex ipsīs vocābula, parasītī
ita ut Gnathōnicī vocentur#, T. _Eu._ 263, _that so parasites may be
called Gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the
masters_. Usually, however, #ut# (1944) or #quemadmodum# is used in this
sense; and #tamquam# occurs oftenest in abridged sentences (1057),
particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative: as,
#Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus aliquod Daedalī#, _Br._ 71, _the
Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus_. #oculī
tamquam speculātōrēs altissimum locum obtinent#, _DN._ 2, 140, _the eyes
occupy the highest part, as a sort of watchmen_.
1909. In late writers, especially in Tacitus, #tamquam# is often used to
introduce a reason or motive, or a thought indirectly expressed: as,
#invīsus tamquam plūs quam cīvīlia agitāret#, Ta. 1, 12, _hated on the
ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen_ (1725).
#lēgātōs increpuit, tamquam nōn omnēs reōs perēgissent#, Plin. _Ep._ 3,
9, 36, _he reproved the embassy ‘for not having completed the
prosecution of all the defendants’_ (1852, 1725). #suspectus tamquam
ipse suās incenderit aedīs#, J. 3, 222, _suspected of having set his own
house afire_.
1910. For #tamquam# instead of #tamquam sī#, see 2118; with a
participle, 2121.
#antequam#, #priusquam#.
1911. #antequam# and #priusquam# accompany both the indicative and the
subjunctive.
#ante# and #prius# properly belong to the apodosis, and regularly stand
with it if it is negative; but otherwise they are usually attracted to
the protasis.
#antequam# is very seldom found in old Latin, and it is in general much
rarer than #priusquam#, except in Tacitus.