1438. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.
(_a._) With verbs, all sorts of adverbs are used: as, of Place: #quis
istīc habet?# Pl. _B._ 114, _who lives in there?_ Time: #tum dentēs mihi
cadēbant prīmulum#, Pl. _Men._ 1116, _my teeth were just beginning then
to go_. Number: #bis cōnsul fuerat P. Āfricānus#, _Mur._ 58, _Africanus
had twice been consul_. Degree, Amount: #Ubiī magnopere ōrābant#, 4, 16,
5, _the Ubians earnestly entreated_. #Dumnorīx plūrimum poterat#, 1, 9,
3, _Dumnorix was all-powerful_. Manner: #bene quiēvit, libenter cibum
sūmpsit#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 16, 4, _he has slept beautifully, he has
relished his food_. (_b._) With adjectives and adverbs, oftenest adverbs
of degree or amount only, or their equivalents, such as #bene#,
#ēgregiē#, &c.: as, #valdē dīligēns#, _Ac._ 2, 98, _very particular_.
#ēgregiē fortis#, _DO._ 2, 268, _exceptionally brave_. Adverbs of
manner, however, are also used, especially in poetry: as, #turpiter
hīrtum#, H. _E._ 1, 3, 22, _disreputably rough_, i.e. disreputable and
rough.
1439. An adverb is sometimes used with the meaning of an adjective: as,
#reliquīs deincēps diēbus#, 3, 29, 1, _the remaining successive days_.
#dē suīs prīvātim rēbus#, 5, 3, 5, _in relation to their personal
interests_. #undique silvae#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 6, 2, _the surrounding
woods_. Particularly when the substantive expresses character, like an
adjective: as, #vērē Metellus#, _Sest._ 130, _a trueblooded Metellus_.
#rūsticānus vir, sed plānē vir#, _TD._ 2, 53, _a country man, but every
inch a man_.
1440. Perfect participles used as substantives are commonly qualified by
an adverb, and not by an adjective. Particularly so #dictum#, #factum#,
#inventum#, #respōnsum#, with #bene# and #male#, and their synonymes:
as, #rēctē ac turpiter factum#, 7, 80, 5, _heroism and cowardice_. #bene
facta male locāta male facta arbitror#, E. in _Off._ 2, 62, _good deeds
ill put, bad deeds I count_. In superlative qualifications, however, the
adjective is preferred.
1441. Other substantives also may be qualified by an adverb, when a verb
construction or a participle is implied: as, #C. Flāminius cōnsul
iterum#, _Div._ 1, 77, _Flaminius in his second consulship_. #ō totiēns
servos#, H. _S._ 2, 7, 70, _time and again a slave_. #ictū comminus#,
_Caecin._ 43, _by a hand-to-hand blow_. #pūblicē testem#, _V._ 2, 156,
_a government witness_. #populum lātē rēgem#, V. 1, 21, _a nation
regnant wide_. #lātē tyrannus#, H. 3, 17, 9, _lord paramount far and
near_.
1442. An adverb sometimes takes the place of a substantive: as, #cum
amīcī partim dēseruerint mē, partim etiam prōdiderint#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 5,
_since my friends have some of them abandoned me, and others again have
actually betrayed me_, i.e. #aliī . . . aliī#. #postquam satis tūta
circā vidēbantur#, L. 1, 58, 2, _finding every thing round about looked
pretty safe_, i.e. #quae circā erant#. #palam laudārēs, sēcrēta male
audiēbant#, Ta. _H._ 1, 10, _his outward walk you would have admired;
his private life was in bad odour_, i.e. #quae palam fīēbant#.