1149. The accusative is used in exclamations, sometimes merely to call
attention to something, but generally with a predicate to express a
judgment with emphasis.
(_a._) In calling attention, #ecce# or #em# is used in old Latin: as,
#ecce mē#, Pl. _MG._ 663, _behold, your humble servant_. #em Dāvom
tibī̆#, T. _Andr._ 842, _there, Davos sir_. For #ellum#, #eccillum#,
&c., see 667 and 673. Also, from Cicero on, #ēn#: as, #ēn quattuor
ārās#, V. _E._ 5, 65, _see, altars four_. (_b._) In emphatic judgments
sometimes the accusative alone: as, #fortūnātum Nīcobūlum#, Pl. _B._
455, _lucky man that Nicobulus_. #testīs ēgregiōs#, _Cael._ 63, _mighty
fine witnesses_; sometimes with an interjection: as, #ō imperātōrem
probum#, Pl. _B._ 759, _oh what a good commander_; rarely so with
#ēcastor#, #edepol#, #eugē#, _bravo_, #heu#, #īlicet#, _all’s up_,
#ē̆heu#. Interrogatively: #hancine impudentiam?# V. 5, 62, _possible,
shamelessness like this?_
1150. The accusative is used in excited orders, appeals, and questions,
without any verb expressed, or even distinctly felt: as, #Tiberium in
Tiberim#, Suet. _Tib._ 75, _Tiberius to the Tiber_. #dī vostram fidem#,
T. _Andr._ 716, _ye gods your help_. #prō fidem, Thēbānī cīvēs#, Pl.
_Am._ 376, _oh help_, or _murder, ye citizens of Thebes_. So with
#unde#, #quō#, and #quandō#, often followed by #mihī̆# or #tibī̆#: as,
#quō mihi fortūnam, sī nōn concēditur ūtī?# H. _E._ 1, 5, 12, _why
wealth for me, if wealth I may not use?_