1037. The parts of the simple sentence may be enlarged by additions. The
commonest enlargements of the subject and of the predicate are the
following.
1038. I. The subject may be enlarged by the addition of attributes,
appositives, or objects.
1039. (1.) An ATTRIBUTE is an essential addition to a substantive,
uniting with it as one idea. The attribute may be:
1040. (_a._) Genitive of a substantive of different meaning, denoting
the agent, possessor, or the like: as, #metus hostium#, _fear of the
enemy_, i.e. which they feel. #hostium castra#, _camp of the enemy_.
1041. (_b._) Genitive or ablative of a substantive with an adjective in
agreement: as, #puer sēdecim annōrum#, _a boy of sixteen years_; #bovēs
mīrā speciē#, _kine of wondrous beauty_.
1042. (_c._) A noun in the same case, either an adjective or participle,
or else a substantive used adjectively: as, #pugna Cannēnsis#, _the
battle of Cannae_; #cīvitātēs victae#, _the conquered communities_;
#victor Rōmulus rēx#, _victorious king Romulus_.
1043. (_d._) A substantive in the accusative or ablative with a
preposition: as, #pugna ad Cannās#, _the battle near Cannae_. #vir sine
metū#, _a man without fear_ (1427).
1044. An attribute is rarely attached immediately to a proper name: as,
#fortem Gyān#, _Gyas the brave_. #Q. Lūcānius, eiusdem ōrdinis#,
_Lucanius, of the same rank_. It is much oftener attached to a general
word in apposition with the proper name: as, #vir clārissimus, M.
Crassus#, _the illustrious Crassus_.
1045. (2.) An APPOSITIVE is a separate substantive added as an
explanation to another substantive, and in the same case, but not like
the attribute uniting with it as one idea: as,
#avītum malum, rēgnī cupīdō#, _the ancestral curse, ambition for a
crown_. #Hamilcar, Mārs alter#, _Hamilcar, a second Mars_. #Cornēlia,
māter Gracchōrum#, _Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi_. #Teutomatus,
Ollivicōnis fīlius, rēx Nitiobrogum#, _Teutomatus, the son of Ollivico,
the king of the Nitiobroges_.
1046. (3.) The OBJECT of a substantive is another substantive of
different meaning in the genitive, denoting that on which action is
exerted: as,
#metus hostium#, _fear of the enemy_, i.e. which is felt towards them.
#vēnditiō bonōrum#, _sale of the goods_.
1047. A substantive in any case may be modified like the subject.
1048. II. The predicate may be enlarged by the addition of accusatives,
datives, predicate nouns, or adverbial adjuncts.
1049. (1.) The ACCUSATIVE denotes the object of the verb; also extent,
duration, and aim of motion. See 1124.
1050. (2.) The DATIVE denotes that for or to which something is or is
done. See 1175.
1051. (3.) A predicate noun, either substantive or adjective, denoting
‘office, time, age, order, condition,’ or the like, is often added to
other verbs besides those of indeterminate meaning (1035): as,
#Iūnius aedem dictātor dēdicāvit#, _Junius dedicated a temple in his
capacity as dictator_, not _Junius the dictator_. #litterās Graecās
senex didicī#, _I learned Greek when I was an old man_. #prīnceps in
proelium ībat, ultimus excēdēbat#, _he was always the first to go into
battle, the last to come out_. For the predicative dative of the
substantive, see 1219.
1052. In like manner a noun may be added as a predicate in agreement
with a substantive in any oblique case: as,
#sē incolumēs recipiunt#, _they come back safe_. #ante mē cōnsulem#,
_before my consulship_. #Dolābellā hoste dēcrētō#, _Dolabella having
been voted an enemy_. #nātūrā duce#, _with nature as a guide_.
1053. (4.) An ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT is either an oblique case of a noun,
often with a preposition, or an adverb denoting ‘place, time, extent,
degree, manner, cause,’ or ‘circumstances’ generally: as,
#silentiō proficīscitur#, _he marches in silence_. #in eō flūmine pōns
erat#, _over that river there was a bridge_.
1054. A predicate substantive may be modified like the subject. An
adjective either of the subject or of the predicate, may be modified by
an oblique case or by an adverb.
[Erratum:
1040a ... #hostium castra#, _camp of the enemy_.
. missing]