987. Most verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre# (or in #-ārī#, #-ērī#, and
#-īrī#), are denominatives.
988. Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in
the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative
present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly
from a root.
(1.) VERBS IN #-āre#.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
989. (1.) The following verb in #-āre# has a reduplicated perfect stem
(859):
stō, _stand_ stāre stetī ----
For #-stitī#, see 860. The compound #prae-stō# has rarely the perfect
participle #prae-stātus# (Brut., Plin.), and #prae-stitus# (Liv.).
990. (2.) The following verbs in #-āre# have a perfect stem consisting
of a root which ends in #-v-# and has a long vowel (864), and the
perfect participle in #-tus#:
iuvō, _help_ iuvāre iūvī iūtus
once
In the perfect system, #iuverint#, #adiuverō#, and #adiuverit# occur
once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., and Ter.; see 891. Perfect
participle usual only in the compound #ad-iūtus#.
lavō, _bathe_ lavāre lāvī lautus
Forms in #-ere# are very common in the present tense (820): #lavis#
(Plaut., Hor.), #lavit# (Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.), #lavimus#
(Hor.), #lavitur# (Val. Fl.), #lavitō# (Cato), #lavere# often, #lavī#
(Pomp.). Perfect participle often #lōtus# in writers of the empire;
supine, #lautum#, #lavātum#.
[Erratum:
990 ... once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., and Ter.;
and Ter;]
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-#.
991. (1_a_.) Two verbs in #-āre# have the perfect stem in #-v-# (869),
and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#, both preceded by a
long #-ā-# of the root:
flō, _blow_ flāre flāvī flātus
nō, _swim_ nāre nāvī ----
992. (1_b_.) Most verbs in #-āre# have the perfect stem in #-v-# (869),
and the perfect participle in #-tus#, both preceded by a form of the
present stem in long #-ā-#: as,
laudō, _praise_ laudāre laudāvī laudātus
līberō, _free_ līberāre līberāvī līberātus
nōminō, _name_ nōmināre nōmināvī nōminātus
spērō, _hope_ spērāre spērāvī spērātus
PERFECT STEM IN #-u-#.
993. (2.) The following verbs in #-āre# have the perfect stem in #-u#
(874), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#; in some
participles, #-tus# is preceded by a short #i#, thus, #-itus# (910):
crepō, _rattle_ crepāre crepuī (in-crepitus)
Forms of the perfect system in #-v-# (823) are: #in-crepāvit# (Plaut.),
#dis-crepāvit# (Varr.), #in-crepārit# (Suet.).
cubō, _lie_ cubāre cubuī ----
Forms of the perfect system in #-v-# (823) are: #ex-cubāverant# (Caes.),
#cubāris# (Prop.), #in-cubāvēre# (Plin.), #cubāsse# (Quintil.). Compound
perfect participle #in-cubitus# (Plin.).
domō, _tame_ domāre domuī domitus
ē-necō, _murder_ ē-necāre ē-necuī ē-nectus
The simple verb has #necāvī#, #necātus#; twice #necuit# (Enn., Phaedr.).
#ē-necō# sometimes has #i# for #e# in the present and perfect system;
once (823) #ē-nicāvit#, and once (887) #ē-nicāssō# (Plaut.); perfect
participle also #ē-necātus# (Plin.).
fricō, _rub down_ fricāre fricuī frictus
Perfect participle also #fricātus# (Vitr.), #cōn-fricātus# (Varr.,
Plin.), #dē-fricātus# (Catull., Col., Plin.), #īn-fricātus# (Col.,
Plin.), #per-fricātus# (Vitr., Plin.).
micō, _quiver_ micāre micuī ----
So the compounds; except #dī-micō#, #dī-micāvī#, #dī-micātum#; twice in
pentameter verse (823) #dī-micuisse# (Ov.).
-plicō, _fold_ -plicāre -plicuī -plicitus
A few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the
perfect and perfect participle usually #-plicāvī#, #-plicātus#; but
sometimes #ap-plicuī# (Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.);
#com-plicuī# (Sen.), #ex-plicuī# (Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.),
#im-plicuī# (Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.); #ap-plicitus# (Col.,
Quintil., Plin. _Ep._), #ex-plicitus# (Caes., Sen., Plin. _Ep._),
#im-plicitus# (Plaut., Cic., Liv.); once #re-plictus# (Stat.).
secō, _cut_ secāre secuī sectus
The compound with #ex# sometimes has #i# for #e#; once (823)
#exicāveris# (Cato).
sonō, _sound_ sonāre sonuī ----
Also (820) #sonit#, #sonunt# (Enn., Acc.), #sonere# (Acc., Lucr.);
#re-sonunt# (Enn.). Perfect (823) #re-sonārint# (Hor.), #re-sonāvit#
(Man.), #sonātūrus# (Hor.).
tonō, _thunder_ tonāre tonuī (at-tonitus)
Once (820) #tonimus# (Varr.). Perfect participle once #in-tonātus#
(Hor.).
vetō, _forbid_ vetāre vetuī vetitus
In old Latin, #votō#, &c. (143). Perfect once (823) #vetāvit# (Pers.).
[Erratum:
993 ... #re-sonāvit# (Man.), #sonātūrus# (Hor.).
final . missing]
DEPONENTS IN #-ārī#.
994. There are many deponents in #-ārī#, with the perfect participle in
#-ātus#: as,
hortor, _exhort_ hortārī hortātus
For the primitive #fārī#, _speak_, and compounds, see the dictionary.
(2.) VERBS IN #-ēre#.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
995. (1.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have a reduplicated perfect stem
(859), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-sus# (912):
mordeō, _bite_ mordēre momordī morsus
The compound #prae-mordeō# has once (823) #prae-morsisset# (Plaut.).
pendeō, _am hung_ pendēre pependī ----
The compound #prō-pendeō# has the perfect participle #prō-pēnsus#.
spondeō, _covenant_ spondēre spopondī spōnsus
For #dē-spondī# and #re-spondī#, see 860; rarely #dē-spopondī# (Plaut.).
tondeō, _shear_ tondēre -totondī, -tondī tōnsus
For #dē-tondunt# (Varr.), see 821. Perfect only in the compounds
#at-tondī# and #dē-tondī# (860); once #dē-totonderat# (Varr.), and
perhaps #dē-totondit# (Enn.).
996. (2_a_.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have a perfect stem
consisting of a root which ends in #-v-# and has a long vowel (864), and
the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
caveō, _look out_ cavēre cāvī cautus
faveō, _am friendly_ favēre fāvī ----
foveō, _warm_, _cherish_ fovēre fōvī fōtus
moveō, _move_ movēre mōvī mōtus
For short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see
891.
voveō, _vow_ vovēre vōvī vōtus
997. (2_b_.) Three verbs in #-ēre# have a perfect stem consisting of a
consonant root with a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in
#-sus# (912):
sedeō, _sit_ sedēre sēdī -sessus
Real compounds have #i# for #e# in the present system: as, #ob-sideō#,
&c. Compounds with #dis-#, #prae#, and #re-# have no perfect participle.
strīdeō, _grate_ strīdēre strīdī ----
Often with a present system in #-ere# (821).
videō, _see_ vidēre vīdī vīsus
998. (3.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have a perfect stem ending in
two consonants (866), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-sus#
(912):
ferveō, _boil_ fervēre fervī, ferbuī ----
Sometimes with forms in #-ere# (821) in verse. The perfect system is
rare.
prandeō, _lunch_ prandēre prandī prānsus
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#, OR IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#.
999. (1_a_.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have the perfect stem in
#-s-# (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
augeō, _increase_ augēre auxī auctus
in-dulgeō, _am kind_ in-dulgēre in-dulsī ----
lūceō, _beam_ lūcēre lūxī ----
lūgeō, _mourn_ lūgēre lūxī ----
torqueō, _twist_ torquēre torsī tortus
1000. (1_b_.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have the perfect stem in
#-s-# (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-sus# (912):
algeō, _feel cold_ algēre alsī ----
ardeō, _blaze_ ardēre arsī ----
cō-nīveō, _wink and blink_ cō-nīvēre cō-nīxī, cō-nīvī ----
The perfects #cō-nīxī# (Turp.), #cō-nīvī# (Crass.), occur once each.
fulgeō, _flash_ fulgēre fulsī ----
Forms of the present in #-ere# (821) occur in verse: #fulgit# (Pomp.,
Lucil., Lucr.), #fulgere# (Pac., Acc., Lucil., Lucr., Verg.);
#ef-fulgere# (Verg., Claud.).
haereō, _stick_ haerēre haesī ----
iubeō, _order_ iubēre iussī iussus
In old Latin, IOVBEO, after IOVSI (IVSI); later #iussī#, #iussus#, after
#iubeō#.
maneō, _stay_ manēre mānsī mānsum
mulceō, _stroke_ mulcēre mulsī mulsus
adjective
Perfect participle #per-mulsus# rare (Cornif., Varr.).
mulgeō, _milk_ mulgēre mulsī mulsus once
rīdeō, _laugh_ rīdēre rīsī -rīsus
suādeō, _advise_ suādēre suāsī suāsus
tergeō, _wipe_ tergēre tersī tersus
For forms in #-ere# in the present, as #tergit#, &c. (Varr., Prop.,
Stat., Col.), see 821.
turgeō, _am swelling_ turgēre tursī once ----
Of the perfect system, #turserat# (Enn.).
urgeō, _push_ urgēre ursī ----
[Erratum:
999 ... lūgeō, _mourn_
lūgeo]
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-#.
1001. (1_a_.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have the perfect stem in
#-v-# (869), and the perfect participle in #-tus#, both preceded by a
long #-ē-# of the root:
dē-leō, _wipe out_ dē-lēre dē-lēvī dē-lētus
fleō, _weep_ flēre flēvī flētus
neō, _spin_ nēre nēvī ----
For #neunt# (Tib.), see 837.
-pleō, _fill_ -plēre -plēvī -plētus
1002. (1_b_.) The following verb in #-ēre# has the perfect stem in #-v-#
(869), preceded by long #-ī-#, and the perfect participle in #-tus#,
preceded by short #-i-# of the root:
cieō, _set a going_ ciēre cīvī citus
Somewhat defective; also with a form in #-īre# (821). For the perfect
participle of compounds, see 919.
1003. (1_c_.) The following verb in #-ēre# has the perfect stem in #-v-#
(869), and the perfect participle in #-itus# (910):
ab-oleō, _destroy_ ab-olēre ab-olēvī ab-olitus
PERFECT STEM IN #-u-#.
1004. (2_a_.) Most verbs in #-ēre# have the perfect stem in #-u-# (874),
and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#, which is usually
preceded by a short #i# (910): as,
doceō, _teach_ docēre docuī doctus
habeō, _have_ habēre habuī habitus
So also #post-habeō#; other compounds have #i# for #a#: as, #pro-hibeō#,
#pro-hibēre#, #pro-hibuī#, #pro-hibitus#; twice contracted, #prōbet#,
#prōbeat# (Lucr.). Compounds with #dē# and #prae# are regularly
contracted, #dēbeō#, #praebeō#, &c.: but in Plautus once #de-hibuistī#,
and regularly #prae-hibeō#, &c., throughout.
mereō, _earn_ merēre meruī meritus
Often deponent (800): #mereor#, #merērī#, #meritus#.
misceō, _mix_ miscēre miscuī mixtus, mistus
The present stem is an extension of the suffix #-sc{o|e-}# (834); #-sc-#
of the present runs over into the perfect.
moneō, _advise_ monēre monuī monitus
placeō, _am pleasing_ placēre placuī placitus
So the compounds #com-placeō# and #per-placeō#; #dis-pliceō# has #i# for
#a# throughout.
taceō, _hold my tongue_ tacēre tacuī tacitus
adjective
The compound #re-ticeō# has #i# for #a# and no perfect participle.
teneō, _hold_ tenēre tenuī -tentus
Compounds have #i# for #e# in the present and perfect: as, #dē-tineō#,
#dē-tinuī#, #dē-tentus#.
terreō, _scare_ terrēre terruī territus
torreō, _roast_ torrēre torruī tostus
1005. (2_b_.) The following verb in #-ēre# has the perfect stem in #-u-#
(874), and the perfect participle in #-sus# (912):
cēnseō, _count_, _rate_ cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus
1006. (3.) The following verbs in #-ēre# have the perfect stem in #-u-#
(874), and no perfect participle (907):
arceō, _check_ arcēre arcuī ----
The compounds #co-erceō# and #ex-erceō# have #e# for #a#, and perfect
participles #co-ercitus# and #ex-ercitus#.
caleō, _am warm_ calēre caluī ----
candeō, _glow white_ candēre canduī ----
careō, _have not_ carēre caruī ----
doleō, _ache_ dolēre doluī ----
egeō, _need_ egēre eguī ----
The compound #ind-igeō#, #ind-igēre#, #ind-iguī#, #----#, has #i# for
#e#.
ē-mineō, _stick out_ ē-minēre ē-minuī ----
flōreō, _bloom_ flōrēre flōruī ----
horreō, _bristle up_ horrēre horruī ----
iaceō, _lie_ iacēre iacuī ----
lateō, _lie hid_ latēre latuī ----
liceō, _am rated_ licēre licuī ----
liqueō, _am melted_ liquēre licuī ----
madeō, _am soaked_ madēre maduī ----
niteō, _shine_ nitēre nituī ----
noceō, _am hurtful_ nocēre nocuī ----
oleō, _smell_ olēre oluī ----
For forms in #-ere# in the present system, see 821.
palleō, _look pale_ pallēre palluī ----
pāreō, _wait on_, _am obedient_ pārēre pāruī ----
pateō, _am open_ patēre patuī ----
rigeō, _am stiff_ rigēre riguī ----
sileō, _am silent_ silēre siluī ----
sorbeō, _suck up_ sorbēre sorbuī ----
The perfect system of the simple verb is rare: #sorbuit#, #sorbuerint#
(Plin.); also (823) #sorpsit# (Val. Max.); #ab-sorbeō# and #ex-sorbeō#
have #-sorbuī#; but #ab-sorpsī# (Plin., Luc., Macr.), #ex-sorpsī#
(Sen.).
studeō, _am eager_ studēre studuī ----
stupeō, _am dazed_ stupēre stupuī ----
timeō, _fear_ timēre timuī ----
valeō, _am strong_ valēre valuī ----
vigeō, _feel strong_ vigēre viguī ----
1007. For #audeō#, #gaudeō#, and #soleō#, see 801; for #lubet# or
#libet#, #licet#, #miseret#, #oportet#, #paenitet#, #piget#, #pudet#,
#taedet#, see 815 and 816.
[Errata:
1004 ... but in Plautus once #de-hibuistī#
printed as shown: expected form #dē-hibuistī#
1006 ... but #ab-sorpsī# (Plin., Luc., Macr.)
macron invisible]
DEPONENTS IN #-ērī#.
1008. (1_a_.) The following deponent in #-ērī# has the perfect
participle in #-tus#:
reor, _reckon_, _think_ rērī ratus
1009. (1_b_.) The following deponents in #-ērī# have the perfect
participle in #-tus#, which is preceded by a short #i# (910):
liceor, _bid_ licērī licitus
misereor, _pity_ miserērī miseritus
Perfect participle also #misertus# (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active
forms are: #miserēte#, #miserērent# (Enn.), #misereās# (Ter.), #miseret#
(Lucr.), #miserent# (Val. Fl.). Passive forms are sometimes used
impersonally (724): as, #miserētur#, &c.
tueor, _look to_, _protect_ tuērī tuitus late
Forms in #-ī# also occur in verse (821). As perfect participle,
generally #tūtātus#.
vereor, _am awed at_ verērī veritus
1010. (2.) One deponent in #-ērī# has the perfect participle in #-sus#
(912):
fateor, _confess_ fatērī fassus
Compounds have #i# and #e# for #a#: as, #cōn-fiteor#, #cōn-fessus#.
(3.) VERBS IN #-īre#.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
1011. (1_a_.) The following verb in #-īre# has a reduplicated perfect
stem (861), and the perfect participle in #-tus#:
re-periō, _find_ re-perīre re-pperī re-pertus
1012. (1_b_.) The following verb in #-īre# has no reduplication in the
perfect stem, and the perfect participle in #-tus#:
com-periō, _find out_ com-perīre com-perī com-pertus
As deponent: #com-periar# (Ter.), #com-perior# (Sall., Tac.).
1013. (2.) The following verb in #-īre# has a perfect stem consisting of
a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle in
#-tus#:
veniō, _come_ venīre vēnī ventum, -ventus
For #ē-venunt#, #ē-venat#, #ē-venant#, #ad-venat#, #per-venat#, see 822.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#, OR IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#.
1014. (1.) The following verbs in #-īre# have the perfect stem in #-s-#
(868), and the perfect participle in #-tus#:
farciō, _stuff_ farcīre farsī fartus
Compounds have usually #e# for #a# throughout.
fulciō, _prop_ fulcīre fulsī fultus
hauriō, _drain_ haurīre hausī haustus
A perfect subjunctive #haurierint# is quoted from Varro (823).
saepiō, _hedge in_ saepīre saepsī saeptus
sanciō, _hallow_ sancīre sānxī sānctus
adjective
Perfect participle rarely #sancītus# (Lucr., Liv.). A pluperfect
#sancierat# is quoted from Pomponius Secundus (823).
sarciō, _patch_ sarcīre sarsī sartus
vinciō, _bind_ vincīre vīnxī vīnctus
1015. (2.) The following verb in #-īre# has the perfect stem in #-s-#
(868), and the perfect participle in #-sus# (912):
sentiō, _feel_ sentīre sēnsī sēnsus
The compound with #ad# is generally deponent (800).
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-#.
1016. (1_a_.) The following verb in #-īre# has the perfect stem in #-v-#
(869), and the perfect participle in #-tus#, both preceded by a long #ī#
of the root:
sciō, _know_ scīre scīvī scītus
1017. (1_b_.) The following verb in #-īre# has the perfect stem in #-v-#
(869), and the perfect participle in #-tus#:
sepeliō, _bury_ sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus
1018. (1_c_.) Most verbs in #-īre# have the perfect stem in #-v-# (869),
and the perfect participle in #-tus#, both preceded by a form of the
present stem in long #-ī-#: as,
audiō, _hear_ audīre audīvī audītus
PERFECT STEM IN #-u-#.
1019. (2.) The following verbs in #-īre# have the perfect stem in #-u-#
(874), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
am-iciō, _don_ am-icīre am-icuī am-ictus
Perfect rare: once #am-icuī# (Brut.), once #am-ixī# (Varr.).
ap-eriō, _open_ ap-erīre ap-eruī ap-ertus
op-eriō, _cover over_ op-erīre op-eruī op-ertus
saliō, _leap_ salīre saluī ----
Compounds have #i# for #a# throughout: as, #īn-siliō#. A perfect system
in #-v-# (823, 893), as #ex-silīvī#, occurs in late writers (Col., Sen.,
Plin., &c.).
DEPONENTS IN #-īrī#.
1020. (1_a_.) The following deponents in #-īrī# have the perfect
participle in #-tus#:
ex-perior, _try_ ex-perīrī ex-pertus
op-perior, _wait for_ op-perīrī op-pertus
Perfect participle once #op-perītus# (Plaut.).
1021. (1_b_.) The following deponents in #-īrī# have the perfect
participle in #-ītus#:
blandior, _am agreeable_ blandīrī blandītus
largior, _shower_ largīrī largītus
mentior, _tell lies_ mentīrī mentītus
mōlior, _work hard_ mōlīrī mōlītus
partior, _share_ partīrī partītus
sortior, _draw lots_ sortīrī sortītus
1022. (2.) The following deponents in #-īrī# have the perfect participle
in #-sus# (912):
mētior, _measure_ mētīrī mēnsus
ōrdior, _begin_ ōrdīrī ōrsus