909. (1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles
of most verbs in #-ere# and #-ēre# are formed: as,
#gestus#, _carried_, #aptus#, _fit_, #solūtus#, _loosed_ (142),
#iūnctus#, _joined_ (831), #sparsus#, _sprinkled_ (170, 3); #doctus#,
_taught_.
910. In some consonant root participles of verbs in #-ere#, #-āre#, or
#-ēre#, which have the suffix #-u-# in the perfect stem (873), the
#-to-# is preceded by a short #i#: as, #genitus#, _born_ (971-976);
#domitus#, _tamed_ (993); #monitus#, _warned_ (1003, 1004, 1009). In old
Latin, #e# occurs: as, MERETA (41); #e# is retained in #vegetus#,
_sprightly_. One participle has #-tuo-#: #mortuus#, _dead_.
911. Some verbs in #-āre# have participles from consonant roots: as,
#frictus#, _rubbed_, #fricō#, #fricāre#; see 993. Also some in #-īre#:
as, #fartus#, _stuffed_ (170, 3), #farciō#, #farcīre#; #fultus#,
_propped_, #fulciō#, #fulcīre#; see 1011-1015, and 1017, 1019, 1020.
912. Roots in #-d-# and #-t-# change #-to-# to #-so-#, before which the
dentals change to #s# (159). After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the
double #ss# is simplified to #s#: as, #fossus#, _dug_, but #dīvīsus#,
_divided_; #vorsus# or #versus#, _turned_. The suffix #-so-# is also
found with some roots in #-l-#, #-m-#, or #-r-# and a few others: as,
#pulsus# (159).
913. (2.) From a theme in long #ā# or in long #ī#; in this way
participles are regularly formed from denominatives in #-āre# or #-īre#
respectively: as,
#laudātus#, _praised_; #audītus#, _heard_.
914. A few perfect participles of verbs in #-ere# are formed from a
presumed theme in long #ī#, or long #ē#, or from one in long #ū#: as,
#petītus#, _aimed at_; #exolētus#, _grown out_; see 967-970; #tribūtus#,
_assigned_; see 947, 948.
915. (1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a
short root vowel (135, 1): as,
#adspectus#, _beheld_; #captus#, _taken_; #coctus#, _cooked_;
#commentus#, _devising_; #cultus#, _tilled_; #dictus#, _said_, verb
#dīcō#; #ductus#, _led_, #dūcō#; #factus#, _made_; #fossus#, _dug_;
#gestus#, _carried_; #inlectus#, _allured_; #questus#, _complaining_;
#raptus#, _seized_; #tersus#, _neat_; #textus#, _woven_; #vorsus#,
_turned_.
916. (2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a
long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present
stem is short (135, 1; 122, _f_): as,
#fīxus#, _fastened_, verb #fīgō#; #-flīctus#, _dashed_, #-flīgō#;
#pāstus#, _fed_, #pāscō#; #pollūctus#, _offered up_, #pollūceō#;
#scrīptus#, _written_, _scrībō_; #-cāsus#, _fallen_, #cadō#. Also
#āctus#, _driven_, #agō#; #vīsus#, _seen_, #videō#; #frūctus#,
_enjoying_, #fruor#; #lēctus#, _culled_, #legō#; #pīctus#, _painted_,
#pingō#; #rēctus#, _ruled_, #regō#; #ēsus#, _eaten_, #edō#; #strūctus#,
_piled_, #struō#; #tēctus#, _covered_, #tegō#; #ūnctus#, _anointed_,
#unguō#; #frāctus#, _broken_, #frangō#; #pāctus#, _fixed_, #pangō#.
Furthermore, #iūnctus#, _joined_, #iungō#; #sānctus#, _hallowed_,
#sanciō# (831); also, #fūnctus#, _having performed_, #fungor#.
917. (1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long
root vowel: as,
#lātus#, _borne_ (169, 1); #nātus#, _born_; #-plētus#, _filled_;
#trītus#, _worn_; #nōtus#, _known_; #sūtus#, _sewed_. So also an
isolated #rūtus#, in the law phrase #rūta caesa#, or #rūta et caesa#,
_diggings and cuttings_, i.e. _minerals and timber_.
918. (2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short
root vowel; they are:
citus, datus, _hurried_, _given_
itum, ratus, _gone_, _thinking_
-rutus, satus, _fallen_, _planted_
situs, status, _lying_, _set_
litus, quitus, _besmeared_, _been able_
919. As #citus#, so always #percitus# and #incitus# (once #incītus#,
doubtful); usually #concitus#, rarely #concītus#; #excitus# and
#excītus# equally common; always #accītus#. #ambītus# always has long
#ī# (763). #āgnitus#, _recognized_, #cōgnitus#, _known_, and the
adjectives #inclutus# or #inclitus#, _of high renown_, and #putus#,
_clean_, have a short root vowel. For #dēfrūtum#, #dēfrutum#, see
134, 1.