#cecidī#, _fell_, compound #concidī#, _tumbled down_. Compounds of
#cucurrī#, _ran_, sometimes retain the reduplication: as, #prōcucurrī#.
Compounds of #bibī#, _drank_, #didicī#, _learned_, #poposcī#, _asked_,
#stitī#, _set_, #stetī#, _stood_, and #dedī#, _gave_, _put_, retain it,
the last two weakening #e# to #i#: as, #restitī#, _staid back_.
#abscondidī#, _hid away_, usually becomes #abscondī#; in apparent
compounds, #e# is usually retained: as, #circum stetī#, _stood round_,
#vēnum dedī#, _put for sale_. The reduplication is also lost in the
simple verbs #tulī#, _carried_, old #tetulī#, and in #scindō#, _split_,
#scidī#, which last is rare as a simple verb.
861. Some compounds with #re-# drop only the vowel of the reduplication
(111, _a_): as, #reccidī#, _fell back_; #rettulī#, _brought back_ (see
also 781); #repperī#, _found_; #rettudī#, _beat back_. Some perfects
occur only in composition: as, PERCELLŌ, _knock down_, #perculī#;
#cōntundō#, _smash to pieces_, #contudī#; #diffindō#, _split apart_,
#diffidī#; but #fidī# also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb.
862. (2.) Some verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem consisting of a
consonant root with a long vowel (135, 1): as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
ēd- edō, _eat_ +ed-+
lēg- legō, _pick up_, _read_ +leg-+
Other examples are: #fodiō#, _dig_, #fōdī#; #fundō#, _pour_, #fūdī#;
#linquō#, _leave_, #līquī#; see 936-946. Three verbs in #-ēre# also have
this form, #sedeō#, _sit_, #sēdī#, #strīdeō#, _grate_, #strīdī#,
#videō#, _see_, #vīdī#; and one in #-īre#, #veniō#, _come_, #vēnī#.
863. The following verbs in #-ere# with #a# in the present stem, have
long #ē# in the perfect stem (145):
#agō#, _do_, #ēgī#, #frangō#, _break_, #frēgī#, #pangō#, _fix_, rarely
#pēgī#, but always #compēgī#, #impēgī#, #oppēgī#; #capiō#, _take_,
#cēpī#, #faciō#, _make_, #fēcī#, #iaciō#, _throw_, #iēcī#. So also the
old #co-ēpī#, _began_, common #coepī#.
864. Two verbs in #-āre# and some in #-ēre# have a perfect stem
consisting of a root which ends in #-v-# and has a long vowel: #iuvō#,
_help_, #iuvāre#, #iūvī#, #lavō#, _wash_, #lavāre# or #lavere#, #lāvī#;
#caveō#, _look out_, #cavēre#, #cāvī#; see 996.
865. Verbs in #-uō#, #-uere#, both primitives and denominatives, have
usually a perfect stem in short #u# of the theme (124): as, #luō#,
_pay_, #luī#; #acuō#, _sharpen_, #acuī#: see 947, 948. Forms with long
#ū# are old and rare (126): as, #fūī#, #adnūī#, #cōnstitūī#, #īnstitūī#.
#fluō#, _flow_, and #struō#, _pile_, have #flūxī# and #strūxi# (830).
866. (3.) Some verbs in #-ere# from roots ending in two consonants have
a perfect stem consisting of the root: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
mand- mandō, _chew_ +mand-+
pand- pandō, _open_ +pand-+
Other examples are: #vortō# or #vertō#, _turn_, #vortī# or #vertī#;
#scandō#, _climb_, #-scendī#; #prehendō#, _seize_, #prehendī# (855);
#vollō# or #vellō#, _pluck_, #vollī# or #vellī#; see 949-951. Similarly
#ferveō#, _boil_, #fervere# or #fervēre#, has #fervī# or #ferbuī# (823),
and #prandeō#, _lunch_, #prandēre#, has #prandī#.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#, OR IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#.
867. Many verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by adding the suffix
#-s-# to a root, which generally ends in a mute: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
carp-s- carpō, _pluck_ +carp-+
scalp-s- scalpō, _dig_ +scalp-+
ges-s- gerō, _bear_ +ges-+
dīx- dīcō, _say_ +dīc-+
Other examples are: #dūcō#, _lead_, #dūxī# (100); #fingō#, _mould_,
#fīnxī# (855); #lūdō#, _play_, #lūsī# (166, 2); #scrībō#, _write_,
#scrīpsī# (164, 1); #struō#, _pile_, #strūxī# (164, 1); #vīvō#, _live_,
#vīxī# (98). Some verbs with a short vowel in the present, have a long
vowel in the perfect: as, #regō#, _guide_, #rēxī# (135); #intellegō#,
_understand_, #intellēxī# (823); #tegō#, _cover_, #tēxī#; #iungō#,
_join_, #iūnxī# (855). And some verbs with a long vowel in the present,
have a short vowel in the perfect: as, #ūrō#, _burn_, #ussī# (830). See
952-961.
868. Some verbs in #-ēre# also have a perfect in #-s-#: as #algeō#, _am
cold_, #alsī# (170, 3); #haereō#, _stick_, #haesī# (166, 2): see 999,
1000. Also some in #-īre#: as, #sarciō#, _patch_, #sarsī# (170, 3): see
1014, 1015.
[Errata:
867 ... scalp-s-
final - missing
#scrībō#, _write_
#scrībō# _write_]
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
869. (1.) Some verbs in #-ere#, with vowel roots, and almost all verbs
in #-āre# or #-īre#, form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-v-#
to a theme ending in a long vowel: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
crē-v- crēscō, _grow_ +crē-+
laudā-v- laudō, _praise_ laudā-
audī-v- audiō, _hear_ audī-
For other verbs in #-ere# with a perfect stem in #-v-#, and particularly
#terō#, #cernō#, #spernō#, and #sternō#, see 962-970.
870. A few verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a
presumed theme in long #ī#: as, #cupiō#, _want_, #cupīvī#; #petō#, _aim
at_, #petīvī#; #quaerō#, _inquire_, #quaesīvī#; #arcēssō#, _fetch_,
#arcēssīvī#; see 966-970.
871. A few verbs in #-ēre# also have a perfect stem in #-v-#: as,
#fleō#, _weep_, #flēre#, #flēvī#; see 1001-1003. And three verbs in
#-ēscere# have a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in
long #ē#: #-olēscō#, _grow_, #-olēvī#; #quiēscō#, _get quiet_, #quiēvī#;
#suēscō#, _get used_, #suēvī#.
872. One verb in #-āscere# has a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a
presumed theme in long #ā#: #advesperāscit#, _it gets dusk_,
#advesperāvit#.
873. (2.) Many verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by adding the
suffix #-u-# to a consonant root: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
al-u- alō, _nurture_ +al-+
gen-u- gignō, _beget_ +gen-+
Other examples are: #colō#, _cultivate_, #coluī#; #cōnsulō#, _consult_,
#cōnsuluī#; #-cumbō#, _lie_, #-cubuī#; #fremō#, _roar_, #fremuī#;
#ēliciō#, _draw out_, #ēlicuī#; #molō#, _grind_, #moluī#; #rapiō#,
_snatch_, #rapuī#; #serō#, _string_, #-seruī#; #stertō#, _snore_,
#-stertuī#; #strepō#, _make a racket_, #strepuī#; #texō#, _weave_,
#texuī#; #volō#, _will_, #voluī#; #compescō#, _check_, #compescuī#
(855); see 971-976.
874. Some verbs in #-āre# also have a perfect stem in #-u-#: as,
#crepō#, _rattle_, #crepāre#, #crepuī# (993); and many in #-ēre#: as,
#moneō#, _warn_, #monēre#, #monuī#: see 1004-1006; also four in #-īre#:
as, #saliō#, _leap_, #salīre#, #saluī# (1019).
875. The perfect #potuī# to the present #possum# (751) is from a lost
present #*poteō#, #*potēre# (922). #pōnere# (for #*po-sinere#, 112;
170, 2) forms an old perfect #posīvī# (964), later #posuī#, as if #pos-#
were the stem.