807. (_a._) #sum#, _am_ (745); #ferō#, _carry_ (780); #fīō#, _grow_,
_become_ (788).
808. (_b._) Some verbs in #-ere#: #angō#, _throttle_, #bītō#, _go_,
#clangō#, _sound_, #claudō# or #claudeō#, _hobble_, #fatīscō#, _gape_,
#glīscō#, _wax_, #glūbō#, _peel_, #hīscō#, _gape_, #temnō#, _scorn_,
#vādō#, _go_, #vergō#, _slope_. Also many inceptives (834): as,
#dītēscō#, _get rich_, #dulcēscō#, _get sweet_, &c., &c.
809. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre#: #albeō#, _am white_, #aveō#, _long_,
#calveō#, _am bald_, #cāneō#, _am gray_, #clueō#, _am called_, _hight_,
#flāveō#, _am yellow_, #hebeō#, _am blunt_, #immineō#, _threaten_,
#lacteō#, _suck_, #līveō#, _look dark_, #maereō#, _mourn_, #polleō#, _am
strong_, #renīdeō#, _am radiant_, #squāleō#, _am scaly_, #ūmeō#, _am
wet_.
810. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre#: #balbūtiō#, _sputter_, #feriō#,
_strike_, #ganniō#, _yelp_, #ineptiō#, _am a fool_, #superbiō#, _am
stuck up_, #tussiō#, _cough_. Also most desideratives (375).
811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in
consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect
active system.
812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly
#coepī#, _have begun_, _began_ (120); and with a present meaning, #ōdī#,
_have come to hate_, _hate_; and #meminī#, _have called to mind_,
_remember_. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | Active. Passive. | Active. Active. |
| _Perf._ | coepī coeptus sum | ōdī | meminī |
| _Plup._ | coeperam coeptus eram | ōderam | memineram |
| _F. P._ | coeperō coeptus erō | ōderō | meminerō |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| _Perf._ | coeperim coeptus sim | ōderim | meminerim |
| _Plup._ | coepissem coeptus essem | ōdissem | meminissem |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| _Perf._ | ---- ---- | ---- | mementō, |
| | | | mementōte |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. |
| _Perf._ | coepisse coeptus esse | ōdisse | meminisse |
| | |
| | PARTICIPLES. |
| _Perf._ | coeptus | ---- | ---- |
| _Fut._ | coeptūrus | ōsūrus | ---- |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
813. A few forms of the present system of #coepī# occur in old writers:
as, #coepiō# (Plaut.), #coepiam# (Caec., Cato), #coepiat# (Plaut.),
#coeperet# (Ter.), and #coepere# (Plaut.); perfect once #coēpit#
(Lucr.). #ōsus sum# or #fuī# (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), #exōsus sum#
(Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and #perōsus sum# (Suet., Col., Quint.),
are sometimes used as deponents. #meminī# is the only verb which has a
perfect imperative active. #ōdī# and #meminī# have no passive.
814. #coeptūrus# is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as
future infinitive (Quint.); and #ōsūrus# is very rare (Cic., Gell.).
#exōsus# and #perōsus#, as active participles, _hating bitterly_, are
not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple #ōsus# is not used as
a participle.
815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular,
and the infinitive present and perfect: as,
(_a._) #pluit#, _it rains_, #tonat#, _it thunders_, and other verbs
denoting the operations of nature. (_b._) Also a few verbs in #-ēre#
denoting feeling: as, #miseret# (or #miserētur#, #miserēscit#), _it
distresses_, #miseritum est#; #paenitet#, _it repents_, #paenituit#;
#piget#, _it grieves_, #piguit# or #pigitum est#; #pudet#, _it shames_,
#puduit# or #puditum est#; #taedet#, _it is a bore_, #taesum est#.
816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an
infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,
#lubet# or #libet#, _it suits_, #lubitum# or #libitum est#, #lubuit# or
#libuit#; #licet#, _it is allowed_, #licuit# or #licitum est#;
#oportet#, _it is proper_, #oportuit#; #rē fert# or #rēfert#, _it
concerns_, #rē ferre# or #rēferre#, #rē tulit# or #rētulit#. For the
impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as #pugnātur#,
_there is fighting_, #pugnandum est#, _there must be fighting_, see 724.
817. Of the impersonals in #-ēre#, some have other forms besides the
third person singular and the infinitives: as,
#paenitēns#, _repenting_, #paenitendus#, _to be regretted_, late;
#pigendus#, _irksome_; #pudēns#, _modest_, #pudendus#, _shameful_,
#puditūrum#, _going to shame_; #lubēns# or #libēns#, _with willing
mind_, _gladly_, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, _be it allowed_
(inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), #licēns#, _unrestrained_, #licitus#,
_allowable_; gerunds #pudendum#, #pudendō#, #pigendum#.
[Erratum (in table):
812 (table) ... ōdī
ōdi]