696. Adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions are chiefly noun or pronoun
cases which have become fixed in a specific form and with a specific
meaning. Many of these words were still felt to be live cases, even in
the developed period of the language; with others the consciousness of
their noun character was lost.
697. Three cases are used adverbially: the accusative, the ablative, and
the locative.
698. The rather indeterminate meaning of the accusative and the ablative
is sometimes more exactly defined by a preposition. The preposition may
either accompany its usual case: as, #adamussim, admodum, īlicō#; or it
may be loosely prefixed, with more of the nature of an adverb than of a
preposition, to a case with which it is not ordinarily used: as,
#examussim, intereā#. Sometimes it stands after the noun: as,
#parumper#, _a little while_. Besides the three cases named above, other
forms occur, some of which are undoubtedly old case endings, though they
can no longer be recognized as such: see 710.
[Erratum:
698.
. invisible]
(1.) ACCUSATIVE.
(_a._) ACCUSATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES.
699. #domum#, _homeward, home_; #rūs#, _afield_; #forās#, _out of doors_
#(*forā-); vicem#, _instead_; #partim#, _in part_; old #noenum# or
#noenu#, common #nōn#, for #ne-oenum#, i.e. #ūnum#, _not one, naught,
not_; #admodum#, _to a degree, very_; #adamussim, examussim#, _to a
#T#_; #adfatim#, _to satiety_; #invicem#, _in turn, each other_.
700. Many adverbs in #-tim# and #-sim# denote manner (549): as,
#cautim#, _warily_, #statim#, _at once_, #sēnsim#, _perceptibly,
gradually_; #ōstiātim#, _door by door_, #virītim#, _man by man_,
#fūrtim#, _stealthily_.
(_b._) ACCUSATIVE OF ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
701. Neuters: all comparative adverbs in #-ius# (361): as, #doctius#,
_more learnedly_; so #minus#, _less_, #magis#, _more_ (363). #prīmum#,
_first_, #secundum#, secondly, &c.; #tum#, _then_ (#to-#, _that_):
#commodum#, _just in time_; #minimum#, _at least_, #potissimum#, _in
preference_, #postrēmum#, _at last_, #summum#, _at most_; #versum#,
_toward_, #rursum, russum, rūsum#, _back_; #facile#, _easily_, #impūne#,
_scotfree_, #recēns#, _lately_, #semel#, _once_ (#simili-#), #simul#,
_together_ (#simili-#). Plural: #cētera#, _for the rest_; #quia#,
_because_ (#qui-#); in old Latin #frūstra#, _in vain_ (#fraud-#).
702. Feminines: #bifāriam#, _twofold_; #cōram#, _face to face_ (#com-#
or #co-, *ōrā-#); #tam#, _so_ (#tā-#, _that_); #quam#, _as, how_.
Plural: #aliās#, _on other occasions_.
(2.) ABLATIVE.
(_a._) ABLATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES.
703. #domō#, _from home_, #rūre#, _from the country_; #hodiē#, _to-day_
(#ho-#, #diē-#), #volgō#, _publicly_, #vespere#, _by twilight_, #noctū#,
_by nights_, _nights_, #lūce#, _by light_, #tempore#, _in times_,
_betimes_; #sponte#, _voluntarily_, #forte#, _by chance_; #quotannīs#,
_yearly_; #grātiīs# or #grātīs#, _for nothing_, #ingrātiīs# or
#ingrātīs#, _against one’s will_; #īlicō#, _on the spot_ (169, 4;
170, 2), #forīs#, _out of doors_ (#*forā-#).
(_b._) ABLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
704. Many adverbs in #-ō# are formed from adjectives of time: as,
#perpetuō#, _to the end_, #crēbrō#, _frequently_, #rārō#, _seldom_,
#repentīnō#, _suddenly_, #sērō#, _late_, #prīmō#, _at first_. Many
denote manner: as, #arcānō#, _privily_, #sēriō#, _in earnest_. Some are
formed from participles: as, #auspicātō#, _with auspices taken_;
#compositō#, _by agreement_. A plural is rare: #alternīs#,
_alternately_.
705. Instead of #-ō#, neuter ablatives commonly have #-ē#: as, #longē#,
_far_, #doctē#, _wisely_. So also superlatives: #facillimē#, _most
easily_, anciently FACILVMED (362). Consonant stems have #-e#: as,
#repente#, _suddenly_.
706. From pronouns some end in #-ī# (689): as, #quī#,_ how?_ indefinite,
#quī#, _somehow_; #atquī#, _but somehow_; #quī-quam#, _in any way at
all_.
707. Feminines: many in #-ā#: #ūnā#, _together_; #circā#, _around_;
#contrā#, _against_ (#com-#, 347); #extrā#, _outside_ (#ex#, 347); in
classical Latin, #frūstrā#, _in vain_ (#fraud-#). So, especially,
adverbs denoting the ‘route by which:’ #hāc#, _this way_; #rēctā#,
_straightway_.
(3.) LOCATIVE.
708. In #-ī#, from names of towns and a few other words: #Karthāginī#,
_at Carthage_; #Rōmae#, for #Rōmāī#, _at Rome_; #domī#, _at home_;
#illī#, commonly #illī-c#, _there_ (#illo-#), #istī#, commonly #istī-c#,
_where you are_, #hī-c#, _here_ (#ho-#); old #sei#, common #sī#, _at
that_, _in that case_, _so_, _if_; #sīc#, _so_ (#sī#, #-ce#).
709. In #-bī̆#, from some pronouns: #ibī̆#, _there_ (#i-#); #ubī̆# (for
#*quobī̆#, 146), _where_; #alicubī̆#, _somewhere_; #sī-cubi#, _if
anywhere_, #nē-cubi#, _lest anywhere_.
[Erratum:
708 ... #domī#, _at home_;
; missing]