608. Adjectives are declined like substantives, and it has been shown
already how their cases are formed. But they differ from substantives in
having different forms in some of their cases to denote different
genders; it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension
together.
609. Adjective stems end in #-o-# and #-ā-#, in a consonant, or in
#-i-#.
610. An accusative plural of a stem in #-u-#, #anguimanūs#, _with a
serpent for a hand_, is once used (Lucr.). There are no adjective stems
in #-ē-#.
611. Adjectives are often conveniently said to be ‘_of three endings_,’
‘_of two endings_,’ or ‘_of one ending_.’
By the ‘ending’ is meant the ending of the nominative singular: thus,
#bonus#, #bona#, #bonum#, _good_, and #ācer#, #ācris#, #ācre#, _sharp_,
are ‘of three endings’ (409); #brevis#, #breve#, _short_, is ‘of two
endings’ (410); and #audāx#, _bold_, is ‘of one ending’ (410).
612. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ which form a gender nominative in #-s#,
retain the #-s# irrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter
singular: as, N. M. and F. #audāx#, N. and Ac. Ne. also #audāx#.
STEMS IN #-o-# AND #-ā-#.
613. Most adjectives with stems in #-o-# and #-ā-# are declined as
follows:
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Example| M. bonus, F. bona, Ne. bonum, _good_ |
| Stems | bono-, bonā-. |
+--------+---------------------+---------------------------+
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| +---------------------+---------------------------+
| | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | MASC. FEM. NEUT. |
| +---------------------+---------------------------+
| _Nom._ | bonus bona bonum | boni bonae bona |
| _Gen._ | bonī bonae bonī | bonōrum bonārum bonōrum |
| _Dat._ | bonō bonae bonō | bonīs bonīs bonīs |
| _Acc._ | bonum bonam bonum | bonōs bonās bona |
| _Abl._ | bonō bonā bonō | bonīs bonīs bonīs |
| _Voc._ | bone | |
+--------+---------------------+---------------------------+
614. Stems in #-io-# and #-iā-# have no consonant #i# in cases ending in
#-i# or #-īs# (153, 3): as #plēbēius#, _plebeian_, G. S. M. and Ne., and
N. Pl. M. #plēbēī#, D. and Ab. Pl. #plēbēīs#.
615. Stems in #-ro-# preceded by a long vowel retain #-us# in the
nominative singular masculine and are declined like #bonus# (453): as,
#sevērus#, _stern_; also
ferus, merus, _wild_, _unmixed_
mōrigerus, _complaisant_
praeposterus, _reversed_
properus, _hasty_
prōsperus, _lucky_
triquetrus, _three-cornered_
616. (1.) Some stems in #-ro-# preceded by a short vowel end in #-r# in
the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative (454); they are
declined as follows:
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Example| M. līber, F. lībera, Ne. līberum, _free_, |
| Stems | lībero-, līberā-. |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| +-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | MASC. FEM. NEUT. |
| _Nom._ | līber lībera līberum | līberī līberae lībera |
| _Gen._ | līberī līberae līberī | līberōrum līberārum līberōrum |
| _Dat._ | līberō līberae līberō | līberīs līberīs līberīs |
| _Acc._ | līberum līberam līberum | līberōs līberās lībera |
| _Abl._ | līberō līberā līberō | līberīs līberīs līberīs |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
Such are: compounds, chiefly poetical, ending in #-fer# and #-ger#,
_bearing_, _carrying_, _having_: as, #caelifer#, _heaven-upholding_;
#corniger#, _horned_; also the following:
(alter, 618), asper, _other_, _rough_
lacer, līber, _torn_, _free_
gibber, miser, _hump-backed_, _forlorn_
satur, sēmifer, _full_, _half-beast_
tener, Trēver, _tender_, _Treveran_
#dexter#, _right_, has #dextera#, #dexterum#, or #dextra#, #dextrum#, G.
#dexterī#, or #dextrī#, &c. #sinister#, _left_, has usually #sinistra#,
&c., rarely #sinisteram# (Plaut., Ter.). #asper# has a plural accusative
#asprōs# (Stat.), and ablative #asprīs# (Verg.).
617. (2.) Other stems in #-ro-# have a vowel before #r# only in the
nominative singular masculine #-er# (454); they are declined as follows:
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Example| M. aeger, F. aegra, Ne. aegrum, _ill_, |
| Stems | aegro-, aegrā-. |
+--------+------------------------+------------------------------+
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| +------------------------+------------------------------+
| | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | MASC. FEM. NEUT. |
| _Nom._ | aeger aegra aegrum | aegrī aegrae aegra |
| _Gen._ | aegrī aegrae aegrī | aegrōrum aegrārum aegrōrum |
| _Dat._ | aegrō aegrae aegrō | aegrīs aegrīs aegrīs |
| _Acc._ | aegrum aegram aegrum | aegrōs aegrās aegra |
| _Abl._ | aegrō aegrā aegrō | aegrīs aegrīs aegrīs |
+--------+------------------------+------------------------------+
618. Nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form #-ī̆us#
in the genitive singular and #-ī# in the dative singular, for masculine,
feminine, and neuter alike; they are the following:
alius, _another_
sōlus, _alone_
tōtus, _whole_
ūnus, _one_
ūllus, _any at all_
nūllus, _no_
alter, _the other_
uter, _which of the two_
neuter, _neither_
619. Of the above words, those with the nominative in #-us# are declined
like #ūnus# (638). But #alius# has N. and Ac. Ne. #aliud# (659); for the
G., #alterī̆us# is mostly used, except in the combination #alīus modī#,
_of another sort_; the N. M. is rarely #alis#, Ne. #alid#, D. rarely
#alī#. #alter# is declined like #līber# (616), except in the genitive
singular #alterī̆us# (127, 6) and dative #alterī#. For #uter# and its
derivatives, see 693.
620. The ordinary genitive and dative of #-o-# and #-ā-# stems, from
some of the above words, is sometimes found: G. and D. #aliae#, #sōlae#,
#alterae#, D. #aliō#, #alterae#, &c.