I. MUTE STEMS._A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

471. (1.) Stems in a guttural mute, #-g-# or #-c-#, are declined as

follows:

+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+

| | | | M., F. | |

+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+

| _Nom._ | rēx, _a_ (or _the_) | dux | iūdex | -s (-x) |

+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+

+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------+---------+

In the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the

singular, and #-a# in the plural. In the other cases they have the same

case endings as gender stems.

472. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-g-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive

#-gis#, are:

#-ex#, #-egis#

#grex#, M., (F.), _herd_; #aquilex#, M., _spring-hunter_,

_hydraulic engineer_.

#-ēx#, #-ēgis#

#rēx#, M., _king_; #interrēx#, _regent_; #lēx#, F., _law_;

and N. and Ac. #exlēx#, #exlēgem#, _beyond the law_, adjective.

#-ex#, #-igis#

#rēmex#, M., _oarsman_.

#-ī̆x#, #-ī̆gis#

#strī̆x#, F., _screech-owl_.

#-ūnx#, #-ūgis#

#coniūnx# (122, _e_) or #coniux#, M., F., _spouse_.

#-ūx#, #-ūgis#

#frūx#, F., _fruit_.

473. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-c-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive

#-cis#, are:

#-ax#, #-acis#

#fax#, F., _torch_, no G. Pl. in good writers (430).

#-āx#, #-ācis#

#pāx#, F., _peace_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #pācēs#; #līmāx#, F.,

_snail_.

#-ex#, #-ecis#

#faenisex#, M., _haycutter_; #nex#, F., _murder_; #precī#, D., F.,

_prayer_, no N., usually plural.

#-ēx#, #-ēcis#

#vervēx#, M., _wether_; #allēx#, F., _fish-pickle_, also #allēc#,

Ne.

#-ex#, #-icis#

Masculines mostly: #apex#, _point_; #cārex#, F., _rush_; #caudex#

or #cōdex#, _block_, _book_; #cīmex#, _bug_; #cortex#, M., F.,

_bark_; #culex#, _gnat_; #forfex#, M., F., _shears_; #frutex#,

_shrub_; #īlex#, F., _holm-oak_; #illex#, M., F., _seducer_;

#imbrex#, _tile_; #latex#, _fluid_; #mūrex#, _purple-shell_;

#obice#, Ab., M., F., _bar_, no N.; #paelex#, F., _concubine_,

#pollex#, _thumb_; #pūlex#, _flea_; #pūmex#, _pumice-slone_;

#rāmex#, _blood-vessel_; #rumex#, _sorrel_; #silex#, M., F.,

_flint_; #sōrex#, _shrew-mouse_; #vortex# or #vertex#, _whirl_;

#vītex#, F., _a shrub_. Also some compounds: as, #iūdex#, _juror_;

#artifex#, _artisan_; #auspex#, _bird-viewer_.

#-ix#, #-icis#

Feminines mostly: #appendix#, _addition_; #calix#, M., _cup_;

#filix#, _fern_; #fulix#, _gull_; #fornix#, M., _arch_; #larix#,

_larch_; #pix#, _pitch_, no G. Pl. (430); #salix#, _willow_;

#vārix#, _swollen vein_; #vicis#, G., _change_, no N., D., or

G. Pl. (430).

#-īx#, #-īcis#

Feminines: #cervīx#, _neck_; #cicātrīx#, _scar_; #cornīx#, _crow_;

#cŏ̄turnīx# (62), _quail_; #lōdīx#, _blanket_; #rādīx#, _root_;

#struīx#, _heap_. Also #coxendīx#, _hip_, later #coxendix#,

#coxendicis#.

#-ōx#, #-ōcis#

#vōx#, F., _voice_.

#-ux#, #-ucis#

#crux#, F., _cross_; #dux#, M., F., _leader_; #nux#, F.,

_nut-tree_, _nut_; #trādux#, M., _vinelayer_.

474. (2.) Stems in a dental mute, #-d-# or #-t-#, are declined as

follows:

+----------+------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

+----------+------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

+----------+------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

+----------+------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

475. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-d-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive

#-dis#, are:

#-as#, #-adis#

#vas#, M., F., _personal surety_, no G. Pl. (430).

#-aes#, #-aedis#

#praes#, M., _bondsman_.

#-es#, #-idis#

#obses#, M., F., _hostage_; #praeses#, M., F., _overseer_. #*dēses#,

_slothful_, adjective.

#-ēs#, #-edis#

#pēs#, M., _foot_.

#-ēs#, #-ēdis#

#hērēs#, M., F., _heir_; #exhērēs#, _disinherited_, adjective;

#mercēs#, F., _reward_.

#-is#, #-idis#

Feminines: #capis#, _cup_; #cassis#, _helmet_; #cuspis#,

_spear-point_; #prōmulsis#, _appetizer_; #lapis#, M., _stone_.

#-ōs#, #-ōdis#

#custōs#, M., F., _guard_.

#-aus#, #-audis#

#laus#, F., _praise_.

#-us#, #-udis#

#pecus#, F., _beast_, _head of cattle_.

#-ūs#, #-ūdis#

Feminines: #incūs#, _anvil_; #palūs#, _swamp_, nominative once in

Horace #palus#, as from an #-o-# stem; #subscūs#, _dovetail_.

476. #sēdēs#, F., _seat_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the

nominative, and #sēd-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #sēdum#, once

#sēdium# (Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-d-#, with

nominative #-r#, genitive #-dis#, is #cor# (171, 2), _heart_, #cordis#,

no G. Pl. (430).

477. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-t-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive

#-tis#, are:

#-as#, #-atis#

#anas#, F., _duck_; G. Pl. also #anitum# (Cic.), and Ac. Pl.

#anitēs# (Plaut.).

#-ās#, #-ātis#

#aetās#, F., _age_; also numerous other feminines in #-tās# (262).

#-es#, #-etis#

#interpres#, M., F., _go-between_; #seges#, F., _crop_; #teges#,

F., _mat._

#-es#, #-itis#

Masculines mostly: #ames#, _net-pole_; #antistes#, M., F.,

_overseer_; #caespes#, _sod_; #comes#, M., F., _companion_;

#eques#, _horseman_; #fōmes#, _tinder_; #gurges#, _whirlpool_;

#hospes#, M., F., _guest-friend_; #līmes#, _path_; #merges#, F.,

_sheaf_; #mīles#, M., F., _soldier_; #palmes#, _vine-sprout_;

#pedes#, _man afoot_, _infantry_; #poples#, _hough_; #stīpes#,

_trunk_; #termes#, _bough_; #trāmes#, _by-path_; #dīves#, _rich_;

#sōspes#, _safe_; #superstes#, _surviving_; #caelite#, Ab.,

_occupant of heaven_, no N., adjectives.

#-ēs#, #-etis#

#abiēs#, F., _fir_; #ariēs#, M., _ram_; #pariēs#, M., _wall_.

#-ēs#, #-ētis#

Feminines: #quiēs# and #requiēs#, _rest_, no D., Ac. often

#requiem#, Ab. usually #requiē# (603); #inquiēs#, _unrest_, N. only.

#-os#, #-otis#

#compos#, _master of_, adjective.

#-ōs#, #-ōtis#

#nepōs#, M., _grandson_, _profligate_; #sacerdōs#, M., _priest_;

#cōs#, F., _whetstone_, no G. Pl. (130); #dōs#, F., _dowry_,

no G. Pl. in good writers (430); #dōtum# once (Val. Max.), and

#dōtium# in the jurists.

#-ūs#, #-ūtis#

Feminines: #iuventūs#, _youth_; #salūs#, _existence_; #senectūs#,

_old age_; #servitūs#, _slavery_, all singular only; and #virtūs#,

_virtue_, with a plural.

478. #vātēs#, _bard_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the

nominative, and #vāt-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #vātum#, but

thrice #vātium# (Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-t-#, with

nominative #-t#, genitive #-tis#, is #caput#, _head_, #capitis#, and its

compounds #occiput#, _back of the head_ and #sinciput#, _jole_. #lac#,

Ne., _milk_, #lactis#, has in old and late Latin nominative and

accusative #lacte#, #lact# once in Varro (171, 2); acc. #lactem# occurs

in Petronius once and later.

479. (3.) Stems in a labial mute, #-b-# or #-p-#, are declined as

follows:

mūniceps, _burgess_, stem mūnicip-, M., F.

Singular: N. #mūniceps#, G. #mūnicipis#, D. #mūnicipī#, Ac. #mūnicipem#,

Ab. #mūnicipe#. Plural: N. #mūnicipēs#, G. #mūnicipum#, D.

#mūnicipibus#, Ac. #mūnicipēs#, Ab. #mūnicipibus#.

480. Examples of stems in #-b-# or #-p-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive

#-bis# or #-pis#, are:

#-ebs#, #-ibis#

#caelebs#, _unmarried_, adjective, the only stem in #-b-#.

#----#, #-apis#

#dapis#, G., F., _feast_, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430).

#-eps#, #-ipis#

#adeps# or #adips#, M., F., _fat_, no G. Pl; #forceps#, M., F.,

_pincers_; #mūniceps#, _burgher_. #particeps#, _sharing_, and

#prīnceps#, _first_, adjectives.

#-eps#, #-upis#

#auceps#, _fowler_; #manceps#, _contractor_, #mancupis# or

#mancipis#.

#----#, #-ipis#

#stipis#, G., F., _small change_, no N.

#-ops#, #-opis#

#Ops#, F., old #Opis# (Plaut.), _goddess of power_; #opis#, G., F.,

_help_, no N., D. once only, Pl. #opēs#, _means_ (418).

[Errata:

472 ... #-ūx#, #-ūgis#

#-ux#

473b ... #cōdex#, _block_, _book_;

_book_:

477b ... #trāmes#, _by-path_;

_by-path_.]