-ae, mēnsae, _table_ -ārum, mēnsā-rum -ā-, mēnsā-, N. mēnsa
-ī, dominī, _master_ -ōrum, dominō-rum -o-, domino-, N. dominus
-is, rēgis, _king_ -cons. um, rēg-um -consonant, rēg-, N. rēx
-is, cīvis, _citizen_ -ium, cīvi-um -i-, cīvi-, N. cīvis
-ūs, portus, _port_ -uum, portu-um -u-, portu-, N. portus
(ĕ̄ī, rĕ̄ī), _thing_ (-ērum, rē-rum) -ē, rē-, N. rēs
422. Gender nominatives usually add #-s# to the stem: as, #servo-s# or
#servu-s#, _slave_, #rēx# (164, 1), #cīvi-s#, #portu-s#, #rē-s#. But
stems in #-ā-# or in a continuous consonant (#-l-#, #-n-#, #-r-#, or
#-s-#) have no #-s#: as, #mēnsa#, #cōnsul#, _consul_, #flāmen#, _special
priest_, #pater#, _father_, #flōs#, _flower_.
423. Neuters have the nominative and accusative alike; in the singular
the stem is used: as #nōmen#, _name_; or a shortened stem: as,
#exemplar#, _pattern_; but stems in #-o-# take #-m#: as, #aevo-m# or
#aevu-m#, _age_. In the plural #-a# is always used: as, #rēgna#,
_kingdoms_, #nōmina#, #cornua#, _horns_. For #-s# in adjectives ‘of one
ending,’ see 612.
424. Gender accusatives singular add #-m# to the stem: as, #mēnsa-m#,
#servo-m# or #servu-m#, #nāvi-m#, _ship_, #portu-m#, #die-m#. The
consonant stems have the ending #-em#: as, #rēg-em#; most substantive
stems in #-i-# and all adjectives also drop #-i-# and take #-em#: as,
NĀV-EM, #trīst-em#, _sad_. In the plural, gender stems add #-s# before
which the vowel is long: as, #mēnsā-s#, #servō-s#, #rēgē-s#, #nāvī-s# or
#nāvē-s#, #portū-s#, #rē-s#.
425. The ablative singular usually ends in the long vowel of the stem:
as, #mēnsā#, #dominō#, #nāvī#, #portū#, #rē#. The ablative of consonant
stems usually has #-e# (rarely #-ī-#, see 502): as, #patre#, _father_;
and that of substantive #-i-# stems has #-e# more commonly than #-ī#:
as, #nāve#.
426. The ablative singular of #-ā-# and #-o-# stems ended anciently in
#-ād# and #-ōd# respectively: as, PRAIDAD, PREIVATOD; that of consonant
stems in #-īd#: as, AIRID, COVENTIONID. But #-d# is almost entirely
confined to inscriptions and disappeared early (149).
427. The genitive plural adds #-rum# to #-ā-#, #-o-#, and #-ē-# stems:
as, #mēnsā-rum#, #dominō-rum#, #rē-rum#; and #-um# to consonant stems,
#-i-# stems, and #-u-# stems: as, #rēg-um#, #cīvi-um#, #portu-um#.
428. The dative and ablative plural are always alike: stems in #-ā-# and
#-o-# take #-is#, which blends with the stem vowel (400): as, #mēnsīs#,
#dominīs#; other stems have #-bus#, before which consonant stems are
extended by #i#: as, #rēgi-bus#, #nāvi-bus#, #portu-bus# or #porti-bus#,
#rē-bus#.
429. Some pronouns and a few adjectives have some peculiar case endings;
see 618-694.