_Nom._ who, _Poss._ whose, _Obj._ whom.
" whoever, " whosever, " whomever.
" whosoever, " whosesoever, " whomsoever.
_Which_ and _that_ are indeclinable, except that _whose_ is sometimes
used as the possessive case of _which_; as, "Is there any other doctrine
_whose_ followers are punished;" that is, the followers _of which_ are
punished. The use of this license has obtained among our best writers;
but the construction is not to be recommended, for it is a departure
from a plain principle of grammar, namely, who, whose, whom, in their
applications, should be confined to rational beings.
_That_ may be used as a pronoun, an adjective, and a conjunction,
depending on the office which it performs in the sentence.
_That_ is a relative only when it can be changed to _who_ or _which_
without destroying the sense; as, "They _that_ (who) reprove us, may be
our best friends; From every thing _that_ (which) you see, derive
instruction." _That_ is a demonstrative adjective, when it belongs to,
or points out, some particular noun, either expressed or implied; as,
"Return _that_ book; _That_ belongs to me; Give me _that_." When _that_
is neither a relative nor an adjective pronoun, it is a conjunction; as,
"Take care _that_ every day be well employed." The word _that_, in this
last sentence, cannot be changed to _who_ or _which_ without destroying
the sense, therefore you know it is not a relative pronoun; neither does
it point out any particular noun, for which reason you know it is not an
adjective pronoun; but it connects the sentence, therefore it is a
conjunction.
If you pay particular attention to this elucidation of the word _that_,
you will find no difficulty in parsing it. When it is a relative or an
adjective pronoun, it may be known by the signs given; and whenever
these signs will not apply to it, you know it is a conjunction.
Some writers are apt to make too free use of this word. I will give you
one example of affronted _that_, which may serve as a caution. The tutor
said, in speaking of the word that, that that that that that lady
parsed, was not the that that that gentleman requested her to analyze.
This sentence, though rendered inelegant by a bad choice of words, is
strictly grammatical. The first _that_ is a noun; the second, a
conjunction; the third, an adjective pronoun; the fourth, a noun; the
fifth, a relative pronoun; the sixth, an adjective pronoun; the seventh,
a noun; the eighth, a relative pronoun; the ninth, an adjective pronoun.
The meaning of the sentence will be more obvious, if rendered thus; The
tutor said, in speaking of the word that, that that that _which_ that
lady parsed, was not the that _which_ that gentleman requested her to
analyze.